Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trypanosomose africaine'
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Dauchy, Frédéric-Antoine. "Immunopathologie et approche thérapeutique dans la Trypanosomose Africaine." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0390/document.
Full textTrypanosoma brucei gambiense, an extracellular eukaryotic flagellate parasite, is the main causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes have developped efficient mechanisms to escape the host immune response. New therapeutic options are needed for patients with HAT. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a potential drug target but its essentiality has not been studied in T. brucei. In a first study, we demonstrated its essentiality by RNA interference (CYP51RNAi) in vitro. CYP51RNAi induction caused morphological defects with multiflagellated cells, suggesting cytokinesis dysfunction. Additionally, the survival of CYP51RNAi infected-mice was improved, showing CYP51 RNAi effect on trypanosomal virulence. During infection with virulent strains, posaconazole-eflornithine and nifurtimox-eflornithine combinations showed similar improvement in mice survival. Thus, our results provide support for a CYP51 targeting based treatment in HAT. In a second work, we studied the innate host immune system characteristics in trypanosomiasis, as a severe immune dysregulation is present in HAT. To analyse the potential immunomodulatory activity of T. gambiense in human settings, we assess the effect of its secretome on dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, using human monocyte-derived DCs. A significant inhibition of the LPS-induced maturation of DCs was observed with secretome. In line with this impairment, secretome down regulated cytokines production by LPS-activated DCs. TbKHC1, a kinesin heavy chain, is a component of the parasite secretome. We confirmed its role in parasitic escape to immune system by inducing arginase activity, in a murine model. Our results provide new information about the immune system characteristics during trypanosomiasis, which may help to uncover new therapeutic approachs in HAT
Ayed, Zoulikha. "Trypanosome humaine africaine : détection d'autoanticorps anti-neurofilaments et anti-tubulines : essai d'immunisation contre la trypanosomose expérimentale." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO117G.
Full textNgo, Nonga Sylvie. "Une nouvelle thérapeutique de la trypanosomose africaine humaine : l'éflornithine." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P053.
Full textChevrier, Céline. "Approche physiopathologique et chronobiologique de la trypanosomose Africaine expérimentale." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10087.
Full textPervieux, Lynda. "Apports diagnostiques au cours de la trypanosomose humaine africaine." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a14d2c70-f65d-4ce4-a3e9-eda1e17e4617/blobholder:0/2008LIMO310D.pdf.
Full textHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease due to trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma brucei (T. B. ) group. These parasites are transmitted by the bite of a tse-tse fly. HAT represents a real public health problem in Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Two stages are classically described in disease progression, the heamo-lymphatic stage and the nervous stage. Diagnosis and stage determination, which are crucial to determine treatment, remain difficult. Frequently used criteria are not very sensitive or very specific and require a lumbar puncture to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The objective of our PhD was to identify new approaches diagnostic to determine disease stage. For that, we studied various subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes, and the cytokines/chemokines controlling them. We initially characterized the regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (nTregs), in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice. NTregs increased in the thymus until 120 days post infection and decreased at 240 days. This may be due to a mechanism blocking nTreg maturation in the thymus, or their exit from the thymus. In contrast, in mesenteric lymph nodes, a nTregs constantly decreased was found during infection. These results suggest that the variation in their number was due to the progression of the infection, but was also age-dependent. Our study identified the lymphocytes present in the blood and CSF of HAT infected patients. In blood, regardless of the HAT stage, the proportion of B cells (CD19) increased whereas the number of T cells decreased, thus confirming the immunosuppressive character of the disease. In the CSF, the increased number of CD19 cells observed for stage 2 patients could constitute a new criterion of the nervous stage. Furthermore, we tried to understand by which mechanisms lymphocytes were attracted into the central nervous system by measurement of different cytokines/chemokines levels in serum and CSF. In serum, cytokines/chemokines levels were only associated with the presence of trypanosomes in CSF. In CSF, their expression was associated with the presence of neurological signs, suggesting a possible use for diagnosis of the nervous stage. Finally, we showed that T. B. Gambiense activated CXCL-13 expression in microglial and endothelial cell lines, suggesting a direct role of trypanosomes in regulation. Our studies on lymphocytes and cytokines/chemokines implicated highlights the necessity of their evaluation as stage markers by multicentric studies in the field
Morlais, Isabelle. "Identification des trypanosomes chez les glossines en zones endémiques de trypanosomose humaine au Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20085.
Full textAmrouni, Donia. "Monoxyde d'azote (NO) et trypanosomose africaine expérimentale chez le rat." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10129.
Full textBy way of an experimental model of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), the rat infected by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we examined the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of this pathology. In the infected animals, opposite variations in NO concentration were observedeither at peripheral or brain compartments: NO decreases in blood but increases in brain. These changes are dependent on the activity of the inducible NO-synthase (iNOS). In periphery, the decrease observed in NO concentration favors the parasite entrance because the trypanocidal pressure exerted by NO is decreased. In such a situation, L-arginine, the substrate conducing to the synthesis of NO, is employed for the synthesis of polyamines, a category of compounds necessary for the parasite growth. It is likely that above mechanisms might be triggered by parasites. In brain, NO synthesis is submitted to additive complex regulatory processes implying arginase and NG, NG-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). While the arginase activity remains constant, that of DDAH increases throughout the infection process in keeping with western-blot and amino acids data. This increase, depending mainly on DDAH-2 isoform, lasts in a brain NO increase which enhance the trypanocidal pressure. Above changes, opposite to those observed in periphery, are not favorable to the parasite survival in brain. They might constitute an additive protection against the parasite entry in this organ
Hamidou, Soumana Illiassou. "La Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (maladie du sommeil) : caractérisation de gènes impliqués dans les interactions symbiontes - glossines - trypanosomes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20182.
Full textTsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)in sub-saharan Africa. New sleeping sickness control strategies plan to use tsetse gut symbionts to increase tsetse flies refractoriness to trypanosomes infection. Such approaches require good knowledge on the molecular and cellular basis of interactions between symbionts, tsetse fly and trypanosome. This thesis aimed to i) assess the evolution of Glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius) densities throughout the host fly development cycle and ii) to characterize genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in interaction, which are differentially expressed during the infection. We showed that both symbionts are present in all tsetse fly development stages, allowing their use in the context of vector control. Subsequently, experimental infections were performed on colonies flies. G. p. gambiensis female flies were fed on T. b. gambiense hosting mice. Transcriptome of infected flies and flies that have cleared trypanosome they ingested were analysed. This allow us identifying genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and T. b. gambiense differentially expressed at the infection key stages. Our results highlight the complexity of interactions between Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis, T. b. gambiense and underline the involvement of bacteriophages hosted by S. glossinidius in tsetse fly refractoriness to trypanosome infection. Key words: sleeping sickness; tsetse fly; trypanosome; symbionts; vector competence; gene expression
Jacquot, Laurence. "Les traitements de la trypanosomose africaine humaine : les données actuelles de la thérapeutique." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P124.
Full textAmmar, Zeinab. "Caractérisation de l' interaction entre les trypanosomes africains et les cellules endothéliales : activation, inflammation et rôle des trans-sialidases." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22057/document.
Full textTrypanosomiasis remains by far the most devastating parasitic disease in Africa affecting both humans and livestock. The current control strategies being not efficient, an alternative “anti-disease” strategy aiming to neutralize the pathological effects of the parasite rather than to eliminate it, was proposed. Therefore, it is essential to understand the development of pathogenesis and characterize the involved pathogenic factors. In this context, we wanted to elucidate the host-pathogen interaction between the African trypanosomes and the mammalian host endothelium. By comparing four different trypanosomes species, we showed that they displayed distinct capacities for activation of endothelial cells. We clearly demonstrated that T. congolense, T. vivax and T. b. gambiense activate the endothelial cells via the NF-ƘB pathway, but not T. b. brucei. This activation caused a pro-inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, showing the importance of this mechanism in the development of pathogenesis. For the first time, we identified sialidase activity in the human parasite T. brucei gambiense, and demonstrated that the trypanosomal trans-sialidases are the mediators of this endothelial activation and its consequent inflammatory response, for both human and animal trypanosomes. Additionnally, we showed that endothelial cell activation is mediated by the lectin-like domain of the trans-sialidase rather than the catalytic site, and involves sialylated receptors of the endothelial cell surface. In conclusion, our study brings considerable insights into the host-pathogen relationship and designates sialidases as a central virulence factor in the molecular crosstalk during trypanosomiasis, which makes it a perfect target for the anti-disease strategy
Semballa, Silla. "Identification de mécanismes immunopathologiques dans la trypanosomose humaine africaine : anticorps et immunomodulateurs." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21028.
Full textNeurological and inflammatory signs associated with immunological alterations are a hallmark of human Africal trypanosomiasis. They include alterations in antibody and nitric oxide (NO) productions. Trypanosomes are highly sensitive to S-nitrosylated compounds. Murine macrophages use oxygen and NO-dependent mechanisms to synthesize S-nitrosylated compounds. Antibodies to NO-epitopes and to tryptophan-like epitopes are present in patient sera. Tryptophan-like epitopes are borne by VSG from trypanosomes of the brucei group and absent on T. Cruzi and T. Musvculi. NO production is insufficient to kill parasites. Induction of arginase represents a new escape mechanism in host immune defence elaborated by parasites. L-arginine stock, essential for NO production, is depleted. Parasite factors inducing arginase are purified by monoclonal antibodies. The identification of these 105 and 70 kDa proteins is in progress
Kroubi, Maya. "Développement de formulations colloïdales antiparasitaires pour traiter la trypanosomiase africaine." Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S043/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of a colloidal formulation of diminazene (DMZ) using cationic polysaccharide nanoparticles (NP+) for the treatment of African Trypanosomiasis. We first studied the process of DMZ loading in NP+. The addition of phospholipids in the matrix of the NP+ appeared to be necessary for the DMZ association. So, the amount of phospholipids is the limiting factor of the saturation index of NP+ with DMZ. To avoid the drug degradation during its formulation, we choose the \\\"post-loading\\\" technique which corresponds to a procedure with mild conditions: adding a DMZ solution in a suspension of NP+ containing an oily core. DMZ loaded into 70DGNP+ was found to be protected against oxidation and was stable for at least 6 months at 4°C. In a second step, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of formulated DMZ. In vitro tests on Trypanosoma brucei brucei showed an improvement of the DMZ trypanocidal activity. Tests on an acute model of Trypanosomiasis showed that the effective dose is equivalent to the free DMZ (3 mg / kg)
Bouteille, Bernard. "Le traitement de la trypanosomose humaine africaine étude d'un modèle expérimental : le mouton (ovis aries)." Limoges, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIMO301A.
Full textAmevigbe, Dotse Dzabli Martin. "Les anticorps anti-cérébrosides au cours de la trypanosomose humaine africaine et expérimentale du mouton (ovis aries)." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMOA101.
Full textGirard, Murielle. "Contribution a l'étude des mécanismes immunopathogéniques de l'atteinte neurologique de la trypanosomose humaine africaineTexte imprimé." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO106F.
Full textBonnet, Julien. "Exploitation d'une biobanque de patients atteints de Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine à Trypanosoma brucei gambiense : recherche et validation de biomarqueurs." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0117/document.
Full textSleeping sickness, or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic disease caused by a flagellar protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma and brucei species. Two subspecies of this parasite are pathogenic for humans: T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense; transmitted by Tsé-Tse flies present in sub-Saharan Africa. This disease classically evolves in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage which is define by the presence of the parasite in the blood and lymph and the nervous stage characterized by the presence of trypanosome in the central nervous system. Without treatment, this disease is lethal. Currently the available treatments for patients are stage-dependent. In order to control this pathology one day, research and improvement of tools for the diagnosis of the disease and the staging is fundamental. In this context, we have exploited a samples biobank composed of T. b. gambiense-infected patients and uninfected controles to: 1) evaluate the efficacy of existing stage biomarkers -Neopterin and CXCL-13- and we assessed their potential on the samples collected during post-treatment followup of patients. 2) determine new protein biomarkers using LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Our study identified a large number of potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva through the establishment of a new proteomic catalogue. Taking into account some of these proteins may improve patient management and follow-up in the future
Okomo-Assoumou, Marie-Claire. "Mécanismes autoimmuns et perturbations du réseau des cytokines dans la physiopathologie de la trypanosomose humaine africaine." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28381.
Full textDarsaud, Annabelle. "Etude de la dysrythmie circadienne de l'alternance veille-sommeil, suivi clinique et validation thérapeutique dans un modèle expérimental de trypanosomose africaine." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7a43894f-fdf1-497a-bb69-2f0763c6aeed/blobholder:0/2003LIMO310B.pdf.
Full textCourtioux, Bertrand. "Etude des mécanismes inflammatoires au cours de la trypanosomose humaine africaine : applications en diagnostic et en thérapeutique." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/07cb14bf-1724-45c3-8443-df31e28c3c58/blobholder:0/2005LIMO310B.pdf.
Full textThe human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a re emerging disease, which represents a real public health problem. Two stages are classically described in the evolution of the disease, the heamo-lymphatic stage (stage 1) and the nervous stage (stage 2). Both diagnosis of stage 2 and discrimination between the stages, which is crucial to determine the treatment to apply, remain difficult. Except the presence of the trypanosome, the criterion usually taken into account is an increased cell number, upper than 5 cells/µL, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This last criterion remains controversial because it is considered as not specific enough. Our PhD work specifies the nature of the lymphocytic cells that are involved in the HAT, both in the blood and the CSF of patients. We show that, whatever the HAT stage, the proportion of B cells (CD19) increases in the patients' blood whereas the number of T cells decreases, thus confirming the immunosuppressive character of the disease. In the CSF, the increased number of CD19 cells observed for stage 2 patients could constitute a new criterion of the nervous stage. Furthermore, we tried to understand by which mechanisms lymphocytes were attracted in the central nervous system. To understand this phenomenon, we measured the rates of IL-1β, IL-8, MIP-1α, MCP-1 and RANTES, both in serum and in CSF and showed that MCP-1 rate in CSF seems to be characteristic of the stage 2 and could constitute another marker of the nervous stage. Previous work have shown that, only during stage 2 of HAT in the CNS, the immune system produces anti-galactocerebrosides and anti-neurofilaments antibodies, so we developed a field test to detect these antibodies, such as to help practicers to diagnose the stage of the disease. To improve this test, we analyzed the glycolipids in the parasite membranes and could highlight the presence of both glucosylceramide and its enzyme (glucosylceramide synthase), which could play a role in the apoptosis mechanisms described in HAT. The glucosylceramide synthase is also known for its action in the mechanisms of resistance to drugs. Then, we developed immunization tests with the products of this enzyme and showed a protective effect against the parasite
Jamonneau, Vincent. "Caractérisation génétique de "Trypanosoma brucei ssp. " et évolution clinique de la trypanosomose humaine africaine en Côte d'Ivoire." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20152.
Full textBerge, Benoît. "La trypanosomose humaine africaine et expérimentale : modélisation stochastique de la veille et du sommeil et approches chronobiologiques." Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET4001.
Full textA stochastic model is used to study the sleep-wake organization while the disruption of the circadian and ultradian rhythms during Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) as well as in a rat experimental model is apprehended by classical chronobiological techniques. Currently we observe a reemergence of HAT and new therapeutic strategies have to be developed. Treatment of HAT depends on the severity (stage I or stage II) of the illness and medication for the second stage has potential harmful side effects. We aim through this work to bring in an additional tool for specifying as early as possible the stage of the illness. This is conducted in two complementary directions : (i) an application of a stochastic modeling and a search for the underlying temporal periods in human sleep process are used to characterize the stage of the illness ; (ii) using the same approaches, the results obtained for humans are validated by a rat experimental model in addition to an histological search for the parasite in brain tissues of the infested animal
Bouteille, Bernard. "La trypanosomose africaine : des modèles expérimentaux à la physiopathologie et à l'approche thérapeutique de la maladie du sommeil." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T158.
Full textCourtin, David. "Étude de la sensibilité génétique à la trypanosomose humaine africaine à "Trypanosoma brucei gambiense" en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20080.
Full textAdam, Yahaya. "Évaluation du risque de Trypanosomose Animale au Ghana, et suivi de l’impact de l’intervention d’éradication de la maladie et du vecteur dans la region Ouest du Ghana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20210/document.
Full textAfrican animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major constraint to viable and sustainable livestock production systems in Ghana. Under the umbrella of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Ghana is collaborating with Burkina Faso in a sub-regional initiative aiming at creating tsetse-free areas across their common borders. The objective of this thesis was to conduct research to guide project implementation and specifically seeks to i) determine the pre-intervention vector and disease situation of the intervention area, ii) determine tsetse population structuring and the consequences on sustainable tsetse control efforts, iii) evaluate SAT for the control of riverine tsetse species in Ghana and iv) evaluate the environmental risk of the intervention programmes. Results of a baseline survey conducted in the Upper West Region (study area) indicated a wide-spread prevalence of Glossina tachinoides but Glossina palpalis gambiensis was limited to the southern edge of the study area. Average parasitological prevalence in cattle was estimated at 2.5% (95% CI: 1.06–5.77) and serological prevalence measured at 19% (95% CI: 14.03–25.35). The mean Index of Apparent Abundance (IAA) of tsetse was 8.7, 1.9 and 1.3 for samples taken along the Black Volta, Kulpawn and Sissili Rivers, respectively. Investigations of the G. tachinoides populations confirmed significant structuring within and between the three main river-basins of the study area, and indicated a local density of 0.48-0.61 flies/m² and dispersal distance that approximated 11 m per generation [CI 9 - 17]. No significant sex-biased dispersal was detected. However, the observed dispersal was deemed sufficient for a G. tachinoides-cleared area to be reinvaded from neighbouring populations in adjacent river basins. The potential of Sequential Aerosol Technique (SAT) to eliminate riverine tsetse species in a challenging subsection (dense tree canopy and high tsetse densities) and the subsequent efficacy of an integrated strategy, one year after the SAT operations, were also investigated. Results indicated failure to achieve elimination, attributed to insufficient penetration of insecticide aerosols in thick riverine forest galleries. However the overall reduction rate due to SAT was important (98%) and the subsequent integrated strategy maintained high levels of tsetse suppression. Finally an environmental impact assessment revealed no significant impact of deltamethrin aerosols on non-targeted aquatic and terrestrial arthropods
Keita, Mahamane. "Etudes histologiques et immunohistologiques de l'evolution de la pathologie du systeme nerveux central au cours de la trypanosomose humaine africaine : utilisation d'un modele chronique experimental chez la souris infectee par trypanosoma brucei brucei." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO103C.
Full textHublart-Sinsoillier, Marylène. "Hypogonadisme et trypanosomiase africaine." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10127.
Full textHoste, Christian. "Elevage et trypanosomiase animale africaine." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605971k.
Full textFloriant, Pierre. "Les nouveaux traitements des grandes endémies tropicales africaines : onchocercose, paludisme, schistosomiase, lèpre, trypanosomiase humaine africaine." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M098.
Full textDethoua, Yandjima Louise Mariette. "Nouvelles approches thérapeutiques et pronostiques dans les trypanosomoses." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13511.
Full textThe Human African Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa mainly in remote rural with poor access to health care. Available treatments are expensive and require significant human and logistical resources. Despite the lack of skilled health workers in endemic areas, people often fall back on to traditional medicine. Therefore investigating for new molecules seems necessary to contribute to the effort of research for alternatives therapies against HAT. In vitro, medicinal plants from the combretaceae family in Central African Republic showed trypanocidal activity on T. brucei brucei.Several cases of human infection with trypanosome parasites of animals have also been reported. The number of infections is probably underestimated. Some are usually cured in a spontaneous way, others require therapeutic care. Conventional drugs available against the THA, NECT combination and fexinidazole in clinical trial phase proved to be effective against T. lewisi (natural parasite of rats, causing atypical human Trypanosomosis) in vitro compared with T. brucei gambiense and in vivo in rats. Finally, the level of serum arginase, enzyme associated with the THA, is high in Trypanosomosis patients compared to healthy subjects from the same area. This rate is back to normal after effective treatment. Thus, the assessment of serum arginase may be considered as a biomarker for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment
Hue-Lesthelle, Sophie. "Rôle des modifications du métabolisme de la L-arginine et du L-tryptophane rencontrées au cours des trypanosomoses." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2P023.
Full textWebster, Paul. "Endocytosis by African trypanosomes." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280722.
Full textFelu, Cécile. "Characterisation of the mechanism of human serum resistance in T.b.gambiense." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210844.
Full textIn the search for a partner, the genomic locus of TGSGP was cloned and sequenced. We found that TGSGP is linked to a truncated gene homologous to the S.cerevisiae AUT1 gene, a gene implicated in autophagy and more specifically in membrane expansion. Southern blot hybridization and PCR analysis on genomic DNA from several isolates demonstrated that this feature was a specific to T.b.gambiense. In addition, we observed a correlation between the aut1 allele size and the geographical origin of the isolate.
Since in trypanosomes lysis by NHS is due to an uncontrolled expansion of the lysosome, we speculated that the truncation of the aut1 allele could be implication in the resistance to human serum. We characterized the genomic organisation of the AUT1 locus. T.b.brucei possesses two native AUT1 alleles whilst T.b.gambiense possesses a truncated aut1 allele, as well as a native AUT1 allele. We showed that in the T.b.gambiense LiTAR isolate (aut1/AUT1), despite the presence of a wild-type allele this gene is no longer expressed at the mRNA and protein level. Our complimentary results by run-on transcription assay showed that the AUT1 region is transcribed but that the messenger is unstable. LiTAR is a functional knock-out for AUT1, but Northern blot analysis on several T.b.gambiense isolates showed that this is not a generalised T.b.gambiense characteristic.
We explored the role of AUT1 in trypanosomes by invalidation of the AUT1 gene in T.b.brucei and by the over-expression of the AUT1 and aut1 alleles in T.b.brucei. By functional analysis of AUT1 knocked-down cells we showed that AUT1 is not essential in trypanosomes. By recreating in T.b.brucei the T.b.gambiense AUT1/aut1 genotype we were able to show that the expression of the aut1 UTR down-regulated the expression of the wild-type AUT1 allele. We speculated that this may be due to a natural RNAi mechanism. Par northern blot, using probes covering the potential target region of AUT1, we detected a 50nt small RNA specific to T.b.gambiense. In addition, we showed that in a LiTAR strain in which the RNAi pathway was abolished AUT1 expression is restored.
We continued to investigate TGSGP’s role in the resistance to human serum by invalidation of TGSGP in T.b.gambiense and by expressing TGSGP in the NHS-sensitive T.b.brucei. Because T.b.gambiense cannot be cultured in vitro we established a new in vivo transfection technique and as the knock-out of TGSGP is most probably lethal, we created an inducible RNAi T.b.gambiense cell strain. These indispensable tools will be used to test whether invalidation TGSGP is sufficient to confer resistance to NHS. Many strategies were tested in order to correctly expressing TGSGP in T.b.brucei; in none of these transfectants was TGSGP correctly located in the flagellar pocket as is the case in T.b.gambiense and only partial resistance was ever obtained. In order to identify the factors in human serum that could interacts with TGSGP, we subjected NHS to affinity chromatography using TGSGP as bait. We showed that TGSGP interacts with APOA-I, a major component of HDLs.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Force-Barge, Pierre. "La trypanosomiase humaine au Congo en 1990." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11075.
Full textWells, Jeremy Mark. "Hybrid formation in African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329255.
Full textBoda, Caroline. "Contribution des modèles expérimentaux dans l'étude des trypanosomoses africaines." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7fa54944-6101-4979-85d4-313a4eb37e0c/blobholder:0/2005LIMO310A.pdf.
Full textHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a re-emerging disease responsible for a major public health problem. Knowledges about its physiopathology are necessary to find out new therapeutics but few studies are available. There is an urgent need to work with new experimental models to test trypanocidal activity of new drugs. In this work, we tested first megazol in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected sheep and its pharmacokinetics in uninfected sheep. Results showed megazol is efficient to treat stage I of trypanosomiasis in sheep if oral absorption occurs properly but this parameter seem to be very variable. Then, megazol was tested in T. B. Gambiense-infected African green monkeys in order to find out the optimal dosing. The results should be completed by further studies with more animals and with non mutagenic megazol derived compounds. Combination of two trypanocidals, DFMO and nifurtimox, bas been tested at low dosing in infected African green monkey. DFMO associated to nifurtimox given per os during 8 or 15 days couldn't cure the all animals. These results should be explained by a pharmacokinetics study of the combination. In a further study, we tested trypanocidal activity of methylene blue in vitro and in vivo. We obtained IC50 suggesting methylene blue could be active on trypanosomal infections. However, methylene blue given per os or intra-peritonealy couldn't cure infected mice. Several hypothesis are discussed and deserve to be verified. In an other hand, we tried to find out new criteria more precoce and specific for the stage diagnostic. We first adapted the method of flow cytometry to analyse blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients and ensure its utility to study sleeping sickness. Then, we reproduce the experiment in infected African green monkeys to analyse the lymphocytes subset in blood and cerebrospinal fluid every two weeks. Results showed an increase in lymphocytes B during the disease course. African green monkey could be a good immunological model of the disease to precise these first results and to develop a field test for stage diagnosis
Hide, Geoffrey. "Variation in repetitive DNA in African Trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12083.
Full textAdung'a, Vincent Owino. "Defining a clathrin interactome in African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610057.
Full textSilva, Pereira S. "Variant surface glycoprotein diversity in African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3021401/.
Full textDuvallet, Gérard. "Trypanosomoses humaine et animale en Afrique de l'Ouest : recherches épidémiologiques et immunoparasitologiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112256.
Full textFumoux, Francis. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance naturelle des bovins aux trypanosomoses africaines." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605241q.
Full textUzonna, Jude Ezeh. "Role of cytokines in resistance to African trypanosomes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/NQ27434.pdf.
Full textHendry, Kay Alexandra Kidd. "Studies on the flagellar attachment of African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387727.
Full textScheumann, Nicole. "Functions of conserved centriole proteins in African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8621640-2c46-4aa7-9d36-908720be59ce.
Full textAbbas, Ali Hadi. "Comparative structural genomics and phylogenomics of African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3022845/.
Full textLane-Serff, Harriet. "Structural insights into innate immunity against African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a1415e6-3df4-42dd-827b-d05edb2137be.
Full textMpanya, Kabeya Alain. "Facteurs socioculturels et contrôle de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine en République démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209041.
Full textLa Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (THA) appelée également « maladie du sommeil» est une maladie parasitaire provoquée par un protozoaire du genre Trypanosoma dont deux sous-espèces (T. brucei gambiense et T. brucei rhodesiense) sont pathogènes à l’homme. La stratégie de lutte contre cette maladie est essentiellement basée sur le dépistage précoce et le traitement des malades, complété avec le contrôle du vecteur. Cependant, l’utilisation du service de dépistage de la THA par les communautés exposées représente un défi majeur. L’adhésion aux campagnes de dépistage actif avec des équipes mobiles spécialisées était en-dessous de 50% dans certains villages endémiques fin des années nonante. De surcroît, l’utilisation des services de santé fixes en RDC est si faible que ceci compromet le dépistage passif dans les formations sanitaires fixes. Notre hypothèse est que cette faible utilisation des services de santé pourrait elle-même être due à un problème d’acceptabilité du dépistage et traitement de la THA par les communautés vivant dans les zones de transmission de la THA. Tout ceci compromet l’élimination de la THA comme problème de santé publique, un but que s’est fixé la communauté internationale d’ici 2020.
Ce travail a comme objectif d’explorer cette dimension socioculturelle de la maladie qui est souvent négligée dans le contrôle de la THA et générer une meilleure connaissance de ces aspects.
Nous avons réalisé cinq études en total pour adresser la question de la sous-utilisation des services de dépistage et traitement de la THA par les communautés et sa relation avec l’acceptabilité des services. Nous avons d’abord développé une première étude qui évalue les résultats du traitement de la THA en analysant rétrospectivement les données de routine du programme de contrôle de la THA pour l’année 2006 à 2008. Ensuite, nous avons réalisé trois études qualitatives par focus group (groupe focalisé) et entretiens individuels pour documenter la dimension socioculturelle de la lutte contre la THA. D’abord une étude qui a exploré les perceptions sur la THA dans la communauté, suivi par une étude qui explore les perceptions sur le traitement de la THA et une autre qui se concentre sur les pratiques diagnostics des professionnels de santé face à un syndrome neurologique en contexte de ressources limitées.
Une cinquième étude combine une enquête-ménage avec des focus groups et des entretiens individuels pour explorer les perceptions de la communauté sur la santé en général et les services de santé.
Nous avons comparé les obstacles à l’utilisation des services de dépistage et traitement de la THA identifiés dans ce travail avec les messages de sensibilisation sur la THA utilisés au programme de contrôle de la THA en RDC et nous avons développé des recommandations stratégiques.
L’évaluation des indicateurs de performances sur l’issue de traitement montre que le taux de suivi post-thérapeutique est faible dans son ensemble :25 % pour le premier suivi de six mois et moins d’un pourcent des patients revient pour la dernière visite de contrôle au mois 24. Nous avons aussi observé dans cette étude un taux d’échec au mélarsoprol et à la pentamidine respectivement de 30% et de 22 % au Kasaï Oriental qui sont cependant difficilement interprétables, car le dénominateur est incomplet. Comme très peu de patients reviennent au contrôle post-thérapeutique, cette proportion est probablement biaisée vers ceux qui sont en échec de traitement.
L’étude de perception de la THA montre que la maladie est bien connue dans les communautés vivant dans les zones à risque. Par contre, plusieurs obstacles au dépistage et traitement de la THA ont été identifiés. Les plus importants sont :la toxicité des médicaments de la THA, les obstacles financiers, l’inadéquation entre le programme de dépistage des équipes mobiles et les occupations des communautés, les interdits qui accompagnent le traitement de la THA, le manque de confidentialité et la peur de la ponction lombaire.
L’étude sur la perception du traitement de la THA a montré que le mélarsoprol est perçu comme un médicament toxique et est surnommé « médicament des interdits ». Par contre, le régime NECT est perçu comme un nouveau médicament moins toxique qui a rendu les interdits liés au mélarsoprol obsolètes sauf un seul, celui de ne pas avoir de rapport sexuel pendant la période de traitement et de suivi post thérapeutique qui est de 6 mois. Les interdits ont été instaurés de manière empirique par les professionnels de santé et les communautés pour mitiger les effets indésirables du mélarsoprol. Leur violation pourrait entrainer des conséquences graves et mortelles. Ces interdits sont fortement ancrés dans les croyances de la communauté et constituent aujourd’hui un obstacle au dépistage et traitement.
L’étude sur les pratiques diagnostiques des professionnels de santé en matière de syndrome neurologique en contexte de ressources limitées a montré qu’en zone rurale le diagnostic est principalement clinique. Les obstacles perçus au diagnostic de confirmation sont essentiellement d’ordre financier puisque le patient doit tout financer de sa poche. Autres obstacles évoqués sont le manque d’outils de diagnostic et la perception de la communauté qui voit le clinicien comme un devin (petit dieu) ou oracle capable de « deviner » directement la maladie sans passer par un processus diagnostique de laboratoire.
L’étude sur les perceptions de la santé et des services de santé a montré que les capacités de travailler (82%) et les capacités de se mouvoir (66%) sont les signes de bonne santé les plus perçus. 90% des responsables des ménages perçoivent positivement la santé de leur ménage. Les opinions sur le service de santé sont partagées.
Les études présentées dans ce travail ont généré des nouvelles connaissances sur la dimension socioculturelle de la THA. L’analyse des messages de sensibilisation sur la THA utilisés par le programme de contrôle de la THA en RDC en termes de comparaison avec les obstacles au dépistage et traitement de la THA identifiés dans ce travail montre que ces aspects socioculturels bien qu’étant des véritables goulots d’étranglements dans la dynamique de la lutte contre la THA ne sont pas bien ciblés par la communication sur la THA.
Les perspectives des communautés exposées au risque de la THA doivent être adressées par un dialogue continu entre professionnels de santé et communautés adapté aux réalités locales. Ainsi il sera possible d’améliorer de manière opérationnelle les stratégies d’information, éducation et communication, et de façon plus large, le dépistage et traitement de la THA en intégrant la dimension socioculturelle de la THA dans la politique de lutte contre la THA.
SUMMARY
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as “sleeping sickness” is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The strategy used to control sleeping sickness consists of early case detection and treatment of patients, together with vector control. Meanwhile, utilization/access to HAT screening by the affected communities remains a major challenge. Adherence to active screening programs with mobile units was below 50% in certain endemic villages end of the 90’s. Moreover, utilization of fixed health facilities in DRC is so low that it compromises passive case finding. Our hypothesis is that this low utilization of health services is caused by a problem of acceptance of case detection and treatment of HAT by the communities living in the HAT transmission zones. This compromises the target of the international community to eliminate HAT as a public health problem by 2020. This thesis wants to explore and tries to generate more knowledge on the socio-cultural aspect that is often neglected in the control of HAT.
We conducted five studies to address the lack of community participation in HAT screening and treatment activities and the relation with acceptance of these services.
The first study evaluated the results of HAT treatment by retrospectively analyzing data of the routine HAT control program for the period 2006-2008.
Afterwards we performed three qualitative studies consisting of focus group discussions and individual interviews to document the socio-cultural dimension of the fight against HAT. The first study explored the community perceptions regarding sleeping sickness. The second study explored the perceptions regarding HAT treatment and a third study focused on diagnostic practices of health professionals in low-resource settings facing a neurological syndrome.
The fifth study consists of a household survey, focus group discussions and individual interviews to explore community perception regarding health in general and health services. We compared the identified barriers to screening and treatment of HAT with awareness messages on sleeping sickness used by the HAT control program in DRC and we developed strategic recommendations. The evaluation of performance indicators for treatment showed that compliance with post-treatment follow-up is very poor: 25% for the first post-treatment follow-up examination at six months and less than 1% of the patients returns for the final examination at 24 months. In this study we also observed a treatment failure rate of respectively 30% and 22% for melarsoprol and pentamidine in Kasai-Oriental. However, these date are difficult to interpret because of an incomplete denominator. As only few patients return for follow-up visits, this proportion is probably biased towards those in treatment failure.
The study on the perception of sleeping sickness shows that the disease is well known amongst the communities living in the endemic areas. However, several screening and treatment barriers were identified. The most important are: drug toxicity, financial barriers, the incompatibility between the itineraries of the mobile screening teams and the local communities’ activities, the prohibitions related to HAT treatment, lack of confidentiality and fear of lumbar punctures. The study on the perceptions regarding HAT treatment show that melarsoprol is perceived as a toxic drug and is nicknamed the ‘taboo drug’. On the other hand the NECT regime is perceived as the new drug that is less toxic and that has abolished all the taboos of melarsoprol with the important exception of sexual intercourse during the treatment period and the post-treatment follow-up period of six months.
The prohibitions have been established empirically by healthcare providers and communities to mitigate the side effects of the melarsoprol regimen. Violating these restrictions is believed to cause severe and sometimes mortal complications. Communities adhere strictly to these prohibitions and this constitutes a barrier for HAT screening and treatment.
The study focusing on diagnostic work-up of neurological syndromes in low-resource settings by health care providers has shown that in rural areas diagnosis is usually clinical. Barriers to confirmation of diagnosis are mainly related to the purchasing power of the patient. Other reported barriers are a lack of diagnostic tools and the communities’ perceptions associated with the care provider. Clinicians are perceived as diviners being able to directly identify the cause of the illness without using laboratory tests. The study regarding the perceptions on health and health services has shown that ability to work (82%) and ability to move (66%) are the most perceived signs of good health. 90% of the household responsibles positively perceive the health of their family. The opinions on the health services are divided.
The studies presented in this thesis have generated new insights on the socio-cultural dimension of HAT. The analysis of the awareness messages on HAT in DRC compared with the reported HAT screening and treatment barriers have shown that
although these sociocultural aspects are real bottlenecks in the dynamic of the fight against HAT, they are not targeted by the communication on HAT.
The prospects for communities at risk of HAT should be addressed through continuous dialogue between health professionals and communities adapted to local realities.
It will thus be possible to operationally improve the information strategies, education and communication, and more broadly, screening and treatment of HAT by integrating the socio-cultural dimension in the fighting policy against sleeping sickness.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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