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Journal articles on the topic 'Trypanosomiasis in cattle – Zambia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African try

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Corten, J. J. F. M., A. A. H. M. ter Huurne, P. D. S. Moorhouse, and R. C. de Rooij. "Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in South-West Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 2 (1988): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242230.

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Mulenga, Gloria M., Boniface Namangala, Kalinga Chilongo, et al. "Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020068.

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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28

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4

Masumu, J., T. Marcotty, D. Geysen, et al. "Comparison of the virulence of Trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia." International Journal for Parasitology 36, no. 4 (2006): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.01.003.

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5

Simukoko, H., T. Marcotty, I. Phiri, D. Geysen, J. Vercruysse, and P. Van den Bossche. "The comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis on the plateau of eastern Zambia." Veterinary Parasitology 147, no. 3-4 (2007): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.005.

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6

MASUMU, J., T. MARCOTTY, N. NDELEDJE, et al. "Comparison of the transmissibility ofTrypanosoma congolensestrains, isolated in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia, byGlossina morsitans morsitans." Parasitology 133, no. 3 (2006): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000369.

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Transmission experiments were conducted to compare the transmissibility of genetically differentTrypanosoma congolense(Savannah subgroup) strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia. A total of 17 strains were compared. Three strains were extremely virulent with a short pre-patent period, high parasitaemia and a short median survival time (between 5 and 9 days) in mice. The remainder of the strains belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) virulence categories with median survival times between 10 and 30 days and >30 days, respectively. Bat

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7

Krafsur, E. S., J. G. Marquez, and J. O. Ouma. "Phylogeography and genealogy of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, no. 01 (2016): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758415000223.

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Glossina pallidipes, a widely but discontinuously distributed African savanna species, is one of the economically important tsetse flies because it is a vector of trypanosomiasis, a lethal disease of cattle and other domestic animals. DNA sequences of ribosomal (r16S2, 249 bp) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI, 421 bp) concatenated mitochondrial genes were analysed in 23 geographically diverse samples ofG. pallidipesfrom Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Among 873 flies, we detected 181 composite haplotypes and found that their spatial diversities and frequency distributions were het

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8

Tuntasuvan, Darunee, Nopporn Sarataphan, and Hiroaki Nishikawa. "Cerebral trypanosomiasis in native cattle." Veterinary Parasitology 73, no. 3-4 (1997): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00128-3.

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9

Opasina, B. A., and J. O. Ekwuruke. "Trypanosomiasis in Nigerian trade cattle." Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, no. 4 (1987): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242126.

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10

De Bont, J., J. Vercruysse, V. R. Southgate, D. Rollinson, and A. Kaukas. "Cattle schistosomiasis in Zambia." Journal of Helminthology 68, no. 4 (1994): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00001516.

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AbstractA total of 358 cattle was examined for schistosome infection in Zambian slaughterhouses. A total of 542 worms collected from 104 infected individuals was examined for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase using isoelectric focusing. The overall prevalence of infection was 51%. Ninety three percent of the infected animals had less than 100 worm pairs in the mesenteric veins. Schistosoma mattheei was the predominant species (75%); S. leiperi (12%) and S. margrebowiei (2%) were also identified. The remaining 11% of the worms showed one of two distinct heterozygote patte

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11

Squarre, David, Ilunga Kabongo, Musso Munyeme, et al. "Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Kafue National Park, Zambia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 5 (2016): e0004567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004567.

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12

Isoun, T. T., M. J. Isoun, and V. O. Anosa. "PLASMA FREE AMINO ACID PROFILES OF CATTLE INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX: A PRELIMINARY REPORT." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (January 19, 2021): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2675.

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EMACIATION and poor productivity have been recognised as some of the major features of the chronic form of bovine trypanosomiasis. However, the biochemical and nutritional bases of the Wasting and reduced growth rates of cattle with trypanosomiasis are yet to be adequately elucidated, such data may be needed, not only for the clinical management of the disease but also in the proper husbandry practice of cattle in endemic areas of trypanosomiasis for animal protein production.

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13

Katabazi, Aziz, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, Sarah Gift Witto, Martin Odoki, and Simon Peter Musinguzi. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7284042.

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Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal Africa

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14

Trail, J. C. M., M. Murray, K. Sones, J. M. C. Jibbo, J. Durkin, and D. Light. "Boran cattle maintained by chemoprophylaxis under trypanosomiasis risk." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (1985): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055829.

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SUMMARYReproductive performance, mortality, growth, and culling and replacement rates based on 20000 calving records were evaluated for grade Boran beef cattle maintained with trypanocidal drugs in an area of high trypanosomiasis risk in Tanzania. Under ranching conditions, over a 10-year period in this area of high Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis challenge, a calving interval of 15·9 months, pre-weaning mortality of 8%, annual cow mortality of 5·8% and 8-month weaning weight of 133·5 kg resulted in a herd productivity of 96 kg of weaner calf per cow per year. Th

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15

Murray, Max, and S. J. Black. "African trypanosomiasis in cattle: Working with nature's solution." Veterinary Parasitology 18, no. 2 (1985): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(85)90065-2.

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16

Doko, A., B. Guedegbe, R. Baelmans, et al. "Trypanosomiasis in different breeds of cattle from Benin." Veterinary Parasitology 40, no. 1-2 (1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(91)90078-a.

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17

Giblin, James. "Trypanosomiasis Control in African History: An Evaded Issue?" Journal of African History 31, no. 1 (1990): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024786.

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Social control of trypanosomiasis in African history deserves further study. The pioneering work in this field is John Ford's respected but neglected The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology (1971). While Ford's arguments have received support from recent findings in immunological, epidemiological and epizootiological research, they have rarely met with evaluation or engagement, either in historical or scientific literature. Historians have tended to describe trypanosomiasis control as a matter of avoiding contact with tsetse fly. In so doing they have implicitly rejected the positio

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18

Muma, John Bwalya, Girja Shankar Pandey, Musso Munyeme, Chisoni Mumba, Ethel Mkandawire, and Henry Mwelwa Chimana. "Brucellosis among smallholder cattle farmers in Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, no. 4 (2011): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9987-x.

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19

Vieira, Osires Lustosa Eloi, Lucia Oliveira de Macedo, Marcos Antônio Bezerra Santos, et al. "Detection and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 4 (2017): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017048.

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Abstract Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is an important cause of economic losses among feedlot cattle. These losses are related to the morbidity, mortality, reproductive issues and decreased production. It is known that the clinical signs observed in infections by this protozoon are similar to other hemoparasitosis, which difficult the diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and molecularly characterize an outbreak of trypanosomiasis caused by T. (D.) vivax in dairy cattle in the municipality of São Miguel Aleixo, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Blood samples from cattle (n = 15) p

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20

Otieno, J., J. Y. T. Mugisha, B. K. Nannyonga, and P. Oleche. "Parameter driven dynamics of trypanosomiasis in a cattle population." Applied Mathematical Sciences 8 (2014): 2665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2014.4114.

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21

Authié, E. "Trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance in cattle: A role for congopain?" Parasitology Today 10, no. 9 (1994): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(94)90252-6.

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22

Kakoma, I., F. K. Wurapa, B. Boatin, and M. Bulsara. "Diagnostic Value of the Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test for Trypanosomiasis in Zambia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, no. 1 (1985): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.69.

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23

Rajavel, Abirami, Felix Heinrich, Armin Otto Schmitt, and Mehmet Gültas. "Identifying Cattle Breed-Specific Partner Choice of Transcription Factors during the African Trypanosomiasis Disease Progression Using Bioinformatics Analysis." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020246.

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African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which affects millions of livestock every year causing huge economic losses in agricultural production especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is spread by the tsetse fly which carries the parasite in its saliva. During the disease progression, the cattle are prominently subjected to anaemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, chills, neuronal degeneration, congestive heart failure, and finally death. According to their different genetic programs governing the level of tolerance to AAT, cattle breeds are cl

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24

Vincendeau, Philippe, and Bernard Bouteille. "Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 4 (2006): 645–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000400004.

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Major modifications of immune system have been observed in African trypanosomiasis. These immune reactions do not lead to protection and are also involved in immunopathology disorders. The major surface component (variable surface glycoprotein,VSG) is associated with escape to immune reactions, cytokine network dysfunctions and autoantibody production. Most of our knowledge result from experimental trypanosomiasis. Innate resistance elements have been characterised. In infected mice, VSG preferentially stimulates a Th 1-cell subset. A response of <FONT FACE=Symbol>gd</FONT> and CD8

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25

Lopes, Sabrina Thabla Pereira, Bruno Da Silva Prado, Gustavo Henrique Chaves Martins, et al. "Trypanosoma vivax in Dairy Cattle." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (April 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86772.

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Background: Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan that causes reproductive disorders and decreased production in domestic and wild ungulate animals. The bovine are the main hosts of the disease and the transmission occurs by the bite of hematophagous insects, mainly tabanids. Several diagnostic techniques can be used to detect the parasite, both in parasitologicalform and by serological kits. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in bovines, goats and sheep of some states, with high morbidity and mortality and due to the scarcity of results on the epidemiology of the disease, this work had the o

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26

Simukoko, H., T. Marcotty, J. Vercruysse, and P. Van den Bossche. "Bovine trypanosomiasis risk in an endemic area on the eastern plateau of Zambia." Research in Veterinary Science 90, no. 1 (2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.021.

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27

Tuchili, L., G. Pandey, P. Sinyangwe, and T. Kaji. "Anthrax in cattle, wildlife and humans in Zambia." Veterinary Record 132, no. 19 (1993): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.19.487-a.

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28

Chilonda, P., G. Van Huylenbroeck, L. D'Haese, et al. "Cattle Production and Veterinary Care Systems in Zambia." Outlook on Agriculture 28, no. 2 (1999): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709902800208.

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29

SCORZIELLO, MARIA, ADRIANO MANTOVANI, DANIELE DE MENEGHI, SILVANA DIVERIO, and PETER MASUNU. "Occupational health promotion amongst cattle farmers in Zambia." Health Promotion International 8, no. 2 (1993): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/8.2.103.

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30

KADOHIRA, Mutsuyo, and Kenny SAMUI. "Traditional cattle farmers in Monze district of Zambia." Journal of African Studies 2002, no. 61 (2002): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.2002.61_73.

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31

Lubungu, Mary, and Regina Birner. "Gender relations in smallholder cattle production in Zambia." World Development Perspectives 22 (June 2021): 100309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100309.

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32

Dolan, R. B., G. Okech, H. Alushula, et al. "Homidium bromide as a chemoprophylactic for cattle trypanosomiasis in Kenya." Acta Tropica 47, no. 3 (1990): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(90)90019-v.

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33

Claxton, J. R., P. Leperre, P. Rawlings, W. F. Snow, and R. H. Dwinger. "Trypanosomiasis in cattle in Gambia: Incidence, prevalence and tsetse challenge." Acta Tropica 50, no. 3 (1992): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(92)90078-c.

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34

Leeflang, P. "Trypanosomiasis And Animal Production In Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, no. 1 (2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i1.2319.

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TRYPANOSOMIASIS is one of the principal factors restricting growth of the livestock industry in Nigeria and, therefore, is a direct concern of animal scientists who aspire to increase the production of animal protein in this country. The present paper reviews the value of drug treatment of disease animals, destruction of game, clearing of vegetation, and the extermination of the tse-tse flies by insecticides as methods of controlling this disease; it also discusses the contribution of integrated land use, improved standards of nutrition and management, and trypanosome-tolerant cattle to minimi

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35

Munang'andu, Hetron Mweemba, Victor Siamudaala, Musso Munyeme, and King Shimumbo Nalubamba. "A Review of Ecological Factors Associated with the Epidemiology of Wildlife Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa and Zambezi Valley Ecosystems of Zambia." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/372523.

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Trypanosomiasis has been endemic in wildlife in Zambia for more than a century. The disease has been associated with neurological disorders in humans. Current conservation strategies by the Zambian government of turning all game reserves into state-protected National Parks (NPs) and game management areas (GMAs) have led to the expansion of the wildlife and tsetse population in the Luangwa and Zambezi valley ecosystem. This ecological niche lies in the common tsetse fly belt that harbors the highest tsetse population density in Southern Africa. Ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and

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36

Marsela, Megasari, Kyoko Hayashida, Ryo Nakao, et al. "Molecular identification of trypanosomes in cattle in Malawi using PCR methods and nanopore sequencing: epidemiological implications for the control of human and animal trypanosomiases." Parasite 27 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020043.

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This study aimed to identify trypanosomes infecting cattle in Malawi in order to understand the importance of cattle in the transmission dynamics of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT). A total of 446 DNA samples from cattle blood from three regions of Malawi were screened for African trypanosomes by ITS1 PCR. The obtained amplicons were sequenced using a portable next-generation sequencer, MinION, for validation. Comparison of the results from ITS1 PCR and MinION sequencing showed that combining the two methods provided more accurate species identificat

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37

Makumi, J. N., P. Stevenson, and C. H. Green. "Control ofGlossina longipennis(Diptera: Glossinidae) by insecticide-treated targets at Galana Ranch, Kenya, and confirmation of the role ofG.longipennisas a vector of cattle trypanosomiasis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, no. 5 (2000): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000535.

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AbstractGlossina longipennisCorti was studied in Galana Ranch, Kenya over a four year period, in two areas (Tank E and Lali) where the species was abundant and other species were absent or scarce. There was active transmission of trypanosomiasis to cattle in both areas, the parasite species beingTrypanosoma vivaxZiemann andT. congolenseBroden. Mean infection rates of theG. longipenniswere 1.1% and 0.55% forT. vivaxandT. congolenserespectively at Tank E, and 0.88% and 0.15% at Lali. Experimental transmission studies showed that cattle in fly-proof enclosures challenged with wildG. longipennisco

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38

Hota, Abhishek, SK Maiti, RC Ghosh, and K. Mukherjee. "Therapeutic efficacy of Isometamidium chloride in Trypanosomiasis affected cattle." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7, no. 3 (2019): 1622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2019.v7.i3aa.5405.

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Haruna, M. K., A. U. Malala, B. Wayo, et al. "Trypanosomiasis in a migrating herd of cattle in Kaduna State Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 18, no. 2 (2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v18i2.12.

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40

Naessens, J., A. J. Teale, and M. Sileghem. "Identification of mechanisms of natural resistance to African trypanosomiasis in cattle." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 87, no. 3-4 (2002): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00070-3.

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41

SILEGHEM, M., and J. N. FLYNN. "Suppression of T-Cell Responsiveness during Tsetse-Transmitted Trypanosomiasis in Cattle." Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 36, s1 (1992): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb01616.x.

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42

Turkson, Paa Kobina. "Seroepidemiological survey of cattle trypanosomiasis in coastal savanna zone of Ghana." Acta Tropica 54, no. 1 (1993): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(93)90069-n.

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43

SAMUI, Kenny L., Shingo INOUE, Aaron S. MWEENE, et al. "DISTRIBUTION OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER AMONG CATTLE IN ZAMBIA." Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 50, no. 2 (1997): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken1952.50.73.

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44

PEGRAM, R. G., J. LEMCHE, H. G. B. CHIZYUKA, et al. "Ecological aspects of cattle tick control in central Zambia." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3, no. 3 (1989): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00233.x.

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45

Lemche, J., and R. Pegram. "Control of cattle ticks using flumethrin in central Zambia." Veterinary Record 121, no. 5 (1987): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.121.5.110.

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46

Wacher, T. J., P. J. M. Milligan, P. Rawlings, and W. F. Snow. "Tsetse–trypanosomiasis challenge to village N'Dama cattle in The Gambia: field assessments of spatial and temporal patterns of tsetse–cattle contact and the risk of trypanosomiasis infection." Parasitology 109, no. 2 (1994): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076265.

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SUMMARYThe severity of the trypanosomiasis problem in a particular location is traditionally assessed in terms of a challenge index – the product of some measure of tsetse abundance and infection rate – which is assumed to be proportional to the force of infection. However, this index masks variation in the force of infection between herds and among individuals within herds. It is also not comparable between sites since the relative abundance of tsetse to hosts may vary. We have studied spatial distribution of herds of cattle in relation to tsetse in The Gambia and calculated an index of chall

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47

Kargbo, Alpha, and Rex A. Kuye. "Epidemiology of tsetse flies in the transmission of trypanosomiasis: technical review of The Gambia experience." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 3 (2020): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.35.

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Climate change has posed serious health threats on both man and animals. This ranges from effects of progressive temperature rises from global warming to extreme weather events and anthropogenic activities and this has affected insect-vector distributions worldwide. Tsetse fly species transmit Trypanosomes but relative significance depends largely on the strength of their interactions with susceptible hosts. Tsetse flies are the main vectors of Trypanosomiasis and their existence pose a threat to the survival of cattle, small ruminates and equines in The Gambia. It is known to be one of the mo

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48

Davies, F. G., E. Kilelu, K. J. Linthicum, and R. G. Pegram. "Patterns of Rift Valley fever activity in Zambia." Epidemiology and Infection 108, no. 1 (1992): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800049633.

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SUMMARYSummary An hypothesis that there was an annual emergence of Rift Valley fever virus in Zambia, during or after the seasonal rains, was examined with the aid of sentinel cattle. Serum samples taken during 1974 and 1978 showed evidence of epizootic Rift Valley fever in Zambia, with more than 80% positive. A sentinel herd exposed from 1982 to 1986 showed that some Rift Valley fever occurred each year. This was usually at a low level, with 3–8% of the susceptible cattle seroconverting. In 1985–6 more than 20% of the animals seroconverted, and this greater activity was associated with vegeta

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Mckendrick, Iain J., George Gettinby, Yiqun Gu, Andrew Peregrine, and Crawford Revie. "Hybrid Information Systems for Agriculture: The Case of Cattle Trypanosomiasis in Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 4 (1994): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300405.

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Abstract:

Large scale population growth in sub-Saharan Africa makes it imperative to achieve an equivalent increase in food production in this area. It is also important that any increase be sustainable in the long-term, not causing lasting damage to local ecosystems. Recent advances in information technology make the successful diffusion of relevant expertise to farmers a more practical option than ever before. How this might be achieved is described in this paper, which considers the transfer of expertise in the diagnosis, treatment and management of trypanosomiasis in cattle. Using current technology

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Camus, Emmanuel. "Evaluation of trypanosomiasis and brucellosis control in cattle herds of Ivory coast." Agriculture and Human Values 12, no. 2 (1995): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02217299.

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