Journal articles: 'Truth-functions'

1

Fichot, Jean. "Truth, Proofs and Functions." Synthese 137, no. 1/2 (November 2003): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1026274716840.

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Scanlan, Michael. "Wittgenstein, Truth-Functions, and Generality." Journal of Philosophical Research 20 (1995): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_1995_27.

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Mughazy, Mustafa. "Metalinguistic negation and truth functions." Journal of Pragmatics 35, no. 8 (August 2003): 1143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(02)00177-7.

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Leblanc, Hugues. "On Characterizing Unary Probability Functions and Truth-Value Functions." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 15, no. 1 (March 1985): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1985.10716406.

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Consider a language SL having as its primitive signs one or more atomic statements, the two connectives ‘∼’ and ‘&,’ and the two parentheses ‘(’ and ‘)’; and presume the extra connectives ‘V’ and ‘≡’ defined in the customary manner. With the statements of SL substituting for sets, and the three connectives ‘∼,’ ‘&,’and ‘V’ substituting for the complementation, intersection, and union signs, the constraints that Kolmogorov places in [1] on (unary) probability functions come to read:K1. 0 ≤ P(A),K2. P(∼(A & ∼A)) = 1,K3. If ⊦ ∼(A & B), then P(A ∨ B) = P(A) + P(B),K4. If ⊦ A ≡ B, then P(A) = P(B).2

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ALTUNAY, DERYA, and TURHAN ÇİFTÇİBAŞI. "DECOMPOSITION OF MULTIUNIVERSE FUZZY TRUTH FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 09, no. 05 (October 2001): 623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488501001095.

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This paper focuses on the decomposition problem of fuzzy relations using the concepts of multiuniverse fuzzy propositional logic. Given two fuzzy propositions in different universes, it is always possible to construct a fuzzy relation in the common universe through a prescribed combination. However, the converse is not so obvious, if possible at all. In other words, given a fuzzy relation, how would we know if it really represents a certain relationship between some fuzzy propositions? It is important to recognize whether the given fuzzy relation is a meaningful representation of information according to certain criteria applicable to some fuzzy propositions that constitute the fuzzy relation itself. Two basic structures of decomposition are investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for decomposition of multiuniverse fuzzy truth functions in terms of one-universe truth functions are presented. An algorithm for decomposition is proposed.

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Lu, Chenguang. "Using the Semantic Information G Measure to Explain and Extend Rate-Distortion Functions and Maximum Entropy Distributions." Entropy 23, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081050.

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In the rate-distortion function and the Maximum Entropy (ME) method, Minimum Mutual Information (MMI) distributions and ME distributions are expressed by Bayes-like formulas, including Negative Exponential Functions (NEFs) and partition functions. Why do these non-probability functions exist in Bayes-like formulas? On the other hand, the rate-distortion function has three disadvantages: (1) the distortion function is subjectively defined; (2) the definition of the distortion function between instances and labels is often difficult; (3) it cannot be used for data compression according to the labels’ semantic meanings. The author has proposed using the semantic information G measure with both statistical probability and logical probability before. We can now explain NEFs as truth functions, partition functions as logical probabilities, Bayes-like formulas as semantic Bayes’ formulas, MMI as Semantic Mutual Information (SMI), and ME as extreme ME minus SMI. In overcoming the above disadvantages, this paper sets up the relationship between truth functions and distortion functions, obtains truth functions from samples by machine learning, and constructs constraint conditions with truth functions to extend rate-distortion functions. Two examples are used to help readers understand the MMI iteration and to support the theoretical results. Using truth functions and the semantic information G measure, we can combine machine learning and data compression, including semantic compression. We need further studies to explore general data compression and recovery, according to the semantic meaning.

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7

Hintikka, Jaakko. "Truth Definitions, Skolem Functions and Axiomatic Set Theory." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 4, no. 3 (September 1998): 303–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421033.

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§1. The mission of axiomatic set theory. What is set theory needed for in the foundations of mathematics? Why cannot we transact whatever foundational business we have to transact in terms of our ordinary logic without resorting to set theory? There are many possible answers, but most of them are likely to be variations of the same theme. The core area of ordinary logic is by a fairly common consent the received first-order logic. Why cannot it take care of itself? What is it that it cannot do? A large part of every answer is probably that first-order logic cannot handle its own model theory and other metatheory. For instance, a first-order language does not allow the codification of the most important semantical concept, viz. the notion of truth, for that language in that language itself, as shown already in Tarski (1935). In view of such negative results it is generally thought that one of the most important missions of set theory is to provide the wherewithal for a model theory of logic. For instance Gregory H. Moore (1994, p. 635) asserts in his encyclopedia article “Logic and set theory” thatSet theory influenced logic, both through its semantics, by expanding the possible models of various theories and by the formal definition of a model; and through its syntax, by allowing for logical languages in which formulas can be infinite in length or in which the number of symbols is uncountable.

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Ozelim, Luan Carlos de Sena Monteiro, and Andre Luis Brasil Cavalcante. "The Iota-Delta Function as an Alternative to Boolean Formalism." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 03 (April 2018): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118500120.

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Representing binary truth tables is an easy task to Boolean functions. When the number of Boolean variables increases, the complexity of the Boolean functions also increases. Thus, alternative ways of representing binary truth tables are necessary. It is known that this can be accomplished by means of other approaches, such as real polynomials. In the present paper it is shown that the recently introduced iota-delta function can be used to represent every binary truth table.

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Gomathisankaran, Mahadevan, and Akhilesh Tyagi. "Relating Boolean gate truth tables to one-way functions." Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 16, no. 2 (March 20, 2009): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ica-2009-0307.

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10

Pollard, Stephen. "The Expressive Unary Truth Functions of n-valued Logic." Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 46, no. 1 (January 2005): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1107220676.

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11

Petrenko, Svitlana. "The Concept of ‘Truth’ in Historiographical Discourse from the Standpoint of the Socio-Communicative Approach: Categorial Meaning, Functions and Correlation with the Concept of ‘Verity’." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 2 (77) (2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2020.77.2.

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The relevance of the research is caused by the growing trends of post-truth and post-journalism in the global communication context and the need to investigate the problem of truth as a social communication category of journalism. The study considers the concept of ‘truth’ and its correlation with the concept of ‘verity’, which is necessary for the relevant categorization of truth in social communication contexts (SCC). The object of the research is truth as a category, the subject is the semantic and functional field of the concept ‘truth’ which forms the category of truth and its social communication functions. The objective of the study is to identify the essential characteristics and functional properties of truth for its categorization and determination of the place and role in SCC and journalism. The source base consists of lexicographic sources and scientific researches. Methodologically, the research relies on the sociocommunicative approach, in the framework of which the method of historiographical analysis (with elements of semantic, conceptual and comparative analysis) was applied to explore the concepts of ‘truth’ and ‘verity’ in Ukrainian and Russian lexicographic sources and to compare them with relevant interpretations in English. Additionally, the method of synthesis was applied to identify the categorial characteristics and communicative functions of truth. The paper concludes that the concept of ‘truth’ primarily reveals natural ontological, axiological, and communicative characteristics that correlate with its metaphysical nature and has a broader variety of semantic and functional characteristics than the concept of ‘verity’. The evolutional transformation of the concepts ‘truth’ and ‘verity’ has been traced within ideological, historical, and social paradigms applaying the synchronic and diachronic analysis. The study emphasizes on the necessity to distinguish between Truth and different kinds of truths in social communication and journalism. It reveals that due to the loss of primary meanings and the priori functions, Truth has ceased to be an effective moral and value criterion as well as a choice criterion in social communication. The paper notes, however, that Truth continues maintaining its priori categorial meaning, which establishes its fundamental value as a basic category of social communication and a metacategory of journalism. Several hypothetical statements have also been made that require additional scientific researches; among them there is the assumption about the crucial role of spiritual communication in the self-discovery of Truth and its place in social communication.

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12

Harsin, Jayson. "Post-truth Reflections on Public Origins and Functions of Publishing." Information, Medium, and Society: Journal of Publishing Studies 19, no. 1 (2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2691-1507/cgp/v19i01/7-19.

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Schofield, Mary Anne, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Robert W. Uphaus, Gretchen M. Foster, and Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallace. "Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century Novels." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 12, no. 2 (1993): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463939.

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Wang, San-Min, Bao-Shu Wang, and Xiang-Yun Wang. "A characterization of truth-functions in the nilpotent minimum logic." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 145, no. 2 (July 2004): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0114(03)00138-6.

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15

Fermüller, Christian G., and Christoph Roschger. "From Games to Truth Functions: A Generalization of Giles’s Game." Studia Logica 102, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-014-9550-7.

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16

MI, BO, XIAOFENG LIAO, and CHUANDONG LI. "IDENTIFICATION AND REALIZATION OF LINEARLY SEPARABLE BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS VIA CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 11 (November 2008): 3299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812740802238x.

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In this paper, an effective method for identifying and realizing linearly separable Boolean functions (LSBF) of six variables via Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) is presented. We characterized the basic relations between CNN genes and the truth table of Boolean functions. In order to implement LSBF independently, a directed graph is employed to sort the offset levels according to the truth table. Because any linearly separable Boolean gene (LSBG) can be derived separately, our method will be more practical than former schemes [Chen & Chen, 2005a, 2005b; Chen & He, 2006].

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17

Varey, Simon, and Patricia Meyer Spacks. "Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century English Novels." Comparative Literature 46, no. 2 (1994): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1771585.

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18

COLLINS, CATH. "Truth-Justice-Reparations Interaction Effects in Transitional Justice Practice: The Case of the ‘Valech Commission’ in Chile." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16001437.

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AbstractRecent thinking and practice in transitional justice suggest that victims and societies hold indivisible, perhaps even simultaneous, rights to truth, justice and reparations after gross human rights violations. This article analyses the advantages and drawbacks of such holistic approaches to transitional justice, through a case study of Chile's second official truth commission, the ‘Valech Commission’. The article illustrates the politics of ongoing contestation about authoritarian era crimes in Latin America, showing how and why the commission was designed to deliver on certain truth-and-reparations obligations towards survivors of past state repression, while attempting to explicitly decouple truth revelations from judicial consequences. It also discusses the implications of associating truth-telling and reparations in a single instance, and in doing so contributes to debates about the potentially contradictory or counterproductive outcomes that may arise from the yoking together of truth, justice and reparations functions in transitional justice policy design.

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19

WALKER, CAROL L., and ELBERT A. WALKER. "AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE ALGEBRA OF FUZZY TRUTH VALUES." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 14, no. 06 (December 2006): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021848850600428x.

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This paper is an investigation of the automorphisms of the algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets. This algebra contains isomorphic copies of the truth value algebras of type-1 and of interval-valued fuzzy sets. It is shown that these subalgebras are characteristic; that is, are carried onto themselves by automorphisms of the containing algebra of truth values of fuzzy sets. Some other relevant subalgebras are proved characteristic, including the subalgebra of convex normal functions. The principal tool in this study is the determination of various irreducible elements.

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20

Cresswell, M. J. "Functions of Propositions." Journal of Symbolic Logic 31, no. 4 (January 1997): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269689.

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In [1] (p. 131 et seq) Professor A. N. Prior suggests a calculus of functions of propositions in which the range of the function variables is not restricted to truth functions.1 If f, g, … etc. represent such variables and we have quantification over all variables we can introduce propositional identity by definition as (ƒ)(ƒp ⊃ ƒq) Alternatively identity may be primitive with the usual axioms and schemata (v.e.g. [4] p. 190 et seq). We shall refer to such systems as ‘functorial calculi’2 (abbreviated as FC).

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21

Rathore, T. S. "Minimal Realizations of Logic Functions Using Truth Table Method with Distributed Simplification." IETE Journal of Education 55, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09747338.2014.921412.

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22

Liu, Hong Lan, and De Zheng Zhang. "A Probabilistic Propositional Logic System is an Event Semantics for Classical Formal System of Propositional Calculus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1917.

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The well formed formulas (wffs) in classical formal system of propositional calculus (CPC) are only some formal symbols, whose meanings are given by an interpretation. A probabilistic logic system, based on a probabilistic space, is an event semantics for CPC, in which set operations are the semantic interpretations for connectives, event functions are the semantic interpretations for wffs, the event (set) inclusion is the semantic interpretation for tautological implication, and the event equality = is the semantic interpretation for tautological equivalence. CPC is applicable to probabilistic propositions completely. Event calculus instead of truth value (probability) calculus can be performed in CPC because there arent truth value functions (operators) to interpret all connectives correctly.

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23

Lu, Chenguang. "The P–T Probability Framework for Semantic Communication, Falsification, Confirmation, and Bayesian Reasoning." Philosophies 5, no. 4 (October 2, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5040025.

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Many researchers want to unify probability and logic by defining logical probability or probabilistic logic reasonably. This paper tries to unify statistics and logic so that we can use both statistical probability and logical probability at the same time. For this purpose, this paper proposes the P–T probability framework, which is assembled with Shannon’s statistical probability framework for communication, Kolmogorov’s probability axioms for logical probability, and Zadeh’s membership functions used as truth functions. Two kinds of probabilities are connected by an extended Bayes’ theorem, with which we can convert a likelihood function and a truth function from one to another. Hence, we can train truth functions (in logic) by sampling distributions (in statistics). This probability framework was developed in the author’s long-term studies on semantic information, statistical learning, and color vision. This paper first proposes the P–T probability framework and explains different probabilities in it by its applications to semantic information theory. Then, this framework and the semantic information methods are applied to statistical learning, statistical mechanics, hypothesis evaluation (including falsification), confirmation, and Bayesian reasoning. Theoretical applications illustrate the reasonability and practicability of this framework. This framework is helpful for interpretable AI. To interpret neural networks, we need further study.

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Stanujkić, Dragiša, Darjan Karabašević, Gabrijela Popović, Dragan Pamučar, Željko Stević, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, and Florentin Smarandache. "A Single-Valued Neutrosophic Extension of the EDAS Method." Axioms 10, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms10040245.

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This manuscript aims to propose a new extension of the EDAS method, adapted for usage with single-valued neutrosophic numbers. By using single-valued neutrosophic numbers, the EDAS method can be more efficient for solving complex problems whose solution requires assessment and prediction, because truth- and falsity-membership functions can be used for expressing the level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction about an attitude. In addition, the indeterminacy-membership function can be used to point out the reliability of the information given with truth- and falsity-membership functions. Thus, the proposed extension of the EDAS method allows the use of a smaller number of complex evaluation criteria. The suitability and applicability of the proposed approach are presented through three illustrative examples.

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Gahér, František. "Sentential operators – their interaction (with vectors of time, causality and epistemic relevance) and their constructions." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0022.

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Abstract The paper starts by briefly describing the so‐called truth‐functional approach to sentential operators, typical to logic, as opposed to the more multi‐faceted approach of linguistics. The latter reflects the more complex, substantial relations between the contents of utterances, emphasizing the logico‐semantical relations and functions of sentential operators. However, as an alternative to the pragmatically inclined critique of the truth‐functional approach, the paper proposes two possible directions of explaining the specific content of sentential operators by virtue of which they transcend the role of mere truth functions. Firstly, the paper summarizes our previous investigations into the interactions between sentential operators and (1) the vector of the course of events described by a compound sentence, and (2) the direction of grammatical time captured by a compound sentence. The paper focuses on how this interaction is coordinated with the particular epistemic goal (prediction, explanation etc.) pursued when using the meaning of a complex sentence. Using the concepts of necessary and sufficient conditions, and by characterizing the vectors of condition (the if‐vector), time and relevance (dominance or the epistemic vector), the paper demarcates the rules of correspondence for conditional operators as cases of combinatorics, as described by some linguists. Secondly, based on a distinction between different constructions the same operators as truth‐functions, the paper provides a logico‐semantical explanation of the specific meaning of the else, unless and although connectives, traditionally discussed by linguists. We believe that the extensions proposed here move the camp defending a logico‐semantic approach to sentential operators at least somewhat closer to the camp of linguistic investigation.

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Gorbenko, Anna, and Vladimir Popov. "On Starting Population Selection for GSAT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.190.

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GSAT is a well-known satisfiability search algorithm for conjunctive normal forms. GSAT uses some random functions. One of such functions is a function of starting population of truth assignments for the variables of conjunctive normal form. In this paper, we consider a method of artificial physics optimization for computing a function of starting population.

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Simpson, Michael, Farnoosh Hashemi, and Laks V. S. Lakshmanan. "Misinformation mitigation under differential propagation rates and temporal penalties." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 10 (June 2022): 2216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3547305.3547324.

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We propose an information propagation model that captures important temporal aspects that have been well observed in the dynamics of fake news diffusion, in contrast with the diffusion of truth. The model accounts for differential propagation rates of truth and misinformation and for user reaction times. We study a time-sensitive variant of the misinformation mitigation problem, where k seeds are to be selected to activate a truth campaign so as to minimize the number of users that adopt misinformation propagating through a social network. We show that the resulting objective is non-submodular and employ a sandwiching technique by defining submodular upper and lower bounding functions, providing data-dependent guarantees. In order to enable the use of a reverse sampling framework, we introduce a weighted version of reverse reachability sets that captures the associated differential propagation rates and establish a key equivalence between weighted set coverage probabilities and mitigation with respect to the sandwiching functions. Further, we propose an offline reverse sampling framework that provides (1 - 1/ e - ϵ)-approximate solutions to our bounding functions and introduce an importance sampling technique to reduce the sample complexity of our solution. Finally, we show how our framework can provide an anytime solution to the problem. Experiments over five datasets show that our approach outperforms previous approaches and is robust to uncertainty in the model parameters.

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28

Moraga, Claudio, and Radomir Stankovic. "Properties of the Reed-Muller spectrum of symmetric functions." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 20, no. 3 (2007): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0703281m.

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Different forms of symmetry based on cofactors of Boolean functions are characterized in the Reed Muller spectral domain. Furthermore it is shown that if the arguments of the function are reordered, the permutation that is needed on the truth vector applies also on the spectrum of the function.

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29

Mitias, Michael H. "Czarnocka’s Conception of Symbolic Truth." Dialogue and Universalism 29, no. 2 (2019): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du201929229.

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The proposition I elucidates and defend in this paper is that the Transcendent can be an object of genuine knowledge and that the knowledge the philosophical mystic claims of it is symbolic in nature. In my endeavor to achieve this aim I rely on Małgorzata Czarnocka’s conception of symbolic truth as a model of explanation. I am inclined to think that, as a model of explanation, this conception sheds ample light on the possibility of having a cognitive experience of the Transcendent. The paper is composed of four parts. The first part raises the question of the Transcendent as an object of knowledge. The second part advances a brief analysis of the main elements of Czarnozka’s conception of symbolic truth with special emphasis on her view of human nature. The third part explicates the sense in which the conception of symbolic truth functions as a model of explanation. The fourth part analyzes the conditions under which the Transcendent can be an object of knowledge.

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Fuggle, Sophie. "Pixelated Flesh." Cultural Politics 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-2895783.

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The pixel and the technique of pixelating faces belong to a politics of fear and a digital aesthetics of truth that shapes public perceptions of criminality and the threat of otherness. This article draws on Paul Virilio’s account of the pixel in The Lost Dimension to analyze its specific role and operation in relation to contemporary representations of incarceration. In particular, the article considers the figure of the incarcerated informant. The incarcerated criminal or informant plays a complex role as both subversive other and purveyor of truth and as such constitutes an important example of the ways pixelation functions as a visible signifier of a dangerous truth while blurring, erasing, and ultimately dehumanizing those “speaking” this truth. The discussion forms part of a larger analysis of the production, framing, and circulation of images of otherness, identifying Virilio as key to debates around the violence of the screen.

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Oikarinen, Emilia, Henri Tiittanen, Andreas Henelius, and Kai Puolamäki. "Detecting virtual concept drift of regressors without ground truth values." Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 35, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 726–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10618-021-00739-7.

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AbstractRegression analysis is a standard supervised machine learning method used to model an outcome variable in terms of a set of predictor variables. In most real-world applications the true value of the outcome variable we want to predict is unknown outside the training data, i.e., the ground truth is unknown. Phenomena such as overfitting and concept drift make it difficult to directly observe when the estimate from a model potentially is wrong. In this paper we present an efficient framework for estimating the generalization error of regression functions, applicable to any family of regression functions when the ground truth is unknown. We present a theoretical derivation of the framework and empirically evaluate its strengths and limitations. We find that it performs robustly and is useful for detecting concept drift in datasets in several real-world domains.

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Bishop, Craig H., and Kevin T. Shanley. "Bayesian Model Averaging’s Problematic Treatment of Extreme Weather and a Paradigm Shift That Fixes It." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 4641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2565.1.

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Abstract Methods of ensemble postprocessing in which continuous probability density functions are constructed from ensemble forecasts by centering functions around each of the ensemble members have come to be called Bayesian model averaging (BMA) or “dressing” methods. Here idealized ensemble forecasting experiments are used to show that these methods are liable to produce systematically unreliable probability forecasts of climatologically extreme weather. It is argued that the failure of these methods is linked to an assumption that the distribution of truth given the forecast can be sampled by adding stochastic perturbations to state estimates, even when these state estimates have a realistic climate. It is shown that this assumption is incorrect, and it is argued that such dressing techniques better describe the likelihood distribution of historical ensemble-mean forecasts given the truth for certain values of the truth. This paradigm shift leads to an approach that incorporates prior climatological information into BMA ensemble postprocessing through Bayes’s theorem. This new approach is shown to cure BMA’s ill treatment of extreme weather by providing a posterior BMA distribution whose probabilistic forecasts are reliable for both extreme and nonextreme weather forecasts.

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Frazee, Jerome. "A new symbolic representation of the basic truth-functions of the propositional calculus." History and Philosophy of Logic 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445348808837128.

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Sidorova, E. A., A. V. Dolgova, and S. P. Zheleznyak. "Automated System of Competencies Indicators’ Formation Control during the Basic Boolean Algebra Studying." Vestnik NSU. Series: Information Technologies 20, no. 3 (February 12, 2023): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7900-2022-20-3-51-64.

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The eﬀective study of Computer Science is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Boolean algebra is one of the most fundamental sections of computer science. There is a list of disadvantages of this testing method for the evaluation of the master’s degree students’ knowledge of this topic. This results in development of other interactive tools. This article is devoted to the development and operation features of the automated system “Boolean algebra”, which was designed to control the formation of the competencies’ achievement indicators obtained during studying Boolean algebra. The developed system automatically creates task option and contains three types of tasks. The frst task includes construction of a truth table for three Boolean functions, the second requires Boolean circuit construction, and the third task is focused on Boolean expression simplifying. The system architecture consists of eightindependent modules which realize the new task option synthesis and its design, Boolean functions decomposition, truth tables construction, analysis, and evaluation of the results. The article describes the concept of each module. It describes in detail the synthesis of Boolean functions, as well as the analysis modules and their functioning algorithms. The automated system under operation proved to be eﬀective since it allows one to objectively evaluate user’s theoretical knowledge and ability to apply these methods to the truth tables construction. There are also several advantages of the considered automated system: it requires little space on a hard disk, workes in a network and on local computer, has intuitive interface, generates a large variety of tasks and performs their autocheking.

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Friedensen, Rachel E., and Ezekiel Kimball. "The professoriate and the post-truth era: A historiographic analysis of expert judgment and the destabilization of objective truth." education policy analysis archives 26 (November 19, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3357.

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This paper explores the role that distrust of expert judgment plays in conservative critiques of higher education. We propose that academics should abandon the insistence on truth as the standard for the evaluation of research quality. Doing so would separate conservative critiques of higher education from broader concerns over expert judgment via the substitution of judgement criteria more readily accessible to laypeople. Based on evidence about how expert judgment actually functions, we propose utility as a standard accessible to all. We show this by describing a historiographic model of expert judgment within the research university. We close with a call for scholars to acknowledge the conflation of facts and values in their work—that is, its post-truth nature.

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Falkowski, Bogdan J., and Chip-Hong Chang. "An Efficient Algorithm for the Calculation of Generalized Adding and Arithmetic Transforms From Disjoint Cubes of Boolean Functions." VLSI Design 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/45607.

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A new algorithm is given that converts a reduced representation of Boolean functions in the form of disjoint cubes to Generalized Adding and Arithmetic spectra. Since the known algorithms that generate Adding and Arithmetic spectra always start from the truth table of Boolean functions the method presented computes faster with a smaller computer memory. The method is extremely efficient for such Boolean functions that are described by only few disjoint cubes and it allows the calculation of only selected spectral coefficients, or all the coefficients can be calculated in parallel.

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Kowaleski-Wallace, Beth. "Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century English Novels. Patricia Meyer Spacks." Modern Philology 90, no. 2 (November 1992): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392065.

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Zhao, Yongbin, Ning Cao, Zhaohui Qi, Guofu Li, and Pingzeng Liu. "A New Algorithm for Enumerating Bent Functions Based on Truth Tables and Run Length." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 23800–23805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787618.

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Hume, Robert D. "Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century English Novels (review)." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 3, no. 3 (1991): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1991.0060.

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Swayne, Jeremy. "Truth, proof and evidence." Homeopathy 97, no. 02 (April 2008): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2008.02.006.

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The study and practice of medicine, in its most personal and intimate functions, its most sophisticated scientific and technological manifestations, and its philosophical and ethical ramifications, are central to our understanding of the human condition. Homeopathic medicine: its insights, the questions that it begs, and the scientific and philosophical challenges it presents, has a significant contribution to make to this process.To be actively and seriously engaged with homeopathy is an adventurous undertaking. It is to be engaged in exploring both human nature and the nature of the world we inhabit. And in that process we are also engaged in the pursuit of truth and the exploration of reality.This paper deals first with the layout of the playing field on which homeopathy has to compete to be taken seriously. It then discusses three concepts: reality, truth and knowledge, which are objectives for which we strive and principles that guide us in that striving. In the third part it introduces the concept of ‘personal knowledge’ as an essential ingredient of scientific discovery and the pursuit of truth. And finally it proposes that the homeopathic community in general, and the Faculty of Homeopathy in particular, must expand its vision with a definition of a new paradigm, the new model of healthcare and medical science to which the vision aspires.

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Black, Paul, and Iqbal Gondal. "Cross-Compiler Bipartite Vulnerability Search." Electronics 10, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111356.

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Open-source libraries are widely used in software development, and the functions from these libraries may contain security vulnerabilities that can provide gateways for attackers. This paper provides a function similarity technique to identify vulnerable functions in compiled programs and proposes a new technique called Cross-Compiler Bipartite Vulnerability Search (CCBVS). CCBVS uses a novel training process, and bipartite matching to filter SVM model false positives to improve the quality of similar function identification. This research uses debug symbols in programs compiled from open-source software products to generate the ground truth. This automatic extraction of ground truth allows experimentation with a wide range of programs. The results presented in the paper show that an SVM model trained on a wide variety of programs compiled for Windows and Linux, x86 and Intel 64 architectures can be used to predict function similarity and that the use of bipartite matching substantially improves the function similarity matching performance.

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Farmer, William M. "A partial functions version of Church's simple theory of types." Journal of Symbolic Logic 55, no. 3 (September 1990): 1269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274487.

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AbstractChurch's simple theory of types is a system of higher-order logic in which functions are assumed to be total. We present in this paper a version of Church's system called PF in which functions may be partial. The semantics of PF, which is based on Henkin's general-models semantics, allows terms to be nondenoting but requires formulas to always denote a standard truth value. We prove that PF is complete with respect to its semantics. The reasoning mechanism in PF for partial functions corresponds closely to mathematical practice, and the formulation of PF adheres tightly to the framework of Church's system.

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Kempna-Pieniążek, Magdalena. "Beneath the surface: On the significance of the underground and underwater landscapes in selected documentaries by Werner Herzog." Polish Journal of Landscape Studies 3, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pls.2020.6.8.

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Werner Herzog’s films grow out of landscapes. The frames opening his works very often present landscapes whose role goes beyond illustrative or informative functions. Analyzing films such as Encounters at the End of the World, Cave of Forgotten Dreams, and Into the Inferno, the text reconstructs the meanings inscribed in Herzog’s underground and underwater landscapes. The journey beneath the surface of spaces dominated by nature usually constitutes an equivalent of the journey into culture in the director’s works. In a sense, they are films laced with reflection about experiencing landscapes. What is more, Herzog undertakes his reflections in the realm of documentary cinema, which is firmly entangled with the category of truth. Entering a landscape is therefore a way of reaching truth for the director—however, not objective but “poetic” and “ecstatic” truth, which, according to the creator, has a much more significant quality than mundane facts.

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Sokołowska, Katarzyna. "Marlow’s Gaze in Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad: Between Light and Shadows." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2019-0010.

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AbstractIn Lord Jim Marlow functions not only as a narrator who spins the yarn about the morally problematic case of the young sailor, but also as an interpreter who struggles to register impressions as faithfully as possible thus translating the visual into the discursive. Marlow’s double function establishes the novel as a text about the search to understand and to acquire reliable knowledge about Jim and his dilemma. Levin’s distinction of the two styles of vision, the assertoric gaze and the aletheic gaze, offers a neat conceptualization for Marlow’s visual practices which affect his interpretation of Jim. Levin defines the assertoric gaze as a fixed stare which involves the hegemony of a single standpoint, whereas the aletheic gaze, decentred and subversive, cherishes ambiguity and tends to roam about to accommodate multiple points of view. Levin relates this distinction to the two concepts of truth that Heidegger examines in his critique of the metaphysics of presence: truth as proposition, correspondence, or correctness and truth as aletheia or unconcealment as well as the two types of discourse, the hermeneutical discourse of poetizing and the discourse of statements. If Plato and Descartes defined truth and knowledge in terms of a total visibility, Heidegger insists that the path to truth involves confronting shadows and recognizing that they are necessary for the disclosure of being. Within this philosophical framework it is possible to reassess both Marlow’s failure to form an unequivocal explanation of Jim and his growing epistemological scepticism as a departure from the correspondence theory of truth. The encounter with Jim brings Marlow to interrogate his own strategies of grasping the truth and subverts the focus on light as its visual equivalent.

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Masat, Francis, and Robert Mitchell. "Connecting Logic, Algebra, and Functions in Discrete Mathematics." Mathematics Teacher 85, no. 5 (May 1992): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.85.5.0351.

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When students are introduced to logic and truth tables in discrete-mathematics classes, they often ask, “Can we get the computer to do these problems?” The answer is yes, and we shall demonstrate an interesting, elegant, and easy way to do so. First, we shall combine some basic ideas from logic, algebra, and functions, and then we shall implement the results on a computer. The process is important for two basic reasons. First, practice in combining logic, algebra, and functions helps to replace rote symbolic manipulation with an understanding of the mathematics involved. Second, using the results with a computer emphasizes the fact that logic is reducible to computation.

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Ye, Jun, Rui Yong, and Shigui Du. "Multiattribute Group Decision-Making Method in terms of Linguistic Neutrosophic Z-Number Weighted Aggregation Operators." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9509823.

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To make a fuzzy value more reliable, Zadeh presented the notion of Z-number, which reflects a fuzzy value related to its reliability measure. Since linguistic expression conforms to human thinking habits, linguistic neutrosophic decision-making is one of the key research topics in linguistic indeterminate and inconsistent setting. In order to ensure the reliability of multiattribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems in the linguistic environment of truth, falsehood, and indeterminacy, we require a new linguistic neutrosophic framework that combines the decision-maker’s linguistic neutrosophic judgment with its reliability measure. Inspired by the linguistic Z-numbers of the truth, falsehood, and indeterminacy, this article first proposes a linguistic neutrosophic Z-number (LNZN) to make the truth, falsehood, and indeterminacy linguistic values more reliable. Then, we define the operational relations, score and accuracy functions, and sorting laws of LNZNs. Next, we establish the LNZN weighted arithmetic mean (LNZNWAM) and LNZN weighted geometric mean (LNZNWGM) operators and indicate their properties. Furthermore, an MAGDM approach is developed based on the two aggregation operators and the score and accuracy functions of LNZNs in the LNZN setting. Lastly, an MAGDM example of industrial robot selection and comparison with existing related methods are provided to verify the applicability and efficiency of the developed MAGDM method in the setting of LNZNs. In general, the developed MAGDM approach not only makes the MAGDM information more reliable but also solves MAGDM problems under the environment of LNZNs.

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Gewali, Utsav B., Sildomar T. Monteiro, and Eli Saber. "Gaussian Processes for Vegetation Parameter Estimation from Hyperspectral Data with Limited Ground Truth." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131614.

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An important application of airborne- and satellite-based hyperspectral imaging is the mapping of the spatial distribution of vegetation biophysical and biochemical parameters in an environment. Statistical models, such as Gaussian processes, have been very successful for modeling vegetation parameters from captured spectra, however their performance is highly dependent on the amount of available ground truth. This is a problem because it is generally expensive to obtain ground truth information due to difficulties and costs associated with sample collection and analysis. In this paper, we present two Gaussian processes based approaches for improving the accuracy of vegetation parameter retrieval when ground truth is limited. The first is the adoption of covariance functions based on well-established metrics, such as, spectral angle and spectral correlation, which are known to be better measures of similarity for spectral data owing to their resilience to spectral variabilities. The second is the joint modeling of related vegetation parameters by multitask Gaussian processes so that the prediction accuracy of the vegetation parameter of interest can be improved with the aid of related vegetation parameters for which a larger set of ground truth is available. We experimentally demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods against existing approaches on three real-world hyperspectral datasets and one synthetic dataset.

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Du, Shigui, Jun Ye, Rui Yong, and Fangwei Zhang. "SIMPLIFIED NEUTROSOPHIC INDETERMINATE DECISION MAKING METHOD WITH DECISION MAKERS’ INDETERMINATE RANGES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.12919.

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There exists the indeterminate situations of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees due to the uncertainty and inconsistency of decision makers’ arguments in a complicated decision making (DM) problem. Then, existing neutrosophic set cannot describe the indeterminate information of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees. It is noted that the simplified neutrosophic set (SNS) is depicted by truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees, while a neutrosophic number (NN) can be flexibly depicted by its determinate part and its indeterminate part. Regarding the indeterminate situations of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees in indeterminate DM problems, this study first presents a simplified neutrosophic indeterminate set (SNIS) to express the hybrid information of SNS and NN and defines the score, accuracy, and certainty functions of simplified neutrosophic indeterminate elements (SNIEs) with indeterminate ranges to compare SNIEs. Then, we introduce a SNIE weighted arithmetic averaging (SNIEWAA) operator and a SNIE weighted geometric averaging (SNIEWGA) operator to aggregate simplified neutrosophic indeterminate information. Next, a multi-attribute DM approach with decision makers’ indeterminate ranges is established regarding the SNIEWAA and SNIEWGA operators in SNIS setting. Finally, the proposed DM approach is applied in a DM example on choosing a suitable slope design scheme to indicate the applicability and suitability of the proposed approach.

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KOZLOV, V. P. "«THE TRUTH OF HISTORY» AND DOCUMENTARY MEMORY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 1 (2022): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-1-143-154.

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The purpose of the article is to consider and correlate the concepts of "the truth of history" and documentary memory. The author examines the framework concept of historical memory and proposes a new typology of forms of historical memory (ordinary, constructivist, scientific and cognitive). In addition, the concept of documentary memory is introduced separately – the result of the transformation of a document as a regulator of vital activity. As a result of the research, the author analyzes various properties of documentary historical memory (continuity, inactivation, inviolability, etc.), as well as its functions which are important for cognition of the past.

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Mitias, Michael H. "Czarnocka’s Conception of Symbolic Truth." Dialogue and Universalism 29, no. 2 (2019): 153–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du201929228.

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The proposition I elucidate and defend in this paper is that the explanatory power of Malgorzata Czarnocka’s conception of symbolic truth extends beyond our knowledge of empirical reality and includes our knowledge of human nature and human values. The paper is composed of two parts. In the first part I present a detailed analysis of the conception of symbolic truth. The focus in this analysis is on the nature of the correspondence relation which connects a true statement and the cognitive object. Czarnocka persuasively argues that this relation is neither isomorphic nor homomorphic in character. She advances a detailed analysis of sensual perception as the locus of the cognitive act. The outcome of this analysis is that the structure of the statement which is articulated in this act does not copy or mirror the structure of the object but is a linguistic representation. In the second part of the paper I argue that empirical reality is not the paradigm of reality and that scientific knowledge is not the paradigm of knowledge. The domain of humanity is as real as the domain of empirical reality, and our knowledge of this domain is as central to our life as scientific knowledge is. Moreover, I argue that Czarnocka’s conception of symbolic truth functions adequately in explaining the possibility of knowledge of human nature and human values with special focus on the literary work of art.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Truth-functions'

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