Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia"

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Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.
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Corten, J. J. F. M., A. A. H. M. ter Huurne, P. D. S. Moorhouse, and R. C. de Rooij. "Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in South-West Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 2 (June 1988): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242230.

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Mulenga, Gloria M., Boniface Namangala, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Kyoko Hayashida, Lars Henning, and Bruce Gummow. "Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020068.

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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28 cases, respectively. In total, microscopy detected 40 cases. ITS-PCR-filter paper (FP) on blood spots stored on FP detected 47 cases, and ITS-PCR-FTA on blood spots stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards detected 83 cases. Using microscopy as the gold standard, ITS-PCR-FTA had a better specificity (SP) and sensitivity (SE) (SP = 72.2%; SE = 77.5%; kappa = 0.35) than ITS-PCR-FP (SP = 88%; SE = 60%; kappa = 0.45). The prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was higher on ITS-PCR-FTA (19/227) than on ITS-PCR-FP (0/227). Our results illustrate the complexities around trypanosomiasis surveillance in rural Africa and provide evidence of the impact that field conditions and staff training can have on diagnostic results, which in turn impact the success of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programs in the region.
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Masumu, J., T. Marcotty, D. Geysen, S. Geerts, J. Vercruysse, P. Dorny, and P. Van den Bossche. "Comparison of the virulence of Trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia." International Journal for Parasitology 36, no. 4 (April 2006): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.01.003.

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Simukoko, H., T. Marcotty, I. Phiri, D. Geysen, J. Vercruysse, and P. Van den Bossche. "The comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis on the plateau of eastern Zambia." Veterinary Parasitology 147, no. 3-4 (July 2007): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.005.

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MASUMU, J., T. MARCOTTY, N. NDELEDJE, C. KUBI, S. GEERTS, J. VERCRUYSSE, P. DORNY, and P. VAN DEN BOSSCHE. "Comparison of the transmissibility ofTrypanosoma congolensestrains, isolated in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia, byGlossina morsitans morsitans." Parasitology 133, no. 3 (May 24, 2006): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000369.

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Transmission experiments were conducted to compare the transmissibility of genetically differentTrypanosoma congolense(Savannah subgroup) strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia. A total of 17 strains were compared. Three strains were extremely virulent with a short pre-patent period, high parasitaemia and a short median survival time (between 5 and 9 days) in mice. The remainder of the strains belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) virulence categories with median survival times between 10 and 30 days and >30 days, respectively. Batches of 40 teneralGlossina morsitans morsitans(Diptera: Glossinidae) were offered a single bloodmeal on mice infected with one of those strains. Flies were dissected to determine their infection status 21 days later. The proportion of flies with procyclic and metacyclic infections differed significantly between trypanosome strains and were significantly higher in flies infected with extremely virulent strains (P=0·033 andP=0·016 for the differences in the procyclic infection rate of strains with moderate and low virulence, respectively andP=0·005 andP=0·019 for the differences in the metacyclic infection rate of strains with moderate and low virulence, respectively). On the other hand, moderately virulent strains had, in general, higher procyclic and metacyclic infection rates compared to low virulent strains. But the differences were not significant (P>0·05). The outcome of those experiments shows clear differences in transmissibility of trypanosome strains associated with their virulence. This observation confirms the theory for the evolution and maintenance of virulence in a parasite population and may explain the persistence of virulent trypanosome strains in a susceptible host population.
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Krafsur, E. S., J. G. Marquez, and J. O. Ouma. "Phylogeography and genealogy of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, no. 01 (February 3, 2016): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758415000223.

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Glossina pallidipes, a widely but discontinuously distributed African savanna species, is one of the economically important tsetse flies because it is a vector of trypanosomiasis, a lethal disease of cattle and other domestic animals. DNA sequences of ribosomal (r16S2, 249 bp) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI, 421 bp) concatenated mitochondrial genes were analysed in 23 geographically diverse samples ofG. pallidipesfrom Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Among 873 flies, we detected 181 composite haplotypes and found that their spatial diversities and frequency distributions were heterogeneous. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities were greatest in Ethiopia and least in southern Africa. We observed little haplotype and nucleotide diversity among regions, and detected severely limited maternal gene flow among the sampled populations (ΦST= 0.42). Tests for demographic stability and analysis of mismatch distributions revealed regionally contrasting demographic histories. The Ethiopian populations were phylogenetically the oldest and genetically the most diverse, and exhibited successive waves of contraction and expansion. The southern African populations were phylogenetically the youngest and genetically the least diverse, and showed only a single, recent expansion. Likely ecological correlates of historical tsetse fly demography include population suppression trials in East Africa and recurring rinderpest epizootics in southern Africa, beginning in the late nineteenth century that reduced host mammalian populations.
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Tuntasuvan, Darunee, Nopporn Sarataphan, and Hiroaki Nishikawa. "Cerebral trypanosomiasis in native cattle." Veterinary Parasitology 73, no. 3-4 (December 1997): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00128-3.

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Opasina, B. A., and J. O. Ekwuruke. "Trypanosomiasis in Nigerian trade cattle." Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, no. 4 (December 1987): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242126.

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De Bont, J., J. Vercruysse, V. R. Southgate, D. Rollinson, and A. Kaukas. "Cattle schistosomiasis in Zambia." Journal of Helminthology 68, no. 4 (December 1994): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00001516.

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AbstractA total of 358 cattle was examined for schistosome infection in Zambian slaughterhouses. A total of 542 worms collected from 104 infected individuals was examined for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase using isoelectric focusing. The overall prevalence of infection was 51%. Ninety three percent of the infected animals had less than 100 worm pairs in the mesenteric veins. Schistosoma mattheei was the predominant species (75%); S. leiperi (12%) and S. margrebowiei (2%) were also identified. The remaining 11% of the worms showed one of two distinct heterozygote patterns. Pattern A is identical to that of a laboratory-produced Fl S. mattheei × S. haematobium hybrid, but could also represent a S. mattheei × S. leiperi hybrid. Further studies are required to elucidate the origins of pattern B.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia"

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Delespaux, Vincent F. P. "Improved diagnosis of trypanosome infections and drug resistant T.congolense in livestock." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211060.

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The aim of this thesis was to provide a picture of the trypanosomosis and drug resistance prevalence in Eastern Province of Zambia, to understand the underlying factors of drug resistance (drug use habits), to improve the diagnosis of trypanosomosis in livestock and finally, to improve the diagnosis of isometamidium resistance in T.congolense. After an introductory part where available trypanosomosis and trypanocide resistance diagnostic methods are described and discussed, the body of the thesis is divided in two main sections. In the first section are presented the results of a cross-sectional and a longitudinal epidemiological survey describing the geographical distribution of trypanosomosis cases, of resistant isolates and of cattle treated with isometamidium chloride. The results of the monitoring of unsupervised treatments of cattle with isometamidium by farmers and veterinary assistants with the Isometamidium-ELISA technique are also presented. The second section describes the development of two new diagnostic methods, the first one allowing the diagnosis of trypanosome infections with high sensitivity and specificity through semi-nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. This is the first report of a pan-trypanosome PCR test (a single PCR test for the diagnosis of all important pathogenic trypanosomes of cattle). The second new method that was developed allows the diagnosis of isometamidium resistant T.congolense strains by PCR-RFLP. This is the first report of a PCR based diagnostic test of trypanocide resistance in T. congolense.


Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Anderson, Neil Euan. "Investigation into the ecology of trypanosomiasis in the Lungawa Valley, Zambia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4392.

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The Luangwa Valley is recognised as a focus of endemic infection with human sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense. Extensive infection of the wildlife population with many species of trypanosome has been identified and livestock keeping is almost non-existent due to losses from trypanosomiasis and predation by wild animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecology of trypanosomiasis in this mult-host wildlife community, relatively free from anthropogenic influences. Particular focus was to be applied to the role of common warthog, phacocoerus aethipicus, within the reservoir community. The thesis initially reviews the history of protected area management in the Luangwa Valley. Remotely sensed imagery is then used in a study of the vegetation units of Luambe National Park. A supervised classification algorithm utilising fuzzy logic is used to generate a land cover classification of the part with an overall accuracy of 71%. Surveys of the tsetse and wild mammal population in Luambe national park are then presented. Data collected from the tsetse survey are analysed using generalised linear models with mixed effects to investigate factors influencing the trypanosome prevalence in tsetse, as well as the distribution and apparent density of tsetse. The density of tyhe host mammal population is assessed using distance sampling techniques and the distribution of warthog burrows mapped. Finally, a cross-sectional survey of trypanosome prevalence in the wild animal population of the Luangwa Valley is described, using novel molecular techniques for diagnosis. Risk factors for infection are analysed using logistic regression analysis and the host distribution for each trypanosome species described.
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Hopkins, Julian Sydney. "Epidemiological investigations of bovine trypanosomiasis in the common fly belt of Zambia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29806.

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The causes of anaemia in cattle were reviewed and it was postulated that trypanosomiasis or malnutrition were the main factors in affecting herd mean packed cell volume (PCV). In 1995/6 ˜ 18,000 cattle from 495 herds raised in the common tsetse fly belt of Zambia were examined haematologically, and PCV values were recorded with peripheral blood examined for trypanosomes via the buffy coat smear technique. Giemsa stained thick and thin dried blood smears (T&TS) were also examined. The results were entered into a tailor made Integrated Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Database and were summarised as mean herd PCV, proportion of herd anaemic and parasitological prevalence. Using a linear regression model, ˜36% of the variance of the mean herd PCV could be accounted for by parasitological prevalence. A logistic regression of the data gave little improvement. The sensitivities of the buffy coat as well as T&TS examinations were calculated mathematically based on the Poisson distribution and these diagnostic techniques were reckoned to be probably more sensitive than previous work had suggested. The spatial distribution of bovine trypanosomiasis and the herd haematocrit values are displayed using a Geographical Information System (GIS). An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of trypanosomal antibodies (Ab-ELISA) in serum using crude somatic antigen from T. congolense. The assay was further adapted to carry out tests using circles of dried blood held on filter paper. Inter and intra-assay sources of variation were investigated, as were the effects of sample storage and management. The assay was compared to the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and kinetics of anti-trypanosomal antibody were examined. Twelve thousand blood spot samples were assayed and the data were subject to a rigorous system of quality assurance, with the percentage positivity system of data expression being adopted.
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Esena, Reuben K. "Studies on cattle trypanosomiasis in the coastal savannah zone of Ghana." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367520.

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Amadou, Ibrahim Ahamed. "Economics of animal trypanosomiasis control in the Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319241.

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Roderick, Stephen. "Pastoralist cattle productivity in a tsetse infested area of south west Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262627.

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Teixeira, Márcia Cristina Alves [UNESP]. "Estudo clínico, hematológico, bioquímico sérico, parasitológico, imunológico e patológico de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com Trypanosoma evansi Steel, 1885 (Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosomatidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101227.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_mca_dr_jabo.pdf: 2885202 bytes, checksum: 80086a83bb46ca2cb05bc1ae5ea75a8d (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Trypanosoma evansi é patogênico para a maioria dos animais, acometendo bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos, ovinos, suínos, cães, quatis, capivaras, camelos e outras espécies animais em áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo terrestre sendo, no Brasil, a doença endêmica no pantanal mato-grossense. O presente estudo teve como fito principal estudar a evolução clínica, as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas sérica, imunológicas e anatomopatológicas de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com T. evansi. Para tal, foram utilizados oito bovinos, clinicamente sadios e sorologicamente negativos para T. evansi. Três foram mantidos como testemunhos e cinco inoculados com T. evansi. Exames físicos, parasitológicos, hematimétricos e bioquímicos séricos (proteínograma, índice ictérico e glicose) e do líquido cefalorraquidiano foram realizados. Nos exames físicos realizados nos bovinos até 525° DAI não foi notada nenhuma anormalidade clínica com relação à temperatura retal, batimentos cardíacos, frequência respiratória, movimentos ruminais, aspectos de membranas mucosas (nasal, conjuntival, oral, vaginal e/ou prepucial) e dos linfonodos externos (mandibulares, maxilares, parotídeos, cervicais superficiais, sublíacos e mamários). A presença de tripomastigotas foi demonstrada através da prova biológica nos bovinos 01, 06 e 08 no15° DAI, bovinos 06 e 07 no 30° DAI, bovinos 01 e 06 no 45° DAI, bovino 06 no 60° DAI, bovino 01 no 75° DAI. As contagens de hemácias, os teores de hemoglobina e os volumes globulares dos bovinos, experimentalmente infectados, variaram dentro dos limites de normalidade para a espécie bovina. O VGM, HGM e CHGM, apresentam alterações pontuais.
Trypanosoma evansi are pathogenic to most of animals, affecting cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, coatis, capybaras, camels and other animals in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, and, in Brazil, it causes an endemic disease in the Pantanal Mato Grosso. This study primarily aimed to study the clinical, hematological, biochemical, immunological and pathological alterations in cattle experimentally infected with T. evansi. For this purpose, we used eight animals, clinically healthy and serologically negative for T. evansi. Three animas were kept as evidence and five were inoculated with T. evansi. Physical, parasitological, hematological and serum biochemical (proteins, icteric index and glucose) and cerebrospinal fluid examination were performed. In the physical examination conducted in cattle up to 525th DAI were not observated any clinical abnormality in concerning rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminal movements, aspects of the mucous membranes (nasal, conjunctival, oral, vaginal and / or specimen) and external nodes (mandibular, maxillary, parotid, superficial cervical, breast and sublíacos). The presence of trypomastigotes was demonstrated by bioassay in cattle 01, 06 and 08 no 15th DAI, cattle 06 and 07 at 30° DAI, cattle 01 and 06 on the 45 th DAI, cattle 06 in 60 th DAI, cattle 01 in 75 th DAI. Red blood cells counts, hemoglobin content and volume cell of experimentally infected cattle were within normal limits for the bovine species. The MCV, MHC and MCHC, showed specific changes. Physical examination of the cerebrospinal fluid did not show alterations in appearance and coloration. Morever, using the Giensa-stained blood smears, buffy coat technique (BCT) and mouse inoculation procedure were negative for T. evansi tripomastigote. Serum protein concentrations, identified 26 proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 245 KD.
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Hamill, Louise Claire. "Molecular epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in Ugandan cattle during the Stamping Out Sleeping Sickness control programme, 2006-2008." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12257.

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Over the past two decades movement of cattle towards the north of Uganda has enabled the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense focus in south-eastern Uganda to spread into previously unaffected districts. This thesis brings together important epidemiological data regarding the impact of mass cattle drug treatment on the point prevalence of several different species of trypanosome in a newly endemic area of human sleeping sickness. Crucially the findings illustrate mass drug treatment is effective in reducing the prevalence of T. b. rhodesiense in cattle, thus minimising the reservoir potential of these animals in the epidemiology of human disease. During 2006 a control programme was launched to halt the northward spread of this zoonotic parasite. This programme, entitled ‘Stamping Out Sleeping Sickness’ (SOS) proposed to reduce the prevalence of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the newly affected districts by reducing the prevalence of this parasite in the main animal reservoir of infection – domestic cattle. Cattle were mass treated using trypanocides to clear infections. Previous work demonstrated the prevalence of T. brucei s. l. and T. b. rhodesiense in cattle was higher in the districts of Dokolo and Kaberamaido than in the other SOS intervention districts (Selby 2011). To determine whether animals in these areas were also exposed to pathogenic cattle trypanosomes samples were screened for the presence of T. vivax and T. congolense savannah using PCR. Chapter three of this thesis determined the prevalence of these trypanosomes in cattle in these districts. Before treatment had taken place the prevalence of T. vivax was 2% (4/200, 95% CI 3.57 – 0.12%) in Dokolo and 7.3% (21/310, 95% CI 10.17 - 4.24 %) in Kaberamaido. The prevalence of T. congolense savannah at baseline was 3.5% (7/200, 95% CI 7.08–1.42 %) in Dokolo and 9.1% (21/230, 95% CI13.6–5.7 %) in Kaberamaido. Monitoring was conducted three, nine and 18 months post treatment and both pathogens were detected at all time points. The impact the treatment had on point prevalence varied by trypanosome species and between the two districts. Several clusters of villages in Dokolo and Kaberamaido continued to report cases of HAT after the initial SOS intervention due in part to their proximity to livestock markets (Batchelor et al., 2009). In 2008 re-treatment of these ‘high risk’ areas was undertaken. Monitoring was performed before and six months after treatment. Cattle blood samples were collected at 20 village sites from ten ‘case-positive villages’ (from which human sleeping sickness cases had been reported six months prior to June 2007) and from ten ‘case-negative villages’ (no reported human sleeping sickness cases six months prior to June 2007). These samples were screened for all of the aforementioned trypanosomes using species specific PCR protocols. Chapter five details the results of this screening, and assessed whether re-treatment in Dokolo and Kaberamaido was effective in reducing the prevalence of trypanosomiasis. The re-treatment had a dramatic effect, significantly reducing the point prevalence of overall trypanosomiasis in the 20 villages screened from 38.1% (95% CI = 40.5 – 35.79%) at baseline to 26.9% (95% CI 28.96 – 24.97, p < 0.0001) at six months. Looking at each species separately, point prevalence of three out of four detected species of trypanosome fell significantly, including T. b. rhodesiense, which was reduced to 25% of its baseline prevalence. Finally the two SOS treatment cycles were compared both statistically and spatially with emphasis on trends at village level and the occurrence of mixed infections.
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Olaniyan, Oluwashola. "Vectors and transmission routes of animal trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau north central Nigeria." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23398.

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Tsetse flies, Glossina species, are the biological vectors of Trypanosoma species which cause animal African trypanosomiases (AAT) in livestock (especially cattle) in sub-Saharan Africa. This disease is often fatal without treatment and negatively impacts on rural, agricultural and economic development. On the Jos Plateau, north central Nigeria, AAT was historically of little significance due to the presumed absence of tsetse and Fulani pastoralists were encouraged to settle there. But over the last 30 years, the disease has become widespread and highly prevalent in the area. This has been attributed to the expansion of tsetse on the plateau, frequent migrations of cattle to areas with higher tsetse densities and the presence of other biting flies which serve as mechanical vectors. In the current study, the presence and abundance of tsetse was determined in selected villages using biconical tsetse trap surveys. The low number of flies trapped suggests that tsetse expansion has been very limited within the plateau but the fact that trypanosome DNA was present in over half of these flies implicates them in AAT transmission. The migration of a herd of cattle was also tracked and during the period, blood samples were collected from the cattle and examined for trypanosomes using molecular techniques. Despite prophylactic treatment and deltamethrin sprays, results showed that a significant proportion of the animals (52%) had become infected with T. vivax over the migration period. Tsetse flies (G. palpalis) were also slightly more abundant in some of parts of the migration area. Potential mechanical vectors (Stomoxys spp. and Tabanidae) were trapped and results obtained from the examination of their mouthparts for trypanosomes indicate their involvement in transmission. However, it is difficult to make any definite conclusions about their overall contribution which is thought to be minimal and more studies are needed to clarify their significance. It is concluded that trypanosomiasis risk from tsetse on the Jos Plateau is currently low and seasonal migration appears to be the main driver of AAT transmission by exposing cattle to more tsetse for longer periods. Other biting flies may play a limited role which remains undetermined. Continued monitoring of cattle and tsetse across the plateau over the next few years is important and the careful use of trypanocides and insecticide treated cattle is recommended as an appropriate control strategy.
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Kajunguri, Damian. "Modelling the control of tsetse and African trypanosomiasis through application of insecticides on cattle in Southeastern Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80175.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Uganda, cattle are an important reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. We developed mathematical models to examine the transmission of T. b. rhodesiense by tsetse vector species, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in a host population that consists of humans, domestic and wild mammals, and reptiles. The models were developed and analysed based on the situation in Tororo district in Southeastern Uganda, where sleeping sickness is endemic and which has a cattle and human population of 40, 000 and 500, 000, respectively. Assuming populations of cattle and humans only, the impact of mass chemoprophylaxis and vector control through insecticide-treated cattle (ITC) is evaluated. Keeping 12% or 82% of the cattle population on insecticides that have an insecticidal killing effect of 100% at all times or trypanocides that have 100% efficacy, respectively, can lead to the control of T. b. rhodesiense in both humans and cattle. Optimal control of T. b. rhodesiense is shown to be achieved through ITC alone or a combination of chemoprophylaxis and ITC, the former being the cheapest control strategy. Allowing for the waning effect of insecticides and including wildhosts, T. b. rhodesiense control can be achieved by keeping 21% or 27% of the cattle population on insecticides through whole-body or restricted application, respectively. Restricting the treatment of insecticides to adult cattle only would require 24% or 33% of the adult cattle population to be kept on insecticides through whole-body or restricted application, respectively, to control T. b. rhodesiense. A cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of using ITC to control T. b. rhodesiense show that restricted application of insecticides is a cheaper and more beneficial strategy compared to whole-body treatment. The results of the study show that the restricted application of insecticides on cattle provides a cheap, safe and farmer-based strategy for controlling tsetse and trypanosomiasis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Uganda is beeste ’n belangrike reservoir van Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, ’n parasiet wat tripanosomiase of slaapsiekte in mense veroorsaak. Ons het wiskundige modelle ontwikkel wat die oordrag van T. b. Rhodesiense deur tesetse vektor spesies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in ’n draer populasie wat bestaan uit mense, mak en wilde diere en reptiele, ondersoek. Die modelle was ontwikkel en geanaliseer gebaseer op die oordrag situasie in die Tororo distrik in Suidoostelike Uganda, ’n gebied waar slaapsiekte endemies is en wat ’n populasie van 40, 000 beeste en 500, 000 mense het. Die impak van massa chemoprofilakse en vektor beheer deur insekdoder-behandelde beeste is gevalueer onder die aanname van bees en mens populasies alleenlik. Beheer oor T. b. Rhodesiense in beide mense en beeste kan verkry word deur of 12% van die bees populasie te behandel met ’n insekdoder wat 100% effektief is ten alle tye of 82% van die bees populasie te behandel met tripanosiedes wat 100% effektief is. Daar is aangetoon dat optimale beheer van T. b. Rhodesiense bereik kan word deur die gebruik van insekdoders alleenlik of ’n kombinasie van insekdoders en chemoprofilakse, hoewel eersgenoemde die goedkoopste strategie is. Wanneer die kwynende effek van insekdoders asook wilde diere as draers in ag geneem word, kan T. b. Rhodesiense beheer verkry word deur 21% van beeste se hele liggaam met insekdoders te behandel of 27% gedeeltelik te behandel. As slegs volwasse beeste met insekdoders behandel word, moet 24% se hele liggaam of 33% gedeeltelik behandel word vir beheer van T. b. Rhodesiense. ’n Koste-effektiwiteit en voordeel-koste analise van insekdoders as beheermaatstaf vir T. b. Rhodesiense toon aan dat gedeeltelike behandeling van die bees se liggaam die goedkoper en meer voordelige strategie is in vergelyking met behandeling van die hele liggaam. Die resultate van die studie wys dat gedeeltelike behandeling van beeste met insekdoders ’n goedkoop, veilige en landbouer-gebaseerde strategie is om tsetse en tripanosomiase te beheer.
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Books on the topic "Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia"

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Economics of trypanosomiasis control in cattle. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel, 1988.

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Trypanotolerant livestock in the context of trypanosomiasis intervention strategies. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005.

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Sauveroche, Benoit. Physiologie de la reproduction des bovins trypanotolerants: Synthese des connaissances actuelles. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1993.

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H, Holmes P., and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Drug management and parasite resistance in bovine trypanosomiasis in Africa. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.

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International Study Workshop on Tsetse Population and Behaviour (1989 Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya). Proceedings of the International Study Workshop on Tsetse Population and Behaviour: 6-10 August 1989. Edited by Otieno L. H and Saini R. K. Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa: ICIPE Science Press, 1990.

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Institute, Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research. Proceedings of the third KETRI internal review: 6th-10th June 1994. Edited by Omuse John K, Ndungu Joseph, and Alusi P. M. Kikuyu, Kenya: KETRI, 1995.

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Itty, Pradeep. Economics of village cattle production in tsetse affected areas of Africa: A study of trypanosomiasis control using trypanotolerant cattle and chemotherapy in Ethiopia, Kenya, Cote d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Zaire and Togo. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1992.

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Wiersma, E. Lusu spoton trial: Sesheke. [Lusaka?]: RDP Livestock Services B.V., 1992.

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Beerling, Marie-Louise E. J. The advantage of having cattle: Distribution of cattle and access to benefits derived from cattle in the Western Province of Zambia. Mongu [Zambia]: RDP Livestock Services B.V., 1991.

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Beerling, Marie-Louise E. J. Acquisition and alienation of cattle in the traditional rural economy of Western Province, Zambia. Mongu [Zambia]: Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development, Dept. of Veterinary and Tsetse Control, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia"

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Black, Samuel J. "Control of pathogenesis in African animal trypanosomiasis: a search for answers at ILRAD, ILCA and ILRI, 1975-2018." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 103–47. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0103.

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Abstract This book chapter describes the management of animal trypanosomiasis: (i) vector control/eradication; (ii) use of trypanocides; and (iii) use of trypanotolerant breeds of cattle. Vector control includes reducing the tsetse fly population with traps and insecticides, and in areas with a high population of trypanosome infected tsetse, animals are prophylactically administered antiparasitic drugs. To date, there is no AAT vaccine available, as discussed below. While disappointing with respect to AAT control, studies of AAT pathogenesis at ILRAD/ILRI did identify the definitive question for immunological research on AAT, namely, how do trypanosomes eliminate TD antibody responses in trypanosomiasis-susceptible mammals? In addition, the work at ILRI on the genetic basis of trypanotolerance contributed a high-density singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map of the bovine genome that has intrinsic value for analysis of QTLs that control other traits, including susceptibility to other diseases.
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Dietvorst, Désirée C. E. "Cattle Marketing in Zambia, 1965-1995." In Agricultural Marketing in Tropical Africa, edited by Henk A. J. Moll, 185–204. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429460265-10.

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Wamwiri, Florence Njeri, and Joanna Eseri Auma. "Overview of the Vectors and Their Role in Transmission of African Animal Trypanosomiasis." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 53–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch003.

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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a major constraint to livestock productivity, particularly in cattle and in camels. This chapter covers some general aspects of the arthropod vectors of animal trypanosomiasis, the tsetse flies Glossina spp., and to a lesser extent the biting flies. This chapter covers the classification, morphology, basic biology, and the eco-distribution of tsetse flies. The role of tsetse flies in disease epidemiology has also been reviewed. The elementary biology of these vectors is quite well known and elucidated. However, with advances in molecular and other biological techniques, new insights related to tsetse biology have been obtained. This chapter will revisit these basics and include some updated information emanating from research done in the recent past. The final part of the chapter is devoted to a brief discussion on biting flies, the vectors of T. evansi, which causes camel trypanosomiasis.
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis in East and Central Africa." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0016.

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Disease, we have argued, influenced patterns of colonization, especially in West Africa, the Americas, and Australia (Chapter 2). In turn, imperial transport routes facilitated the spread of certain diseases, such as bubonic plague. This chapter expands our discussion of environmentally related diseases by focusing on trypanosomiasis, carried by tsetse fly, in East and Central Africa. Unlike plague, this disease of humans and livestock was endemic and restricted to particular ecological zones in Africa. But as in the case of plague, the changing incidence of trypanosomiasis was at least in part related to imperialism and colonial intrusion in Africa. Coastal East Africa presented some of the same barriers to colonization as West Africa. Portugal maintained a foothold in South-East Africa for centuries, and its agents expanded briefly onto the Zimbabwean plateau in the seventeenth century, but could not command the interior. Had these early incursions been more successful, southern Africa may have been colonized from the north, rather than by the Dutch and British from the south. Parts of East Africa were a source of slaves and ivory in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The trading routes, commanded by Arab and Swahili African networks, as well as Afro-Portuguese further south, were linked with the Middle East and the Indian Ocean. In the early decades of the nineteenth century, slave-holding expanded within enclaves of East Africa, such as the clove plantations of Zanzibar. When Britain attempted to abolish the slave trade in the early nineteenth century, and policed the West African coast, East and Central African sources briefly became more important for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves from these areas were taken to Latin America and the Spanish Caribbean. Britain did not have the same intensity of contact with East Africa as with West and southern Africa until the late nineteenth century. There was no major natural resource that commanded a market in Europe and British traders had limited involvement in these slave markets. But between the 1880s and 1910s, most of East and Central Africa was taken under colonial rule, sometimes initially as protectorates: by Britain in Kenya and Uganda; Germany in Tanzania; Rhodes’s British South Africa Company in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi; and by King Leopold of Belgium in the Congo.
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Maichomo, Monicah W., Caleb Oburu Orenge, and Samuel Mwanzia Mbuku. "Use of Trypanotolerant Breeds." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 95–121. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch005.

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This chapter describes the meaning of trypanotolerance and its implication as used with trypanotolerant livestock that are known and studied for many years in West Africa. This trait is observed in many West African breeds of cattle that survive in areas of tsetse fly challenge where the humped zebu cannot. Small ruminants and wildlife also exhibit increased resistance to infection with trypanosomes. Trypanotolerance is viewed as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to control of trypanosomiasis given the limitations of the present methods of control and lack of vaccine. Little work has been conducted with East African cattle breeds. The Kenyan Orma Boran (OB) has been studied since 1983 to enhance its conservation and utilization in East African region. Nucleus breeding herd of superior genotypes was multiplied in Galana Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) and disseminated to trypanosomosis endemic areas of Kenya. On evaluation, performance of the crosses was comparable to that of other Borans. Challenges of adoption in pastoral area are presented.
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"Chapter Seven. "We Had Cattle And Did Not Fish And Hunt Anyhow!" Institutional Change And Contested Commons In The Kafue Flats Floodplain (Zambia)." In Disputing the Floodplains, 301–59. BRILL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004185326.i-454.86.

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