Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trypanosomiase américaine'
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Brossas, Jean-Yves. "Nouvelles approches diagnostiques de la Trypanosomiase Américaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS577.
Full textSix to eight people are affected by Chagas disease worldwide. Most of the patients are found in South America; however, more and more countries in the north are confronted with this infection that presents great difficulties both in the diagnosis and in the treatment. Despite significant technological advances in recent years, improved diagnosis is a major challenge in the management of patients with Chagas disease. In a first part, we present our studies about the development of a new diagnostic test based on the direct identification of parasitic antigens present in the serum. We analyzed the culture supernatant of cells infected with T.cruzi by mass spectrometry and we identified soluble parasitic proteins. Subsequently, we showed that Chagasin, a parasitic protease, which could be good serum marker of T. cruzi infection.In second part, we present a study that allow the interpretation and evaluation of a new immunoblot assay "Western Chagas IgG" (CE mark) by LDBIO Diagnostics (Lyon, France). This assay based on trypomastigote and amastigote extract manufactured by the laboratory of parasitology and mycology of Pitié Salpétrière hospital. These results show that this assay has sensitivity and specificity values close to 100% and is considered an excellent serological assay intended for confirmatory testing of a positive or equivocal result obtained through classic screening tests
Taibi, Ali. "Approche moléculaire de la maladie de Chagas : contribution à l'identification des antigènes de sécrétion de Trypanosoma cruzi ayant des potentialités diagnostiques et/ou vaccinantes." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10088.
Full textBarbu-Covantes, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP1000.
Full textChagas disease is a human and animal parasitic disease of Latin America. The parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is widespread in wild fauna populations and the disease is transmitted to man by insects of the Triatominae family, since men arrived in Latin America. Since the 1980‘s, large actions of prevention have been implemented to eliminate vectors inhabiting houses (domiciliated vectors). Although these initiatives have, overall, a resounding success, non-domiciliated vectors continue to spread the disease in several regions and generate significant prevalence in man. After assessing the presence and importance of different species of non-domiciliated vectors across the continent, a modeling approach was developed to refine our understanding of their populations and evaluate the potential of control methods. The confrontation between model and large data sets allowed the identification of key parameters of reproduction and migration of the vectors in the region of Yucatan, Mexico. These results were used to estimate several methods of control at the house level, the village level and then consider optimizing costs and benefits of vector control at a regional level in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although the proposed approach should be further strengthened, the results allow us to propose a general methodology for establishing priorities for research and treatment, relying heavily on the tools developed here: taxonomy mapping and optimization of vector control
Fernandez-Gomez, Rodolfo. "Trypanosoma cruzi : contribution à l'identification de substances chimiques et naturelles ayant une activité trypanocide." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-202.pdf.
Full textSalas, Clavijo Nadin Alejandra. "Contribution à l'optimisation et à la validation du traitement de la maladie de Chagas congénitale." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066283.
Full textControl of Chagas disease is crucial because it crosses borders during people migration or may be transmitted during pregnancy. In Santa Cruz, Bolivia, vector transmission decreases with vector control. Although the prevalence of Chagas decreases in pregnant women, the incidence of congenital Chagas disease remains 0. 8% and the rate of vertical transmission of 3. 4%, requiring a program of screening and management of infected infants. We validated a rapid diagnostic test (Chagas Stat Pack ®) allowing early treatment of cases. In addition, we have identified some risk factors to better target interventions and diagnostic testing at birth. We also showed that the effectiveness of treatment could be confirmed by the disappearance of specific antibodies at the 8th month of life. Finally, we conducted a randomized clinical trial with benznidazole to simplify treatment (one month instead of two months usually), reduce the dose (7. 5 mg / kg once daily (instead of 10 mg / kg in 2 divided doses daily), without altering the efficacy or change the compliance. Treatment is well tolerated, less expensive and easier to apply
Guevara, Espinoza Angel. "Trypanosoma cruzi : utilisation d'outils moléculaires pour le diagnostic de l'infection chagasique humaine, le suivi du traitement et l'analyse de la réponse immune." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10104.
Full textCarlier, Yves. "Facteurs et mécanismes contribuant à l'infection congénitale à trypanosoma cruzi." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR3805.
Full textTrypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease can be transmitted from mother to foetus. The incidence of congenital infection is estimated to be at least 15000 cases per year in Latin-America. Its incidence in the non endemic countries (USA, Europe, Japon. . . ) is not known. Thanks to multidisciplinary studies performed in Bolivia it has been possible to specified the epidemiologic qand clinical features of congenital Chagas disease. The transploacental route, as well as the role of some parasitic (genotype and parasitic charge) or host factors (capacity of maternal and fetal/neonatal immune responses, particularly the generation of CD8 T cells with cytotoxic and IFN-y-producing capacities) involved in mother to foetus transmission of infection and/or development of congenital Chagas disease have been also studied. Altogether, these data have hallowed the development of a strategy to control T. Cruzy congenital infection, which has been validated by PAHO/WHO and its applied in Latin America
Elies, Rozenn. "Anticorps anti-récepteurs cardiaques couplés aux protéines G dans la maladie de Chagas." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR3803.
Full textMijares, Alfredo. "Modifications du courant calcique de type L des cellules cardiaques isolées : effets des immunoglobulines de souris chagasiques et effets de l'application de la ciclosporine." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR4012.
Full textGirault, Sophie. "Conception et évaluation d'inhibiteurs spécifiques de la trypanothion réductase de Trypanosoma cruzi dans la famille des 2-aminodiphenylsulfures." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10122.
Full textVelge, Philippe. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes d'interactions entre les trypomastigotes de Trypanosoma cruzi et les cellules hôtes." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10026.
Full textPourcelot, Marilyne. "Synthèse de sucres anioniques et de leurs conjugués, épitopes présumés dans la réponse immune à la cruzipaïne de Trypanozoma cruzi." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0118.
Full textChagas disease is a parasitic infection (Trypanosoma cruzi) that constitutes a major health problem in Latin America, where 16-18 million people would be infected and 100 million are exposed to the risk of infection. Its diagnosis is difficult because the chronic phase appears after 10-20 years of silent infection. In patients’ sera, antibodies are directed against the parasite glycoprotein cruzipaine. The presence of a sulfated N,N-diacetylchitobiose in high-mannose type oligosaccharides of the C-terminal moiety of Cz has been determined, and the immune response requires the presence of a sulfate group. However, its exact location is still uncertain. During this PhD thesis, we synthesized anionic sugar derivatives, as D-galacturonic acid and sulfated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine derivatives, carrying a 3-aminopropyl linker. Two key disaccharides derived from D-glucosamine have been prepared, allowing the selective sulfation of both units. The sugar derivatives were conjugated to different proteins by reaction with glutaraldehyde. This coupling was shown to be simple, efficient, and compatible with fragile anionic structures as sulfates. The number of sugar residues coupled to the proteins has been determined by Maldi mass spectrometry. The first tests with our conjugates showed the key role of 2-acetamide and 6-sulfate groups for the immune response
Fournet, Alain. "Plantes médicinales boliviennes antiparasitaires (leishmaniose et maladie de Chagas) : Galipea longiflora Krause (Rustaceae), Pera benensis Rusby (Euphorbiaceae) et Ampelocera endentula Kuhlm (Ulmaceae)." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA114851.
Full textDujardin, Jean-Pierre. "Etude genetique de quelques populations naturelles des vecteurs de la maladie de chagas." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066119.
Full textDefoort, Jean-Philippe. "Étude de structures peptidiques minimales susceptibles d'intérferer avec l'infection de la cellule hôte par Trypanosoma Cruzi." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10008.
Full textVillarreal, Pena Diana. "Etude de l'expression différentielle des gènes impliqués dans la résistance au benznidazole chez "Trypanosoma cruzi", l'agent de la maladie de Chagas." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20074.
Full textRomaña, Christine. "Recherches sur les potentialités des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes (fungi imperfecti) dans la lutte microbiologique contre les triatominae (heteroptera)." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON1T014.
Full textBen, Younes Chennoufi Amena. "Etude immunopathologique des lésions neuromusculaires de la maladie de Chagas expérimentale de la souris." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066216.
Full textTrabelsi, Mohamed. "Synthèse d'une nouvelle série de spiroarsoranes à ligands catécholamide. Activités antifilarienne et trypanocide." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30113.
Full textTibayrenc, Michel. "La variabilité isoenzymatique de Trypanosoma cruzi, agent de la maladie de Chagas : signification génétique, taxonomique et épidémiologique." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112310.
Full textCaro, Riaño Harling. "Changements phénotypiques du milieue sylvestre au milieu domestique chez les vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20243.
Full textTransmission to humans of the parasite inducing Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is due mainly to a few species of hematophagous bugs of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Although not numerous, these species are widespread and efficient vectors because of their close association with humans. However, it is relatively common to report also sylvatic, poorly known species invading human dwellings or peridomestic structures. Most of them seem to fail establishing domestic colonies, but, as far, neither genetic nor environmental criteria exist able to predict the final outcome. We studied the species which is considered as a potential threat in my country, Colombia. In this region, the species seems confined to palm trees, sporadically intruding human dwellings but failing to establish durable intradomiciliary colonies. Is it unable to accomplish domestication ? We examined some aspects of phenotypic plasticity already described in the literature for well known Chagas vectors: mainly their size reduction in domestic conditions of life. To consider not only the mean size but also its variance, we developed a specialized software based on non-parametric tests. In R. Pallescens, we confirmed that size reduction was typical of the transition from a stressing, poor and unstable environment to a stable and nutritive one, and that this size reduction was a systematic change, found for different species, different genera (Panstrongylus, Rhodnius). We highlighted the importance of the interaction between population density and feeding frequency: it is this interaction which drives the main changes in size, and not any of the factors separately. Experiences on isofemale lines indicate the influence of the genotype on plastic response, suggesting that ability to domesticate could be not a species but a genotype specific trait. Thus, domestication would be actually a matter of chance, an encounter between one or a few genotypes, a given environment and favorable conditions. The latter is linked to the cost represented by the plastic response. The genotypes able to be domesticated would be the ones enjoying the best balance between adaptive value and cost of their plastic response to environmental changes. Our laboratory observations suggest that in Colombia, hen houses would be the backdoor for R. Pallescens durable access to the domestic environment. In colombian villages, to avoid undetected but true domestication process, not only human dwellings but also hen houses are prioritary targets to be investigated for the presence of triatomine bugs. Based on the data obtained in our thesis, it is the recommandation we feel authorized to address to the Health Ministry of Colombia
Albuquerque, Marli de. "Le processus historique de découverte de la trypanosomiase américaine et la parasitologie française : du paludisme a la maladie de Chagas ou de la Veran a Carlos Chagas." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100078.
Full textThe aim of this historical investigation into Chagas'disease is to analyze the development of research in the field of biomedical science, considering its interdisciplinary nature, resulting from the understanding between theory and practice in the fields of pathology, biology, chemistry etc. . . Which led to the formulation and corrobation of hypotheses in experimental research, furthering the discoveries made in medicine at the beginning of the twentieth century. In brasil, the recognition of the science of biomedicine and the creation of research institutes, particularly the Oswaldo Cruz institute, generated the rapid development of experimentation, this provided the opportunity to formulate microbic solutions related to infectious and parasitic diseases, due to the depth of Brazilian epidemiological knowledge, by creating, also, a greater preoccupation with the so-called exotic field of nosology and affirming the field of tropical medicine. The work of dr. Carlos Chagas, the Brazilian doctor and scientist who discovered the American trypanosomiase, is of significant importance. It is asserted that during the period covering the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the work of this scientist raised a number of questions relating to tropical medicine, principally these arieing from experiments during scientific investigation. As an example, one notices the application of the microbal theory to parasitic diseases, most
Albuquerque, Cristina Northfleet de. "Synthèses et études physico-chimiques d'analogues du MEGAZOL, anti-parasitaire du type nitro-imidazole : étude de leur mode d'action." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30039.
Full textBrisse, Sylvain. "Phylogénie moléculaire des clones naturels de "Trypanosoma cruzi", agent de la maladie de Chagas : évolution clonale, recombinaison génétique, et relations phylogénétiques avec d'autres espèces du sous-genre "Schizotrypanum"." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20211.
Full textLaurent, Jean-Pierre. "Comparaison des propriétés biologiques de différents clones naturels de "Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi, Chagas, 1909", agent de la maladie de Chagas." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20073.
Full textTarrieu, Frédérique. "Analyse de la diversité phylogénétique de "Trypanosoma cruzi cruzi", agent de la maladie de Chagas, par séquençage des gènes 18S et Tc52. Applications au diagnostic moléculaire." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20220.
Full textHenno, Patrick. "Étude de certains paramètres d’optimisation de la production d’une fraction antigénique de Trypanosoma cruzi en culture." Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPI183.
Full textZabala, Juan Pablo. "Production et utilisation des connaissances scientifiques autour de la maladie de Chagas." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010725.
Full textBodin, Aurélie. "Modulation du comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les insectes hématophages : importance des facteurs endogènes." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4019/document.
Full textAnimals have evolved different optimal strategies to minimize predation risks while searching for food. In haematophagous insects, host-seeking is guided by different host stimuli. An important modulation of the perception systems associated to host localization has been observed as function of behaviour and activity rhythms of the host which can be a prey or a predator. We characterize the endogenous factors which could modulate the host-seeking behaviour in the haematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus. There is a specific modulation of the behavioural response to different odours as function of daytime. Furthermore, host-seeking could be modulated by the physiological state of the bugs (developmental and nutritional state). Physiological and behavioural mechanisms have been selected to inhibit the host-seeking when it is not necessary for the bugs to be exposed to hosts
Coatnoan, Nicolas. "La Trypanosoma cruzi proline racemase, un marqueur diagnostique et de suivi pour la Maladie de Chagas ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS315.
Full textChagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi occurs in Latin and Central America. The parasite is difficult to detect outside the acute phase of infection. No diagnostic means is 100% reliable and does not allow detection of the parasite in the tissues and no vaccine is available. The laboratory characterized the first eukaryotic proline racemase which is also a mitogen for B cells: Trypanosoma cruzi proline racemase (TcPRAC). It is a virulence factor for the parasite, essential for its survival. TcPRAC genes are present in all genotypes of the parasite and are absent in other infectious trypanosomatids. TcPRAC could be a specific marker for the disease. We have demonstrated, using the experimental model, that TcPRAC is indeed a specific diagnostic marker of the infection but especially a marker that would make it possible to assert the effectiveness of a treatment. We were able to follow the infectious process in real time by in vivo imaging. We have produced anti-TcPRAC VHHs capable of binding to intracellular TcPRAC expressed by live parasites in vitro. We have initiated the development of a prototype for the detection of intracellular parasites in vivo. We have been able to optimize new trypanocidal compounds in order to develop new chemotherapies against the disease
Ribeiro, Lima Carlyle. "Structural Modelling and Characterization of Target Specifics of Trypanosoma cruzi, Etiologic agent of Chagas Disease." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC289/document.
Full textAccording to the World Health Organization, 21 Latin American countries are endemic for Chagas disease, affecting 10 million people. Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is a parasitic illness endemic mostly in Latin America and particularly in Brazil. Despite many experimental studies, there is no efficient treatment against Chagas disease, and the search for new therapeutic targets specific to T. cruziis critical for drug development. In my thesis, I have revisited 41 protein sequences proposed by the analogous enzyme pipeline, and found that it is possible to provide structures for 33 T. cruzisequences with clear homologs or analogs in H. sapiensand likely associated with trypanothione reductase, cysteine synthase and ATPase functions, and structures for sequences specific to T. cruziand absent in H. sapiens associated with 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, and leishmanolysin activities. The implications of our structures refined by atomistic molecular dynamics (monome or dimer states) in their in vitro environments (aqueous solution or membrane bilayers) are discussed for drug development and suggest that all protein targets, except cysteine synthase, merit further investigation
Cisse, Baki. "Automates cellulaires pour la modélisation et le contrôle en épidémiologie." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0011.
Full textThis PhD thesis considers the general problem of epidemiological modelling and control using cellular automata approach.We first focused on the study of the SEIR model. On the one hand, we have shown that the traditionnal neighborhood contribute to underestimate the incidence and prevalence of infection disease. On the other hand, it appeared that the spatial distribution of the cells in the lattice have a real impact on the disease spreading. The second study concerns the transmission of the vector-borne disease in heterogeneous landscape with host community. We considered a SIRS-SI with various level of competence at witch the environnment heterogeneity has been characterized by the variation of the birth flow and the death rate. We simulated the Chagas disease spreading and shown that the heterogeneity of habitat and host diversity contribute to decrease the infection. One of the most important results of our work, was the proposition of the spatial reproduction number expression based on two matrices that represent the interaction factors between the cells in the lattice
Flores, Ferrer Alheli. "Modélisation mathématique des dynamiques hôtes-parasites ; de l’écologie parasitaire à l’écologie du génome." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0010/document.
Full textThis document is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of host-parasite interactions. It is about two distant biological models, who are studied using standard epidemiological models built from dynamic compartmental models. The first contribution is the implementation of a 'micro-parasites' model to study the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (or 'Chagas' disease), within a host community of synanthropic and domestic animals. The analysis of the mathematical model shows for the first time in this biological system a dilution effect associated with avian hosts, as well as the possibility of reducing the transmission to humans by modifying the composition of the domestic host communities. The second contribution deals with the dynamics of the "genomic parasites" that are the transposable elements. Using the analogies between genomics and ecology concepts proposed by the "Genome Ecology" approach, it was possible to adapt models developed for 'macro-parasites' to the dynamics of transposable elements of class 1, retro-transposons. The analysis of these models makes it possible toformulate hypotheses on the relative importance of the host demography, the distribution of the number of copies between individuals and the molecular mechanisms of silencing of these elements, on their persistence within the population of hosts reproducing asexually
Vinauger, Clément. "Apprentissage et mémoire chez les insectes vecteurs de maladies humaines." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4045/document.
Full textLearning and memory contribute to animals' fitness by allowing them adapting to variable environments. Thses two processes make them able to extract and use information from their environment in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with unpredictible environments. Among insects, fruit flies and honeybees are considered as classical models for the study of learning and memory. The amount of work that has been done on these models provide a considerable amount of information regarding the genetic, neurobiological and molecular basis of these processes and revealed the complexity of insects' cognitive abilities. All this knowledge acquired in model species, contrasts surprisingly with the lack of knowledge available regarding insect species that are involved in animal and human diseases transmission. Yet, it has been aknowledge that the detailed study of vectors cognitive abilities would allow the understanding of their adaptation to haematophagy, of their vectorial importance and provide new tools for diseases control. Up to date, studies focusing on disaese vectors, mainly in mosquitoes, were conducted in natural or not completely controled contexts and thus no clear demonstration of learning and memory is availaible.The main goal of this work was to provide a controled experimental context allowing the strudy of learning abilities in the haematophagous bug \textit{Rhodnius prolixus}. Our results show that these insectes are able to learn to associate the delivery of a same neutral odour either with the possibility to obtain a reward (blood-meal, appetitive conditioning) or with the possibility to receive a punishment (mechanical shock, aversive conditioning). We also showed that learning ans memory are involved in host selection processes. In a second part, we adapted to our biological model the paradigm of proboscis extension response conditioning, which allowed us to analyse and characterize its learning abilities. The maximal retention duration as well as the modulation of learning abilities by circadian clocks were evinced. Taken as a whole, this work provides the first experimental demonstration of learning abilities in Chagas disease vectors and provides experimental and methodological tools; These latters should allow improving the understanding of the mechanisms that are underlying cearning abilities of haematophagous insects in general. Results are also discussed in the context of host selection and parasite transmission
Péneau, Julie. "Etude de la distribution des vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas et de la variabilité génétique de Trypanosoma cruzi en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0734/document.
Full textIn French Guiana, as in the whole of Amazon region, the risk of Chagas disease to humans has long been underestimated due to the presence of non-domiciled triatomines and wild animal reservoir. Overall, this thesis aims at reactualizing and improving epidemiological knowledge about Chagas disease in French Guiana, by specific modalities of circulation of Trypanosoma cruzi and the factorsinvolved in the transmission cycle of the origin of human cases. Accumulated data, between 2001 and 2013, represent 971 triatomine specimens collected. We chose to differentiate triatomine collected in uninhabited areas (primary or secondary forests) and those frominhabited areas, collected in homes by intrusion. One species, Panstrongylus geniculatus, was distinguished by its abundance (61.1%) and its presence in different types of habitats investigated. A total of nine species were found in uninhabited area, with the predominance of four species: P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, Rhodnius pictipes and Eratyrus mucronatus. In inhabited area, five species of triatomine were collected, with the predominance of P. geniculatus, R. pictipes and R. robustus. The triatomine infection rate with T. cruzi has been studied, with a highlighting of higher rate of infection in triatomine collected inside houses (53.9%) than those from uninhabited area (46%). The study on wild mammals showed high T. cruzi infection rates for two species: Didelphis marsupialis (62.5%) and Philander opossum (35%).This study was completed by the analysis of the genetic variability of T. cruzi identified by genotyping techniques performed on material obtained from triatomine, wild and domestic mammals and humans. In uninhabited area, three groups$ TcI, TcII-TcV-TcVI and TcIII-TcIV have been characterized, with a predominance of TcIII-TcIV group. In inhabited area, only two groups were characterized (TcI andTcIII-TcIV), with a predominance of TcI. Among the actor’s transmission cycle of parasite, dogs and P. geniculatus were characterized by TcIII-TcIV group. Contrary to Rhodnius genus and marsupials were characterized by the TcI group. Our results have allowed issuing a number of assumptions about the circulation of T. cruzi genotypes in French Guiana
Quartier, Marion. "Etude de l’impact de l’anthropisation sur l’écologie évolutive des vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas : cas de trois communautés du Tapajos, Amazonie brésilienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1112/document.
Full textAnthropic disturbances from deforestation of Amazon tropical forest leads to a mosaic of landscapes composed of secondary vegetation (secondary forest, palm groves, fallows) and pasture. These changes result in the proliferation of invasive heliophilous palm trees of the family Attalea spp., the principal ecotope of Rhodnius species, bloodsucking bug vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. The present study focuses on different land cover classes of three rural communities of the lower Tapajós (Brazilian Amazon) with different settlement times (25-75 years). Six different land-cover classes were identified on the field and applied through supervised classification on a SPOT 5 image of the study area in order to cartography environmental risk associated to palm tree presence in the area. Three hundred and thirty palms trees of three species Attalea maripa, A. phalerata and A.speciosa were dissected of which 73 (54.88%) were infested with R. robustus (742 insects collected). The distribution of palm species varied in each community, A.maripa was the only species found in the most recently settled community (Araipá). Significant decreases in bug density were observed in A.maripa, in the community most recently established (Araipá) and in the two most anthropogenic landcover classes.Infection of insects by T. cruzi and T. rangeli was examined using molecular methods (mini exon SL_IR and sno-RNA-C11). Respectively, 123 (16.57%) and 69 (9.3%) insects in 31 (23.3%) and 17 (13.32%) palms were identified as positive for T. cruzi and T. rangeli. A lack of infection was detected in Araipá but no differences were observed between the different land cover classes. The strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were identified using four distinct molecular markers (mini-exon SL-IR, GPI, HSP60 and D7-24α-rRNA) as belonging to the lineage TCI specifically TcId and 10 (8.13%) individuals showed a mixed infection TCI-TCII. Twenty host species divided into three classes were identified (mammals, birds, reptiles) were identified as food source from blood meal from the bug gut with cytochrome b primers, specific for vertebrates (25.74% of meals). Eighty-one percent of meals were conducted on mammals, potential hosts of T. cruzi, specially on Tamandua tetradactyla,identified as the main food source. This host was clearly identified as a reservoir for T.rangeli and also suggested for T. cruzi.Phylogenetic analysis performed using cytochrome b sequences, identified Rhodnius individuals in the Tapajos region within clade II, which represent an extension of the range previously described for this clade. The use of the cytochrome b marker also revealed a phylogenetic structure (haplogroups) not found using microsatellite markers. This result showed that the history of the genes (mitochondrial genome) does not match the history of individuals (microsatellites, 10 loci). Population genetics analysis conducted using both markers did not reveal genetic structure within the study area between the communities or the landcover classes. The study revealed significant gene flow, which was not restricted by the fragmentation of the environment. The invasive dynamics of Attalea palm trees provide a functional connectivity for insects to move between the different landcover classes and communities. Due to the abundance of palm trees and their high connectivity, the presence of vectors and infected hosts moving between the different communities and landcover classes, the environmental risk constituted by Attalea palm tree presence of Chagas disease in Tapajós region will presumably continue to increase
Cebrian-Torrejon, Gerardo. "Phytochimie de Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium (Rutaceae). Chimie et pharmacochimie de la canthin-6-one." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114844/document.
Full textThe alkaloids canthin-6-one, 5-methoxy-canthin-6-one and canthin-6-one Noxide,as well as the alkylamide sanshool and three known coumarines were identified and quantified from stem bark, leaves (in this case an annual analysis was conducted), fruits and roots of Zanthoxylum chiloperone var. angustifolium (Rutaceae) collected in South America. Some canthin-6-one derivates were prepared by hemisynthesis by exploring the N-3 reactivity of the pyridine nitrogen. Other new derivates were prepared from different tryptamines and some functionalized anhydrides by an efficient new synthetic route (3 or 4 steps) in good overall yields. The biosynthetic pathway of the canthin-6-one was also chemically explored.Furthermore, this work has prompted us to explore the reactivity of some prenylated derivates of canthin-6-one and serotonin. The antitubercular activity, the antiproliferative activity on cancer stem cells and several antiparasitic activities (Chagas disease, malaria, nematicidal activity) were studied and various mechanisms of action proposed. Finally, an original study of the electrochemical behaviour of canthinones has been investigated and a pharmaceutical formulation was achieved
Leis, Mendias Miguel Alejandro. "Métabolisme énergétique chez un insecte hématophage : rhodnius prolixus." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4013/document.
Full textMetabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism. Energy uptake allows animals to perform biosynthesis, maintenance, and external work. If the energy produced is converted into heat, we can estimate the energy metabolism as the rate of conversion of chemical energy into metabolic rate (MR), which allows the calculation of energy requirements. The main objective of this work is to assess the metabolic cost of physiological work in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Our results show that feeding is costly. The MR during feeding in R. prolixus reaches up to 17 times the MR during rest. The mean respiratory quotient is 0.83 during rest and 0.52 during feeding. We showed that the deactivation of Heat Shock Proteins on R. prolixus, causes a diminution of MR during digestion. Then, we showed that the energy cost (EC) during walking can reach up to 1.7 times the EC during rest. Finally, we found that the EC of production of one egg of R. prolixus was 11.7 J. All our results provide tools to a better understanding of biology and ecology of an hematophagous insect to provide the necessary elements to better control of transmission of vector-borne diseases