Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trypanosomiasis in animals / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Trypanosomiasis in animals.

Journal articles on the topic 'Trypanosomiasis in animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Trypanosomiasis in animals.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

HOLMES, P. H., E. KATUNGUKA-RWAKISHAYA, J. J. BENNISON, G. J. WASSINK, and J. J. PARKINS. "Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis." Parasitology 120, no. 7 (May 2000): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005806.

Full text

Abstract:

Trypanosomiasis is a major veterinary problem over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently associated with undernutrition. There is growing evidence that nutrition can have a profound effect on the pathophysiological features of animal trypanosomiasis. These features include anaemia, pyrexia, body weight changes, reduced feed intake and diminished productivity including reduced draught work output, milk yield and reproductive capacity. Anaemia is a principal characteristic of trypanosomiasis and the rate at which it develops is influenced by both protein and energy intakes. Pyrexia is associated with increased energy demands for maintenance which is ultimately manifested by reductions in voluntary activity levels and productivity. Weight changes in trypanosomiasis are markedly influenced by the levels of protein intake. High intakes allow infected animals to grow at the same rate as uninfected controls providing energy intake is adequate whilst low energy levels can exacerbate the adverse effects of trypanosomiasis on body weight. Reductions in feed intake are less apparent in animals which are provided with high protein diets and where intake is limited by the disease animals will often exhibit preferential selection of higher quality browse. Further studies are required to evaluate the minimum levels of protein and energy supplementation required to ameliorate the adverse effect of trypanosomiasis, the nature and quality of protein supplement to achieve these benefits and the influence these have on digestive physiology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Lun, Z. R., Y. Fang, C. J. Wang, and R. Brun. "Trypanosomiasis of domestic animals in China." Parasitology Today 9, no. 2 (February 1993): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(93)90029-f.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ross, Carol A. "Chemotherapy for trypanosomiasis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, no. 1 (March 1992): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02357231.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Leeflang, P. "Trypanosomiasis And Animal Production In Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i1.2319.

Full text

Abstract:

TRYPANOSOMIASIS is one of the principal factors restricting growth of the livestock industry in Nigeria and, therefore, is a direct concern of animal scientists who aspire to increase the production of animal protein in this country. The present paper reviews the value of drug treatment of disease animals, destruction of game, clearing of vegetation, and the extermination of the tse-tse flies by insecticides as methods of controlling this disease; it also discusses the contribution of integrated land use, improved standards of nutrition and management, and trypanosome-tolerant cattle to minimize, for the present, the effect of trypanosomiasis on the development of the livestock industry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Katabazi, Aziz, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, Sarah Gift Witto, Martin Odoki, and Simon Peter Musinguzi. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7284042.

Full text

Abstract:

Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship ( OR = 6.041 ; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05 ) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Abdelbaky, Hanan H., Kousuke Umeda, Thu-Thuy Nguyen, Adel E. A. Mohamed, and Ragab M. Fereig. "A review on current knowledge of major zoonotic protozoan diseases affecting farm and pet animals." German Journal of Veterinary Research 1, no. 2 (July 2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.2.0021.

Full text

Abstract:

Given the high importance of animal uses for human beings, avoidance of contact with animals is far from straightforward, even if there is a risk of zoonotic diseases. Animal products or byproducts are essential sources of food for humans. Also, there are large numbers of companion animals worldwide which are important for the soundness of mental health for the owners. Understanding of the disease in animals is of paramount importance to control and prevent transmission to humans. Zoonotic protozoan parasites, including malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis, can cause severe infections to humans, and some of them can drastically affect both economy and society. Impacts of such infections are aggravated when asymptomatic animals being in contact with susceptible individuals, including infants, pregnant women or immunocompromised people. Malaria, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis are vector-borne diseases that cause hemolytic anemia and high fever. Toxoplasmosis is a congenitally transmitted infection characterized by abortion and congenital abnormalities in infected persons and animals. Cryptosporidiosis is a highly contagious disease affecting humans and various animal species, and diarrhea is the main clinical form. These infections are globally distributed and affect various demographics. However, awareness of these often neglected diseases in almost all countries and communities is required to protect animals, owners, and customers. Thus, this review is aimed to provide the recent and current knowledge on transmission, epidemiology and control of some protozoan diseases of zoonotic importance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dirie, Mohamed F., Musa A. Wardhere, and Mohamed A. Farah. "Sheep trypanosomiasis in Somalia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 1 (March 1988): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239645.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ahmad Rufa’i, Fatihu, Abdullahi Ibrahim Zakari, Atikat Umar, Musayyiba Shuaibu, and Ali Alhaji Sani. "Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis of Trypanosomal Infection in Human and Animals." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.952.

Full text

Abstract:

Trypanosomiasis is a chronic disease which affects both human and animals with high morbidity rate within months after exposure, particularly when poor nutrition or other factors contribute to debilitation. The disease has been a major threat to Human and public health concern and also has contributed negatively to food security in Nigeria. Trypanosomes are haemoflagellated parasites that suppress the host immune system through antigenic variation causing serious illness in man and direct losses in meat production and milk yield in animals leading to severe pathogenesis that result to death . The clinical signs of trypanosomisis have been reported as unnoticed, chronic and acute which can easily lead to death, while the pathogenesis are severe and diverse. A vast majority of human and ruminant animal such as cattle, sheep and goats can be infected without clinical signs. In this paper, we documented some of the major pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis that are leading cause of death and they includes Aneamia, Immunodepression, Immunosuppression, Myocarditis, oedema, loss of conditions, coma as well as infection of various organs and tissues. The paper recommend that further work on pathogenic mechanisms of trypanosomiasis need to be carried out so as to notice the exact clinical sign of the disease which will help towards controlling the disease.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Wardhana, April Hari, and Dyah H. Savitri. "Surra: Trypanosomiasis in Livestock is Potential as Zoonotic Disease." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i3.1835.

Full text

Abstract:

<em>Trypanosoma evansi</em> is one of blood protozoans having the most wide distribution region compared to other Trypanosome species. The parasite causes trypanosomiasis known as Surra. The disease may cause mortality to the infected animals. In general <em>T evansi</em> only attack animal and cannot infect humans due to apolipoprotein 1 (Apo L-1) in human serum. The protein possess trypanolitic activity feature against <em>T. evansi</em> and effectively eliminates the protozoa. However, the knowledge of Surra infecting animals changed because there were atypical human trypanosomiasis cases reported in some countries due to <em>T. evansi</em>. The human Surra case occurred in Vietnam demonstrated that person with Apo L-1 could be infected by <em>T. evansi</em>. There was resistant strain of <em>T. evansi</em> found which able to disrupt human immune system. This paper will discuss Surra cases in both humans and animals, including mechanism of Apo L-1 on eliminating the parasite. Surra cases in human and animal should be seriously concerned because Surra could be pontential zoonosis threating human health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

NANTULYA, V. M. "Trypanosomiasis in domestic animals : the problem of diagnosis." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.9.2.507.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

MAHARJAN, MAHENDRA, and DINESH R. MISHRA. "Trypanosomiasis in Domestic Animals of Makwanpur District, Nepal." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081, no. 1 (October 2006): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1373.042.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Opasina, B. A., and J. O. Ekwuruke. "Trypanosomiasis in Nigerian trade cattle." Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, no. 4 (December 1987): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242126.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Onah, D. N., and M. Uzoukwu. "Porcine cerebralTrypanosoma brucei brucei trypanosomiasis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, no. 1 (February 1991): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02361268.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Jalilzadeh-Amin, G., Y. Nozohour, M. Maham, and F. Malekifard. "First report of surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) in Iranian sheep." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 25, no. 4 (2022): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2020-0117.

Full text

Abstract:

Clinical trypanosomiasis in sheep is described for the first time in Iran after history taking, complete physical examination and blood samples collected for laboratory investigations. The client emphasised on animal weight loss dating back to one week ago. The clinical examination revealed enlargements of the pre-scapular and pre-femoral lymph nodes and pale mucous membranes. Laboratory investigation showed that the sheep had anaemia with hyperproteinaemia. Thin blood smear examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma. Treatment included diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg, IM) for three consecutive days, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IM), and oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg, IM). The examination of the blood film after treatment showed no parasite. Trypanosomiasis may occur in our climatic condition in sheep. In two cases studied here, two consecutive doses of diminazene aceturate administration led to clinical cure. The control of trypanosomiasis in farms may be possible through methods for the control of vectors, such as prophylactic treatment and observing of hygiene in husbandry systems for animals at risk

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Abro, Zewdu, Menale Kassie, Beatrice Muriithi, Michael Okal, Daniel Masiga, Gift Wanda, Ouedraogo Gisèle, et al. "The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): e0254558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254558.

Full text

Abstract:

Trypanosomiasis is a significant productivity-limiting livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to poverty and food insecurity. In this paper, we estimate the potential economic gains from adopting Waterbuck Repellent Blend (WRB). The WRB is a new technology that pushes trypanosomiasis-transmitting tsetse fly away from animals, improving animals’ health and increasing meat and milk productivity. We estimate the benefits of WRB on the production of meat and milk using the economic surplus approach. We obtained data from an expert elicitation survey, secondary and experimental sources. Our findings show that the adoption of WRB in 5 to 50% of the animal population would generate an economic surplus of US$ 78–869 million per annum for African 18 countries. The estimated benefit-cost ratio (9:1) further justifies an investment in WRB. The technology’s potential benefits are likely to be underestimated since our estimates did not include the indirect benefits of the technology adoption, such as the increase in the quantity and quality of animals’ draught power services and human and environmental health effects. These benefits suggest that investing in WRB can contribute to nutrition security and sustainable development goals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Echeverria, Jessica Teles, Rodrigo Leite Soares, Beatriz Aléssio Crepaldi, Gustavo Gomes de Oliveira, Polyana Mayume Pereira da Silva, Rayane Chitolina Pupin, Tessie Beck Martins, Herbert Patric Kellermann Cleveland, Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos, and Fernando de Almeida Borges. "Clinical and therapeutic aspects of an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 2 (April 2019): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019018.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi can seriously affect both domestic and wild animals. This article reports on an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis on a farm in the Pantanal region of Brazil. The farm had 38 dogs, 20 of which died before receiving veterinary care. The remaining 18 dogs were underwent anamnesisn, clinical examination, hematological and biochemical evaluations. Blood smears and PCR analysis were performed for the diagnosis. The treatment protocols used according to the clinical recovery or parasitological cure of the dogs, using diminazene diaceturate, isometamidium chloride or quinapyramine sulfate. Post-treatment parasitological evaluation was performed by the microhematocrit technique. 7/18 dogs were PCR positive for T. evansi (confirmed by sequencing). There was clinical findings, which were consistent with both the acute and chronic stages of the disease in dogs. The infected dogs all exhibited at least one clinical sign of the disease. The hematological findings were compatible with trypanosomiasis, highlighting the hypochromic microcytic anemia as the main outcome. No treatment protocol was fully effective and the prolonged use of diminazene diaceturate caused the death of an animal. The trypanosomiasis can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in dogs and difficulty in establishment an effective and safe therapeutic protocol.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Magez, Stefan, Joar Esteban Pinto Torres, Seoyeon Oh, and Magdalena Radwanska. "Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060679.

Full text

Abstract:

Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are human infective sub-species of T. brucei causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT—sleeping sickness). The related T. b. brucei parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. T. congolense and T. vivax are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Through mechanical transmission, T. vivax has also been introduced into South America. T. evansi is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical human trypanosomiasis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasites, but the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies that allow trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well as the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Ochieng, James Robert, Marta Planellas Bachs, Anthony Nsubuga, Innocent B. Rwego, John Joseph M. Kisakye, Laura Muro Riba, and Jesus Muro Figueres. "Investigation on Prevalence of Canine Trypanosomiasis in the Conservation Areas of Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth in Western Uganda." Journal of Parasitology Research 2022 (September 10, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2606871.

Full text

Abstract:

Nowadays, despite the instauration of several control strategies, animal trypanosomiasis continues to be reported all over Uganda. Few canine African trypanosomiasis (CAT) studies have been carried out, yet dogs are known Trypanosoma reservoirs that share identical home ranges with livestock and serve as parasite link between livestock and humans. This study evaluates the prevalence of CAT in dogs in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas. This information will be useful to evaluate the possible role of dogs in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma species in livestock and wild animals. Trypanosome tests using microhematocrit centrifugation/dark ground microscopy technique (MHCT) followed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) were performed in blood samples collected from identified indigenous dogs ( n = 124 ). Four (3.23%) out of 124 dogs were positive for CAT. One dog was positive with Trypanosoma congolense and three with T. vivax. There was no significant statistical difference in CAT prevalence rate in relation to dog’s age, sex, and site ( P > 0.05 ). This study reports what we believe is the first time detection of T. congolense and T. vivax in the indigenous dogs found in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas in western Uganda. The noticed T. congolense and T. vivax could be responsible for both canine and animal trypanosomiasis and represent a serious threat to the livestock industry. Therefore, there is a need for continuous trypanosomiasis surveillance and integrated management in contiguity to wildlife reserves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Mohamed and Beynen. "Ascorbic Acid Content of Blood Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Liver in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) without or with Parasite Infections." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.6.369.

Full text

Abstract:

Healthy camels (Camelus dromedaris) and those naturally infected with trypanosomiasis, sarcoptic mange, and helminthiasis were compared as to ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents of red blood cells, white blood cells, whole blood, plasma, and liver. The camels were kept under natural grazing conditions in Sudan. Reduced levels of vitamin C were found in camels with parasite infections, especially in animals with trypanosomiasis. It is suggested that the low vitamin C status in infected camels is caused by increased utilization and/or decreased synthesis of vitamin C.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Dolan, R. B., P. D. Sayer, H. Alushula, and B. R. Heath. "Pyrethroid impregnated ear tags in trypanosomiasis control." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 4 (December 1988): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239995.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Rogers, D. J. "Satellite imagery, tsetse and trypanosomiasis in Africa." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 3-4 (December 1991): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(05)80005-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Prayag, Kedar, Dhanashree H. Surve, Atish T. Paul, Sanjay Kumar, and Anil B. Jindal. "Nanotechnological interventions for treatment of trypanosomiasis in humans and animals." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 10, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00764-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Kargbo, Alpha, and Rex A. Kuye. "Epidemiology of tsetse flies in the transmission of trypanosomiasis: technical review of The Gambia experience." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.35.

Full text

Abstract:

Climate change has posed serious health threats on both man and animals. This ranges from effects of progressive temperature rises from global warming to extreme weather events and anthropogenic activities and this has affected insect-vector distributions worldwide. Tsetse fly species transmit Trypanosomes but relative significance depends largely on the strength of their interactions with susceptible hosts. Tsetse flies are the main vectors of Trypanosomiasis and their existence pose a threat to the survival of cattle, small ruminates and equines in The Gambia. It is known to be one of the most vital parasitic diseases affecting livestock productivity in The Gambia and equines are very susceptible. Central River Region is mainly infested with the tsetse fly Glossina morsitan submorsitan a major vector of Trypanosomiasis among animals in the country and it is mainly found in dry, canopied, savannah woodland. Glossina palpalis is also present, but are more limited to riverine vegetation in the area. This work seeks to show the havoc caused by trypanosomiasis and the urgency for more studies to investigate the patterns of transmission of this disease especially in the context of climate change in other for a better control program for this zoonosis in The Gambia.Keywords: Climate Change, Glossina, Trypanosome, Cattle, Equine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Barr, Stephen C. "Canine Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in North America." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 39, no. 6 (November 2009): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Sharma, D. K., Chauhan, V. K. Saxena, and R. D. Agrawal. "Haematological changes in experimental trypanosomiasis in Barbari goats." Small Ruminant Research 38, no. 2 (October 2000): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00158-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Koen, C. "A linear programming model of trypanosomiasis control reconsidered." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 1 (June 1990): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(90)90040-o.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Mulenga, Gloria M., Boniface Namangala, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Kyoko Hayashida, Lars Henning, and Bruce Gummow. "Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020068.

Full text

Abstract:

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28 cases, respectively. In total, microscopy detected 40 cases. ITS-PCR-filter paper (FP) on blood spots stored on FP detected 47 cases, and ITS-PCR-FTA on blood spots stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards detected 83 cases. Using microscopy as the gold standard, ITS-PCR-FTA had a better specificity (SP) and sensitivity (SE) (SP = 72.2%; SE = 77.5%; kappa = 0.35) than ITS-PCR-FP (SP = 88%; SE = 60%; kappa = 0.45). The prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was higher on ITS-PCR-FTA (19/227) than on ITS-PCR-FP (0/227). Our results illustrate the complexities around trypanosomiasis surveillance in rural Africa and provide evidence of the impact that field conditions and staff training can have on diagnostic results, which in turn impact the success of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programs in the region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Parwan, Deepika, Ranjan Kumar, and Sumit Aggrawal. "African Trypanosomiasis in Young Female in North India - A Rare Case Report." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 8, no. 4 (May 10, 2021): C71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2997.

Full text

Abstract:

Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring human pathogenic parasites. Tsetse flies are found just in sub-Saharan Africa though only certain species transmit the disease. We report a case of human African trypanosomiasis in a 28-year-old Indian female who had a travel history to sub–Saharan Africa, Uganda and she presented with a history of fever, body ache, headache, decreased oral intake, pain lower abdomen, swelling and discharge from forearm chancre since last 4-5 days. Peripheral smear showed heavy parasitemia by flagellated forms of Trypanosoma and the diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei was given on Peripheral smear report. Serological testing was also done and a diagnosis of West-African trypanosomiasis was confirmed. The patient was successfully treated and made a good recovery. So West-African trypanosomiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis with presentation of fever with chancre in every person with recent history of travel to African countries as it is universally fatal without treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hamer, Sarah A., and Ashley B. Saunders. "Veterinary Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in the United States." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52, no. 6 (November 2022): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Corten, J. J. F. M., A. A. H. M. ter Huurne, P. D. S. Moorhouse, and R. C. de Rooij. "Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in South-West Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 2 (June 1988): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242230.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Crump, Ronald E., Ching-I. Huang, Simon E. F. Spencer, Paul E. Brown, Chansy Shampa, Erick Mwamba Miaka, and Kat S. Rock. "Modelling to infer the role of animals in gambiense human African trypanosomiasis transmission and elimination in the DRC." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): e0010599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010599.

Full text

Abstract:

Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) has been targeted for elimination of transmission (EoT) to humans by 2030. Whilst this ambitious goal is rapidly approaching, there remain fundamental questions about the presence of non-human animal transmission cycles and their potential role in slowing progress towards, or even preventing, EoT. In this study we focus on the country with the most gHAT disease burden, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and use mathematical modelling to assess whether animals may contribute to transmission in specific regions, and if so, how their presence could impact the likelihood and timing of EoT. By fitting two model variants—one with, and one without animal transmission—to the human case data from 2000–2016 we estimate model parameters for 158 endemic health zones of the DRC. We evaluate the statistical support for each model variant in each health zone and infer the contribution of animals to overall transmission and how this could impact predicted time to EoT. We conclude that there are 24/158 health zones where there is substantial to decisive statistical support for some animal transmission. However—even in these regions—we estimate that animals would be extremely unlikely to maintain transmission on their own. Animal transmission could hamper progress towards EoT in some settings, with projections under continuing interventions indicating that the number of health zones expected to achieve EoT by 2030 reduces from 68/158 to 61/158 if animal transmission is included in the model. With supplementary vector control (at a modest 60% tsetse reduction) added to medical screening and treatment interventions, the predicted number of health zones meeting the goal increases to 147/158 for the model including animal transmission. This is due to the impact of vector reduction on transmission to and from all hosts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

UCHE, U. E. "Diagnosis of canine trypanosomiasis: three sites of blood collection compared." Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, no. 6 (June 1985): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02209.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Habtemariam, Tsegaye, Roger Ruppanner, Thomas B. Farver, and Hans P. Riemann. "Determination of risk groups to African trypanosomiasis using discriminant analysis." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 4, no. 1 (June 1986): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(86)90006-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ocholi, R. A., R. U. Ezeugwu, and D. R. Nawathe. "Mixed outbreak of trypanosomiasis and babesiosis in pigs in Nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 3 (September 1988): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240078.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Nawathe, D. R., P. K. Sinha, and A. S. Abechi. "Acute bovine trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-free zone of Nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 3 (September 1988): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240079.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Kubata, Bruno Kilunga, Michael Duszenko, Zakayi Kabututu, Marc Rawer, Alexander Szallies, Ko Fujimori, Takashi Inui, et al. "Identification of a Novel Prostaglandin F2α Synthase in Trypanosoma brucei." Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, no. 9 (November 6, 2000): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.9.1327.

Full text

Abstract:

Members of the genus Trypanosoma cause African trypanosomiasis in humans and animals in Africa. Infection of mammals by African trypanosomes is characterized by an upregulation of prostaglandin (PG) production in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. These metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) may, in part, be responsible for symptoms such as fever, headache, immunosuppression, deep muscle hyperaesthesia, miscarriage, ovarian dysfunction, sleepiness, and other symptoms observed in patients with chronic African trypanosomiasis. Here, we show that the protozoan parasite T. brucei is involved in PG production and that it produces PGs enzymatically from AA and its metabolite, PGH2. Among all PGs synthesized, PGF2α was the major prostanoid produced by trypanosome lysates. We have purified a novel T. brucei PGF2α synthase (TbPGFS) and cloned its cDNA. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular properties revealed that TbPGFS is completely distinct from mammalian PGF synthases. We also found that TbPGFS mRNA expression and TbPGFS activity were high in the early logarithmic growth phase and low during the stationary phase. The characterization of TbPGFS and its gene in T. brucei provides a basis for the molecular analysis of the role of parasite-derived PGF2α in the physiology of the parasite and the pathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Vourchakbé, Joël, Zebaze Arnol Auvaker Tiofack, Tagueu Sartrien Kante, Mbida Mpoame, and Gustave Simo. "Molecular identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected pigs, dogs and small ruminants confirms domestic animals as potential reservoirs for sleeping sickness in Chad." Parasite 27 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020061.

Full text

Abstract:

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been targeted for zero transmission to humans by 2030. Animal reservoirs of gambiense-HAT could jeopardize these elimination goals. This study was undertaken to identify potential host reservoirs for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by detecting its natural infections in domestic animals of Chadian HAT foci. Blood samples were collected from 267 goats, 181 sheep, 154 dogs, and 67 pigs. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) were performed to search for trypanosomes. DNA was extracted from the buffy coat, and trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon as well as T. b. gambiense were identified by PCR. Of 669 blood samples, 19.4% were positive by RDT and 9.0% by CTC. PCR revealed 150 animals (22.4%) with trypanosomes belonging to Trypanozoon, including 18 (12%) T. b. gambiense. This trypanosome was found in all investigated animal species and all HAT foci. Between animal species or villages, no significant differences were observed in the number of animals harboring T. b. gambiense DNA. Pigs, dogs, sheep and goats appeared to be potential reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense in Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in all animal species of all HAT foci suggests that these animals should be considered when designing new control strategies for sustainable elimination of HAT. Investigations aiming to decrypt their specific role in each epidemiological setting are important to achieve zero transmission of HAT.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Connor, R. J., and R. W. Halliwell. "Bovine trypanosomiasis in Southern Tanzania: Parasitological and serological survey of prevalence." Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, no. 3 (September 1987): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239713.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Mohammed, S. A., I. K. Auta, S. U. Adamu, N. J. Dadi-Mamud, and B. A. Kugu. "Xenomonitoring of trypanosome infectivity in Tse tse flies from Kagarko Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i2.4.

Full text

Abstract:

Trypanosomiasis is a re-emerging neglected tropical disease, afflicting domestic, wild animals and humans. In this study, the tsetse fly infectivity and species composition of Trypanosoma species were determined in Kagarko Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria using entomological protocol. The tsetse flies were sampled using standard biconical traps and the flies collected were dissected for trypanosome using microscopy as well as expression of tsetse antigen 5 (TAg 5) using molecular tools. Forty seven (47) tsetse flies were collected over a period of four months, of which 13 (34.21%) were infected with Trypanosoma spp. The species of trypanosome identified include T. vivax 7(53.85%), T. congolense 5(38.46%) and T. brucei 1(7.69%), while expression of TAg 5 was observed in four of the examined flies. The presence of the flies with trypanosome of veterinary and medical importance demonstrate the risk of transmission of trypanosomiasis in the study area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

RR, Kasarla. "Brucella Infection: A Major Public Health Concern." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000227.

Full text

Abstract:

Zoonotic infectious diseases are common in societies where poverty is widespread, and where people rely on animals for their livelihood, that severely hinders livestock productivity and human health worldwide, particularly in the developing world and have been historically neglected by decision makers over the decades. WHO has identified a subgroup of eight endemic or neglected zoonotic diseasesanthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis, hydatid disease, leishmaniasis, rabies, and human African trypanosomiasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Silva, Marcelo E., Elizio A. Evangelista, Jacques R. Nicoli, Eduardo A. Bambirra, and Enio C. Vieira. "American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in conventional and germfree rats and mice." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 5 (October 1987): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000500004.

Full text

Abstract:

Germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) CFW (LOB) mice and Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease was more severe in the GF than in the CV animals as revealed by: (1) an earlier and more intense parasitemia; (2) a more precocious mortality; (3) a twice enlarged spleen: (4) a more intense cell and tissue parasitism; (5) visceral signs of cardiac failure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Lopes, Sabrina Thabla Pereira, Bruno Da Silva Prado, Gustavo Henrique Chaves Martins, Hiran Esmeraldo Albuquerque Beserra, Marcos Antônio Celestino de Souza Filho, Luanna Soares de Melo Evangelista, Janaina De Fátima Saraiva Cardoso, Ana Lys Bezerra Barradas Mineiro, and José Adalmir Torres De Souza. "Trypanosoma vivax in Dairy Cattle." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (April 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86772.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan that causes reproductive disorders and decreased production in domestic and wild ungulate animals. The bovine are the main hosts of the disease and the transmission occurs by the bite of hematophagous insects, mainly tabanids. Several diagnostic techniques can be used to detect the parasite, both in parasitologicalform and by serological kits. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in bovines, goats and sheep of some states, with high morbidity and mortality and due to the scarcity of results on the epidemiology of the disease, this work had the objective to report the presence of T. vivax in a female bovine of a dairy herd in Parnaíba county, Piauí.Case: The animal naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax, was a three-year-old cow from a dairy farm in the Parnaíba county, located in the north of Piauí state. The farm had a herd whith 62.20% of young Girolando breed cows and the breeding system used was semi-confinement, with two mechanical milking per day. At the time of a Veterinarian’s technicalvisit to the property, it was observed the occurrence of abortions, mastitis, estrus repetitions and cows with hematuria, leading to the suspicion of the bovine leptospirosis occurrence. Blood samples were collected from 78 cows from the herd for hematological, biochemical and serological tests, and 72 (92.30%) were reactive to some Leptospira serovars. All the exams were carried out at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). In the group of animals negative for leptospirosis, a female was diagnosed positive for bovine trypanosomiasis, confirming the result in the blood smear. This animal had no clinical signs characteristic of the disease at the time of the evaluation.Discussion: Blood trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma vivax were visualized on several slides of the animal smear and all the morphological structures of the parasite found were clearly seen under microscopyas described in the literature. The hematological alterations observed were normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis due tolymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia. The anemia and leukocytosis clinical condition found in the specific animal is commonly found in bovines naturally infected by trypanosomiasis in the chronic phase of the disease. The results of the serum biochemistry revealed decreased blood glucose and increased renal and hepatic parameters, as well as the inversion of the albumin-globulin ratio. Similar laboratory results were also described previously. The animal had a good body score, a good diet and showed no clinical signs of the disease. A good nutrition may have controlled the T. vivax parasitaemia, avoiding the characterization of the clinical condition. This fact can be attributed to the differences in pathogenicity of the parasite and/or susceptibility of a particular host. In the area of the farm where the cattle were housed the presence ofseveral tabanids was noticed and the increase of these insects in the environment is considered a risk factor, predisposing, even, the occurrence of new outbreaks. The epidemiological situation of the disease in Brazil is described, for the most part, by reports of outbreaks or specific events, revealing the lack of more consistent studies. With this result it is knownthat trypanosomiasis exists in the dairy herd of the state of Piauí, being important to carry out new work to diagnose the epidemiological situation of the disease within the productive context of our region.Keywords: bovine, dairy herd, trypanosomiasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Nurcahyo, Wisnu, Marlin R. K. Yowi, Sri Hartati, and Joko Prastowo. "The prevalence of horse trypanosomiasis in Sumba Island, Indonesia and its detection using card agglutination tests." Veterinary World 12, no. 5 (May 2019): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.646-652.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and Aim: Horses have a strategic and vital role to play in the lives of the people of Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. They act as social animals that are involved in death ceremonies, horse races, and during pasola, thereby supporting tourism, and are given away as dowry in wedding ceremonies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomiasis among horses in four districts of Sumba Island by examining clinical symptoms and detecting parasites, antibodies, and other factors that are related to Trypanosoma evansi infection in horses. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 211 horses that belonged to 88 clinical hobby breeders. Giemsa-colored smears and serum were examined in order to detect antibodies using card-agglutination tests (CATT). The study was conducted during the rainy season that lasted from January to March 2017. Potential risk factors such as the species, sex, origin of the livestock, how the livestock were maintained, and the farmers' knowledge concerning trypanosomiasis were recorded using questionnaires. Data were collected annually for three years from 2010-2012 and repeatedly analyzed by a Chi-square test. Results: Clinical signs of trypanosomiasis were found in 34 horses; blood smears were examined using Giemsa staining and negative preparations were obtained at a frequency of 0.0% (0/211). The CATT results generally showed that 13.3% (28/211) of the samples were seropositive for antibodies to T. evansi; the highest percentage, 16.67% (8/48), of seropositivity was found in the West Sumba District, and the lowest, 12.0% (5/50), was found in Southwest Sumba. The incidence of trypanosomiasis was higher (75% [21/28]) among female hip horses; horses with 1-5 years of experience were more susceptible to a T. evansi infection (46.4% [13/28]). In general, farmers on Sumba Island knew of trypanosomiasis (89.8% [79/88]), and 69.3% (61/88) of the farmers reported that their livestock was sick. This study was the first serological study conducted on trypanosomiasis in horses of Sumba Island after the surra outbreak in 2010-2012. There were 3% of farmers who were willing to provide the government with information on implementing a prevention program and controlling the spread of surra on the island. Conclusion: The diagnoses of surra disease were made based on clinical symptoms and parasitological examinations. CATTs could be used to diagnose T. evansi infection in horses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Mavhunga, Clapperton Chakanetsa. "Organic Vehicles and Passengers." Transfers 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060206.

Full text

Abstract:

What if the protagonist in mobility was not human or technology, but nature? What kind of mobility studies might we get? This is the focus of this story of the tsetse fly, set within the history of the British colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1910 to 1973. This insect feeds on the blood of anything it can bite. Thus when it bites into wild animals to draw blood (its food), it ingests a protozoan called the trypanosome, and when afterward the insect bites into and draws blood from livestock, it inoculates the animal with the deadly parasite it has drawn from the wild animal. The tsetse fly cannot travel far on its own, so it rides on any moving body (human, animal, inanimate), turning them into conveyer belts for trypanosomiasis, and drawing diverse technological responses. The tsetse is, therefore, a perfect example of a site from which to rethink mobility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Kargbo, Alpha, Edrisa Jawo, Amien Isaac Amoutchi, Herve Koua, Rex Kuye, Zainabou Dabre, Abdoulie Bojang, and Rafael F. C. Vieira. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Livestock Owners and Livestock Assistants towards African Trypanosomiasis Control in The Gambia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2022 (January 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3379804.

Full text

Abstract:

Background. In Africa, it has been estimated that 50 million cattle and 70 million sheep and goats are at risk of animal African trypanosomiasis, and three million cattle die annually. Methods. This study was conducted in all the regions of The Gambia except Kombo Saint Mary Island (Banjul). Structured questionnaires were administered to 440 randomly selected livestock owners and 23 livestock assistants, and 7 focus group discussions were held for both livestock owners and livestock assistants. The data were analyzed mainly using descriptive statistics and content analysis methods. Results. A total of 94.5% and 75% of livestock owners reported having seen tsetse and horse flies, respectively, while 100% of livestock assistants reported having seen tsetse flies. Forty-seven percent of the livestock owners indicated a positive attitude toward control measures, while 42% of them had no idea how to control tsetse flies. On the other hand, 57% of livestock assistants believe that tsetse and horse flies are the main reasons why AAT is still in their community. There was a statistically significant difference between all the respondents’ characteristics and the practices done by livestock owners to prevent AAT vectors from biting their animals. Conclusion. This study shows that trypanosomiasis is still a major problem for livestock health and production in The Gambia, and it requires disease and vector control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

OKOLO, M. I. O. "A case of dumb rabies and trypanosomiasis in an eight-week-old puppy." Journal of Small Animal Practice 27, no. 7 (July 1986): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb03965.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Cossic, Brieuc G. A., Brice Adjahoutonon, Pierre Gloaguen, Gui Lov Dibanganga, Gael Maganga, Pascal Leroy, Ewan T. MacLeod, and Kim Picozzi. "Trypanosomiasis challenge estimation using the diminazene aceturate (Berenil) index in Zebu in Gabon." Tropical Animal Health and Production 49, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1239-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Wangoola, Robert Mandela, Bardosh Kevin, Christine Among Acup, Susan Welburn, Charles Waiswa, and James Bugeza. "Factors associated with persistence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Lango subregion, northern Uganda." Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, no. 7 (May 3, 2019): 2011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01900-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Leaver, David. "Synthesis and Biological Activity of Sterol 14α-Demethylase and Sterol C24-Methyltransferase Inhibitors." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071753.

Full text

Abstract:

Sterol 14α-demethylase (SDM) is essential for sterol biosynthesis and is the primary molecular target for clinical and agricultural antifungals. SDM has been demonstrated to be a valid drug target for antiprotozoal therapies, and much research has been focused on using SDM inhibitors to treat neglected tropical diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. Sterol C24-methyltransferase (24-SMT) introduces the C24-methyl group of ergosterol and is an enzyme found in pathogenic fungi and protozoa but is absent from animals. This difference in sterol metabolism has the potential to be exploited in the development of selective drugs that specifically target 24-SMT of invasive fungi or protozoa without adversely affecting the human or animal host. The synthesis and biological activity of SDM and 24-SMT inhibitors are reviewed herein.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Sterkel, Marcos, Lee R. Haines, Aitor Casas-Sánchez, Vincent Owino Adung’a, Raquel J. Vionette-Amaral, Shannon Quek, Clair Rose, et al. "Repurposing the orphan drug nitisinone to control the transmission of African trypanosomiasis." PLOS Biology 19, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): e3000796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000796.

Full text

Abstract:

Tsetse transmit African trypanosomiasis, which is a disease fatal to both humans and animals. A vaccine to protect against this disease does not exist so transmission control relies on eliminating tsetse populations. Although neurotoxic insecticides are the gold standard for insect control, they negatively impact the environment and reduce populations of insect pollinator species. Here we present a promising, environment-friendly alternative to current insecticides that targets the insect tyrosine metabolism pathway. A bloodmeal contains high levels of tyrosine, which is toxic to haematophagous insects if it is not degraded and eliminated. RNA interference (RNAi) of either the first two enzymes in the tyrosine degradation pathway (tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)) was lethal to tsetse. Furthermore, nitisinone (NTBC), an FDA-approved tyrosine catabolism inhibitor, killed tsetse regardless if the drug was orally or topically applied. However, oral administration of NTBC to bumblebees did not affect their survival. Using a novel mathematical model, we show that NTBC could reduce the transmission of African trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa, thus accelerating current disease elimination programmes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!