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Journal articles on the topic 'Truman Doctrine'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Frazier, Robert. "Kennan, “Universalism,” and the Truman Doctrine." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.3.

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Two key documents in 1947—the speech proclaiming the Truman Doctrine and George F. Kennan's “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” article—ushered in a new U.S. foreign policy aimed at containing the Soviet Union. The Truman administration's request for aid to Greece and Turkey envisaged a global approach, albeit a qualified one. Kennan's article included a call for pressure on the Soviet Union at every opportunity and in every quarter. Two decades later, Kennan repudiated the literal wording of his own article and claimed, inaccurately, that he had disapproved of the Truman Doctrine when he saw it in draft. A close examination of both documents suggests that the Truman Doctrine was never intended as a “universalist” call to action and that Kennan's article, despite its expansive phrasing, was also more limited in its aims than often thought.

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2

RACHED, Kardo, and Salam ABDULRAHMAN. "UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF THE US MIDDLE EAST POLICY FROM HARRY TRUMAN TO BILL CLINTON." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 34 (January 5, 2021): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.34.3.

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Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US In this context, the paper focuses on the doctrines in use from the time of President Truman to Clinton. Thus, every American president has a doctrine, and this doctrine tells what political line the president follows regarding domestic and foreign policies. Keywords: Middle-East, Israel, US national interest, Soviet Union, Natural resources, ideologies.

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3

Coffey, John W. "The Statesmanship of Harry S Truman." Review of Politics 47, no. 2 (April 1985): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500036718.

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President Truman's statesmanship consists in the fact that his administration's foreign policy fused moral principle and national self-interest and that his articulation of foreign policy educated citizens in the principles of the American regime and in the nature of the threat to it. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address vital strategic interests, but Truman's conception of the national interest contained a lucid sense of political meaning and purpose in his understanding that the perpetuation of freedom in America required a resolute defense of republicanism elsewhere in the world. Like Lincoln, Truman was committed to the prudent containment of an expansionist power, and for Truman, as for Lincoln, the survival of the Union meant above all the preservation of a regime devoted to the principles of the Founders. NSC-68 crystallized containment policy, uniting power with principle in a strategy that matched military means to political ends.

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4

Anistratenko, Tetiana. "The Truman’s Doctrine of 1947 as evaluated by modern Russian scientists." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210412.

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The article examines the state of coverage and completeness of the study of the problem of the proclaimed foreign policy doctrine of Harry Truman in 1947 in Russian historiography. The aim of the study is to analyze the interpretations of the doctrine covered by Russian historical science. The author thoroughly considers the evolution of opinions and positions of Russian scientists, traces the specifics of their interpretation of views on the renewed postwar US foreign policy. The research methods are the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The methodological basis of the article is formed by general scientific and special principles and techniques of scientific knowledge. To formulate the conclusions of the study, the method of generalization and modeling is applied. Main results and conclusions. It is revealed that in Russian historiography there is a radical change of views on the Truman doctrine, its purpose and purpose. Russian historical thought does not cover it as an aggressive policy, but on the contrary explains its emergence as a geopolitical necessity. It is determined that the Americanists of Russia focused on the theoretical origins of the doctrine. It is assessed as a priority of the renewed foreign policy and is called the one that marked the beginning of a new stage in international history. Discussions about the Truman Doctrine on the question of the Cold War are particularly controversial. Historiographical analysis convincingly proves that the vast majority of Russian researchers do not see the doctrine as the cause and beginning of the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine of 1947, in their view, became only a certain stage, the basis, the declaration of its origin. In a comparative aspect, Russian historians analyze the ideological contradictions of the two superpowers. It is highlighted that foreign policy doctrine played a pivotal role in US postwar history. Modern Russian science has changed the vision of the content of the proclaimed doctrine. Russian researchers in American studies emphasize that the history of US foreign policy has long been one of the most falsified topics in their historiography. Now there are significant changes in the views of Russian researchers on international relations in the postwar period. Historiographical discussions of Russian Americanists in studying the problem of the United States’ transition to a renewed foreign policy course highlight the national security imperative. The approach to the study of US international policy has changed. The result of these changes can be found in archives and publications of modern unbiased scientific papers. The vast majority of Russian scholars believe that the renewed foreign policy of the United States marked the beginning of a new stage in international relations, became one of the first practical steps of the United States in the Cold War. And the goals and objectives set in 1947 continue to be the foundation of American economic aid programs today. According to Russian historical science, the renewed foreign policy of the United States continues to this day, the proclaimed rhetoric of the 33rd President Harry Truman is implemented by the American establishment today. Practical importance of research: main results and conclusions can be used for further research of the Truman Doctrine as part of the Cold War history. Originality is due to extensive discussions in scientific and social circles on the formation of the conceptual foundations of US foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century. Scientific novelty: for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the views of Russian historians on the proclaimed Truman doctrine are analyzed. Article type: analytical.

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5

Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. "The Enduring Significance of the Truman Doctrine." Orbis 61, no. 4 (2017): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.08.001.

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6

MERRILL, DENNIS. "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity." Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. 1 (March 2006): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x.

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7

İlhan, LÜTEM. "Harry Truman : The Man And His Doctrine." Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 47, no. 1 (1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/sbfder_0000001537.

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8

Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Monroe Doctrine and the Truman Doctrine: The Case of Greece." Journal of the Early Republic 13, no. 1 (1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124186.

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9

Frazier, Robert. "Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 17, no. 2 (1999): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.1999.0025.

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10

Dlutowski, Christopher J. "Turkey, the Truman Doctrine, and the Cold War." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557579008400040.

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11

Plopeanu, Emanuel. "The Truman Doctrine (1947): official and unofficial reactions." Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire 10, no. 2 (2008): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/valah.2008.1005.

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12

Chanyshev, Rustem Narimovich, and Olga Robertovna Fayzullina. "The formation of post-war us foreign policy." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-A (December 14, 2020): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-a569p.123-128.

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George Frost Kennan (1904-2005) is a famous American diplomat and historian, the author of the “Long telegram” and the doctrine of “containment”. He is an active participant in the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the development of the Marshall Plan. He was one of the originators of political “realism”, a dominant school of thought in international relations theory. George Kennan is one of the key figures in the history of the Cold War and Soviet-American geopolitical rivalry. The conceptual, theoretically justified “containment” offered by Kennan has become a US postwar foreign policy solid foundation for decades. The study of George Kennan’s legacy, his political views, theoretical concepts and practical experience is very important for specialists in international relations and US history, and for government officials to understand the decision-making process concerning foreign policy issues, the formation of doctrines and US foreign policy in general.

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13

HIXSON, WALTER L. "Orthodoxy or Objectivity? The Truman Doctrine and the Noble Dream." Diplomatic History 15, no. 1 (January 1991): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1991.tb00123.x.

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14

Bueno, Alberto. "Juan Tovar Ruiz, La Doctrina en la Política exterior de Estados Unidos. De Truman a Trump. (Foreign Policy Doctrine of the US from Truman to Trump)." ERIS – European Review of International Studies, no. 2-2018 (January 25, 2019): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/eris.v5i2.21.

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15

Iatrides, John O., and Judith S. Jeffery. "Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies: The Truman Doctrine in Greece, 1947-1952." Journal of Military History 66, no. 1 (January 2002): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677405.

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16

Augustinos, Gerasimos, and Judith S. Jeffery. "Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies: The Truman Doctrine in Greece, 1947-1952." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October 2001): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692965.

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17

Chernus, Ira. "Denise Bostdorff, Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms." Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 3 (July 2010): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00008.

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18

Ahmad, Harem Hasan, Ribwar Khalid Mustafa, and Ibrahim Ali Salim. "The Eisenhawer Doctrine (1957): The Impact on Arabic Countries and The Soviet Union Attitude." Journal of University of Raparin 7, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 240–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(4).paper13.

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Following the end of World War II, and emerging of a vacuum after the withdrawal of British and French forces from some of the Middle East countries in the region, creating fear in Western countries, particularly the United States, that the Eastern Bloc, in particular Russia, would seek to fill the vacuum and spread the idea of leftism and communism in the region. For this reason, the United States has made every effort to confront the idea of communism and establish a foothold in the region among its policies. To this end, then US President Harry Truman announced his country's new policy in the context of the Truman project on the Middle East in (1945). Following Harry Truman, when Eisenhower assumed power as the new US president in (1953), he put forward the new policy of his country named Eisenhower’s Dwight in Congress in order to confront Russian politics and infiltrate communist thought in the area. There were several items in his project that emphasized the cooperation of Middle Eastern countries, especially in the economic and military fields. The Eisenhower’s Dwight has had a variety of reactions from countries in the region, especially Arab countries. Some have accepted it from the very beginning. Some also expressed opposition to the project. There were also countries that initially opposed the Eisenhower project, but after a period of time following US efforts and pressure, eventually endorsed the project and became a fan of the US. As a result of these political divisions in the region, several political and military alliances between the countries of the Middle East Were formed. The idea of Nasser and the idea of Arab nationalism come to life at this time. Although originally favored by the Eastern Bloc, especially Russia, it also partially weakened the notion of communism and was about to cause tension between proponents of these two ideas. This situation had nothing in fact to do other than destabilizing the political state and the occurrence of several coups in order to change the regime of some of Middle Eastern countries, besides the long sovereignty of some Arab rulers.Regarding the Soveit Union attitude towards the Eisenhower’s doctrine, it can be seen that,the Soveit Union ctitisized by the Soviet authorities from internal and external the SoveitUnbion.For instance the The Soveit Union attempted to gain extermal allies among the Middle Middle Eastren countries to convince them this doctrine is a part previous imperliams that supported by Westren countries.Finally,in the United Nation,The Soveit attempted to make a campaign to remove this doctrine as it mention a therat of world peace.

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19

Timothy Barney. "Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms (review)." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 13, no. 1 (2010): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.0.0139.

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20

Underhill. "Prisoner of Context: The Truman Doctrine Speech and J. Edgar Hoover’s Rhetorical Realism." Rhetoric and Public Affairs 20, no. 3 (2017): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.20.3.0453.

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21

Boll, Michael, and Howard Jones. ""A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece." Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (June 1990): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078760.

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22

Wittner, Lawrence S., and Howard Jones. ""A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163719.

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23

Buckley, Thomas H., and Howard Jones. ""A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece." Journal of Military History 54, no. 4 (October 1990): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986099.

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24

Kaygusuz, C., and I. V. Ryzhov. "THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE, THE MARSHAL PLAN AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SOVIET-RUSSIAN RELATIONS." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-1-37-42.

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The article is devoted to the history of elaboration, adoption and implementation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in the context of the Soviet-Turkish Relations. The authors observe these two key US external policy’s initiatives of the beginning of the Cold War for the analysis of the influence of geopolitical confrontation between the superpowers on the state of relations between Moscow and Ankara. The economic aid programs were significant leverages of the US influence on shaping the postwar system of international relations, which impacted decisively on the Turkish postwar foreign policy, especially toward the USSR, and predetermined to a large extent its further policy in the Cold War. The current article considers the reasons for rapprochement between the US and Turkey stands on the relations with the USSR, analyses the process of elaboration and adoption of aid plans for Turkey and the outcomes of their implementation. The article explores the origins of the US-Turkey cooperation based on sharing the common stance on confronting Moscow and can be used as a source of information on the Russian-Turkish relations problem in historical context.

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25

Gordon, Nancy M. "Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944–1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine." History: Reviews of New Books 31, no. 3 (January 2003): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2003.10527586.

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26

Ivie, Robert L. "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, no. 3 (September 1999): 570–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0268-2141.2003.00050.x.

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27

Evanthis Hatzivassiliou. "Greek Reformism and its Models: The Impact of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 28, no. 1 (2010): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.0.0094.

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28

Jones, Howard. "Mistaken Prelude to Vietnam: The Truman Doctrine and "A New Kind of War" in Greece." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 10, no. 1 (1992): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0184.

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29

Miller, Lynn H. "Principles of Global Security. By John D. Steinbruner. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. 270p. $44.95 cloth, $18.95 paper." American Political Science Review 95, no. 2 (June 2001): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401852023.

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Now that more than a decade and two American presidencies have come and gone since the end of the Cold War, the United States has articulated no new grand strategy to address the novel security demands of the new age. There is nothing remotely comparable to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan that so radically reoriented U.S. strategic policy at the start of the era now ended. No doubt, the reasons for that absence have something to do with the "if-it-ain't-broke" dictum. Confrontation and deterrence ev- idently worked to win the Cold War and, by this logic, should continue to serve the nation's security into the murky future.

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30

Bieliszczuk, Bartosz, and Joanna Bieliszczuk. "„Długi telegram” George’a Kennana." Sprawy Międzynarodowe 73, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2020.73.2.08.

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The Long Telegram by George Kennan was a turning point in the career of the American diplomat, and his theses contributed to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine, which involved fighting the growing influence of the USSR in the world. In the above-mentioned analysis sent in February 1946 to the headquarters of the State Department, Kennan included his observations and beliefs about the nature of the Soviet system and its impact on the foreign policy pursued by the USSR. Despite the fact that the text was written almost 75 years ago and concerned the Soviet Union, many of its theses are still valid, and reading it allows for a better understanding of the foreign policy of contemporary Russia.

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31

Munhoz, Sidnei J. "George Frost Kennan e a arquitetura da política externa dos EUA na gênese da Guerra Fria." Diálogos 22, no. 1 (July 7, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v22i1.43621.

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Este artigo analisa a importância do papel desempenhado pelo diplomata George Frost Kennan na elaboração da política externa dos Estados Unidos durante a Guerra Fria. Ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, no contexto marcado pelas apreensões relativas às rivalidades globais entre os EUA e a URSS, Kennan recomendou uma estratégia com a intenção de conter as potenciais tendências expansionistas da União Soviética. Em sua consideração, a principal ameaça posta pela União Soviética não era militar, mas sua capacidade de influência ideológica, veiculada pelos partidos comunistas e seus seguidores no interior das sociedades democráticas ocidentais. Desta hipótese precedente, Kennan arquitetou a Doutrina de Contenção, uma estratégia crucial da política externa dos Estados Unidos durante a Guerra Fria. Como um diplomata de carreira e grande autoridade nos estudos relacionados à sociedade Soviética, Kennan escreveu durante a sua vida uma extraordinária obra relacionada à diplomacia dos EUA e aos seus desafios colossais no ambiente do conflito global. No entanto, desde o início da segunda Administração Truman, Kennan observou que a estratégia estadunidense em relação à Guerra Fria havia se tornado mais militarista e intensificado a corrida armamentista. Ao assumir uma posição crítica em relação a essas diretrizes, que, de acordo com a sua perspectiva, levava à distorção da sua concepção original da teoria da Contenção, Kennan foi marginalizado pelo novo Secretário de Estado, Dean Acheson e deslocado do núcleo de elaboração política do governo. Posteriormente, ele questionou a adopção da Doutrina Truman, a criação da OTAN e o envolvimento dos Estados Unidos nas guerras da Coréia e do Vietnam. Abstract George Frost Kennan and the architecture of U.S. Foreign Policy in the genesis of the Cold War This article analyzes the major role performed by diplomat George Frost Kennan in the United States Foreign Policy during the Cold War. By the end of World War II, amidst apprehensions concerning the U.S. and the USSR global rivalries, Kennan recommended a strategy intending to contain the potential expansionist tendencies of the Soviet Union. In his consideration, the core threat upraised by Soviet Union was not military, but its ideological influence conveyed by Communist parties and fellow travelers inside the western democratic societies. From this preceding hypothesis, Kennan designed the doctrine of containment, a crucial strategy of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. As a career diplomat and major authority on Soviet society, Kennan wrote during his lifetime an remarkable work related to U.S. diplomacy and its colossal challenges in the environment of that global conflict. Nonetheless, since the inauguration of the second Truman administration, Kennan observed that U.S. Cold War strategy had become more militaristic and that it had strengthened the arms race. For assuming a critical position towards this path, which, according to his perspective, was a distortion of his original containment theory, Kennan was marginalized by the new Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, and displaced from core government power. Subsequently, he stood up against the adoption of the Truman Doctrine, the creation of NATO and the commitment of the United States in the Korean and Vietnam wars. Resumen George Frost Kennan y la arquitectura de la política externa de los EUA en el origen de la Guerra Fría Este artículo analiza la importancia del papel desempeñado por el diplomático George Frost Kennan en la elaboración de la política externa de los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra Fría. Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en el contexto marcado por las aprehensiones vinculadas a las rivalidades globales entre los EUA y la URSS, Kennan recomendó una estrategia con la intención de contener las potenciales tendencias expansionistas de la Unión Soviética. En su entendimiento, la principal amenaza de la Unión Soviética no era militar, y sí su capacidad de influencia ideológica, vehiculada por los partidos comunistas y sus seguidores en el interior de las sociedades democráticas occidentales. Partiendo de esta hipótesis, Kennan ideó la Doctrina de Contención, una estrategia crucial de la política externa de los EEUU durante la Guerra Fría. Como diplomático de carrera y una autoridad en estudios relacionados a la Unión Soviética, Kennan escribió durante su vida una extraordinaria obra relacionada a la diplomacia estadounidense y sus desafíos colosales en el ambiente del conflicto global. Sin embargo, desde el inicio de la segunda administración Truman, Kennan observó que la estrategia de los EUA en relación a la Guerra Fría se había tornado más militarista, intensificándose la carrera armamentista. Al asumir una posición crítica en relación a estas directrices que, de acuerdo a su perspectiva, conducía a la distorsión de su original teoría de la Contención, Kennan fue marginado por el nuevo Secretario de Estado, Dean Acheson, y desplazado del núcleo de elaboración política del gobierno. Posteriormente, él cuestionó la adopción de la Doctrina Truman, la creación de la OTAN y la participación de Estados Unidos en las guerras de Corea y de Vietnam

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McNeill, William H. "A New Kind of War: America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece (review)." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 8, no. 1 (1990): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0314.

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33

Cox, Michael. "From the Truman Doctrine to the Second Superpower Detente: The Rise and Fall of the Cold War." Journal of Peace Research 27, no. 1 (February 1990): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027001004.

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McLEAN, DAVID. "American Nationalism, the China Myth, and the Truman Doctrine: The Question of Accommodation with Peking, 1949?50." Diplomatic History 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00448.x.

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35

kalfa, konstantina. "“Giving to the World a Demonstration”." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2021.80.3.304.

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In “Giving to the World a Demonstration”: U.S. Housing Aid to Greece, 1947–51, Konstantina Kalfa presents the unexplored history of U.S. housing aid provided to Greece as part of the Truman Doctrine as well as the later Marshall Plan. The article focuses on the emergence of a self-sheltering discourse as an important factor in Greece's postwar development, examining numerous official documents and considering the roles of multiple actors, including two prominent postwar figures: the influential U.S. housing expert Jacob Crane and the Greek architect and planner Constantinos Doxiadis. As the first large-scale experiment of its kind, the Greek scheme invoked ideologies of self-effort and national pride. These ideologies were critical for the country's modernization in the context of emerging Cold War politics, and they also helped to establish the value of self-help as an international aid strategy.

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36

Neves, Andre Luiz Varella. "TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1946); DEFENSE PLANNING GUIDANCE (1991) & THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2002): THE MACKINDER & SPYKMAN DIALECTICS REVISITED." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.v27n2.p.429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

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37

Varella Neves, Andre Luiz. "TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1946); DEFENSE PLANNING GUIDANCE (1991) & THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2002): THE MACKINDER & SPYKMAN DIALECTICS REVISITED." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.v27n2.p429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

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Neves, André Luiz Varella. "TRUMAN dOCTRINE (1946); Defense Planning Guidance (1991) & The National Security Strategy (2002): The Mackinder & Spyman Dialetics Revisited." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.2.v27n2.p.429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

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Lucky, Anthony. "The Issues Concerning the Continental Shelf: Reflections." International Community Law Review 17, no. 1 (February 4, 2015): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341296.

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The concept and the process of development of the regime of the continental shelf began in the 1930s when the exploration for oil and natural gas extended to the submarine areas of some coastal states. An orderly process was prescribed in the Gulf of Paria Treaty of 1942. The doctrine of the Continental shelf received an impetus in the Truman Proclamation of 1945. In light of the unilateral declarations by coastal states, and to ensure an orderly process, States concluded the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea codified the existing laws and is still in force. In this age of rapid technological advancement, the law has provided the necessary guidelines and controls for orderly exploration and exploitation in the continental shelf and will continue to keep abreast of technological advancement.

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Kuniholm, Bruce. "Reviews of Books:Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine Athanasios Lykogiannis." American Historical Review 109, no. 5 (December 2004): 1633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/531050.

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Chomsky, Daniel. "Advance Agent of the Truman Doctrine: The United States, The New York Times, and the Greek Civil War." Political Communication 17, no. 4 (October 2000): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584600050179040.

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Dominic, Tara. "A New Statelessness? The Truman Doctrine, the Modern Latin American Mercenary, and the Economic Entrenchment of the Third World." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 31, no. 1 (April 29, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10767-017-9262-x.

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Lialiouti, Zinovia. "Meeting the Communist Threat in Greece: American diplomats, ideology and stereotypes 1944-1950." Twentieth Century Communism 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): 90–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864319827751358.

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This paper focuses on four US officials serving in Greece at a critical period in both Greek and American political history. The Greek Civil War (1946-9) was decisive in the development of the Cold War confrontation. The Truman Doctrine (1947) represents an ideological milestone in this respect. In particular, the paper explores the views of Lincoln MacVeagh (ambassador 1944-7), Paul A. Porter (chief of the American Economic Mission to Greece, 1947), Dwight Griswold (chief of the American Mission for Aid to Greece 1947-8) and Henry Grady (ambassador 1948-50), namely their perceptions of the Greek post-war crisis in relation to the strategic goal of anticommunism. The emphasis of the analysis is on their understanding of the Greek social and political conditions - and especially of the nature of the communist threat – and of the goals involved in the American aid to the country. These four case studies highlight the interaction between the prevailing ideology in foreign policy objectives and the personal belief systems. Cultural preconditions and stereotypes constitute the framework in the context of which US officials sought to contain the communist challenge in Greece both though military as well as through economic and ideological means.

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Kaplan, Lawrence S., and George McGhee. "The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East." Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 3 (1990): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2150845.

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Economides, Spyros. "Book Review: Howard Jones, A New Kind of War: America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, 327pp., £28.00)." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 18, no. 3 (December 1989): 522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298890180030213.

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Kondrasheva, Alla, and Stavris Parastatov. "The Process of Westernization of the Balkans after WWII: The Cases of Greece and Bulgaria." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.2.

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The high significance of the Balkan geopolitical knot was clearly expressed in the bipolar era when the main frontier between the two warring blocks passed through the Balkans. Due to the secret ‘Percentages Agreement’ between Great Britain and the USSR in 1944, the Balkans were divided into spheres of influence of the two great powers. Subsequently, London ceded the role of the main source of Western influence in the region to Washington.Of particular interest are the cases of Greece and Bulgaria as border countries that found themselves in different ‘worlds’ and, given the geostrategic importance of their territories, which were the main ideological instruments and conductors of ideas in the Cold war of the hegemons that stood behind. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 and NATO membership in 1952 strengthened and institutionalized Western influence in Greece. Westernization of Greek society in the form of liberalization and democratiza-tion of social relations and consequently its political system proceeded rapidly with a relatively short interval of the military dictatorship.Greece was assigned the role of a model for the rapid and successful develop-ment of a western country, a bridgehead for the dissemination of anti–communist ide-as in other countries of the Balkan region, primarily Bulgaria. Besides, due to the establishment of a strict pro–Soviet regime in Sofia, the westernization of Bulgarian society was carried out including through intelligence agencies, and after a certain thaw in relations through economic cooperation.

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Harris, George S. "George McGhee, The U.S.–Turkish–NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990). Pp. 241." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 4 (November 1991): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380002359x.

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Yılmaz, Hakan. "American Perspectives on Turkey: An Evaluation of the Declassified U.S. Documents between 1947 and 1960." New Perspectives on Turkey 25 (2001): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600003617.

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During the interwar years, U.S.-Turkish relations had been confined within the boundaries of conventional diplomacy. By the end of World War II, the Truman Doctrine of 1947 and the military assistance agreement that drew on it marked the beginning of a series of bilateral and multilateral agreements that bound the two nations together in the military as well as political, economic, and cultural fields. However, relations between the two states did not always proceed on a smooth path. Hence, the relatively optimistic, formative years of 1947-1960 were followed by the troublesome decades of the 1960s and 1970s. By the 1980s, mutual relations settled back on an upward track, reaching a peak during the Gulf War of 1990-91. With the demise of the Soviet system, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, and the end of the Cold War, some commentators expected the eventual dismantling of NATO and with it the waning of the American connections with Turkey. Turkey's “strategic value” in the eyes of the Americans, it was being argued, would necessarily diminish as the Soviet threat-the main component of this “value”-was disappearing. Developments throughout the 1990s, however, did not fully justify those pessimistic scenarios. In fact, by the mid-1990s, Turkey and the United States, with the occasional participation of other states such as Israel, began to build a so-called strategic partnership to contain regional and local threats (arising in the areas surrounding Turkey and ranging from the Balkans to the Middle East and the Caucasus) that had been unleashed by the destabilizing forces of the post-Cold War period. It should be noted that, during about the same period, U.S.-Turkish relations gained unprecedented new dimensions, economic and cultural, complementing and sometimes overshadowing the military one.

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Kovalskyi, Stanislav. "The Greek factor of the US Mediterranean Policy in the second half of 1940s – late 1980s." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 12 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.12.3.

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Greece is an essential part of the Mediterranean and Middle East security system. Home and foreign policy of Greece became a factor of the critical importance for the US. The author`s vision of the Greek factor’s impact on the US Mediterranean policy was presented in the article. Research objective. The paper is devoted to the US Mediterranean policy and the Greek factor in the context of the Cold War. The purpose of the presented study is to research connection between Greek home and foreign policy to the US strategy in the region. Scientific novelty. The innovative nature of the article lies in the revision of the US Mediterranean policy according to political processes in Greece. A special attention was paid on regional strategic developments and US adaptation to them. Research methods. The system analysis was used in the article to research geopolitical and economic interests of the USA in the regional dimension. The history and genetic method is used in the article also. Conclusions. Greece played an important role in the US foreign policy throughout the Cold War. Greece was regarded not only as an equal partner, but also as a guarantor of the stability of NATO’s Southern Flank. Greece policy`s influence on the US Mediterranean policy had formed the so-called Greek factor. During the Cold war Greek factor forced the US to adapt. Such aspects as Truman doctrine, Cyprus problem, regime of Greek junta prioritized American policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Temporal withdrawal of Greece from NATO and emergence of Greek anti-Americanism were the most difficult stages of the US Mediterranean policy. By the end of the Cold War political anti-Americanism transformed into terrorist threat. The current situation in the Middle East region makes the US Mediterranean policy relevant. And its research has a prospect for a future survey.

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Watt, D. Cameron. "At the creation of a new Germany. From Adenauer to Brandt: an ambassador's account and The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East connection: how the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO entry contained the Soviets." International Affairs 67, no. 3 (July 1991): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622004.

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