Journal articles: 'Trusses. Strains and stresses'

1

Christoforo, André L., Giuliano A. Romanholo, Túlio H. Panzera, Paulo H. R. Borges, and Francisco A. R. Lahr. "Influence of stiffness in bolted connections in wooden plane structure of truss type." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 5 (October 2011): 998–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000500017.

Full text

Abstract:

Trusses are structural systems commonly used in projects, being employed mainly in roof structures, present in most rural buildings. The design of trusses, as well as other structural systems, requires the determination of displacements, strains and stresses. However, the project is developed from an ideal model of calculation, considering free rotation between the elements of a connection. This paper presents a computer program for the analysis of bidimensional wooden trusses with connections formed with two screws per node. The formulation is based on the flexibility method, taking into account the influence of the effect of semi-rigid connections formed by two screws. An example of a structure is presented and analyzed by the program developed here, highlighting the importance of behavior analysis on semi-rigid connections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Slotta, Douglas J., Brian Tatting, Layne T. Watson, Zafer Gu¨rdal, and Samy Missoum. "Convergence analysis for cellular automata applied to truss design." Engineering Computations 19, no. 8 (December 1, 2002): 953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400210450369.

Full text

Abstract:

Traditional parallel methods for structural design, as well as modern preconditioned iterative linear solvers, do not scale well. This paper discusses the application of massively scalable cellular automata (CA) techniques to structural design, specifically trusses. There are two sets of CA rules, one used to propagate stresses and strains, and one to perform design updates. These rules can be applied serially, periodically, or concurrently, and Jacobi or Gauss‐Seidel style updating can be done. These options are compared with respect to convergence, speed, and stability for an example, problem of combined sizing and topology design of truss domain structures. The central theme of the paper is that the cellular automaton paradigm is tantamount to classical block Jacobi or block Gauss‐Seidel iteration, and consequently the performance of a cellular automaton can be rigorously analyzed and predicted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Tanasoglo, Anton, and Igor Garanzha. "Stress-strain state experimental researches of the lattice support pole sections for overhead power transmission line 110 kV." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819602019.

Full text

Abstract:

An article compares the theoretical and experimental researches of joint work of steel tower type supports' fragments of overhead power transmission lines (OHPL) 110 kV. Attention is focused to high voltage supports operated on the Ukraine territory. Is described a spending principle of static experimental researches for flat trusses on the developed specialized experimental installation, allowing to investigate the joint work of overhead lines supports' fragments. Are presented the technique and results of the flat support model calculation in the "SCAD" software package. Are presented calculation numerical results of the experimental installation together with a testing model. Are determinated experimental values of stresses in lattice elements and also horizontal and vertical displacements of braces holding on nodes. During the displacements determining is analyzed the joint work of the lattice elements of the experimental samples, is taken into account the supporting effect of the extended braces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lim, Teik Cheng. "A Negative Hygroscopic Expansion Material." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.277.

Full text

Abstract:

A negative hygroscopic expansion (NHE) material contracts with the absorption of moisture. This paper introduces an NHE microstructure based on a truss-like lattice system that consists of two types of conventional materials, namely the apex and base rods connected by hinge joints. Based on the analytical model for volumetric strains, NHE is attainable by controlling the dimensions, coefficients of hygroscopic expansion and the changes in the hygroscopic concentration in the apex and base rods. For the special case where the apex rods are rigid, NHE is attainable if the apex-to-base rod length ratio is less than 0.707; if the apex-to-base rod length ratio is greater than 0.707, NHE is still attainable if the base rod’s hygroscopic strain is sufficiently large. NHE materials and structures are envisaged to play an important role for countering the effects of thermal expansion so as to decrease the extent of hygro-thermal stresses and/or strains. As such, further investigations on NHE materials are recommended to facilitate design principles that minimizes stress and/or strains in extreme hygro-thermal environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Potrzeszcz-Sut, Beata, and Ewa Pabisek. "The analysis of stresses and displacements in the aluminium structure with replaceable elements." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2210.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper concerns the non-linear analysis of stresses and displacements in an aluminium truss tower. The Ramberg – Osgood material model was assumed. This model introduced power type relation between stresses and strains. In order to identify the inverse relation, a neural network was used. Because of the need to strengthen the tower, a number of aluminium bars was replaced by steel bars. The perfect elastic material model was assumed for the steel bars. The analysis of stresses and extreme displacements was performed during the cyclic loading and unloading of the system. Two global unloading processes were considered: elastic and elastic-plastic processes. The relationship between the load factor and deflection of the top of the tower is shown. Analysis was performed using a hybrid FEM/ANN program.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Shutova, Marina, and Sergey Evtushenko. "APPLICATION OF A COMPLEX APPROACH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE RESIDUAL LIFE OF AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH DEFORMED SLING TRUSSES." Construction and Architecture 7, no. 3 (September 28, 2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2019-7-3-30-35.

Full text

Abstract:

The article is devoted to the problem of objective estimation of residual resource based on a complex approach using probabilistic methods and graph theory. A single-storey building of the industrial workshop in Taganrog was chosen as an object for evaluation. The survey revealed typical defects and damages for industrial buildings - soaking, weathering of the solution, corrosion and absence of paint coating, as well as atypical defects - cuts of mechanical nature in various elements of farms. These damages are stress concentrators, so a three-dimensional model of the sling truss with damage simulation was created to calculate the stress-strain state at such sites and a finite element model was calculated in the ANSYS. According to the calculation results, it was found that in the most loaded section with defect (reference brace) there are significant stresses close to the design resistance of the soil, which reduces the total probability of failure-free operation of the truss. The calculation of the probability of failure-free operation for the truss was carried out using probabilistic methods, the relative reliability of the rest of the structures was determined on the basis of external characteristics and inspection of the characteristics of the structures by non-destructive testing methods. It has been established that the residual life in the calculation by the combined method is 17.3 years.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Flaga, Kazimierz, and Kazimierz Furtak. "Application of Composite Structures in Bridge Engineering. Problems of Construction Process and Strength Analysis." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 15, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2014-0035.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Steel-concrete composite structures have been used in bridge engineering from decades. This is due to rational utilisation of the strength properties of the two materials. At the same time, the reinforced concrete (or prestressed) deck slab is more favourable than the orthotropic steel plate used in steel bridges (higher mass, better vibration damping, longer life). The most commonly found in practice are composite girder bridges, particularly in highway bridges of small and medium spans, but the spans may reach over 200 m. In larger spans steel truss girders are applied. Bridge composite structures are also employed in cable-stayed bridge decks of the main girder spans of the order of 600, 800 m. The aim of the article is to present the cionstruction process and strength analysis problems concerning of this type of structures. Much attention is paid to the design and calculation of the shear connectors characteristic for the discussed objects. The authors focused mainly on the issues of single composite structures. The effect of assembly states on the stresses and strains in composite members are highlighted. A separate part of problems is devoted to the influence of rheological factors, i.e. concrete shrinkage and creep, as well as thermal factors on the stresses and strains and redistribution of internal forces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Cerruti, Lou M., and Peter Marti. "Staggered shear design of concrete beams: large-scale tests." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-038.

Full text

Abstract:

Two large-scale reinforced concrete I-beams were tested to failure. The principal difference between the two specimens was the angle of inclination selected for the diagonal compression field in the web. A 45° inclination was used for specimen CM1 whereas a 31° inclination was used for specimen CM2. The validity of the truss model approach used in design was confirmed by the observed behaviour of the specimens.Diagonal crushing limits given in the Canadian code CAN3-A23.3-M84 were found to be conservative. It is recommended to use these limits for uniformly stressed web regions when applying the staggering concept of shear design. For nonuniformly stressed regions it is proposed to investigate potential failure mechanisms assuming an effective compressive strength of the web concrete of [Formula: see text].Canadian code rules for determining longitudinal bar cutoff locations may be unconservative. To prevent the formation of premature collapse crack mechanisms, it is recommended to extend the bars beyond the theoretical cutoff points by at least one-half of the stirrup spacing. Key words: beams, concrete, deflection, deformation, design, failure, girders, limit design method, reinforcement, shear strength, shear tests, strains, stresses, tests.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

DiBattista, J. D., DEJ Adamson, and G. L. Kulak. "Evaluation of remaining fatigue life for riveted truss bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-011.

Full text

Abstract:

The remaining fatigue life of riveted structures is a topic of considerable importance, particularly for owners of bridges. Improved methods for the estimation of the actual fatigue life of such structures are required in order to make their continued safe use possible while at the same time avoiding the expense of unnecessary repairs. To evaluate the fatigue life expectancy of a structural detail, it is necessary to obtain an accurate estimate of the stress history. Two analytical models are assessed through comparison with measured strains taken from a bridge in service. The results illustrate that a simple model with pinned connections is adequate for the determination of stresses in truss members and that more advanced analysis methods give only marginal increases in accuracy. Stresses in the floor system are most accurately predicted by a model that has full bending moment continuity between connected members. Standard and advanced methods of fatigue life evaluation are discussed and are then implemented in the evaluation of the remaining fatigue life for components of the bridge. Comparison with the actual fatigue life of the components, which were obtained from laboratory experiments, shows that both prediction methods give reasonable estimates of the fatigue life.Key words: bridge, fatigue, rivets, steel, model, analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Shin, Jinwon, Jineung Lee, Yongjae Lee, and Byungyun Kim. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Structural Performance of Steel Deck Plate Bolted with Truss Girder." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 4, 2019): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153166.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to investigate the structural performance of a steel deck-plate system bolted with truss girder. This system has been proposed herein to resolve the issues caused by welding. Structural tests for six full-scale specimens were performed to ensure the structural safety of the proposed system based on design criteria for deflection. Local responses with an emphasis on the failure modes of the system were also assessed using the measured strains at the locations where stresses are localized. Numerical models for all test specimens were developed with the material test data and were validated based on the test results. The structural behaviors of the proposed system, not confirmed in the tests, were further examined using numerical simulations, with a focus on the failure mechanism between the numerical predictions and the test results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Lim, Teik Cheng. "A Reinforced Kite-Shaped Microstructure with Negative Linear and Area Hygrothermal Expansions." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.272.

Full text

Abstract:

Materials and structures are exposed to fluctuating temperature and moisture concentration, which alter their sizes; the capability to adjust the hygrothermal expansion, including into the negative region, permits greater control of hygrothermal stresses and strains. This paper introduces a type of 2D truss microstructure where each unit takes the shape of a kite with an additional reinforcing rod on the kite’s axis of symmetry. The coefficients of thermal and moisture expansions are positive in the direction parallel to the reinforcing rods, but linear negative hygrothermal expansion is obtained in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing rods. The condition that gives areal negative hygrothermal expansion is also established, wherein this region is demarcated by the zero hygrothermal expansion line, which is attained when the inclined rods are perpendicular to each other.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Shen, Kongjian, Shui Wan, YL Mo, and Xiayuan Li. "A softened membrane model for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218788597.

Full text

Abstract:

Torsion can be regarded as a principal factor in some cases, such as in curved girders and eccentrically loaded girders, when conducting the structural analysis of prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs. Recently, a rational model, called the softened membrane model for torsion, was proposed for the torsional analysis of reinforced concrete members; thereafter, this model was extended to prestressed concrete members under pure torsion and called softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete. This article presents a modified model, the softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs, to analyze full torsional behavior. To build the model, the softened membrane model for torsion in reinforced concrete members is first extended to perform the torsional analysis of prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs by incorporating the torsional contribution of corrugated steel webs. Afterward, the initial stresses and strains due to prestressing are considered to extend the softened membrane model for torsion to softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs by modifying the equilibrium equations, convergence criteria, and constitutive laws of materials. The modified model is validated by experimental data and is proven to be capable of predicting the overall torque–twist curve, especially the precracked branch and postcracked ascending branch. In addition, a comparison between the softened membrane model for torsion and softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete indicates that the torque values before and after concrete cracking will be overestimated and underestimated, respectively, without considering the effect of the initial stresses and strains. Finally, another comparison shows that the softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete is superior to the rotating-angle truss model for torsion in its ability to predict the precracked branch of the torque–twist curve.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Kliuchnyk, S. V. "Operation Study of the Node of Stringer Staged Connection Point of the Railway Bridge Track-Way." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/227222.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose. The staged connections of the stringers of railway bridge track-way have the simplest design, but some design flaws result in numerous defects. The purpose of this work is an investigation of the previously proposed methods of strengthening the support node for the stringers of the track-way of a staged communication, as well as investigation of the work of the reinforcement proposed by the author. Methodology. The author analyzes the condition of metal bridges operated on the railway. It was found that the decisive element in determining the load capacity of the entire bridge are the stringers of the track-way. To achieve this goal, the author analyzed the stress-strain state of the support node of the stringer on the cross-bar without and with reinforcement using the finite element method. The discovered rational parameters of the proposed reinforcement unit. The calculations were performed in Selena software. Findings. Stress-strain state of the connection point of the stringers with the floor beamsnode on condition of their staged position was obtained and analyzed. The author selected the rational parameters of the reinforcement elements of the stringer support node for the staged communication and analyzed stress-strain state of the new connection node of the stringers with the floor beams at their staged location based on typical spans of Proiektstalkonstruktsii LLC (PSK). The analysis shows that after the proposed reinforcement, the maximum stresses in the horizontal legs of the flange angles of the stringers and floor beams, which destroyed the structures, decreased by 43–73%. Originality. The work analyzes the stress-strain state of metal stringers of the track-way of the staged location taking into account the joint work of stringers with load-bearing trusses, as well as the stress-strain state of the proposed reinforcement of the support node of metal stringers with the identification of rational parameters. Practical value. This method of repair with reinforcement is recommended as the most rational for a bridge over the Inhulets river at 109 km of the Verkhivtseve – Dolynska Railway (contract No. 94/2011–TsTekh–177/2011–ETU dated 09/30/2011). Based on these results, a patent for utility model No. 109806 dated 09/12/2016 was issued.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ali, Sarmad Abdulsahab, and John P. Forth. "An experimental and analytical investigation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints strengthened with a range of CFRP schemes applied only to the beam." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 12 (May 10, 2021): 2748–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211007371.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper investigates the experimental and analytical behaviour of beam-column joints that are subjected to a combination of torque, flexural and direct shear forces, where different Carbon Fibre Polymer (CFRP) strengthening wraps have been applied only to the beam. These wrapping schemes have previously been determined by the research community as an effective method of enhancing the torsional capacities of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. In this investigation, four 3/4-scale exterior beam-column joints were subjected to combined monotonic loading; three different beam wrapping schemes were employed to strengthen the beam region of the joint. The paper suggests a series of rational formulae, based on the space truss mechanism, which can be used to evaluate the joint shear demand of the beams wrapped in these various ways. Further, an iterative model, based on the average stress-strain method, has been introduced to predict joint strength. The proposed analytical approaches show good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental outcomes along with the adopted analytical methods reflect the consistent influence of the wrapping ratio, the interaction between the combined forces, the concrete strut capacity and the fibre orientation on the joint forces, the failure mode and the distortion levels. A large rise in the strut force resulting from shear stresses generated from this combination of forces is demonstrated and leads to a sudden-brittle failure. Likewise, increases in the beams’ main steel rebar strains are identified at the column face, again influenced by the load interactions and the wrapping systems used.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Lacki, Piotr, Przemysław Kasza, and Anna Derlatka. "Numerical Analysis of Prefabricated Steel-Concrete Composite Floor in Typical Lipsk Building." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 27, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0049.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The aim of the work was to perform numerical analysis of a steel-concrete composite floor located in a LIPSK type building. A numerical model of the analytically designed floor was performed. The floor was in a six-storey, retail and service building. The thickness of a prefabricated slab was 100 mm. The two-row, crisscrossed reinforcement of the slab was made from φ16 mm rods with a spacing of 150 x 200 mm. The span of the beams made of steel IPE 160 profiles was 6.00 m and they were spaced every 1.20 m. The steelconcrete composite was obtained using 80×16 Nelson fasteners. The numerical analysis was carried out using the ADINA System based on the Finite Element Method. The stresses and strains in the steel and concrete elements, the distribution of the forces in the reinforcement bars and cracking in concrete were evaluated. The FEM model was made from 3D-solid finite elements (IPE profile and concrete slab) and truss elements (reinforcement bars). The adopted steel material model takes into consideration the plastic state, while the adopted concrete material model takes into account material cracks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

LI, JIAN, DIANSHENG CHEN, HUIQIN LUAN, WEI YAN, and YUBO FAN. "MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS IMPLANT WITH DIFFERENT UNIT CELLS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 06 (September 2017): 1750101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417501019.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigates the effect of different unit cells on the mechanical performance of porous implant. Three shapes of unit cells (Diamond 30(DO30), Octet truss 30(OT30), and Rhombic dodecahedron 30(RD30)) were selected, which have the same relative density. Corresponding models of single pore (SP), repeating pores (RP) and porous implant (PI) were created. Using finite element methodology, mechanical performances of three classes of models under the conditions of pressure and torsion were simulated based on the same static load (SP: 50[Formula: see text]N, 0.125[Formula: see text]N[Formula: see text]m; RP: 200[Formula: see text]N, 0.5[Formula: see text]N[Formula: see text]m; PI: 200[Formula: see text]N, 0.5[Formula: see text]N[Formula: see text]m), respectively. Results demonstrated that RP showed consistent mechanical performances with SP: OT30 displayed the lowest stresses, displacements, and strains under the conditions of pressure and torsion, and conversely DO30 always resulted in the highest magnitudes. For the case of PI, mechanical performances were different from SP and RP: implant with shape of RD30 resulted in the lowest stress (275.2[Formula: see text]MPa) under the condition of pressure, but displacement (2.236e[Formula: see text]002[Formula: see text]mm) and strain (3.050e[Formula: see text]003) of OT30 were the largest; under the condition of torsion, stress sequence was same as SP and RP, but DO30 provided the highest strain (2.437e[Formula: see text]003), RD30 displayed the largest displacement (1.508e[Formula: see text]002[Formula: see text]mm). Unit cell influences mechanical performance of porous implant directly, and the implant outline and incomplete structure may also affect it. It could not select pore simply by the right type of unit cell, and surface area is an important parameter as well as pore size.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Korol, R. M., A. Rutenberg, and D. Bagnariol. "On primary and secondary stresses in triangulated trusses." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 6, no. 2 (January 1986): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(86)90002-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Xia, Yunchun. "Structural behavior of a pre-stressed cable steel truss exposed to fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-03-2017-0025.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose This paper aims to present the results of a study on the behaviour of a pre-stressed cable steel truss exposed to fire under fire conditions, basing on the results of a large programme of experimental tests. Design/methodology/approach The research investigated the deformation and stress change on a pre-stressed steel cable, including the deflection and displacements at different joints and fire behaviour of the pre-stressed steel cable. In other words, the structural behaviours at different loaded pre-stress, the vertical loading, steel cable height, truss dimension and the final temperature were compared in case of fire. Findings The results showed that the strain of longitudinal chord was far larger than those of the transverse chords, the strains of lower chords were significantly larger than those of the upper chords, strain of the chord near the longitudinal centreline were also larger than those of the outside transverse chords. During heating, the displacement and strain gradually changed from linear to nonlinear with loading, and the yielded chord had also in an order those chords which were at mid-span and near to the longitudinal centreline, yielded at first. Originality/value Temperatures in the furnace and at several points of the pre-stressed cable steel truss, as well as deformations, deflections and the stress changes of upper chord and the bottom steel cable and the change of displacement at different joint were measured to achieve those goals and, consequently, to assess the deformation behaviours and temperature of the pre-stressed steel cable.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Miner, Valerie, and Carol Anshaw. "Stresses and Strains." Women's Review of Books 19, no. 9 (June 2002): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023935.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Hedaya, Mohammed Mohammed, Adel Moneeb Elsabbagh, and Ahmed Mohamed Hussein. "Safety factor maximization for trusses subjected to fatigue stresses." Engineering Optimization 47, no. 8 (August 19, 2014): 1107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215x.2014.947974.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Orta, Luis, and F. Michael Bartlett. "Restrained concrete shrinkage in composite trusses." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 7 (July 2012): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-064.

Full text

Abstract:

An analytical approach to compute restrained shrinkage effects on composite concrete deck – steel truss members is presented and validated using strains and deflections obtained by Brattland and Kennedy, who in 1986 tested two full-scale (11.8 m × 2.35 m in plan) composite trusses and companion drying specimens for approximately 90 d. The test-to-predicted ratios for these quantities are excellent, with a mean value of 0.89 and a coefficient of variation of 0.11. It is also demonstrated that (1) single test specimens with a single drying face exhibit a large gradient of free shrinkage strain across the depth of the specimen that must be properly considered in the analysis; (2) shrinkage parameters estimated using generic rules based on the concrete mixture composition are not realistic for the particular mix used by Brattland and Kennedy; and (3) history-independent analysis methods, as described in Annex H of CSA S16-09, do not accurately predict the slab strains and truss deflections observed by Brattland and Kennedy unless the variation of the free shrinkage strain with slab depth, tensile creep, and concrete modulus of elasticity are properly accounted for.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Pedersen, N. L., and A. K. Nielsen. "Optimization of practical trusses with constraints on eigenfrequencies, displacements, stresses, and buckling." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 25, no. 5-6 (December 2003): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-003-0294-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Han, Kyoung-Bong, and Sun-Kyu Park. "Parametric study of truss bridges by the post-tensioning method." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-096.

Full text

Abstract:

The post-tensioning method has been successfully used to improve the performance of existing concrete structures. Applications of the method are rare in steel structures, however. Post-tensioning using high-strength cables or bars can be effectively used to increase the working load carrying capacity of steel structures. In this paper, the elastic behavior of post-tensioned trusses with straight and draped tendon profiles for truss strengthening is examined. The effects of design parameters such as the tendon profile, truss type, prestressing force, and tendon eccentricity on working load and deflection of trusses are studied. The results show that the allowable load of a truss increases proportionally with the increase in prestressing force and eccentricity. Post-tensioning enlarges the elastic range, increases the redundancy, and reduces the deflection and member stresses, eventually increasing the load-carrying capacity of truss bridges.Key words: post-tensioning method, steel structures, post-tensioned trusses, truss strengthening, design parameters, load-carrying capacity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

BOUCHITTÉ, GUY, WILFRID GANGBO, and PIERRE SEPPECHER. "MICHELL TRUSSES AND LINES OF PRINCIPAL ACTION." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 18, no. 09 (September 2008): 1571–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202508003133.

Full text

Abstract:

We study the problem of Michell trusses when the system of applied equilibrated forces is a vector measure with compact support. We introduce a class of stress tensors which can be written as a superposition of rank-one tensors carried by curves (lines of principal strains). Optimality conditions are given for such families showing in particular that optimal stress tensors are carried by mutually orthogonal families of curves. The method is illustrated on a specific example where uniqueness can be proved by studying an unusual system of hyperbolic PDEs. The questions we address here are of interest in elasticity theory, optimal designs, as well as in functional analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Pao, Y. H., and G. Sun. "Dynamic Bending Strains in Planar Trusses with Pinned or Rigid Joints." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 129, no. 3 (March 2003): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2003)129:3(324).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Fedczuk, Pawel, and Wojciech Skowroński. "NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF PLANE STEEL PRESTRESSED TRUSS IN FIRE." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2002.10531274.

Full text

Abstract:

The concept of analysis of 2-D static loaded prestressed steel trusses till failure during fire using a modified method of forces is presented. Failure of steel trusses in fire is based on the criterion of stresses. Behaviour of steel is described by non-linear constitutive model (based on hypo-elastic Ramberg-Osgood formula and Dorn creep theory) and Plem proposition (for string). Both models are approximated in calculations by hyperbolic Norton-Bailey rule. Fire simulates thermal force as an action of high temperature that increases linearly up to some level. The complete formulation of this method is illustrated by the algorithm of model parameters identification. Analysis of results for specific prestressed truss made of ASTM A36 and A421 steel in fire is presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Comba, Peter. "Strains and stresses in coordination compounds." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 182, no. 1 (February 1999): 343–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(98)00199-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Greenhalf, Jim. "Stresses and strains in city hall." Local Government Studies 11, no. 2 (March 1985): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938508433189.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Nowacki, Jerzy, and Michał Kawiak. "Stresses and strains in soldered joints." Welding International 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2011.600025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Nichols, T. Richard. "The Stresses and Strains of Tensegrity." Journal of Motor Behavior 46, no. 3 (March 14, 2014): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2014.880308.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Nicholson, D. W. "On stresses conjugate to Eulerian strains." Acta Mechanica 165, no. 1-2 (October 1, 2003): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-003-0037-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Samir, Peter, and George Morcous. "Precast Prestressed Concrete Truss-Girder for Roof Applications." Journal of Structures 2014 (December 14, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/524156.

Full text

Abstract:

Steel trusses are the most popular system for supporting long-span roofs in commercial buildings, such as warehouses and aircraft hangars. There are several advantages of steel trusses, such as lightweight, ease of handling and erection, and geometric flexibility. However, they have some drawbacks, such as high material and maintenance cost, and low fire resistance. In this paper, a precast concrete truss is proposed as an alternative to steel trusses for spans up to 48 m (160 ft) without intermediate supports. The proposed design is easy to produce and has lower construction and maintenance costs than steel trusses. The truss consists of two segments that are formed using standard bridge girder forms with block-outs in the web which result in having diagonals and vertical members and reduces girder weight. The two segments are then connected using a wet joint and post-tensioned longitudinally to form a crowned truss. The proposed design optimizes the truss-girder member locations, cross-sections, and material use. A 9 m (30 ft) long truss specimen is constructed using self-consolidated concrete to investigate the constructability and structural capacity of the proposed design. A finite element analysis of the specimen is conducted to investigate stresses at truss diagonals, verticals, and connections. Testing results indicate the production and structural efficiency of the developed system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Malla, Ramesh B., Baihai Wang, and Butchi B. Nalluri. "Dynamic Member Failure in Trusses by Pseudo-Force Method." International Journal of Space Structures 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119501000203.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper presents a systematic technique based on “pseudo-force” concept to determine dynamic response of truss structures during sudden progressive member failure. Emphasis has been given to the dynamic nature of the member failure and effects of such dynamic member failure on the overall structural behaviour. Responses of two-dimensional cantilever truss and a three-dimensional, corner supported, double-layer grid truss structure were investigated during sudden failure of some compressive members. In the method the sudden reduction in the load carrying capacity of a member is represented by external forces applied suddenly at the end joints of the member. Results obtained delineate the dynamic effects of member failure on joint displacements and member forces/stresses. In the present study the method is established for linear analysis. However, the pseudo-force approach can be extended for non-linear analysis and to represent the member snap-through and dynamic jump due to inelastic member buckling/post buckling in a truss-type structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Dong, Hong Ying, Wan Lin Cao, and Jian Wei Zhang. "Experimental Study on the Torsional Behavior of RC Composite Core Walls with Steel Tube-Reinforced Concrete Columns and Concealed Steel Trusses Subjected to the Combined Action of Multi-Directional Stresses." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1612.

Full text

Abstract:

An experimental study on the torsional behavior of two 1/6 scale core walls: one reinforced concrete core wall with concealed steel trusses and steel tube-reinforced concrete columns, and one normal reinforced concrete core wall, was carried out under eccentric horizontal cyclic loading. The torsional load-bearing capacity, torsional angle ductility, torsional hysteresis characteristics, torsional stiffness and its deterioration process, torsional energy dissipation and damage characteristics of the two specimens are herein discussed. Results show that the torsional performance of RC core walls can be improved by embedding the concealed steel trusses in the walls and setting the steel tube-reinforced concrete columns as boundary-columns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Martins, Jairo Aparecido, and Estaner Claro Romão. "Assessing the Impact of Changes on Design and Material of Howe Bridges by Finite Element Analysis." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 3 (June 9, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.3.82.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents an investigation of changes on design and material of a Howe bridge under vertical loads. Specifically, it aimed to find out how small changes on Howe bridge design and material affected von Mises stresses as well as stresses at Z direction. As a method, it was used a finite element analysis (linear-elastic) by Autodesk F-360. Half of a bridge was designed (one bridge side) and loaded with a central higher load and two equal smaller lateral loads. In essence, von Mises stresses (s) and stress at Z direction (sz) decreased on stresses values until a certain design change, which was proportional to a raise of mass due to beams added on the trusses. With a change of material to a lighter metal, from steel to aluminum, it was possible to overcome the mass drawback brought by steel and utterly possible to end up for a more effective design for a Howe truss bridge by applying minimal design changes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Kaempf, Bernd. "Stresses and strains in two-phase materials." Computational Materials Science 5, no. 1-3 (February 1996): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0256(95)00066-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Shoykhet, B., M. A. Grinfeld, and P. M. Hazzledine. "Internal stresses and strains in coherent multilayers." Acta Materialia 46, no. 11 (July 1998): 3761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(97)00244-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Laforte, Caroline, and Jean-Louis Laforte. "Deicing Strains and Stresses of Iced Substrates." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 26, no. 4-5 (March 1, 2012): 603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016942411x574790.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Chen, Youping, James Lee, and Liming Xiong. "Stresses and strains at nano/micro scales." Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 1, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2006.1.705.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Korsunsky, A. M. "Eigenstrain analysis of residual strains and stresses." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 44, no. 1 (December 16, 2008): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa423.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Kennedy, D. J. Laurie, and Anita Brattland. "Shrinkage tests of two full-scale composite trusses." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-034.

Full text

Abstract:

The shrinkage behaviour of two composite trusses with a span of 11.5 m was studied. Shrinkage measurements to determine the effects of slab shrinkage on truss deflections and member strains were recorded over periods of 65 and 85 days. A method is developed to compute shrinkage deflections, based on equilibrium of the shrinkage-induced forces at midspan, which gives excellent agreement with the test results. This method assumes a linear strain distribution through the depth and is based on the free shrinkage strain of the concrete and the average stress–strain characteristics of the concrete in tension under restrained shrinkage conditions as it drys, creeps, and eventually may crack as it is gradually loaded from the green state. The method is extended to composite steel-beam concrete-slab members. It is equivalent to Branson's "composite section method" provided that the correct values for the shrinkage strain and the effective modulus of elasticity of the concrete in tension are used in the latter. Key words: behaviour, composite steel–concrete beams, trusses, shrinkage deflections.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

CHAUDHRY, H. R., B. BUKIET, T. FINDLEY, and A. B. RITTER. "STRESSES AND STRAINS IN THE PASSIVE LEFT VENTRICLE." Journal of Biological Systems 04, no. 04 (December 1996): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021833909600034x.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we estimate the stresses and strains from the equatorial region down to the apex of the heart by modeling the passive left ventricle as a frustrum of a thick hollow cone. Large deformation theory has been employed in this analysis. Furthermore, the effects of residual stresses and the anisotropy due to muscle fiber orientation have been included. It is observed that circumferential stress, which is the most important physiologically, decreases considerably at the endocardium and is more evenly distributed through the wall when residual stresses are taken into account. The stresses also decrease as we go from the equatorial region to the apex. Because heart muscles physically have residual stresses, the consequent lower stress gradient through the wall enhances the diastolic function of the left ventricle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Felix, J., and G. N. Vanderplaats. "Configuration Optimization of Trusses Subject to Strength, Displacement and Frequency Constraints." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267443.

Full text

Abstract:

Three-dimensional elastic trusses are designed for minimum weight, subject to constraints on member stresses, Euler buckling, joint displacements and system natural frequencies. Multiple static loading conditions are considered. The finite-element displacement method of analysis is used and eigenvalues are calculated using the subspace iteration technique. All gradient information is calculated analytically. The design problem is cast as a multilevel numerical optimization problem. The joint coordinates are treated as system variables. For each proposed configuration, the member sizes are updated as a suboptimization problem. This subproblem is efficiently solved using approximation concepts in the reciprocal variable space. The multilevel approach is shown to be an effective technique which conveniently takes advantage of the most efficient methods available for the member sizing problem. Examples are presented to demonstrate the method. The optimum configuration is shown to be strongly dependent on the constraints which are imposed on the design.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ghasemi Nejhad, Mehrdad N., Chiling Pan, and Hongwei Feng. "Intrinsic Strain Modeling and Residual Stress Analysis for Thin-Film Processing of Layered Structures." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1512295.

Full text

Abstract:

Residual stresses develop due to intrinsic and extrinsic strains that form during the processing. Extrinsic strains can be determined using coefficient of thermal expansion, material properties, and processing conditions. An “Equivalent Reference Temperature (ERT)” technique is described and used to model and evaluate the intrinsic strains. piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (P-MEMS) are considered in this work. Laminate theory with three-dimensional state of stress and strain is used to evaluate residual stresses using the ERT model. In finite element analysis (FEA), the residual stresses and strains of multi-layer P-MEMS structures deposited layer-by-layer during processing, are simulated using the “element birth-and-death” approach. The evaluated residual stresses for a simplified geometry using ANSYS three-dimensional FEA and analytical analysis employing three-dimensional laminate theory are presented along with their corresponding experimental results. A user-friendly software based on the 3-D laminate theory is developed and installed on the Internet. The “equivalent reference temperature” as well as residual stresses and strains can be determined using this software. The level of residual stresses and strains of P-MEMS depend upon various factors such as geometrical design, material selection, and process conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Hazzledine, Peter M., B. Shoykhet, and M. A. Grinfeld. "Coherency Strains and Stresses in Lamellar Ti-Al." Solid State Phenomena 59-60 (January 1998): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.59-60.133.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Filippova, M. V., V. N. Peretyat’ko, and S. V. Smetanin. "STRESSES AND STRAINS DURING ROLLING OF THE BALL." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 59, no. 8 (January 1, 2016): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2016-8-587-588.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Jung, P., Z. Zhu, and J. Chen. "Strains and stresses in ceramics by defect accumulation." Journal of Nuclear Materials 251 (November 1997): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(97)00249-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Saigal, Anil, and Gary G. Leisk. "Residual strains and stresses in tungsten/Kanthal composites." Materials Science and Engineering: A 237, no. 1 (September 1997): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00117-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Clair, B., M. Fournier, M. F. Prevost, J. Beauchene, and S. Bardet. "Biomechanics of buttressed trees: bending strains and stresses." American Journal of Botany 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.9.1349.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Borisova, S. D., and I. I. Naumov. "Dislocation pileups: topological features of stresses and strains." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 35, no. 3 (May 2001): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8442(01)00047-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Trusses. Strains and stresses'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles