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1

Tchamo, Cesaltina da Conceicao Lopes Menete. "Evaluation of the pathogenicity in goats of Trypanosoma congolense from Matutuine, Mozambique." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04212008-143822/.

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2

Aboubaker, Eltayb Abdelwahab Mohamed. "Trypanosomiasis : molecular diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection and endotoxaemia during Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231772.

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Two aspects of trypanosomiasis have been investigated in this study. First, molecular methods were applied to the diagnosis of T.evansi in camels in South Libya. The aim of the study was to determine if FTA card blood sampling and PCR amplification could detect parasites and this be used as tool for diagnosis and epidemiology. Targeted samples of 70 camels were identified on the basis of symptoms of infection and blood was collected on FTA cards. PCR primers and conditions for the amplification of T.evansi DNA were developed on the basis of the literature and a positive control clone grown in the laboratory. The assay found 84.3% of camel samples positive using TBR primers (177bp amplicon) and ITS nested primers (611-1513bp amplicons). This result demonstrated that Surra is endemic in this area, and that T.evansi was the species that was involved. The ITS and TBR loci in the parasites identified in Libya were almost identical to those previously reported in the genbank database, though with some polymorphisms. Dullness and emaciation were the clinical signs of camels infected by trypanosomes, and these two symptoms were significantly related to the 1200bp ITS nested PCR amplicon. These two symptoms can be thus used as a sign an initial diagnosis of T.evansi infection in camels. The second aspect of trypanosomiasis studied was the occurrence of endotoxaemia in infection. The first part of this research investigated endotoxin levels in clinical human African trypasnosomiasis using the Limulus Amoebocyte lysate assay. Endotoxin levels were significantly increased over control individuals in the plasma of T.b.rhodesiense patients. This endotoxaemia was unrelated to infection duration, parasitaemia or clinical stage but resolved after clearance of parasites by drug treatment. In the cerebrospinal fluid there was no significant difference in endotoxin level between early and late stage cases and no relationship to parasite loads. It is argued on the basis of the data that endotoxaemia in trypanosomiasis most likely results from increases in permeability of the gut to endotoxins from gram negative enter bacteria. This conclusion was further supported from a study using cell culture adapted T.brucei and secreted products which gave no evidence of any endotoxin activity. Also samples of an acute experimental mouse infection with T.brucei gave no endotoxin activity, suggesting that this phenomenon requires a more chronic infection in mice. No relationships were found between plasma or CSF endotoxin levels to neurological signs of infection. However the presence of a gross inflammatory clinical symptom, splenomegaly, was associated with endotoxaemia and the concentrations of 3 plasma cytokines associated with the immune response in trypanosome infection were associated with correlated to plasma endotoxin levels. In order to determine the nature of the endotoxin activity, a biosensor cell assay for LPS was used, based on human embryonic kidney cells transfected with TLR4/MD3 and a NF-κB induced alkaline phosphatase reporter gene. This assay revealed low or undetectable levels of LPS in clinical samples from T.b.rhodesiense patients, in mouse samples from T.b.brucei infections and in vitro cultured trypanosomes. This suggests that either the endotoxin activity detected using the LAL assay is an unconventional endotoxin signalling via a TLR4 independent pathway or that the human plasma was in some way toxic to the reporter cell and this requires further investigation. In conclusion, this study has provided the first clear evidence of an association of endotoxaemia and inflammatory responses in clinical African trypansomiasis and helps resolve the question of whether endotoxaemia is a parasite or host-microbiota related phenomenon.
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3

Millar, Amanda E. "T-cell responses during Trypanosoma brucei infections." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363151.

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4

Mhlanga, Jama Donewell Mayixeke. "Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei, a relationship with poly ADP-ribose polymerase." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240553.

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5

Hickey, Meghan C. "Exploring an unusual beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma brucei." Click here for download, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com.ps2.villanova.edu/pqdweb?did=2011158651&sid=1&Fmt=7&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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6

Guegan, Fabien. "Caractérisation des sialidases chez le parasite Trypanosoma vivax : rôle dans l’anémie." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21775/document.

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La trypanosomiase animale africaine (TAA) est une pathologie qui sévit en Afrique sub-saharienne et qui représente un obstacle majeur à l’élevage du bétail et à la production agricole. Cette pathologie est causée principalement par les parasites T. congolense et T. vivax. Elle affecte le bétail, les animaux domestiques et sauvages, sur un territoire de 10 millions de km2 où ces animaux cohabitent avec l’insecte vecteur, la mouche Tsé-Tsé. L’infection du bétail par ces parasites provoque une anémie sévère pouvant entraîner la mort de l’animal. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans le développement de l’anémie lors de l’infection de l’animal par T. vivax. Pour cela, nous avons développé un modèle murin d’infection par T. vivax. Nous avons démontré que l’infection à T. vivax induit d’importantes modifications des acides sialiques présents à la surface des érythrocytes. De plus, nous avons établi un système expérimental « ex-vivo » qui nous a permis de montrer que l’anémie observée au cours de l’infection était dépendante du mécanisme d’érythrophagocytose. Les modifications en acides sialiques des érythrocytes constitueraient un signal de reconnaissance des érythrocytes par les cellules phagocytaires de l’hôte. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis au point des conditions de culture in vitro pour tous les stades parasitaires de T. vivax et T. congolense afin de développer des outils de génomique fonctionnelle. Ces avancées nous ont notamment permis d’identifier des enzymes de type sialidase et trans-sialidase et de détecter les activités enzymatiques correspondantes dans les formes infectieuses de ces parasites. Nous avons exprimé des trans-sialidases recombinantes et démontré qu’elles étaient capables de reproduire in vitro certaines des caractéristiques pathologiques définies in vivo : modifications en acides sialiques des érythrocytes et augmentation de l’érythrophagocytose. Par conséquent, ces travaux ont permis pour la première fois de mettre en évidence un lien entre l’expression des sialidases et trans-sialidases chez le parasite T. vivax et le développement de l’anémie au cours de la TAA
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a parasitic disease occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. It impairs livestock development and agricultural production. This disease is mainly caused by T. congolense and T. vivax parasites and is present in livestock, domestic and wild animals, covering an area of over a 10 millions km2, that is known as the Tsé-Tsé fly belt. These infections cause severe anaemia leading to animal death in most cases. In this context, we were interested in unravelling the mechanisms responsible for anaemia caused by T. vivax infection. We developed a murine model for T. vivax infection and our data pointed out important sialic acid modifications of the mouse erythrocyte surface during infection. Additionally, an ex-vivo experimental model was established which proved that anaemia associated with infection depends on erythrophagocytosis. Consequently, we propose that sialic acid modifications associated with infection are involved in the erythrophagocytosis mechanism. Furthermore, in order to develop genetic tools we established in vitro culture conditions for all parasite forms of T. vivax and T. congolense. Parasite cultivation allowed the detection of sialidase and trans-sialidase activity and identifies the presence and function of these proteins in the mammalian form of the parasite. Moreover, trans-sialidase recombinant proteins reproduced some of the T. vivax infection characteristics such as sialic acid modification and increased erythrophagocytosis. Consequently, this work provides the first evidence that links the expression of sialidases and trans-sialidases in T. vivax with the development of anemia during AAT
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7

Mabbott, Neil A. "Nitric oxide : host-protective or host-destructive during African trypanosomiasis." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU543723.

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The aims of the research presented in this thesis were concerned with investigating the effect of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression during Trypanosoma brucei infections on both host and parasite. NO was shown to exhibit a potent cytostatic effect on parasite proliferation. Oxyhaemoglobin is a potent scavenger of NO. The cytostatic effects of NO on the trypanosomes were completely prevented through the addition of erythrocytes to the cultures. This implies that in the host blood-stream, NO is unlikely to be involved in the eradication of the parasites. Through the adoptive transfer of suppressor macrophages from T.brucei-infected donor mice to naive recipients, it was demonstrated that NO mediates a suppressive effect on host lymphocyte responses in vivo. Furthermore, suppressor macrophages were shown to have a finite life-span and undergo NO-mediated apoptosis. Evidence also suggested that elevated NO production in the bone marrow of T.brucei -infected mice is likely to play a significant role in the anaemia resulting from T.brucei infection. Experiments demonstrated that a soluble lysate prepared from freeze-thawed blood-stream form T.brucei, activated interferon (IFN)-gamma primed macrophages to express high levels of NO synthase. Experiments also demonstrated that viable blood-stream forms, but not procyclic form trypanosomes, released a soluble factor which in combination with IFN-gamma induced NO synthase. The absolute requirement of IFN-gamma priming for NO synthase activation by T.brucei was studied using macrophages from mutant mice lacking functional IFN-gamma receptors (IFN-gamma R -/- mutant mice). In comparison to macrophages from wild-type mice, cells from IFN-gamma-R-/- mutant mice were unable to produce NO following stimulation in vitro or infection in vivo. Finally, utilising mice with specific immunodeficiencies it was demonstrated that natural killer cells and a/b T-lymphocytes were important sources of IFN-gamma during murine T.brucei infections.
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8

Giles, Natalie Lydia. "Exploitation of the protein tubulin for controlling African trypanosomiasis /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060315.191003.

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9

Ndoutamia, Guelmabye. "Derivation and characterisation of a quinapyramine-resistant clone of Trypanosoma congolense." Thesis, Brunel University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286698.

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10

Jaye, Assan. "Characterisation of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense-specific antigen : identification as a thiol protease precursor." Thesis, Brunel University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296197.

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11

Kinzel, Kathryn Whitney. "Functional analysis of inner-arm dynein knockdowns in Trypanosoma brucei /." Connect to online version, 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2008/268.pdf.

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12

Proulx, Chantal. "The mechanisms of immunosuppression in rats infected by Trypanosoma lewisi /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63897.

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13

Respuela, Patricia. "Gene Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-100265.

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14

Witmans, Cornelis Jacobus. "An approach to the rational design of new inhibitors for Trypanosoma brucei Triosephosphate isomerase /." [S.l. : [Groningen] : s.n.] ; [University Library Groningen] [Host], 1995. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/139946616.

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15

Ndarathi, Charles W. Mathenge. "Studies on the immunobiology of trypanosoma lewisi infections in rats." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75927.

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The immunological responses in hosts infected with Trypanosoma lewisi were examined during the course of infection and after recovery. Peak antibody levels coincided with the time of parasite elimination, but remained significantly elevated for over one year after the end of the infection The antigen repertoire recognized by antibodies demonstrated that some were revealed only by sera taken during the infection, and other antigens were revealed for the first time only by post-recovery sera. Immunomodulatory protective and suppressive factors were demonstrated in the plasma of irradiated, infected rats. These factors were identified as parasite-derived exoantigens which are shed in vivo and in vitro; exoantigens are complexes of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides and are membrane-surface coat associated, as shown by phase-partitioning and surface-labeling studies. The suppressive activity of the exoantigens was dose-dependent, probably mediated by a suppressor substance(s) produced by macrophages that subsequently inhibits production of interleukin 2 by T helper cells.
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16

Anderson, Neil Euan. "Investigation into the ecology of trypanosomiasis in the Lungawa Valley, Zambia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4392.

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The Luangwa Valley is recognised as a focus of endemic infection with human sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense. Extensive infection of the wildlife population with many species of trypanosome has been identified and livestock keeping is almost non-existent due to losses from trypanosomiasis and predation by wild animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecology of trypanosomiasis in this mult-host wildlife community, relatively free from anthropogenic influences. Particular focus was to be applied to the role of common warthog, phacocoerus aethipicus, within the reservoir community. The thesis initially reviews the history of protected area management in the Luangwa Valley. Remotely sensed imagery is then used in a study of the vegetation units of Luambe National Park. A supervised classification algorithm utilising fuzzy logic is used to generate a land cover classification of the part with an overall accuracy of 71%. Surveys of the tsetse and wild mammal population in Luambe national park are then presented. Data collected from the tsetse survey are analysed using generalised linear models with mixed effects to investigate factors influencing the trypanosome prevalence in tsetse, as well as the distribution and apparent density of tsetse. The density of tyhe host mammal population is assessed using distance sampling techniques and the distribution of warthog burrows mapped. Finally, a cross-sectional survey of trypanosome prevalence in the wild animal population of the Luangwa Valley is described, using novel molecular techniques for diagnosis. Risk factors for infection are analysed using logistic regression analysis and the host distribution for each trypanosome species described.
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17

Jamnadass, Harmanjeet Ramni. "Identification and characterisation of an extrachromosomal element from a multidrug-resistant isolate of Trypanosoma brucei brucei." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4314.

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Drug resistance together with difficulties involved in the development of new trypanocides are a major problem in the present control of African trypanosomiasis. DNA based diagnostics for drug resistance would overcome problems in the identification of drug-resistant populations and contribute to effective control measures. However, this requires a detailed knowledge of the mode of action and the mechanisms by which trypanosomes can overcome the toxic effects of trypanocides. In this study, a search for molecular differences between a multidrug-resistant isolate of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, CP 547, and a reference drug-sensitive population, ILTat 1.4, led to the identification of a 6.6 kbp extrachromosomal element in the multidrug-resistant population. In light of the involvement of extrachromosomal elements in drug resistance in Leishmana spp. and cancer cells, the identification of the 6.6 kbp element warranted its characterisation. Several different approaches sere attempted before a sequence which hybridised to the 6.6 kbp element its eventually isolated. This sequence is represented by a 108 bp repeat sequence which forms long arrays of tandem repeats. Since N/a III is the sole restriction enzyme that cuts within the repeat, it has been referred to as an N/a III repeal The repeat is flanked by a 5 bp spacer sequence. However, a unique 5 bp direct repeat flanking two complete, and one partial copy of the N/a III repeat may signify the transposition of these sequences. Hybridisation with the N/a III repeat revealed the presence of 'higher' hybridising elements which also appear to be predominantly composed of long tandem arrays of the N/a Ill repeal Through exploitation of the p01) merase chain reaction using arbitrary primers (AP-PCR), additional sequences were identified which are associated with some of the 6.6 kbp and 'higher' hybridising elements. The 6.6 kbp element and some of the 'higher' hybridising elements display features of circular DNA molecules. The 6.6 kbp element also displays some level of size and sequence heterogeneity within different populations of the same trypanosome isolate. The copy number of the 6.6 kbp element is also not stable and appears to be directly affected by the application of selective drug pressure, but a direct association between the presence of the element and the expression of multidrug resistance could not be determined. The N/a III repeat family represents a newly identified repetitive family specific to members of the Trypanozoon subgenus. This repeat family, representing about 5% of the parasite genome, is dispersed through all size classes of chromosomes, in addition to its presence on the extrachromosomal elements. Transcriptional studies of the N/a III repeats have revealed that their transcription is developmentally regulated, since heterogeneous transcripts ranging from greater than 10 kb to smaller than 300 bp are present in the actively dividing long slender bloodstream and insect stage procyclic forms of the parasite but not nondividing, stumpy bloodstream forms. Lastly, the N/a III repeat lacks an open reading frame and transcripts do not appear to have a spliced leader sequence at the 5' end. Furthermore, there is almost an equal representation of polyadenylatcd and non-polyadenlyated transcripts.
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18

Felu, Cécile. "Characterisation of the mechanism of human serum resistance in T.b.gambiense." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210844.

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The two human pathogenic sub-species T.b.gambiense and T.b.rhodesiense can be distinguished from the morphologically identical T.b.brucei by their ability to infect humans, enabling them to cause sleeping sickness. This is because they are resistant to lysis by the lytic factor (APOL-I) present in normal human serum (NHS). In T.b.rhodesiense resistance to this lytic factor is due to a truncated VSG gene termed SRA which blocks lysis by interacting with APOL-I in the lysosome. SRA does not exist in T.b.gambiense. The search for a similar truncated VSG gene lead to the identification of a T.b.gambiense specific glycoprotein termed TGSGP. TGSGP transfected alone into the sensitive T.b.brucei is unable to confer resistance to this sub-species. This is either due to incorrect processing of this gene is this sub-species or because TGSGP requires a partner to confer resistance.

In the search for a partner, the genomic locus of TGSGP was cloned and sequenced. We found that TGSGP is linked to a truncated gene homologous to the S.cerevisiae AUT1 gene, a gene implicated in autophagy and more specifically in membrane expansion. Southern blot hybridization and PCR analysis on genomic DNA from several isolates demonstrated that this feature was a specific to T.b.gambiense. In addition, we observed a correlation between the aut1 allele size and the geographical origin of the isolate.

Since in trypanosomes lysis by NHS is due to an uncontrolled expansion of the lysosome, we speculated that the truncation of the aut1 allele could be implication in the resistance to human serum. We characterized the genomic organisation of the AUT1 locus. T.b.brucei possesses two native AUT1 alleles whilst T.b.gambiense possesses a truncated aut1 allele, as well as a native AUT1 allele. We showed that in the T.b.gambiense LiTAR isolate (aut1/AUT1), despite the presence of a wild-type allele this gene is no longer expressed at the mRNA and protein level. Our complimentary results by run-on transcription assay showed that the AUT1 region is transcribed but that the messenger is unstable. LiTAR is a functional knock-out for AUT1, but Northern blot analysis on several T.b.gambiense isolates showed that this is not a generalised T.b.gambiense characteristic.

We explored the role of AUT1 in trypanosomes by invalidation of the AUT1 gene in T.b.brucei and by the over-expression of the AUT1 and aut1 alleles in T.b.brucei. By functional analysis of AUT1 knocked-down cells we showed that AUT1 is not essential in trypanosomes. By recreating in T.b.brucei the T.b.gambiense AUT1/aut1 genotype we were able to show that the expression of the aut1 UTR down-regulated the expression of the wild-type AUT1 allele. We speculated that this may be due to a natural RNAi mechanism. Par northern blot, using probes covering the potential target region of AUT1, we detected a 50nt small RNA specific to T.b.gambiense. In addition, we showed that in a LiTAR strain in which the RNAi pathway was abolished AUT1 expression is restored.

We continued to investigate TGSGP’s role in the resistance to human serum by invalidation of TGSGP in T.b.gambiense and by expressing TGSGP in the NHS-sensitive T.b.brucei. Because T.b.gambiense cannot be cultured in vitro we established a new in vivo transfection technique and as the knock-out of TGSGP is most probably lethal, we created an inducible RNAi T.b.gambiense cell strain. These indispensable tools will be used to test whether invalidation TGSGP is sufficient to confer resistance to NHS. Many strategies were tested in order to correctly expressing TGSGP in T.b.brucei; in none of these transfectants was TGSGP correctly located in the flagellar pocket as is the case in T.b.gambiense and only partial resistance was ever obtained. In order to identify the factors in human serum that could interacts with TGSGP, we subjected NHS to affinity chromatography using TGSGP as bait. We showed that TGSGP interacts with APOA-I, a major component of HDLs.


Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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19

Teixeira, Márcia Cristina Alves [UNESP]. "Estudo clínico, hematológico, bioquímico sérico, parasitológico, imunológico e patológico de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com Trypanosoma evansi Steel, 1885 (Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosomatidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101227.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_mca_dr_jabo.pdf: 2885202 bytes, checksum: 80086a83bb46ca2cb05bc1ae5ea75a8d (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Trypanosoma evansi é patogênico para a maioria dos animais, acometendo bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos, ovinos, suínos, cães, quatis, capivaras, camelos e outras espécies animais em áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo terrestre sendo, no Brasil, a doença endêmica no pantanal mato-grossense. O presente estudo teve como fito principal estudar a evolução clínica, as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas sérica, imunológicas e anatomopatológicas de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com T. evansi. Para tal, foram utilizados oito bovinos, clinicamente sadios e sorologicamente negativos para T. evansi. Três foram mantidos como testemunhos e cinco inoculados com T. evansi. Exames físicos, parasitológicos, hematimétricos e bioquímicos séricos (proteínograma, índice ictérico e glicose) e do líquido cefalorraquidiano foram realizados. Nos exames físicos realizados nos bovinos até 525° DAI não foi notada nenhuma anormalidade clínica com relação à temperatura retal, batimentos cardíacos, frequência respiratória, movimentos ruminais, aspectos de membranas mucosas (nasal, conjuntival, oral, vaginal e/ou prepucial) e dos linfonodos externos (mandibulares, maxilares, parotídeos, cervicais superficiais, sublíacos e mamários). A presença de tripomastigotas foi demonstrada através da prova biológica nos bovinos 01, 06 e 08 no15° DAI, bovinos 06 e 07 no 30° DAI, bovinos 01 e 06 no 45° DAI, bovino 06 no 60° DAI, bovino 01 no 75° DAI. As contagens de hemácias, os teores de hemoglobina e os volumes globulares dos bovinos, experimentalmente infectados, variaram dentro dos limites de normalidade para a espécie bovina. O VGM, HGM e CHGM, apresentam alterações pontuais.
Trypanosoma evansi are pathogenic to most of animals, affecting cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, coatis, capybaras, camels and other animals in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, and, in Brazil, it causes an endemic disease in the Pantanal Mato Grosso. This study primarily aimed to study the clinical, hematological, biochemical, immunological and pathological alterations in cattle experimentally infected with T. evansi. For this purpose, we used eight animals, clinically healthy and serologically negative for T. evansi. Three animas were kept as evidence and five were inoculated with T. evansi. Physical, parasitological, hematological and serum biochemical (proteins, icteric index and glucose) and cerebrospinal fluid examination were performed. In the physical examination conducted in cattle up to 525th DAI were not observated any clinical abnormality in concerning rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminal movements, aspects of the mucous membranes (nasal, conjunctival, oral, vaginal and / or specimen) and external nodes (mandibular, maxillary, parotid, superficial cervical, breast and sublíacos). The presence of trypomastigotes was demonstrated by bioassay in cattle 01, 06 and 08 no 15th DAI, cattle 06 and 07 at 30° DAI, cattle 01 and 06 on the 45 th DAI, cattle 06 in 60 th DAI, cattle 01 in 75 th DAI. Red blood cells counts, hemoglobin content and volume cell of experimentally infected cattle were within normal limits for the bovine species. The MCV, MHC and MCHC, showed specific changes. Physical examination of the cerebrospinal fluid did not show alterations in appearance and coloration. Morever, using the Giensa-stained blood smears, buffy coat technique (BCT) and mouse inoculation procedure were negative for T. evansi tripomastigote. Serum protein concentrations, identified 26 proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 245 KD.
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20

Hamadien, Maha. "Parasite signalling and host responses in experimental and human African trypanosomiasis /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-266-3.

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21

Mercaldi, Gustavo Fernando. "Fosfoglicerato mutase de Trypanosoma brucei: estrutura e mecanismo de reação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-16092010-151344/.

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As doenças tropicais têm um grande impacto sobre a saúde em países de baixa renda, estando relacionadas com condições de pobreza e desigualdade. A tripanossomíase africana é uma infecção parasitaria negligenciada incluída na agenda da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Esta enfermidade é causada pelo Trypanosoma brucei gambiense e Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, sendo transmitida pela mosca tsé-tsé (Glossina sp.) e geralmente fatal se não tratada. Os fármacos usados no seu tratamento são ineficazes, difíceis de administrar e causam severas reações adversas. Portanto, existe a necessidade do desenvolvimento de alternativas quimioterápicas eficazes e seguras. Assim, a enzima fosfoglicerato mutase (PGAM) surge como um importante alvo molecular. Esta enzima esta envolvida no metabolismo de glicose, sendo necessária para a viabilidade do parasito. Somado a isso, ela difere da enzima dos hospedeiros permitindo a identificação de inibidores específicos. Não obstante, esforços têm sido realizados para identificar inibidores da PGAM, bem como para elucidar sua estrutura e mecanismo de reação. Nosso propósito é obter o modelo de alta resolução desta macromolécula sem ligantes e conseqüentemente analisar a mudança de conformação que esta sofre ao se ligar ao seu substrato natural. A PGAM de Trypanosoma brucei obtida na expressão e purificação mostrou-se cataliticamente ativa nos ensaios cinéticos. Por experimentos de cromatografia de exclusão molecular observamos que a amostra purificada se comportava na forma de monômero. Dados de difração de raios-X foram coletados para cristais da macromolécula obtidos na ausência de ligantes. A estrutura cristalográfica foi resolvida a 2.3 Å, apresentando um dímero na unidade assimétrica. Ambas as moléculas do dímero estavam na forma livre e apresentava grande diferença conformacional se comparadas com as PGAMs de estruturas conhecidas que estão ligadas ao substrato ou produto natural. Por espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos confirmamos que a enzima é monomérica em condições que mimetizam a fisiológica. A mudança conformacional induzida pelo ligante não afeta a topologia dos dois domínios da PGAM. Entretanto, há mudanças nos ângulos torcionais da cadeia principal dos laços que conectam os domínios da proteína. Além disso, o metal cobalto parece estar envolvido na estabilização da estrutura terciária da PGAM na conformação livre. Finalmente, este novo modelo estrutural pode contribuir para o esforço internacional de desenvolver fármacos tripanocidas
Tropical diseases represent a major burden on population health in low-incoming countries, being related to poverty and social disadvantage. African trypanosomiasis is a neglected parasitic infection on the agenda of World Health Organization. This disorder is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiensis and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiensis, transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.), and usually fatal if untreaded. The drugs used in the treatment are ineffective, difficult to administer, and cause severe adverse reactions. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective and safe chemotherapies. Thus, the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) emerges as an important molecular target. This enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism, and is necessary for viability of the parasite. Moreover, it differs from the host enzyme allowing the identification of specific inhibitors. Nevertheless, efforts have been made in identifying PGAM inhibitors and to elucidate their structure and mechanism of reaction. Our purpose is to obtain the high resolution model of the macromolecule free from ligands and consequently to analyze the change in conformation that undergoes upon binding to its natural substrate. Trypanosoma brucei PGAM obtained in the expression and purification was shown to be catalytically active in the kinetics assays. In the size exclusion chromatography we observed that the purified sample behaves as a monomer. X-ray diffraction data were collected for crystals of the macromolecules obtained in the absence of ligands. The crystal structure was solved to 2.3 Å, showing a dimmer in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules of the dimmer were in free form, and had a large conformational difference compared with those of know PGAM structures that are connected to the natural substrate or product. Small angle X-ray scattering confirm that the enzyme is monomeric under conditions that mimic the physiological. Ligand-induced conformational change does not affect the topology of the two domains of the PGAM. However, there are changes in torsional angles of the main chain of the loops that connect the protein domains. Additionally, the metal cobalt seems to be involved in stabilizing the tertiary structure of PGAM in the free conformation. Finally, this new structural model may contribute to the international effort to develop trypanocidal drugs.
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22

Bachega, José Fernando Ruggiero. "Estrutura cristalográfica da enzima superóxido dismutase de Trypanosoma brucei e análise da especificidade do metal incorporado por acoplamento estatístico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-07102008-141614/.

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A doença do sono é causada pelo parasita Tripanosoma brucei. Considerada uma doença negligenciada, mata milhares de pessoas todos os anos na África subsaariana. O T.brucei não apresenta resposta imune pronunciada, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de vacinas, e os medicamentos disponíveis são escassos. Os tripanossomatídeos são comprovadamente sensíveis ao stress oxidativo causado pelo radical superóxido. Assim, as enzimas superóxido dismutases (SODs) são a primeira linha de defesa contra esse radical. As SODs são metalo enzimas (EC 1.5.1.1) capazes de catalisar a dismutação do superóxido em oxigênio molecular e peróxido de hidrogênio. São classificadas de acordo com o metal incorporado na estrutura: cobre e zinco (CuZnSOD), ferro ou manganês (Fe/MnSOD) e níquel (NiSODs). Neste trabalho de mestrado, a enzima TbFeSODB2 de T.brucei foi, expressa, purificada, cristalizada e teve sua estrutura resolvida. A estrutura cristalográfica da enzima do parasita foi comparada com a enzima humana análoga contendo manganês (HuMnSOD), onde foram evidenciadas as principais diferenças entre as duas estruturas que podem ser exploradas para o desenho do novos inibidores seletivos. Foi realizada uma análise de acoplamento estatístico, onde com base em um alinhamento múltiplo dessas enzimas determinou-se resíduos que são capazes de interferir na seletividade do metal incorporado e estado oligomérico das SODs.
Sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Tripanosoma brucei, is considered a neglected disease, killing thousands of people every year in subsaharian Africa. T. brucei does not generate a pronounced immune response, difficulting the development of vaccines. Furthermore, available medicines are scarce. Tripanosomatides are known to be sensitive to oxidative stress caused by the superoxide radical. Therefore, the superoxide dismutase enzymes (SODs) are a primary line of defence for the parasites against this radical. SODs are metalloenzymes (EC 1.5.1.1) capable of catalyzing superoxide dismutation into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SODs are classified according to the incorporated metal: copper/zinc (CuZnSOD), iron/manganese (Fe or MnSOD) and nickel (NiSODs). In the work presented here, TbFeSODB2 from T. brucei was expressed, purified, crystallized and its 3D structure solved. The crystal structure of the parasite enzyme was compared to the homologous human enzyme containing manganese (HuMnSOD), revealing evidence for differences between both structures which could be exploited in the design of new selective inhibitors. In addition, a statistical coupling analysis was performed on the entire Fe/MnSOD superfamily, based on a multiple sequence alignment. It was shown that this technique was able to identify novel residue determinants of metal selectivity and oligomeric state.
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23

Louw, Cassandra Alexandrovna. "Characterisation of Trypanosomal Type III and Type IV Hsp40 proteins." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003985.

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The heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) family of molecular chaperones are ubiquitous highly conserved proteins that are critical for the viability of cellular homeostasis. The ATPase activity of Hsp70 proteins is critical to their function as the affinity of a given Hsp70 for non-native substrate is modulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. When bound to ATP, Hsp70s possess a low affinity for a given substrate protein, while the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP causes a conformational change that results in a high affinity for substrate proteins. The basal ATPase activity of Hsp70s is too low to facilitate their function in vivo, and co-chaperones are essential to modulate the efficient protein folding by Hsp70. Heat shock protein-40 (Hsp40) heat shock proteins are essential for the in vivo function of Hsp70s by stimulating the ATPase activity of these proteins and facilitating transfer of substrates. The Type III class of Hsp40 proteins have not been well characterised due to their poor levels of conservation at the primary sequence level. This is due to the fact that Type III Hsp40s only contain a J-domain and a poorly conserved C-terminal region. The newly identified Type IV class of Hsp40s, contain an abrogated HPD tripeptide motif in the J-domain and have also not been extensively studied. Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) is a unicellular flagellated protozoan parasite. It is the causative agent of Human African Trypansomiasis (HAT) which results in thousands of deaths and devastating agricultural losses in many parts of Africa. T. brucei undergoes a complex lifecycle that is characterised by the transition from an insect vector to a mammalian host in markedly different conditions of temperature, pH, nutrient availability and respiratory requirements. It has been proposed that molecular chaperones may enhance the survival of these parasites due to their cytoprotective effect in combating cellular stress. Due to the fact that T. brucei infection is invariably fatal if left untreated, and that no novel treatment regimens have been developed recently, the identification of potential novel drug targets among proteins essential to the parasite’s survival in the host organism is an attractive aspect of T. brucei research. Because Type III Hsp40s are poorly conserved with respect to Hsp40s found in the human host, the identification of any of these proteins found to be essential to T. brucei survival in humans could potentially make attractive novel drug targets. An in depth in silico investigation into the Type III Hsp40 complement as well as partner Hsp70 proteins in T.brucei was performed. T. brucei possesses 65 Hsp40 proteins, of which 47 were classed as Type III and 6 of which were identified as being putative Type IV Hsp40s. A small but significant number (5) of Type III TbHsp40s contained tetratricopeptide (TPR) domains in addition to the J-domain. The J-domains of the Type III TbHsp40 complement were found to be conserved with respect to those of canonical Hsp40 proteins, although the mutation of certain residues that play a key role in Hsp40-Hsp70 interaction was noted. Potential partnerships of these proteins in the parasite was also investigated. The coding regions of three previously uncharacterised TbHsp40s were successfully amplified from T. brucei TREU927 genomic DNA and cloned into an expression vector. Tbj1, a Tcj1 ortholog, was selected for further study and successfully expressed and biochemically characterised. Tbj1 expressed in E. coli was found to be insoluble, but large amounts were recovered with the aid of a denaturing purification followed by refolding elution strategies, and the bulk of the protein recovered was in compact monomeric form as determined by size-exclusion chromatography fast protein liquid chromatography (SEC-FPLC). The addition of Tbj1 to a thermally aggregated substrate resulted in increased levels of aggregation, although Tbj1 was able to assist two Hsp70 proteins in the suppression of aggregation. Tbj1 proved unable to stimulate the ATPase activity of these same Hsp70s, and could not rescue temperature sensitive cells when replacing E.coli DnaJ and CbpA. It was concluded that Tbj1 does not possess independent chaperone activity, but could display Hsp40 co-chaperone properties under certain circumstances. This could allude to a specialised function in the T. brucei parasite. The lack of human orthologues to Tbj1 could result in the attractiveness of this protein as a novel drug target.
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24

Worku, Netsanet, August Stich, Arwid Daugschies, Iris Wenzel, Randy Kurz, Rene Thieme, Susanne Kurz, and Gerd Birkenmeier. "Ethyl pyruvate emerges as a safe and fast acting agent against Trypanosoma brucei by targeting pyruvate kinase activity." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-179599.

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Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease in humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. Currently available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to similarities in cell metabolism between cancerous tumors and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT have also been tested in cancer chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. Results: The current study covers the efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, phasecontrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki = 3.0±0.29 mM). The potential of ethyl pyruvate as a trypanocidal compound is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This has been demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, ethyl pyruvate produces minimal side effects in human red cells and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier. This makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug-resistance tests indicate irreversible cell death and a low incidence of resistance development under experimental conditions. Conclusion: Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting trypanocidal compound and show that it inhibits the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Competitive inhibition of this enzyme was found to cause ATP depletion and cell death. Due to its ability to easily cross the bloodbrain- barrier, ethyl pyruvate could be considered as new candidate agent to treat the hemolymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness.
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25

Kushwaha, Manish. "TbISWI and its role in transcriptional control in Trypanosoma brucei." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:36aedf26-7bbc-4f29-9fa5-fc57c9477c23.

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ISWI is a member of a versatile family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes involved not only in transcription regulation (initiation, elongation and termination), but also in other cellular functions like maintenance of higher order chromatin structure and DNA replication. TbISWI, a novel ATPase of the ISWI family in Trypanosoma brucei, is involved in the transcriptional repression of silent VSG expression sites (ESs) in both bloodstream form (BF) and procyclic form (PF) life cycle stages of the parasite. Using in silico analysis, I have found that TbISWI is well conserved across the eukaryotic lineage, including those members of the order Kinetoplastida that do not exhibit antigenic variation. Compared to the ISWIs of higher eukaryotes, TbISWI has greater representation of random coils within its structure, an indicator of more structural fluidity and flexibility of interaction with multiple protein partners. Using an eGFP reporter based assay, I have studied the role of TbISWI in transcriptional repression of silent areas of the T. brucei genome. TbISWI was found to be involved in preventing inappropriate transcription of the silent VSG repertoires. TbISWI was also found to downregulate transcription in RNA pol I, but not pol II, transcription units. These results argue for the presence of at least two functionally distinct TbISWI complexes in T. brucei. Using DNA staining and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), I have investigated the potential effect of TbISWI depletion on cell cycle progression and minichromosome segregation. I did not find any evidence for the role of TbISWI in the maintenance of centromeric heterochromatin in T. brucei.
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26

Sokolova, Antoaneta Y. "Nitroaromatic pro-drug activation and resistance in the African trypanosome." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2011. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/52c1537e-4a37-446c-b62c-86df5b95b2ea.

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Sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, is a deadly disease that affects some of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the disease prevalence is declining, strengthening of the current control efforts, including introduction of more adequate chemotherapeutic options, is needed to prevent the re-emergence of yet another epidemic. Nitroaromatic compounds, such as nifurtimox (in combination with eflornithine) and fexinidazole (in clinical trials), have been recently introduced for the treatment of the second stage of sleeping sickness. These compounds are believed to act as pro-drugs that require intracellular enzymatic activation for antimicrobial activity. Here, the role of the bacterial-like nitroreductase TbNTR as a nitrodrug activating enzyme is examined through overexpression and knock-out studies in T. brucei. Multiple attempts to purify soluble recombinant TbNTR from E. coli were unsuccessful, because the recombinant protein was found to be membrane associated. In keeping with the role of TbNTR in nitrodrug activation, loss of an NTR gene copy in T. brucei was found to be one, but not the only, mechanism that may lead to nitrodrug resistance. Furthermore, in the bloodstream form of T. brucei, resistance was relatively easy to select for nifurtimox, with no concurrent loss of virulence and at clinically relevant levels. More worryingly, nifurtimox resistance led to a decreased sensitivity of these parasites to other nitroaromatic compounds, including a high level of cross-resistance to fexinidazole. Conversely, generation of fexinidazole resistance resulted in cross-resistance to nifurtimox. Should these findings translate to the field, emerging nitrodrug resistance could reverse all recent advances in the treatment of sleeping sickness, made since the introduction of eflornithine 20 years ago. Therefore, all efforts should be made to ensure nitroaromatic drugs are used only in drug combination therapies against sleeping sickness, in order to protect them from emerging resistance.
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27

Mlozen, Madalitso Martin. "Comparative study of the effect of silver nanoparticles on the hexokinase activity from human and Trypanosoma brucei." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017910.

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28

Lilley, Alison. "An investigation into the Trypanosoma brucei CDP-DAG synthase and downstream pathways." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3615.

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Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, differs from its human host, allowing a plethora of novel drug targets to be discovered and validated. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is a central lipid intermediate produced by the enzyme CDP-DAG synthase (CDS), but nothing was known about CDS in T. brucei. Only one gene encodes CDS in Trypanosoma brucei (Tb927.7.220) and this was shown to encode a functional CDS by overexpression in E. coli and complementation of a yeast CDS null, which was created during this study. Expression and activity of TbCDS was confirmed in T. brucei, and was shown to be essential in both life cycle stages. Disruption of TbCDS altered the lipid profile of T. brucei, confirming a central role for CDP-DAG in phospholipid synthesis. Biochemical and morphological characterisation of mutants in TbCDS expression elucidated at least two separately localised and regulated pools of CDP-DAG and phosphatidylinositol in T. brucei. In bloodstream form these pools are localised to the Golgi and the ER, however in procyclics it is possible that both of these pools are localised to the Golgi, since no phosphatidylinositol synthase protein was detected in the ER of procyclics. Reduction in TbCDS was shown to affect cell cycle regulation and Golgi segregation possibly due to a depletion of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols (PIPs). These studies also indicate that phosphatidylglycerol may be synthesised by the phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate synthase which may be capable of using phosphatidylserine as a substrate in a headgroup swapping reaction. TbCDS has now been genetically validated as a drug target, and has highlighted novel aspects of lipid biosynthesis in T. brucei. Collectively, these findings highlight the central role played by TbCDS and the new knowledge gained here may lead to the discovery and validation of other novel drug targets against African sleeping sickness.
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29

Teixeira, Márcia Cristina Alves. "Estudo clínico, hematológico, bioquímico sérico, parasitológico, imunológico e patológico de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com Trypanosoma evansi Steel, 1885 (Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosomatidae) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101227.

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Orientador: Luiz Carlos Marques
Banca: Rosangela Zacarias Machado
Banca: Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
Banca: Percílio Brasil dos Passos
Banca: Thais Helena Constantino Patelli
Resumo: Trypanosoma evansi é patogênico para a maioria dos animais, acometendo bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos, ovinos, suínos, cães, quatis, capivaras, camelos e outras espécies animais em áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo terrestre sendo, no Brasil, a doença endêmica no pantanal mato-grossense. O presente estudo teve como fito principal estudar a evolução clínica, as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas sérica, imunológicas e anatomopatológicas de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com T. evansi. Para tal, foram utilizados oito bovinos, clinicamente sadios e sorologicamente negativos para T. evansi. Três foram mantidos como testemunhos e cinco inoculados com T. evansi. Exames físicos, parasitológicos, hematimétricos e bioquímicos séricos (proteínograma, índice ictérico e glicose) e do líquido cefalorraquidiano foram realizados. Nos exames físicos realizados nos bovinos até 525° DAI não foi notada nenhuma anormalidade clínica com relação à temperatura retal, batimentos cardíacos, frequência respiratória, movimentos ruminais, aspectos de membranas mucosas (nasal, conjuntival, oral, vaginal e/ou prepucial) e dos linfonodos externos (mandibulares, maxilares, parotídeos, cervicais superficiais, sublíacos e mamários). A presença de tripomastigotas foi demonstrada através da prova biológica nos bovinos 01, 06 e 08 no15° DAI, bovinos 06 e 07 no 30° DAI, bovinos 01 e 06 no 45° DAI, bovino 06 no 60° DAI, bovino 01 no 75° DAI. As contagens de hemácias, os teores de hemoglobina e os volumes globulares dos bovinos, experimentalmente infectados, variaram dentro dos limites de normalidade para a espécie bovina. O VGM, HGM e CHGM, apresentam alterações pontuais.
Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi are pathogenic to most of animals, affecting cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, coatis, capybaras, camels and other animals in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, and, in Brazil, it causes an endemic disease in the Pantanal Mato Grosso. This study primarily aimed to study the clinical, hematological, biochemical, immunological and pathological alterations in cattle experimentally infected with T. evansi. For this purpose, we used eight animals, clinically healthy and serologically negative for T. evansi. Three animas were kept as evidence and five were inoculated with T. evansi. Physical, parasitological, hematological and serum biochemical (proteins, icteric index and glucose) and cerebrospinal fluid examination were performed. In the physical examination conducted in cattle up to 525th DAI were not observated any clinical abnormality in concerning rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminal movements, aspects of the mucous membranes (nasal, conjunctival, oral, vaginal and / or specimen) and external nodes (mandibular, maxillary, parotid, superficial cervical, breast and sublíacos). The presence of trypomastigotes was demonstrated by bioassay in cattle 01, 06 and 08 no 15th DAI, cattle 06 and 07 at 30° DAI, cattle 01 and 06 on the 45 th DAI, cattle 06 in 60 th DAI, cattle 01 in 75 th DAI. Red blood cells counts, hemoglobin content and volume cell of experimentally infected cattle were within normal limits for the bovine species. The MCV, MHC and MCHC, showed specific changes. Physical examination of the cerebrospinal fluid did not show alterations in appearance and coloration. Morever, using the Giensa-stained blood smears, buffy coat technique (BCT) and mouse inoculation procedure were negative for T. evansi tripomastigote. Serum protein concentrations, identified 26 proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 245 KD.
Doutor
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30

Oluwafemi, A. J., O. Okanla, P. Camps, D. Muñoz-Torrero, Z. B. Mackey, P. K. Chiang, Scott Seville, and Colin W. Wright. "Evaluation of cryptolepine and huperzine derivatives as lead compounds towards new agents for the treatment of human African Trypanosomiasis." Natural Products Inc, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4534.

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no
The alkaloid cryptolepine (1) and eight synthetic analogues (2-8) were assessed for in vitro activities against Trypanosoma brucei. Four of the analogues were found to be highly potent with IC50 values of less than 3 nM and three of these were assessed against T. brucei brucei infection in rats. The most effective compound was 2,7-dibromocryptolepine (7); a single oral dose of 20 mg/Kg suppressed parasitaemia and increased the mean survival time to 13.6 days compared with 8.4 days for untreated controls. In addition, four huperzine derivatives (9-12) were shown to have in vitro antitrypanosomal activities with IC50 values from 303-377 nM.
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31

Brown, Barber Jennifer Crystal. "Synthesis of Fused Heterocyclic Diamidines for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis and Fluorescence Studies of Selected Diamidines." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/chemistry_diss/38.

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A class of linear diamidines was synthesized for the evaluation as a treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. These fused heterocyclic compounds are thiazole[5,4-d]thiazoles and are of interest because the parent compound, 2,5-Bis(4-amidinophenyl)-thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole HCl salt, which is also called DB 1929, has exhibited a low nanomolar IC50 value against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and has shown selectivity for binding to the human telomere G-quadruplex over that of DNA duplex. A fluoro and a methoxy derivative have been synthesized and are currently undergoing testing for activity and binding affinity. In addition, fluorescence studies of selected diamidines were done to study the effect of structural variation on fluorescence. This data is useful since it can determine what types of moieties are needed to yield a compound that will fluoresce in the higher wavelengths (500 nm and above) of the visible spectrum, which would be advantageous in determining the uptake of the drug in the trypanosome within the endemic areas of Africa with a simple microscope.
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32

SZAROTA, ROSA M. "Influencia da radiacao ionizante sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11380.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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33

MacLean, Lorna. "Diverse clinical responses in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis : genetic variation in parasitic virulence or host immuno-genetics?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446604.

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Diverse clinical responses have been reported in geographically distinct Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci giving rise to the idea that HAT manifests as a chronic disease in southern East African countries and increases in virulence towards the north. To study the significance of host and parasite genetics on disease severity in HAT I assessed the clinical and cytokine profiles of 275 HAT patients recruited in two northern foci (Uganda) and one southern focus (Malawi) between 1998 and 2003.  This data was correlated to patient ethno-linguistic group, host genotype by analysis of immune response gene polymorphisms and trypanosome genotype by analysis of microsatellite and minisatellite loci. T. brucei in northern and southern HAT foci were distinguished by a polymorphism in the serum resistance-associated gene (SRA C-M/K) which was associated with striking differences in disease pathology and cytokine profiles.  The SRA C-K polymorphism was associated with elevated TGF-β and mild disease phenotype in Malawi while the SRA C-M polymorphism was associated with dramatically elevated CSF IL-10 and IL-6, severe neuropathy and outcome in Uganda, suggesting trypanosome genotypes, by their varying ability to regulate host immune responses, caused different levels of disease severity in northern and southern foci. Within Uganda patient ethno-linguistic group was associated with marked differences in disease severity; in particular Western and Eastern Nilotic groups displayed increased disease severity and higher mortality rates which were associated with high CSF IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 indicating differences in CNS immune response between ethno-linguistic groups.  Furthermore, genotype frequencies at locus IL-10-1082 significantly differed between the Western Nilotic and Bantu patient groups suggesting variation in host immuno-genetics may also play a role in HAT disease severity.
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34

Madrid, Darling Mélany de Carvalho. "Avaliação da ultraestrutura e ação de desinfetantes em Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann, 1905)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7693.

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Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann, 1905) is a protozoon responsible for causing trypanosomiasis in bovines, a disease currently increasing in Brazil and, in the state of Goiás, it was first identified in 2015. As it causes abortion, lethality and greatly diminishes milk production, trypanosomiasis may cause significant losses to farmers, especially those working with milk production. However, there is not much information about this protozoon in Brazil. As it is necessary to gather more knowledge about isolates in the country to evaluate the disease real prevalence, impact in economy and, more importantly, develop control programs, this work proposed evaluate the morphometry of this parasite in scanning electron microscopy and the efficacy of different disinfectants in its elimination. Scanning electron microscopy is a highresolution technique used to analyze the external structures of the parasite, which shows morphometric differences between Latin America and Brazilian isolates. In this work, it was shown that there is no size difference among isolates found in Brazil and Goiás. The results of disinfectants efficacy evaluation to eliminate this agent have shown that many disinfectants commonly found in the market may be used. This information may be applied directly in farms to help control infection focus and contribute in reducing the disease impact in Brazilian milk production.
Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann, 1905) é o protozoário responsável por causar a tripanossomíase em bovinos, doença que atualmente expressa caráter epidêmico no Brasil e, no estado de Goiás, foi identificada pela primeira vez em 2015. Por ocasionar aborto, letalidade e grande queda de produção de leite, a tripanossomíase pode gerar grandes prejuízos ao produtor, principalmente os que trabalham com bovinocultura de leite. Apesar disto, ainda não há muitas informações disponíveis sobre este protozoário no Brasil. Considerando a necessidade de conhecer mais as características dos isolados presentes no país a fim de avaliar sua prevalência real, impacto na economia e, principalmente, desenvolvimento de programas de controle, este trabalho se propôs avaliar a morfometria do parasito em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a eficácia de diferentes desinfetantes na sua eliminação. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura é uma técnica de alta resolução empregada para analisar a estrutura externa do parasito, que apresenta diferenças morfométricas entre os isolados na América Latina e no Brasil. Neste trabalho, ficou evidenciado que não há diferença de tamanho entre os isolados encontrados no Brasil e em Goiás. Os resultados da avaliação da eficácia dos desinfetantes em eliminar o agente demonstram que diversos desinfetantes comumente encontrados no mercado podem ser empregados. Estas informações podem ser aplicadas diretamente em propriedades para auxiliar no controle de surtos e contribuir na redução dos impactos causados nos rebanhos bovinos de leite brasileiros.
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35

Silva, Cássia Bagolin da. "Influência da infecção por Trypanosoma evansi no metabolismo de ferro em ratos experimentalmente infectados." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10106.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of the disease known as Mal das cadeiras or Surra in horses. Has a wide geographical distribution and is commonly found parasitizing several species of domestic and wild animals. Anemia is a common feature and perhaps the most important in infections with T. evansi, however, the mechanisms by which it originates has not been fully elucidated. Considering that iron deficiency may play a crucial role in anemia caused by trypanosomiasis, due to their involvement in hematopoietic, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi in Wistar rats on the iron status and of its forms of storage and carting, and also storage in the bone marrow level, establishing a correlation with hematologic findings. To that end, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, two control groups (C5 and C30) composed by six non-inoculated animals and two test groups (T5 and T30) inoculated with T. evansi, with 10 animals in each group. Blood samples were collected at 5 days post-inoculation (C5 and T5) and 30 days post-inoculation (C30 and T30). Iron status was determined in serum using commercial kits of ferrozine and cromazurol iron, ferritin, transferrin and iron binding capacity. The transferrin saturation index was calculated from the results obtained. The bone marrow was also evaluated for the presence of iron, by the reaction of Pearls. It was observed that the levels of iron, cromazurol iron and total and latent iron binding capacity decreased significantly (P <0.05) at 5 and 30 days pi in animals in the infected group when compared to the control group. Since the levels of transferrin and ferritin increased (P <0.05). The transferrin saturation index increased to 5 days pi, observing the decline of the index at 30 days pi. Infected animals showed a greater tendency to accumulate iron in bone marrow. Infection with T. evansi in rats caused anemia and changes in iron metabolism, as those related to the peaks of parasitemia. These results suggest that changes in iron metabolism may be related to body's immune response to infection and anemic status of infected animals.
O Trypanosoma evansi é o agente etiológico da doença conhecida como Mal das Cadeiras ou Surra em equinos. Apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica e é comumente observado parasitando diversas espécies de animais domésticos e silvestres. A anemia é uma característica comum e talvez a mais importante nas infecções por T. evansi, porém, os mecanismos pelos quais ela se origina ainda não foram completamente elucidados. Considerando-se que deficiência de ferro pode desempenhar um papel crucial na anemia causada pela tripanossomose, devido ao seu envolvimento nos processos hematopoiéticos, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos da infecção experimental por Trypanosoma evansi em ratos Wistar sobre o status do ferro e de suas formas de armazenagem e carreamento e, ainda, estocagem em nível de medula óssea, estabelecendo uma correlação com os achados hematológicos. Para isso foram utilizados 32 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos, sendo dois grupos controle (C5 e C30) compostos de seis animais não inoculados em cada grupo e dois grupos teste (T5 e T30), inoculados com T. evansi, com 10 animais em cada grupo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no dia 5 pós-inoculação (C5 e T5) e dia 30 pós-inoculação (C30 e T30). O status do ferro foi determinado em soro, utilizando-se kits comerciais de ferro cromazurol e ferrozine, ferritina, transferrina e capacidade de ligação do ferro. Os índices de saturação da transferrina foram calculados a partir dos resultados obtidos. A medula óssea também foi avaliada, quanto à presença de ferro, através da reação de Pearls. Foi observado que os níveis de ferro, ferro cromazurol e capacidade total e latente de fixação do ferro diminuíram significativamente (P<0,05) aos 5 e 30 dias pi nos animais infectados em relação ao grupo controle. Já os níveis de transferrina e ferritina aumentaram (P<0,05). O índice de saturação da transferrina aumentou aos 5 dias pi, observando-se declínio do índice aos 30 dias pi. Os animais infectados apresentaram tendência a um maior acúmulo de ferro na medula óssea. A infecção por T. evansi em ratos causou anemia e alterações no metabolismo do ferro, estando estas relacionadas aos picos de parasitemia. Estes resultados sugerem que as alterações no metabolismo do ferro podem estar relacionadas à resposta imune do organismo à infecção e ao estado anêmico dos animais parasitados.
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36

SANTOS, Valéria Rosa dos. "Ocorrência de anticorpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann, 1905) em bovinos procedentes do estado de Alagoas, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5878.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Immunoglobulin G antibodies anti-Trypanosoma vivax in bovine cattle from the east region of Alagoas State, Brazil, and associate serum-positive frequency with epidemiologic data. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied during the blood sampling. A total of 199 serum samples from four cities were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (IIFT). Data were analyzed by Pearson´s chisquare test for a 5% significance level. The results showed that 23, 6% (47/199) of the samples were serum-positives for T. vivax. The frequencies, by municipalities varied from 10.1% to 41.2%. The chi-square values revealed an association between positive frequency and semi-intensive breeding as well with herd’s purpose double. It is concluded that preventive measures should be adopted.
No presente estudo objetivou-se detectar a ocorrência de anticorpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma vivax em rebanhos bovinos de propriedades rurais localizadas na Região Leste do estado de Alagoas e avaliar a associação da frequência de animais soropositivos com dados epidemiológicos. Foram testadas 199 amostras de soro sanguíneas de bovinos procedentes de quatro municípios, através da técnica de Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Obteve-se 23,6% (47/199) de soropositividade com prevalência da infecção por T. vivax mais alta (p<0,05) em rebanhos com o sistema de criação semi-intensivo e de aptidão mista. Conclui-se em evidência sorológica por T. vivax como um agente circulante em rebanhos bovinos e que medidas preventivas e de controle devem ser adotadas.
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37

Laxman, Sunil. "cAMP signaling and regulation by phosphodiesterases in trypanosomes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6280.

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38

Geiser, Federico. "Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in human African trypanosomiasis : investigations on the role of the Trypanosoma brucei adenosine transporter 1 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/05geiser_f.pdf.

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39

Szarota, Rosa Maria. "Influência da radiação ionizante sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-15052012-112111/.

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A Doença de Chagas é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública na América do Sul causando um elevado prejuízo à população. A despeito dos inúmeros esforços para o seu controle, a doença não tem cura e apresenta problemas científicos ainda não esclarecidos. Considerando-se que vários pesquisadores têm usado a radiação ionizante para modificar protozoários ou propriedades imunológicas de biomoléculas, neste trabalho foram estudados aspectos da resposta imunológica induzida em camundongos, resistentes e suscetíveis ao T. cruzi, utilizando formas irradiadas deste parasita. Doses baixas de radiação preservaram a capacidade reprodutiva e de invasão celular. Animais resistentes e suscetíveis, imunizados com os parasitas tratados por radiação, produziram anticorpos específicos. Após o desafio, os animais apresentaram baixa parasitemia, com exceção dos grupos imunizados com parasitas que receberam apenas altas doses de radiação. A seleção de formas tripomastigotas foi obtida irradiando-se os parasitas com baixas doses, o que promoveu aprimoramento da qualidade da resposta imune, a exemplo do que se observa quando da utilização de complemento. Estes dados evidenciam a importância da seleção das formas tripomastigotas para a imunização contra o T. cruzi e apontam a radiação ionizante como alternativa para este fim, uma vez que quando a seleção é feita utilizando-se complemento, depara-se com a dificuldade de sua remoção, colocando em risco o processo de imunização por introduzir substancias estranhas ao organismo.
Chagas\'s disease is one of the major public health problems in South America, promoting high prejudice to the local population. Despite the massive efforts to control it, this disease has no cure and presents puzzling unsolved questions. Considering that many researchers have used ionizing radiation to modify protozoans or biomolecules, we investigated the immunological response aspects of susceptible and resistant mice using irradiated parasites. Low radiation doses preserved the reproductive and invasive capacities of the parasite. Both susceptible and resistant animals, after immunization with irradiated parasites produced specific antibodies. After a challenge, the animals presented low parasitaemia, excepting those immunized with the antigen irradiated with higher doses. Using low radiation doses, we were able to selectively isolate trypomastigotes, leading to an improvement in the quality of the immune response, as previously reported when performing complement system assays. These data highlight the importance of selecting trypomastigote forms for immunization against T. cruz; and point towards ionizing radiation as an alternative to achieve this selection, since when this procedure is performed using complement, the subsequent steps are impaired by the difficulties to remove this component from the system.
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40

Guilmot, Aline. "Production of IFN-gamma by neonatal Natural Killer cells in response to Trypanosoma cruzi and cross-talk with monocytes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209457.

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La maladie de Chagas, due au protozoaire Trypanosoma cruzi, est un important problème de santé publique en Amérique latine. Le parasite peut se transmettre à l’homme via un vecteur de la famille des triatomes, par transfusion sanguine ou transplantation d’organe et congénitalement de la mère à son fœtus. Le Laboratoire de Parasitologie s’est particulièrement intéressé à la maladie de Chagas congénitale. Dans le cadre de cette thématique, le Laboratoire a montré que les nouveau-nés congénitalement infectés par T. cruzi développent une forte réponse lymphocytaire T CD8+ spécifique semblable à celle des adultes, accompagnée d’une production d’interféron-gamma (IFN-g), et ce en dépit de l’immaturité bien connue du système immun néonatal. En effet, le système immun néonatal est naturellement orienté vers le développement de réponses immunes Th2 tandis que la réponse Th1 est inhibée. De multiples mécanismes sont à l’origine de cette déviation en début de vie. Certaines déficiences au niveau des cellules du système immun inné y contribuent, dont la difficulté des cellules dendritiques (DCs) à produire de l’IL-12, cytokine clé dans l’induction d’une réponse Th1. Les multiples déficiences du système immun en début de vie rendent les nouveau-nés et jeunes enfants particulièrement sensibles aux pathogènes et limitent l’efficacité des vaccins administrés en début de vie.

Afin de mieux connaître les mécanismes par lesquels T. cruzi induit cette forte réponse immune de type 1 chez les nouveau-nés, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’activation de la réponse immune innée par le parasite. De nombreuses cellules peuvent être impliquées dans la mise en place d’une réponse de type 1, dont les cellules dendritiques (DCs), les monocytes et les cellules NK. Le Laboratoire de Parasitologie a montré que T. cruzi activait in vitro les DCs néonatales, les rendant capables d’induire une réponse lymphocytaire T plus orientée vers la production d’IFN-g. D’autres données obtenues chez les nouveau-nés congénitalement infectés par T. cruzi suggèrent que les cellules NK ont été activées in utero quand le parasite a été transmis par la mère infectée. Nous nous sommes ici intéressés à la capacité des cellules NK néonatales à produire rapidement de l’IFN-g en réponse à T. cruzi. Une telle production précoce est en effet un élément contribuant à orienter une réponse immune de type 1.

Nous avons effectué des co-cultures de cellules mononucléaires de sang de cordon de nouveau-nés sains (CBMC) ou de sang périphérique adulte (PBMC) avec des trypomastigotes vivants de T. cruzi. Nos résultats montrent qu’en présence d’IL-15, T. cruzi induit une forte production d’IFN-g par les CBMC. Cette réponse est précoce et est accompagnée d’une production de TNF-a mais pas d’IL-10. Les cellules NK CD56brightCD16-/low et CD56dimCD16- sont les meilleures productrices d’IFN-g dans les deux groupes d’âges. La réponse des cellules NK néonatales est substantielle mais reste légèrement inférieure à celle des cellules adultes. Nous avons par ailleurs observé un déficit de production précoce d’IFN-g par les cellules T CD3+CD56+ (NK-like) et CD3+CD56- (« classiques ») néonatales par rapport aux cellules adultes.

La réponse IFN-g par les cellules NK est proportionnelle aux concentrations de parasites et d’IL-15 et accompagnée d’une activation phénotypique des cellules NK. Il est bien connu que des cellules accessoires telles que les cellules dendritiques et les monocytes contribuent généralement à activer indirectement les cellules NK. Des expériences de déplétion cellulaire indiquent que la production d’IFN-g par les cellules NK néonatales sensibilisées par l’IL-15 fait intervenir les monocytes mais pas les DCs myéloïdes, et qu’un contact avec les monocytes est nécessaire. De plus, elle requiert un contact du parasite vivant avec les CBMC et implique l’engagement des TLR2 et TLR4, ainsi qu’une production endogène d’IL-12.

Enfin, nous avons observé que les monocytes, et non les DCs myéloïdes, sont la source précoce de l’IL-12p70. Les parasites sont capables d’induire la synthèse de cette cytokine importante pour l’initiation d’une réponse de type 1 en l’absence de cytokines additionnelles, aussi bien dans les monocytes néonataux qu’adultes. La synthèse d’IL-12 par les monocytes s’accompagne d’une augmentation de l’expression de molécules co-activatrices CD40, CD80 et CD83 à leur surface. Ces dernières pourraient dès lors jouer un rôle supplémentaire dans l’activation indirecte des cellules NK néonatales par le parasite.

Cet ensemble de résultats montre que T. cruzi active les cellules néonatales du système immunitaire et plus particulièrement la production d’IL-12 par les monocytes et d’IFN-g par les cellules NK. Cette voie d’activation monocytes – IL-12 – cellules NK – IFN-g pourrait contribuer à la levée de l’immaturité du système immun des nouveau-nés congénitalement infectés décrite plus haut. Ces observations ont d’importantes implications pour la compréhension des mécanismes de protection en début de vie et pourraient aboutir à la mise au point d’un nouvel adjuvant vaccinal permettant de réduire la polarisation Th2 physiologique des nouveau-nés.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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41

Rodrigues, Aline. "Infecção natural por Trypanosoma evansi em eqüinos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10050.

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Cases of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi were diagnosed in horses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2003 and 2006. In one stud farm (Farm A) with 125 horses, 53 died. Additionally, around 80 mares were sent to Farm A to be bred. Of those, 66 became ill and 56 died after being returned to their farms of origin. Twenty three horses clinically affected by the disease were observed. Clinical signs included loss of weight (despite voracious appetite), lethargy, incoordination and instability of hindlimbs, atrophy of the large muscles of the hindlimbs, muscle weakness and paleness of mucosae. Specimens of T. evansi were detected in the blood drawn from four affected horses. Normocytic normochromic anemia with PCVs ranging from 15 to 31%, leucocytosis due to lymphocytosis associated to large atypical lymphocytes was observed in several affected horses. High levels of antibodies against T. evansi were detected in the serum of fifteen horses. Ten horses presented encephalic neurological signs such as circling, ataxia, blindness, excitation, falls, listlessness, proprioception deficits and head tilt. One horse assumed a dog-seating position . Necropsy findings included muscle atrophy, enlargement and lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and lymphnodes. Seven out of the 9 necropsied horses with encephalic signs had asymmetrical gross lesions in the brain consisting of flattening of gyri and focal extensive areas of yellow discoloration and softening of white matter. Histologically, an overwhelming necrotizing anencephalitis was observed in all 9 horses with encephalic neurological signs. This panencephalitis was characterized by marked edema, demyelination and malacia, and perivascular infiltrates of up to 20 rows of mononuclear cells affecting mainly the white matter. Several plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate contained numerous eosinophilic globules (Mott cells) or homogenous bright-red material (flame cells) in their cytoplasm. Mild to moderate meningomyelitis and/or meningitis were observed in the spinal cord of 5 horses. Similar histological lesions were observed in the spinal cord of the horse with the dog-seating position . The brains of nine horses with the encephalic signs were submitted to immunohistochemistry stain by the streptavidin-biotin technique. In eight brains moderate to abundant specimens of T. evansi in the perivascular spaces and neuropile were marked by the specific antibody.
Casos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma evansi foram diagnosticados em eqüinos no Rio Grande do Sul entre 2003 e 2006. Em uma propriedade (Propriedade A) com 125 eqüinos, 53 morreram. A Propriedade A recebeu ao redor de 80 éguas de outras propriedades para cobertura. Dessas, 66 adoeceram e 56 morreram após voltarem para suas propriedades de origem. A doença clínica observada em 23 eqüinos caracterizava-se por emagrecimento (apesar de apetite voraz), letargia, incoordenação e instabilidade dos membros pélvicos, atrofia das grandes massas musculares dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular e palidez das mucosas. Exemplares de T. evansi foram observados na corrente sangüínea de 4 eqüinos. Anemia normocítica normocrômica, com hematócritos que variavam de 15-31%, e leucocitose por linfocitose associada à presença de linfócitos atípicos foram observadas em vários eqüinos. Altos níveis de anticorpos contra T. evansi foram detectados em 15 eqüinos. Dez eqüinos desenvolveram um quadro neurológico encefálico caracterizado por andar em círculos, ataxia, cegueira, hiperexcitabilidade, quedas, embotamento, déficits proprioceptivos e desvio da cabeça. Um eqüino desenvolveu posição de cão sentado . Nas 15 necropsias, havia esplenomegalia, linfadenomegalia, hiperplasia linfóide no baço e linfonodo e atrofia das grandes massas musculares dos membros pélvicos. Sete dos nove eqüinos com um quadro neurológico encefálico que foram necropsiados apresentavam lesões encefálicas macroscópicas assimétricas que consistiam de achatamentos dos giros e áreas amarelas e amolecidas focalmente extensas na substância branca. Histologicamente, uma panencefalite necrosante avassaladora foi observada em todos os 9 eqüinos. Essa panencefalite era caracterizada por acentuado edema, desmielinização, malacia e infiltrado perivascular de até 20 fileiras de células mononucleares afetando principalmente a substância branca. Vários plasmócitos no infiltrado inflamatório continham numerosos glóbulos eosinofílicos (células de Mott) ou material vermelho-brilhante (células em flama) em seus citoplasmas. Meningomielite e/ou meningite leve ou moderada foram observadas na medula espinhal de 5 eqüinos. Lesões semelhantes foram observadas na medula espinhal do eqüino que desenvolveu posição de cão sentado . Os encéfalos de 9 eqüinos com quadro encefálico foram submetidos à técnica de imunoistoquímica estreptoavidina-biotina; em oito observou-se a marcação de números moderados ou elevados de espécimes de T. evansi pelo anticorpo específico nos espaços perivasculares e na neurópila.
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42

Vanhollebeke, Benoît. "The trypanosome lytic factor of human serum, a Trojan horse." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210395.

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The trypanolytic factor of human serum :a trojan horse.

African trypanosomes, the prototype of which is Trypanosoma brucei, are protozoan parasites of huge clinical, veterinary and economical importance. They develop in the body fluids of various mammals (including humans) where they face and manipulate many different aspects of the immune system. The extent of this interplay is pivotal to both host and parasite survival, and depending on parasite virulence and host susceptibility, infection duration ranges from some months to several years. At the end, host survival is invariably compromised.

Humans and few other primates provide however a striking exception to this fatal outcome. They are indeed fully protected against most trypanosome infections through the presence in their blood of a so-called trypanosome lytic factor (TLF). The TLF is known to circulate mainly in the form of a high density lipoprotein particle characterized by the simultaneous presence of two primate-specific proteins: haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) and apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I).

We have contributed to delineate the respective roles played by Hpr and apoL-I in the lysis process.

ApoL-I was shown to be the exclusive toxin of the TLF. In its absence humans get fully susceptible to any trypanosome infection. The toxin was shown to kill the parasite after endocytosis through the generation of ionic pores in the lysosomal membrane. Those pores dissipate membrane potential and trigger the influx of chloride ions from the cytoplasm into the lysosomal compartment, leading to an eventually fatal uncontrolled osmotic phenomenon.

ApoL-I efficient delivery to the parasite relies on Hpr. African trypanosomes indeed fulfil their heme nutritional requirements by receptor-mediated internalization of the complex formed by haptoglobin, an evolutionary conserved acute-phase protein, and hemoglobin, resulting from physiological intravascular hemolysis. This heme uptake by the auxotrophic parasites contributes to both growth rate and resistance against host oxidative burst. In human serum, the trypanosome receptor is unable to discriminate between Hp and the closely related TLF-bound Hpr, explaining TLF efficient endocytosis.

As such, the TLF acts as a Trojan horse, killing the parasite from inside the cell after having deceived its vigilance through the high similarity between heme-delivering haptoglobin and toxin-associated Hpr.


Doctorat en Sciences
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43

Fijolek, Artur. "Salvage and de novo synthesis of nucleotides in Trypanosoma brucei and mammalian cells." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1850.

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44

Mjihdi, Abdelkarim. "Capacité de reproduction de la souris et infection aiguë par Trypanosoma cruzi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211065.

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Trypanosoma cruzi est un parasite protozoaire à multiplication intracellulaire, agent de la maladie de Chagas, infectant 16 à 18 millions de personnes en Amérique latine. Il peut être transmis de la mère infectée au fœtus dans 2 à 10 % des cas, mais ses autres effets sur la gestation ont été peu étudiés. Par ailleurs, les cytokines ont des effets sur la gestation. Certaines d’entre elles, comme l’interleukine-1, l’IL-4, l’IL-5, l’IL-10, le GM-CSF et le TGF-b2, sont bénéfiques pour la gestation, tandis que d’autres, comme l’IL-2, l’IL-12, l’IFN-g et le TNF-a ont des effets nocifs sur celle-ci. L’impact de l’infection à T. cruzi, stimulant la production de TNF-a et d’IFN-g, sur l'implantation et la croissance fœtale n’a pas été étudié.

Le but de notre travail était d’étudier les effets de l’infection aiguë à T. cruzi sur la capacité de reproduction de la souris. Nous avons ainsi évalué les effets de cette infection sur la fertilité, le développement et la viabilité des fœtus de souris et le rôle de l’IFN-g et du TNF produits au cours de l’infection sur le développement de la gestation.

Nous avons montré que l’infection aiguë à T. cruzi :i) diminue la capacité de reproduction de la souris ;ii) provoque une mortalité fœtale massive précoce (résorptions), tardive et néonatale associée à un retard de croissance intra-utérin, et ce, iii) en dehors de toute transmission congénitale du parasite.

Par ailleurs nos travaux montrent que la mortalité fœtale/néonatale est associée à une invasion parasitaire massive du placenta qui présente d’importantes lésions à type d’infiltrats inflammatoires, de nécrose ischémique, de dépôts de fibrine et de thromboses vasculaires. Nous avons noté qu’il existe une relation inverse entre la charge parasitaire des unités utéro-placentaires et la viabilité du conceptus, suggérant que ces lésions placentaires contribuent à la mortalité fœtale en limitant les échanges materno-fœtaux.

Enfin, nous avons également étudié le rôle de cytokines abortogènes comme le TNF et l’IFN-g, produites abondamment pendant l’infection aiguë de la souris par T. cruzi. Les taux sanguins maternels d’IFN-g étaient augmentés au 9ième mais pas aux 17ième et 19ième jours de gestation, alors que les taux de TNF sanguin et la production placentaire de cette cytokine augmentaient aux 17ième et 19ième jours de gestation. Afin d’évaluer le rôle de ces deux cytokines dans la mortalité fœtale, des souris ont été traitées par la pentoxifylline, pour inhiber la transcription du gène de TNF-a et diminuer la production d’IFN-g. Ces souris montraient une réduction de la mortalité fœtale à mi-gestation, associée à une diminution de la production du TNF placentaire, sans modifications des taux systémiques et sans effets sur l’IFN-g, suggérant la contribution du TNF dans la mortalité fœtale associée à l’infection aiguë par T. cruzi.

En conclusion, notre travail montre que l’infection aiguë à Trypanosoma cruzi exerce un effet particulièrement néfaste sur la capacité de reproduction et le développement de la gestation chez la souris et que les lésions placentaires liées à l’infection et la production de TNF par le placenta infecté contribuent à cet effet.


Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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45

Wheeler, Richard John. "Generation, regulation and function of morphology in Leishmania and Trypanosoma." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c44354bc-5a93-4fce-a716-bb0a63131901.

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Little is known about the generation of Leishmania morphology and the function of morphology in trypanosomatids, despite every species having characteristic cell shapes and undergoing changes in morphology between life cycle stages. To address this I analysed morphogenesis of the cell body and flagellum through the cell cycle of the Leishmania insect (promastigote) life cycle stage using a novel method for determining cell cycle stage from cell size and DNA content. This showed cell body morphology is generated by growth and then remodelling of cell shape around mitosis and cytokinesis. Mathematical modelling of flagellum growth indicated flagellum length continues to increase over multiple cell cycles and does not reach a defined length. I also observed little link between the cell cycle and flagellum length regulation during differentiation to the mammalian macrophage-inhabiting (amastigote) life cycle stage. Analysis of motility showed the diverse flagellar lengths of promastigote Leishmania cells bestow different swimming abilities, and the capacity of Leishmania promastigotes for highly directional swimming differs sharply from trypomastigote Trypanosoma brucei. This difference did not arise from altered flagellar beating therefore appeared to be linked to morphology. Together these indicate the mechanisms of cell body morphogenesis, flagellum length regulation, life cycle stage differentiation and the swimming abilities of the cells the morphogenetic processes generate differ significantly between Leishmania and T. brucei. These insights motivated the programming of automated micrograph analysis tools based on a new DNA staining method to support similar future morphometric analyses. This is the first comprehensive comparison of morphogenesis and function of morphology in a promastigote and a trypomastigote and, by considering these new insights in the context of existing molecular biology and the morphological diversity across many trypanosomatid species, give insight into basic Leishmania biology, the shared molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis and the potential functions of the diverse morphologies which are seen in different trypanosomatid species and life cycle stages.
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46

Bonnet, Julien. "Exploitation d'une biobanque de patients atteints de Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine à Trypanosoma brucei gambiense : recherche et validation de biomarqueurs." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0117/document.

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La maladie du sommeil ou Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) est une parasitose vectorielle due à un protozoaire flagellé sanguicole du genre Trypanosoma et d'espèce brucei. Deux sous-espèces de ce parasite sont pathogènes pour l'Homme : T. b. gambiense et T. b. rhodesiense ; transmis par les mouches Tsé-Tsé présentes en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette maladie évolue classiquement en deux stades : le stade hémolyphatique qui est marqué par la présence du parasite dans le sang et la lymphe et le stade nerveux caractérisé par la présence du trypanosome dans le Système Nerveux Centrale. En l’absence de traitement cette maladie est mortelle. Actuellement les traitements accessibles à la population sont stades-dépendants. Pour contrôler un jour cette pathologie, la recherche et l’amélioration des outils de diagnostic de la maladie et le diagnostic de stade sont essentielles. C’est dans ce but que nous avons exploité une biobanque d’échantillons composée de patients infectés par T. b. gambiense et d’individus non-infectés pour : 1) Évaluer l’efficacité de biomarqueurs de stade déjà existants -Néoptérine et CXCL-13- et nous avons évalué leur potentiel sur les échantillons recueillis lors du suivi des patients post-traitements. 2) Rechercher de nouveaux biomarqueurs protéiques par spectrométrie de masse LCMS/MS. Notre étude a permis d’identifier, grâce à l’établissement d’un nouveau catalogue protéomique un grand nombre de biomarqueurs potentiels dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien, l’urine et la salive de patients. Certaines de ces protéines pourraient améliorer la prise en charge et le suivi des patients à l’avenir
Sleeping sickness, or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by a flagellar protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma and brucei species. Two subspecies of this parasite are pathogenic for humans: T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense; transmitted by Tsé-Tse flies present in sub-Saharan Africa. This disease classically evolves in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage which is define by the presence of the parasite in the blood and lymph and the nervous stage characterized by the presence of trypanosome in the central nervous system. Without treatment, this disease is lethal. Currently the available treatments for patients are stage-dependent. In order to control this pathology one day, research and improvement of tools for the diagnosis of the disease and the staging is fundamental. In this context, we have exploited a samples biobank composed of T. b. gambiense-infected patients and uninfected controles to: 1) evaluate the efficacy of existing stage biomarkers -Neopterin and CXCL-13- and we assessed their potential on the samples collected during post-treatment followup of patients. 2) determine new protein biomarkers using LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Our study identified a large number of potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva through the establishment of a new proteomic catalogue. Taking into account some of these proteins may improve patient management and follow-up in the future
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47

Moshiri, Houta. "Fluorescence-based reporter substrate for monitoring RNA editing in Trypanosomatid pathogens." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116117.

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Mitochondrial gene expression in trypanosomatid pathogens requires extensive post transcriptional modification called RNA editing. This unique molecular mechanism, catalyzed by a multiprotein complex (the editosome), generates translatable transcripts for essential components of parasite respiratory complex. How editosome proteins are assembled and perform RNA editing is not fully understood. Moreover, previous studies have shown that editosome proteins are essential for parasite survival, which makes editosome as a suitable target for drug discovery. Currently, researchers use radio-labeled based assays to monitor RNA editing process. However, these assays are not suitable for high throughput screening of editosome inhibitors, have low detection limits, and cannot monitor RNA editing in real time.
Therefore, to develop a sensitive high throughput RNA editing assay, we have designed a sensitive hammerhead ribozyme-based fluorescence assay. Ribozyme structure was remodeled by adding or removing uridylate in its conserved catalytic core to make an inactive ribozyme. In the presence of the editosome, inactive ribozyme is edited to an active ribozyme. Consequently, hammerhead ribozyme activity can be measured by cleaving its fluorescently labeled substrate. We have shown that higher sensitivity is achieved using fluorescent based assay than conventional radio-labeled assay. Moreover, we can use this assay for rapid identification and characterization of the editosome inhibitors against RNA editing activities in trypanosomatids.
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48

Barnwell, Eleanor M. "Characterisation and functional analysis of the developmentally regulated expression site associated gene 9 family in Trypanosoma brucei." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4001.

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Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa. T. brucei has a complex life cycle involving passage between a mammalian host and the tsetse fly. The parasite evades the mammalian immune system via expression of Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) on the cell surface. VSG genes are expressed at telomeric expression sites and at these sites are a number of Expression Site Associated Genes (ESAGs). One unusual ESAG, ESAG9, is developmentally regulated: RNA for these genes accumulates during the transition from slender to stumpy cells in the mammalian bloodstream and cellassociated protein is only detected transiently in stumpy and differentiating cells. Transgenic cell lines were generated which ectopically express one or more members of the ESAG9 gene family. Biochemical and cytological analyses using these cell lines indicated that some members of this family are glycosylated and GPI-anchored, and also that one gene, ESAG9-K69, is secreted. ESAG9-K69 is also secreted by wild-type stumpy parasites. In vivo experiments with tsetse flies did not conclusively show whether ESAG9 proteins play a role in the establishment of a tsetse fly mid-gut infection by transgenic trypanosomes. However, In vivo and ex vivo experiments using the mouse model of trypanosomiasis indicated that expression of ESAG9 proteins may alter parasitaemia in the mouse and results in a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ T cells in the mouse spleen.
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49

Lascano, Segundo Mauricio. "Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Ecuador, South America, and Study of the Parasite Cell Invasion Mechanism in vitro." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1258469326.

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50

Pereira, Andreia Bugnotto. "Modulação da resposta das ectonucleotidases em ratos infectados com Trypanosoma evansi através do uso de curcumina como pré-tratamento." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10188.

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Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite which infects a wide variety of mammalian hosts leading to the development of trypanosomiasis. Several papers have investigated the enzymatic changes in lymphocytes, important cells involved in immune responses, which are important for understanding the pathological mechanism of trypanosomiasis in animals. Among them we highlight the ectoATPases, enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine. The curcumin (cur) has been associated with several beneficial effects associated with its use in animals experimentally infected with T. evansi, since this compound exhibits its properties among inflammatory and anti-parasitic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of enzymes of the purinergic system in lymphocytes of rats supplemented or not with curcumin 30 days before infection with Trypanosoma evansi. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The uninfected control group (C) received saline intraperitoneally (IP), the infected control group (CI) received by the same route 0.2 ml of blood with 1x106 parasites and treatment with corn oil. The group pre-infection 20 (PreI20) received 20mg/kg curcumin and pre-infection group 60 (PreI60) received 60mg/kg of curcumin for 30 days prior to inoculation with T. evansi. After inoculation, the 03 treated groups continued to receive daily curcumin within 15 days before euthanasia. The NTPDase activity for both the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP increased significantly in the infected control group compared to the control group (P <0.05). The ADA activity decreased significantly in the infected control group compared to the control (P <.05). The use of curcumin at doses of 20 and 60 mg / kg for 30 days prior to infection with T.evansi reduced significantly NTPDase activity and increased significantly ADA activity in the treated groups (P <0.05). The results of this study support the evidence that the use of curcumin prior infection with T. evansi induces immunomodulatory effects, since they maintain the NTPDase activity reduced in lymphocytes, and maintains high ADA activity, favoring the response against the parasite. Thus, it is suggested that curcumin can be used as a food supplement for animals in areas where trypanosomosis is endemic.
O Trypanosoma evansi é um protozoário o qual infecta uma grande diversidade de hospedeiros mamíferos levando ao desenvolvimento da tripanossomíase. Diversos trabalhos têm investigado as alterações enzimáticas em linfócitos, importantes células envolvidas com respostas imunológicas, as quais são importantes para a compreensão do mecanismo patológico da tripanossomíase em animais. Dentre elas se destacam as NTPDases, enzimas que hidrolisam nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares de adenina. A curcumina (Cur) tem sido relacionada com diversos efeitos benéficos associados ao seu uso em animais experimentalmente infectados com o T. evansi, uma vez que este composto apresenta dentre suas propriedades efeitos antiinflamatórios e antiparasitários. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a atividade das enzimas do sistema purinérgico nos linfócitos de ratos, suplementados ou não com curcumina 30 dias antes da infecção por Trypanosoma evansi. Trinta e dois ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em grupos controle não infectado (C), recebeu solução fisiológica via intraperitoneal (IP), o grupo controle infectado (CI) recebeu pela mesma via 0,2ml de sangue com 1x106 parasitas e tratamento com óleo de milho. O grupo pré-infecção 20 (PreI20) recebeu 20mg/kg de curcumina e o grupo pré-infecção 60 (PreI60) recebeu 60mg/kg de curcumina por 30 dias prévios à inoculação com T. evansi.. Após a inoculação, os 3 grupos tratados continuaram a receber a curcumina diariamente no período de 15 dias até a eutanásia. A atividade da NTPDase tanto para a hidrólise do ATP quanto do ADP aumentou significativamente no grupo CI quando comparado ao grupo controle (P<0,05). A atividade da ADA diminuiu significativamente no grupo CI em relação ao controle (P<0,05). A utilização da Curcumina nas doses de 20 e 60mg/Kg por 30 dias prévios a infecção com o T. evansi reduziu significativamente a atividade da NTPDase e aumentou significativamente a atividade da ADA nos grupos tratados (P<0,05). Os resultados deste trabalho reforçam a evidencia que o uso da curcumina previamente a infecção por T. evansi induz efeitos imunomodulatórios, pois mantêm a atividade da NTPDase nos linfócitos reduzida, e mantém alta a atividade da ADA, favorecendo a resposta contra o parasita. Desta forma, sugere-se que a curcumina possa ser utilizada como suplemento alimentar para animais em áreas onde a tripanosomose é endêmica.
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