Academic literature on the topic 'Trypanosomosis in animals'

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Journal articles on the topic "Trypanosomosis in animals"

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Biyazen, Habtamu, Reta Duguma, and Mebratu Asaye. "Trypanosomosis, Its Risk Factors, and Anaemia in Cattle Population of Dale Wabera District of Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (September 16, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/374191.

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Cross-sectional study was conducted in Dale Wabera district of Kellem Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to evaluate association of bovine trypanosomosis to anaemia. Blood samples collected from 384 randomly selected cattle were subjected to parasitological and haematological analysis. For the parasitological survey, blood samples were examined using a buffy coat technique. The packed cell volume (PCV) value of each animal was also measured using hematocrit reader. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 2.86%. The most common trypanosome species identified were Trypanosoma congolense (63.64%) followed by T. vivax (27.27%) and T. brucei (9%). The prevalence showed no significant difference in susceptibility between sex categories, age groups, and different body conditioned animals. The overall anaemia prevalence in the area was 19.27%. The anaemia prevalence was significantly higher in trypanosome positive cattle (54.54%) than in noninfected animals (18.23%) (P < 0.05). The mean PCV value of the infected animals was lower (22.36%±7.39%) compared to noninfected animals (27.86±5.38%). There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the PCV values of infected and noninfected animals. In conclusion, this study confirmed that trypanosomosis poses a threat to cattle production in the area and also contributed to the occurrence of anaemia.
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Bekele, Dagim, and Ahimadin Beshir. "Host Related Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Vector Density in Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine – Open Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-6-156.

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Background Trypanosomosis is disease caused by unicellular parasites, trypanosome, found blood and other tissue of vertebrates; including livestock, wild life and people. It is a serious disease in domestic livestock causing a significant negative impact on food production and economic growth in many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Its epidemiology and impact on livestock production are largely determined by the prevalence and distribution of the disease and its vectors in the affected area. Aim To assess the host related risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in four peasant associations of the study area. In relation to the host risk factors, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was highest in those animals with poor body condition. Results The overall 5.32% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded from 432 blood sample collected from randomly selected animals using Buffy coat method. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species 14 (60.87%). However, it was not statistically significant between sex of animals (p>0.05). The mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of the infected animals was lower (20.65%±2.85) compared to non-infected animals (25.74%±4.80). There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV values of infected and non-infected animals. Moreover, animals with different body condition exhibited statistically significant variation (p<0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosomosis. Overall an apparent density of the flies was 2.42 f/t/d by using mono-pyramidal and biconical traps. It indicated that, G. morsitance submorsitance, G. pallidipes and G. tachinoides were tsetse flies species caught. Conclusion Finally, this work showed that trypanosomosis is an important disease affecting the health and productivity of cattle in the district. Hence, due attention should be given to this sector so as to improve livestock production and agricultural development in the area.
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Georgiou, Christophis. "Epizootological Monitoring of Trypanosomosis and Piroplasmidosis in Animals." Russian Journal of Parasitology 13, no. 4 (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2019-13-4-32-36.

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Lelisa, Kumela, and Behablom Meharenet. "Anaemia Associated with Trypanosomes Infections in Cattle of West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5531537.

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Background. African animal trypanosomosis is a major veterinary problem over a large area of the tsetse belt region of Africa. Anaemia is a cardinal sign of trypanosome infections. The mechanism of anaemia due to trypanosomosis is complex and multifactorial in origin. Packed cell volume (PCV) usually gives an indication of the anaemia and disease status of a trypanosome-infected animal. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018 in West Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, to determine the trypanosome infections rate and the possible correlation between parasitic infection and anaemia using the dark ground buffy coat technique, Giemsa-stained thin blood smear, and PCV reading on a haematocrit reader. Results. The overall trypanosomosis prevalence was 7.81%, 95% CI = 7.45–8.17. Trypanosoma congolense (4.25%) and T. vivax (3.56%) were the trypanosomes species identified in the studied area. PCV for all sampled cattle was analysed to estimate the degree of anaemia. From the total examined animals (N = 730), 356 (48.77%) were anaemic and 374 (51.23%) were nonanaemic. The mean PCV of parasitemic cattle was significantly lower (21.09%, 95% CI = 20.13–22.05) than that of aparasitemic ones (25.96%, 95% CI = 25.68–26.24). There was a positive association between trypanosome infection and anaemia. Although both trypanosome species are significantly associated with a decreased herd mean PCV (<24), the mean PCV of cattle infected with T. congolense (19.45%) was lower than that of infected with T. vivax (23.04%). The herd mean PCV was not significantly associated to locations, age, and sex of the studied animals. Conclusions. The study confirms that the prevalence of trypanosomes infections and herd mean PCV has a significant association. The mean herd PCV can be a useful cheap tool to screen for possible trypanosome infection. However, there were cattle positive for trypanosomes having mean PCV within the reference interval and negative animals with anaemia. Furthermore, PCV reading should be confirmed by other diagnostic techniques to accurately conclude that trypanosomosis is the only cause of anaemia.
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Gebisa, Gelaye, Kibiru Beriso, Biruk Bogale, Oda Gizaw, and Dawit Chala. "Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vectors in Three Selected Districts of Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1571947.

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Trypanosomosis is one of the most economically challenging diseases affecting mammals, and it is a serious haemoprotozoan disease caused by different species of unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome. The study was conducted to access the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, its associated risk factors, and vector density on cattle reared in three selected districts, namely, Chewaka, Dabo Hana, and Meko districts. Blood was collected from a total of 1046 cattle of age groups extending from 1 to 6 years. The buffy coat technique was used to check the presence of parasites from sampled blood, and the trypanosome species were identified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films. The packed cell volume of sampled blood was determined using the haematocrit. A total of 160 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey. Generally, 3.44% of the studied animal was infected with trypanosomosis, and T. vivax was the dominant species of trypanosomosis in the study areas. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed due to associated factor viz. body condition and anaemic status of the animal; however, insignificant differences were also recorded between different districts, age group, and sex. The mean PCV value of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was 22.22 ± 0.92 and 26.18 ± 0.16, respectively, and significant difference was P < 0.05. An overall of 1.82 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study areas, and among the total caught vectors, 81.4% of it was G. tachinoides and the rest was G. morsitans. Therefore, the veterinarians have to continue providing the appropriate medication/treatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation, and Bedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana district than the others due to high flies per trap per day observed in Dabo Hana district.
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Sudan, Vikrant, Amit Kumar Verma, and Amit Kumar Jaiswal. "Trypanosomosis of wild animals with emphasis on Indian scenario." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 10 (December 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.07.003.

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Amante, Morka, and Hika Tesgera. "Prevalence of Cattle Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Its Fly Vectors in Bambasi District of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894188.

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Trypanosomosis is the most serious disease of cattle, which causes great socioeconomic losses in the country. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected on direct losses due to mortality, morbidity, and reduction in milk and meat production, abortion and stillbirth, and also costs associated with combat of the disease are direct losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis, and the apparent density and distribution of its fly vectors in selected study areas. The methods employed during the study were buffy coat technique for parasitological study and deploying trap for the collection of tsetse flies. A total of 1512 flies were trapped, and among them, 1162 were tsetse flies while 350 were biting flies. Higher apparent density for tsetse fly (7.7 F/T/D) followed by Stomoxys (0.9 F/T/D), Tabanus (0.8 F/T/D), and Hematopota (0.6 F/T/D) was recorded. Out of 638 examined cattle, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was 9.1% (58/638). Out of positive cases, Trypanosoma congolense (7.7%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by Trypanosoma vivax (0.9%), Trypanosoma brucei (0.2%), and mixed infection of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax (0.3%). There was no a significant difference (p>0.05) in trypanosome infection between age, sex, and trypanosome species. The prevalence of trypanosomosis on the bases of body condition was 2.8% for poor, 5.5% for medium, and 0.8% for good body condition. The overall prevalence of anemia was (36.8%), and presence of anemia was higher in trypanosome positive animals (62.5%) than in negative animals (34.3%) which is statistically significant (p<0.05, CI = 1.794–5.471). The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) value for examined animals was 25.84 ± 0.252SE. Mean (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (9.1%) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (90%). This survey showed that trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production of the study area. Therefore, more attention should be given to the control of both the disease and its vectors.
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ABBAS, H., M. RAFI ULLAH, HM RIZWAN, et al. "Canine trypanosomosis: a case report." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (2021): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26766.

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Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan infection affecting a broad range of wild and domestic animals including dogs. Infected dogs may die within 2-4 weeks in the acute and fatal form of the disease. A dog was presented with the complaint of anorexia, persistent recumbency and loss of body weight which lasted for few days. On clinical examination, the affected dog revealed rise in temperature (105°F), lachrimation, anaemia, unilateral corneal opacity, swelling of throat, enlargement of lymph nodes and severe loss of bodily condition. Wet smear, thin blood smear and hematological parameters were observed. Motile trypanosomes were found in wet smear, while trypanosomes with a characteristic flagellum, kinetoplast and undulating membrane were present outside the red blood cells in the thin smear. The dog was successfully recovered with a single dose of diminazene aceturate. This report may provide a way forward to establish effective and safe therapeutic protocols for the control of canine trypanosomosis.
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Anene, B. M., J. I. Eze, T. O. Nnaji, K. O. Anya, S. O. Udegbunam, and A. G. Ezekwe. "Incidence of trypanosomosis in a Muturu herd at Nsukka, South-Eastern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 2 (2021): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i2.1820.

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A herd of 38 Muturu cattle under semi-intensive system of management at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Agricultural Farm, southeastern, Nigeria, was examined for the presence of trypanosome infection over a one year period (April, 1998 - March, 1999). The aim was to assess the incidence of trypanosoniosis and factors that may affect its occurrence variation. Infection was widespread in the herd (67.9%) during the period. Out of the factors (season, sex and age) only season showed a significant effect on the occurrence of trypanosomosis. The incidence was highest in the third quarter of the year corresponding 10 the late rainy season period, followed by the fourth quarter (early dry season, and was least in the first quarter (late dry season). This seasonal incidence varied between 2.6% (CI, 0.3 - 9.196) to 20.396 (CI,12.0-30.8%) 411 the infections were due to Trypanosoma vivax and the principal tsetse vector was Glossina tachinoides. Parasitaemic animals were able to control anaemia as their PCPs vere similar to those of uninfected animals (P>0.05). The importance of these findings in relation to the general epizootiology of trypanosomosis and animal production in the area is discussed.
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Raheem, KA. "A Review of Trypanosomosis-Induced Reproductive Dysfunctions in Male Animals." Agrosearch 14, no. 1 (2014): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v14i1.4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trypanosomosis in animals"

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Bennison, James John. "The effects of nutrition and trypanosomosis on the productivity of trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle." Thesis, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263259.

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Duvallet, Gérard. "Trypanosomoses humaine et animale en Afrique de l'ouest recherches épidémiologiques et immunoparasitologiques /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604866g.

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Duvallet, Gérard. "Trypanosomoses humaine et animale en Afrique de l'Ouest : recherches épidémiologiques et immunoparasitologiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112256.

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Les trypanosomoses sont des maladies parasitaires dues à des protozoaires flagellés du genre Trypanosoma. En Afrique de l'Ouest, elles sont transmises à l'homme et aux animaux par des insectes hématophages, en particulier les glossines. La trypanosomose humaine africaine (THA) à Trypanosoma gambiense sévit sur un mode endémo-épidémique et, non traitée, se termine par une méningo­encéphalite mortelle. L'auteur décrit l’introduction et l'évaluation des techniques immunologiques, en particulier l’immunofluorescence indirecte, au cours des campagnes de dépistage dans les foyers des pays membres de l'OCCGE. Des techniques parasitologiques plus sensibles, en particulier la centrifugation en tubes capillaires et la filtration/centrifugation sur mini-colonnes de DEAE-cellulose, ont été évaluées pour obtenir un diagnostic de certitude. L'épidémiologie de la THA a été étudiée dans les foyers reviviscents de Bouaflé et de Vavoua en Côte d'Ivoire. Le foyer sans glossines d’OUAHIGOUYA au Burkina Faso, situé au nord de la limite de répartition des glossines est décrit. Enfin, une stratégie de dépistage est proposée, pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest, afin d’être incluse dans une stratégie globale comprenant lutte anti-vectorielle, dépistage et traitement des malades. La découverte récente d’un réservoir animal potentiel de trypanosomes pathogènes pour l'homme rend illusoire l'idée d'éradiquer cette maladie. La trypanosomose animale est un obstacle majeur au développement de l'élevage en Afrique Tropicale. Les potentialités des zones de savanes humides sont telles qu'une élimination de cette maladie permettrait de répondre à la demande croissante en produits d'élevage. L'impossibilité d'éradiquer les glossines sur l’ensemble de ces zones et l'apparition de chimiorésistance des trypanosomes aux médicaments trypanocides disponibles, font des bovins trypanorésistants de l'ouest-africain une solution d'avenir pour le développement de l'élevage. Dans le cadre des recherches du CRTA sur la trypanotolérance, l'auteur a isolé un répertoire de Trypanosoma brucei brucei et étudié son expression chez des animaux sensibles et résistants.
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Boda, Caroline. "Contribution des modèles expérimentaux dans l'étude des trypanosomoses africaines." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7fa54944-6101-4979-85d4-313a4eb37e0c/blobholder:0/2005LIMO310A.pdf.

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La maladie du sommeil ou trypanosomose humaine africaine (THA) est une pathologie réémergente qui cause un véritable problème de santé publique. La compréhension de la physiopathologie nécessaire à la mise en place de nouvelles thérapeutiques est limitée et les traitements actuels sont les mêmes depuis une trentaine d'années. C'est pourquoi il est indispensable de mettre au point des modèles expérimentaux animaux de la maladie afin de disposer d'un support d'étude. Notre travail de thèse a permis de tester le mégazol dans le traitement de la trypanosomose chez le mouton infecté par Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Les résultats de l'essai thérapeutique et les paramètres pharmacocinétiques mesurés chez le mouton sain ont permis de comprendre que le mégazol administré par voie orale permet d'obtenir une rémission sans rechute des animaux infectés en stade I, à condition que l'absorption digestive s'effectue correctement. Le mégazol a alors été testé chez des singes verts infectés par T. B. Gambiense afin d'optimiser la posologie efficace. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants et mériteraient d'être approfondis par l'étude des dérivés non mutagènes du mégazol, récemment synthétisés. Nous avons également testé l'efficacité de l'association DFMO-nifurtimox à doses réduites chez un modèle de vervets infectés. Seule une efficacité partielle après traitement oral pendant 8 ou 15 jours a pu être obtenue et devra être expliquée par une étude pharmacocinétique ultérieure. Au cours de notre travail de thèse, nous avons également testé l'activité trypanocide du bleu de méthylène. Cette molécule s'est révélée être active in vitro sur deux souches de trypanosomes africains, en revanche, aucune efficacité n'a pu être obtenue chez la souris infectée et traitée per os ou par voie intra-péritonéale. Plusieurs hypothèses sont émises et mériteraient d'être vérifiées par des études supplémentaires. D'autre part, nous avons essayé de trouver de nouveaux critères de stade plus précoces et plus spécifiques. Pour cela, la technique de cytométrie en flux a été utilisée chez l'homme afin de s'assurer de la faisabilité et de l'intérêt de cette méthode dans les études des THA. Nous avons ensuite utilisé cette technique chez le vervet pour valider un modèle d'étude immunologique de la maladie. Nous avons alors cherché par cytométrie en flux les modifications significatives des sous-types lymphocytaires susceptibles d'aboutir à de nouveaux critères diagnostiques. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une augmentation significative des lymphocytes B dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien au cours de l'infection. Le vervet semblerait constituer un bon modèle pour approfondir ces résultats et pour la mise au point d'un test diagnostic de terrain<br>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a re-emerging disease responsible for a major public health problem. Knowledges about its physiopathology are necessary to find out new therapeutics but few studies are available. There is an urgent need to work with new experimental models to test trypanocidal activity of new drugs. In this work, we tested first megazol in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected sheep and its pharmacokinetics in uninfected sheep. Results showed megazol is efficient to treat stage I of trypanosomiasis in sheep if oral absorption occurs properly but this parameter seem to be very variable. Then, megazol was tested in T. B. Gambiense-infected African green monkeys in order to find out the optimal dosing. The results should be completed by further studies with more animals and with non mutagenic megazol derived compounds. Combination of two trypanocidals, DFMO and nifurtimox, bas been tested at low dosing in infected African green monkey. DFMO associated to nifurtimox given per os during 8 or 15 days couldn't cure the all animals. These results should be explained by a pharmacokinetics study of the combination. In a further study, we tested trypanocidal activity of methylene blue in vitro and in vivo. We obtained IC50 suggesting methylene blue could be active on trypanosomal infections. However, methylene blue given per os or intra-peritonealy couldn't cure infected mice. Several hypothesis are discussed and deserve to be verified. In an other hand, we tried to find out new criteria more precoce and specific for the stage diagnostic. We first adapted the method of flow cytometry to analyse blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients and ensure its utility to study sleeping sickness. Then, we reproduce the experiment in infected African green monkeys to analyse the lymphocytes subset in blood and cerebrospinal fluid every two weeks. Results showed an increase in lymphocytes B during the disease course. African green monkey could be a good immunological model of the disease to precise these first results and to develop a field test for stage diagnosis
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Hamidou, Soumana Illiassou. "La Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (maladie du sommeil) : caractérisation de gènes impliqués dans les interactions symbiontes - glossines - trypanosomes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20182.

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Les glossines (mouches tsétsé) sont les vecteurs des trypanosomes africains, responsables de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) ou maladie du sommeil en Afrique sub-saharienne. De nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la THA visent à utiliser les symbiontes de la glossine pour augmenter sa réfraction à l'infection par les trypanosomes. La mise en place de telles approches nécessite une bonne connaissance des bases moléculaires et cellulaires des interactions entre les symbiontes, la glossine et le trypanosome. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient, i) d'évaluer l'évolution des densités des symbiontes (Wigglesworthia glossinidia et Sodalis glossinidius) au cours du cycle de développement du vecteur et ii) de caractériser les gènes de Sodalis, Glossina palpalis gambiensis et Trypanosome brucei gambiense en interaction et qui s'expriment différentiellement au cours de l'infection. Nous avons pu montrer la présence permanente des deux symbiontes quel que soit le stade de développement de la glossine, ce qui permet leur utilisation dans le cadre du contrôle des vecteurs. Par la suite, des infections expérimentales ont été réalisées sur des glossines d'insectarium. Des glossines de l'espèce G. p. gambiensis ont été gorgées sur des souris infectées par T. b. gambiense. L'analyse des métatranscriptomes des glossines infectées versus réfractaires à l'infection nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les gènes de Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis et T. b. gambiense différentiellement exprimés aux étapes clé de l'infection. Les résultats qui découlent de cette thèse mettent la lumière sur la complexité des interactions Sodalis - G. p. gambiensis - T. b. gambiense et soulignent l'implication des bactériophages du symbionte S. glossinidius dans la réfraction des glossines à l'infection. Mots clés : maladie du sommeil, mouche tsétsé, trypanosome, symbiontes, compétence vectorielle, expression de gènes<br>Tsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)in sub-saharan Africa. New sleeping sickness control strategies plan to use tsetse gut symbionts to increase tsetse flies refractoriness to trypanosomes infection. Such approaches require good knowledge on the molecular and cellular basis of interactions between symbionts, tsetse fly and trypanosome. This thesis aimed to i) assess the evolution of Glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius) densities throughout the host fly development cycle and ii) to characterize genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in interaction, which are differentially expressed during the infection. We showed that both symbionts are present in all tsetse fly development stages, allowing their use in the context of vector control. Subsequently, experimental infections were performed on colonies flies. G. p. gambiensis female flies were fed on T. b. gambiense hosting mice. Transcriptome of infected flies and flies that have cleared trypanosome they ingested were analysed. This allow us identifying genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and T. b. gambiense differentially expressed at the infection key stages. Our results highlight the complexity of interactions between Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis, T. b. gambiense and underline the involvement of bacteriophages hosted by S. glossinidius in tsetse fly refractoriness to trypanosome infection. Key words: sleeping sickness; tsetse fly; trypanosome; symbionts; vector competence; gene expression
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Adam, Yahaya. "Évaluation du risque de Trypanosomose Animale au Ghana, et suivi de l’impact de l’intervention d’éradication de la maladie et du vecteur dans la region Ouest du Ghana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20210/document.

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Les Trypanosomoses Animales Africaines (TAA) sont une contrainte majeure à la viabilité et à la durabilité des systèmes de production de bétail au Ghana. Sous la tutelle de la Campagne Pan-Africaine d'Eradication des Tsé-tsé et des Trypanosomoses (PATTEC), le Ghana collabore avec le Burkina Faso au sein d'un projet sous régional pour créer une zone libérée de glossines à leur frontière commune. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de i) déterminer la situation initiale avant intervention en ce qui concerne le vecteur et la prévalence de la maladie dans la zone de lutte, ii) déterminer la structure des populations de glossines et ses conséquences sur la durabilité des efforts de lutte anti-vectorielle, iii) évaluer l'efficacité de la Pulvérisation Séquentielle d'Aérosols insecticides (SAT) pour contrôler les glossines riveraines et iv) évaluer les risques environnementaux associés à cette stratégie de lutte. Les résultats de l'enquête de base conduite dans la région nord-ouest du Ghana (zone d'étude) ont montré une large distribution de Glossina tachinoides alors que Glossina palpalis gambiensis était limitée à la limite sud de la zone d'étude. La prévalence parasitaire moyenne chez les bovins était de 2.5% (IC 95%: 1.06-5.77) et la prévalence sérologique de 19% (IC: 14.03-25.35). La densité apparente par piège et par jour (DAP) des glossines était de 8.7, 1.9 et 1.3 respectivement le long des rivières Volta noire, Kulpawn et Sissili. Une structuration génétique importante des populations de G. tachinoides a été observée entre sites d'étude d'un même bassin versant et entre bassins versants. Une densité locale de 0.48-0.61 glossines/m² a été inférée, ainsi qu'une distance de dispersion d'environ 11m par génération [IC 9 - 17]. Aucun biais de dispersion sexe-spécifique n'a été détecté. La dispersion observée était suffisante pour qu'une zone libérée de G. tachinoides puisse être ré-envahie par les populations mitoyennes des bassins versants adjacents.L'efficacité de la SAT à éliminer les espèces de glossines riveraines dans une section particulièrement difficile (canopée très dense et fortes densités de glossines) et l'efficacité ultérieure, un an après la SAT, d'une stratégie de lutte intégrée, ont également été testées. Les résultats montrent l'échec de l'éradication, attribué à une pénétration insuffisante des aérosols insecticides dans les galeries forestières denses. Toutefois, le taux de réduction global obtenu par la SAT fut important (98%) et la stratégie intégrée parvint à maintenir un niveau important de suppression des glossines. Enfin, une mesure de l'impact environnemental du projet a montré un impact non significatif de la deltaméthrine en aérosols sur les arthropodes aquatiques et terrestres non-ciblés<br>African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major constraint to viable and sustainable livestock production systems in Ghana. Under the umbrella of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Ghana is collaborating with Burkina Faso in a sub-regional initiative aiming at creating tsetse-free areas across their common borders. The objective of this thesis was to conduct research to guide project implementation and specifically seeks to i) determine the pre-intervention vector and disease situation of the intervention area, ii) determine tsetse population structuring and the consequences on sustainable tsetse control efforts, iii) evaluate SAT for the control of riverine tsetse species in Ghana and iv) evaluate the environmental risk of the intervention programmes. Results of a baseline survey conducted in the Upper West Region (study area) indicated a wide-spread prevalence of Glossina tachinoides but Glossina palpalis gambiensis was limited to the southern edge of the study area. Average parasitological prevalence in cattle was estimated at 2.5% (95% CI: 1.06–5.77) and serological prevalence measured at 19% (95% CI: 14.03–25.35). The mean Index of Apparent Abundance (IAA) of tsetse was 8.7, 1.9 and 1.3 for samples taken along the Black Volta, Kulpawn and Sissili Rivers, respectively. Investigations of the G. tachinoides populations confirmed significant structuring within and between the three main river-basins of the study area, and indicated a local density of 0.48-0.61 flies/m² and dispersal distance that approximated 11 m per generation [CI 9 - 17]. No significant sex-biased dispersal was detected. However, the observed dispersal was deemed sufficient for a G. tachinoides-cleared area to be reinvaded from neighbouring populations in adjacent river basins. The potential of Sequential Aerosol Technique (SAT) to eliminate riverine tsetse species in a challenging subsection (dense tree canopy and high tsetse densities) and the subsequent efficacy of an integrated strategy, one year after the SAT operations, were also investigated. Results indicated failure to achieve elimination, attributed to insufficient penetration of insecticide aerosols in thick riverine forest galleries. However the overall reduction rate due to SAT was important (98%) and the subsequent integrated strategy maintained high levels of tsetse suppression. Finally an environmental impact assessment revealed no significant impact of deltamethrin aerosols on non-targeted aquatic and terrestrial arthropods
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7

Peylhard, Mélanie. "Etude des bases moléculaires et cellulaires de la tolérance aux trypanosomoses chez les bovins par RNAseq." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG024.

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La Trypanosomose Animale Africaine (TAA) est une maladie parasitaire (trypanosome) à transmission vectorielle (glossine). En Afrique sub-saharienne elle constitue un obstacle majeur au développement de l’élevage. Toutefois, il existe des races bovines taurines trypanotolérantes capables de tolérer la maladie. Les races européennes et indicines sont trypanosensibles et, sans traitement, meurent généralement de l’infection. Les objectifs de thèse sont d’améliorer les connaissances sur les interactions hôtes-parasites en identifiant les gènes, les réseaux de gènes, les voies métaboliques et les fonctions biologiques associés à la trypanotolérance. Cinq races bovines ouest-africaines ont été expérimentalement infectées par Trypanosoma congolense. Des banques RNA-seq ont été réalisées à partir des échantillons sanguins pour caractériser le métatranscriptome au cours de l’infection (bovin+parasite). Les principaux résultats révèlent que l’infection a eu un impact majeur sur le transcriptome des leucocytes bovins quelle que soit la race. Les résultats confirment globalement les données issues de la littérature notamment une activation précoce de la réponse immunitaire innée, suivie d'une activation de la réponse humorale et d'une inhibition des cellules T au stade chronique de l'infection. Des résultats nouveaux ont pu être mis en évidence comme une forte perturbation du métabolisme et de la production d’énergie chez l’hôte. La race N’Dama (trypanotolérante de référence) a présenté une réponse immunitaire plus précoce et plus intense associée à une forte activation de la production d'énergie par les cellules. La race Zébu (trypanosensible de référence) a présenté une forte perturbation du métabolisme des lipides, probablement due à une spoliation par le parasite ou en lien direct avec une dérégulation du métabolisme de l’hôte. En conclusion, j’ai pu mettre en évidence des différences subtiles dans certaines voies d’activation de la réponse immunitaire, et mis en exergue les interactions entre la réponse immunitaire, des modifications métaboliques, et les perturbations induites par les parasites. Ces interactions métabolisme*réponse immunitaire mériteraient des études plus approfondies chez le bovin, pour améliorer le traitement des trypanosomoses<br>Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease (trypanosome) with vectorial transmission (tsetse fly). In sub-Saharan Africa, it constitutes a major impediment to livestock development. However, there are trypanotolerant taurine cattle breeds capable of tolerating the disease. European and indicine breeds are trypanosusceptible and, without treatment, usually die from infection. PhD objectives are to improve knowledge of host-parasite interactions by identifying the genes, gene networks, metabolic pathways, and biological functions associated with trypanotolerance. Five West African cattle breeds have been experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. RNA-seq libraries were constructed from blood samples to characterize the metatranscriptome during infection (bovine + parasite). The main findings reveal that the infection had a major impact on the transcriptome of cattle leukocytes regardless of breed. The results generally confirm the data from the literature including early activation of the innate immune response, followed by activation of the humoral response and inhibition of T cells in the chronic stage of infection. New results could be highlighted as a strong disruption of metabolism and energy production in the host. The N'Dama (trypanotolerant reference) breed showed an earlier and more intense immune response associated with strong activation of energy production by the cells. The Zebu breed (trypanosusceptible reference) showed a strong disruption of lipid metabolism, probably due to spoliation by the parasite or directly related to deregulation of the host metabolism. In conclusion, I was able to highlight subtle differences in some pathways related to the activation of the immune response, and highlighted the interactions between immune response, metabolic changes, and parasite-induced disturbances. These interactions metabolism * immune response deserve further study in cattle, to improve the treatment of trypanosomoses
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Zhang, Zhengqing. "La trypanosomose animale à Trypanosoma evansi : caractérisation biochimique et génétique de souches provenant de Chine et étude du mécanisme de la chimiorésistance." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T202.

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Bouteille, Bernard. "La trypanosomose africaine : des modèles expérimentaux à la physiopathologie et à l'approche thérapeutique de la maladie du sommeil." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T158.

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La 4e de couverture indique : "La trypanosomose humaine africaine ou maladie du sommeil évolue en deux phases, une lymphatico-sanguine, puis une neurologique, mortelle en l'absence de traitement. Le diagnostic du stade neurologique est difficile, et son traitement toxique. Nous avons développé plusieurs modèles expérimentaux (souris, mouton, primate non humain) pour permettre son étude, très négligée, alors qu'elle est actuellement en ré-émergence. Nous avons montré l'implication du monoxyde d'azote, du tumor necrosis factor-alpha et d'auto-anticorps dirigés contre des constituants du système nerveux central dans la physiopathologie de la maladie. Ces auto-anticorps présentent un intérêt dans le diagnostic du stade neurologique de la maladie. Parmi les produits trypanocides testés, un dérivé nitro-imidazolé, le mégazol, s'est révélé actif par voie orale au stade neurologique et mériterait un développement. "
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Amevigbe, Dotse Dzabli Martin. "Les anticorps anti-cérébrosides au cours de la trypanosomose humaine africaine et expérimentale du mouton (ovis aries)." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMOA101.

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Books on the topic "Trypanosomosis in animals"

1

P, Boyt W., ed. A field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.

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FAO/IAEA Seminar for Africa (2nd 1995 Zanzibar). Animal trypanosomosis: Vector and disease control using nuclear techniques : proceedings of the second FAO/IAEA Seminar for Africa, 27 November-1 December 1995, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. Backhuys, 1999.

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FAO/IAEA, Seminar for Africa 2nd Zanzibar 1995. Animal trypanosomosis: Vector and disease control using nuclear techniques: proceedings of the second FAO/IAEA seminar for Africa, 27 November-1 December 1995, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. Backhuys, 1999.

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Affognon, Hippolyte. Étude des politiques relatives aux stratégies de gestion de la chimiorésistance dans le cadre de la lutte contre la trypanosomose en Afrique de l'ouest: Cas du Mali : gestion de la chimiorésistance dans le cadre de la lutte intégrée contre la trypanosomose dans la zone contonnière de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. International Livestock Research Institute, 2009.

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Gibson, W. African trypanosomosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0049.

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The African trypanosomoses are diseases of both man and his livestock. There are two forms of human trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness: Gambian or Rhodesian sleeping sickness, roughly corresponding to a West, Central or East African distribution respectively. Gambian sleeping sickness runs a more protracted and chronic course than the Rhodesian form; nevertheless, human trypanosomosis is invariably fatal if not treated. Animal reservoir hosts, both wild and domestic, assume greater importance for Rhodesian sleeping sickness than Gambian sleeping sickness, and the former is often an occupational hazard of those visiting or working in wildlife areas, e.g. tourists, hunters. Animal trypanosomosis transmitted by tsetse is generally referred to as Nagana, while the disease transmitted by other bloodsucking flies outside the African tsetse belt is known chiefly as Surra, but also by a variety of local names.Sleeping sickness control measures are aimed either at the trypanosome or the fly. Human cases are detected by active or passive surveillance and cured by treatment with trypanocidal drugs.Control of the tsetse vector is by application of residual insecticides or bush clearing and, more recently, by traps or insecticide-impregnated targets, or by wholesale release of sterile males. Tsetse control is more widely employed for the control of animal trypanosomosis than sleeping sickness.
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Animal trypanosomosis: diagnosis and epidemiology: Result of a FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme on the use of immunoassay methods for improved diagnosis of trypanosomosis and monitoring tests and trypanosomosis control programmes. [Backhuys], 2000.

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Animal trypanosomosis: Diagnosis and epidemiology : results of a FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research programme on the use of immunoassay methods for improved diagnosis of trypanosomosis and monitoring tsetse and trypanosomosis control programmes. International Atomic Energy Agency, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trypanosomosis in animals"

1

Namangala, Boniface, and Steven Odongo. "Animal African Trypanosomosis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond African Borders." In Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis. Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1556-5_10.

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Olaho-Mukani, William. "Non-Tsetse-Transmitted Animal Trypanosomosis (NTT)." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch006.

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The non-tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses are infections caused by three main mammalian trypanosome species, namely Trypanosoma evansi, T. equiprdum, and T. vivax. Their global distribution is much wider than tsetse-transmitted trypanosomoses and includes Africa and Latin America, Asia, and Euro-Asia. These trypanosomoses affect a very wide range of domestic animals and game and negatively impact on the development of the animal industry, thus directly affecting national economies and people's livelihoods.
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Maichomo, Monicah W., Caleb Oburu Orenge, and Daniel Ochieng Gamba. "Introduction of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT)/Nagana." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch001.

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African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), a livestock disease, also known as Nagana, tsetse fly disease, or tsetse disease, is a widespread tsetse-borne disease complex caused by unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. It is one of the major constraints to the expansion of livestock rearing and livestock-based industries in Africa. It also constrains mixed farming, human health, and livelihood in tropical Africa. The tsetse fly is the major vector of the disease. Acute disease is characterized by marked depression, intermittent fever, anorexia, anemia, blood-tinged diarrhea, and adenopathy, sometimes petechiae on mucosa, abortion, and death if not treated. Diagnosis is made by observing trypanosome parasites by direct microscopic examination of blood, lymph nodes, edema fluid, or tissues. Treatment is by chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. Control is achieved through vector control treatment using available molecules and use of a few available trypanotolerant breeds of animals.
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Biryomumaisho, Savino, and E. Katunguka-Rwakishay. "The Pathogenesis of Anaemia in African Animal Trypanosomosis." In Anemia. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/29469.

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Mélodie Audrey Prisca, Ovono, Mounioko Franck, Zinga Koumba Christophe Roland, et al. "Ecological Aspects of Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) in a Gabonese Cattle Ranch." In The Wonders of Diptera - Characteristics, Diversity, and Significance for the World's Ecosystems. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95062.

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To embark on an anti-vectorial fight against mechanical vectors of animal trypanosomosis, investigations were undertaken in order to determine the abundance, species diversity and daily activity of tabanids in a cattle ranch in Gabon. The nzi and vavoua traps were used to catch tabanids in three divisions of this ranch. In this study, 616 tabanids were captured: 349 (56.66%) in Division 1, 226 (36.69%) in Division 2 and 41 (6.66%) in Division 3. In the first Division, T. taeniola was the most abundant species with an Apparent Density (ADT) of 2.2, followed by H. pluvialis (ADT = 1.05). In the second Division, H. pluvialis was most abundant with ADT of 1.6, followed by T. taeniola (ADT = 0.38). In the last Division, the most abundant species was H. pluvialis (ADT = 0.15). Comparing the relative abundance of catches with sites (Divisions), we realized that there was no statistically significant difference in catches with trapping sites. It was noticed that Division 3 recorded the highest diversity index values. We realized that the nzi trap recorded higher tabanid catches than the vavoua trap. The diurnal activity rhythm of the most frequent species encountered slightly differed with prospection sites.
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