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Journal articles on the topic 'Trypanosomosis in animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Biyazen, Habtamu, Reta Duguma, and Mebratu Asaye. "Trypanosomosis, Its Risk Factors, and Anaemia in Cattle Population of Dale Wabera District of Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (September 16, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/374191.

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Cross-sectional study was conducted in Dale Wabera district of Kellem Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to evaluate association of bovine trypanosomosis to anaemia. Blood samples collected from 384 randomly selected cattle were subjected to parasitological and haematological analysis. For the parasitological survey, blood samples were examined using a buffy coat technique. The packed cell volume (PCV) value of each animal was also measured using hematocrit reader. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 2.86%. The most common trypanosome species identified were Trypanosoma congolense (63.64%) followed by T. vivax (27.27%) and T. brucei (9%). The prevalence showed no significant difference in susceptibility between sex categories, age groups, and different body conditioned animals. The overall anaemia prevalence in the area was 19.27%. The anaemia prevalence was significantly higher in trypanosome positive cattle (54.54%) than in noninfected animals (18.23%) (P < 0.05). The mean PCV value of the infected animals was lower (22.36%±7.39%) compared to noninfected animals (27.86±5.38%). There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the PCV values of infected and noninfected animals. In conclusion, this study confirmed that trypanosomosis poses a threat to cattle production in the area and also contributed to the occurrence of anaemia.

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2

Bekele, Dagim, and Ahimadin Beshir. "Host Related Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Vector Density in Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine – Open Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-6-156.

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Background Trypanosomosis is disease caused by unicellular parasites, trypanosome, found blood and other tissue of vertebrates; including livestock, wild life and people. It is a serious disease in domestic livestock causing a significant negative impact on food production and economic growth in many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Its epidemiology and impact on livestock production are largely determined by the prevalence and distribution of the disease and its vectors in the affected area. Aim To assess the host related risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in four peasant associations of the study area. In relation to the host risk factors, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was highest in those animals with poor body condition. Results The overall 5.32% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded from 432 blood sample collected from randomly selected animals using Buffy coat method. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species 14 (60.87%). However, it was not statistically significant between sex of animals (p>0.05). The mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of the infected animals was lower (20.65%±2.85) compared to non-infected animals (25.74%±4.80). There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV values of infected and non-infected animals. Moreover, animals with different body condition exhibited statistically significant variation (p<0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosomosis. Overall an apparent density of the flies was 2.42 f/t/d by using mono-pyramidal and biconical traps. It indicated that, G. morsitance submorsitance, G. pallidipes and G. tachinoides were tsetse flies species caught. Conclusion Finally, this work showed that trypanosomosis is an important disease affecting the health and productivity of cattle in the district. Hence, due attention should be given to this sector so as to improve livestock production and agricultural development in the area.

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3

Georgiou, Christophis. "Epizootological Monitoring of Trypanosomosis and Piroplasmidosis in Animals." Russian Journal of Parasitology 13, no. 4 (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2019-13-4-32-36.

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4

Lelisa, Kumela, and Behablom Meharenet. "Anaemia Associated with Trypanosomes Infections in Cattle of West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5531537.

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Background. African animal trypanosomosis is a major veterinary problem over a large area of the tsetse belt region of Africa. Anaemia is a cardinal sign of trypanosome infections. The mechanism of anaemia due to trypanosomosis is complex and multifactorial in origin. Packed cell volume (PCV) usually gives an indication of the anaemia and disease status of a trypanosome-infected animal. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018 in West Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia, to determine the trypanosome infections rate and the possible correlation between parasitic infection and anaemia using the dark ground buffy coat technique, Giemsa-stained thin blood smear, and PCV reading on a haematocrit reader. Results. The overall trypanosomosis prevalence was 7.81%, 95% CI = 7.45–8.17. Trypanosoma congolense (4.25%) and T. vivax (3.56%) were the trypanosomes species identified in the studied area. PCV for all sampled cattle was analysed to estimate the degree of anaemia. From the total examined animals (N = 730), 356 (48.77%) were anaemic and 374 (51.23%) were nonanaemic. The mean PCV of parasitemic cattle was significantly lower (21.09%, 95% CI = 20.13–22.05) than that of aparasitemic ones (25.96%, 95% CI = 25.68–26.24). There was a positive association between trypanosome infection and anaemia. Although both trypanosome species are significantly associated with a decreased herd mean PCV (<24), the mean PCV of cattle infected with T. congolense (19.45%) was lower than that of infected with T. vivax (23.04%). The herd mean PCV was not significantly associated to locations, age, and sex of the studied animals. Conclusions. The study confirms that the prevalence of trypanosomes infections and herd mean PCV has a significant association. The mean herd PCV can be a useful cheap tool to screen for possible trypanosome infection. However, there were cattle positive for trypanosomes having mean PCV within the reference interval and negative animals with anaemia. Furthermore, PCV reading should be confirmed by other diagnostic techniques to accurately conclude that trypanosomosis is the only cause of anaemia.

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5

Gebisa, Gelaye, Kibiru Beriso, Biruk Bogale, Oda Gizaw, and Dawit Chala. "Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vectors in Three Selected Districts of Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1571947.

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Trypanosomosis is one of the most economically challenging diseases affecting mammals, and it is a serious haemoprotozoan disease caused by different species of unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome. The study was conducted to access the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, its associated risk factors, and vector density on cattle reared in three selected districts, namely, Chewaka, Dabo Hana, and Meko districts. Blood was collected from a total of 1046 cattle of age groups extending from 1 to 6 years. The buffy coat technique was used to check the presence of parasites from sampled blood, and the trypanosome species were identified using Giemsa-stained thin blood films. The packed cell volume of sampled blood was determined using the haematocrit. A total of 160 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey. Generally, 3.44% of the studied animal was infected with trypanosomosis, and T. vivax was the dominant species of trypanosomosis in the study areas. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed due to associated factor viz. body condition and anaemic status of the animal; however, insignificant differences were also recorded between different districts, age group, and sex. The mean PCV value of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was 22.22 ± 0.92 and 26.18 ± 0.16, respectively, and significant difference was P < 0.05. An overall of 1.82 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study areas, and among the total caught vectors, 81.4% of it was G. tachinoides and the rest was G. morsitans. Therefore, the veterinarians have to continue providing the appropriate medication/treatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation, and Bedele NTTICC has to take more measures to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies in Dabo Hana district than the others due to high flies per trap per day observed in Dabo Hana district.

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Sudan, Vikrant, Amit Kumar Verma, and Amit Kumar Jaiswal. "Trypanosomosis of wild animals with emphasis on Indian scenario." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 10 (December 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.07.003.

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7

Amante, Morka, and Hika Tesgera. "Prevalence of Cattle Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Its Fly Vectors in Bambasi District of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894188.

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Trypanosomosis is the most serious disease of cattle, which causes great socioeconomic losses in the country. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected on direct losses due to mortality, morbidity, and reduction in milk and meat production, abortion and stillbirth, and also costs associated with combat of the disease are direct losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis, and the apparent density and distribution of its fly vectors in selected study areas. The methods employed during the study were buffy coat technique for parasitological study and deploying trap for the collection of tsetse flies. A total of 1512 flies were trapped, and among them, 1162 were tsetse flies while 350 were biting flies. Higher apparent density for tsetse fly (7.7 F/T/D) followed by Stomoxys (0.9 F/T/D), Tabanus (0.8 F/T/D), and Hematopota (0.6 F/T/D) was recorded. Out of 638 examined cattle, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was 9.1% (58/638). Out of positive cases, Trypanosoma congolense (7.7%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by Trypanosoma vivax (0.9%), Trypanosoma brucei (0.2%), and mixed infection of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax (0.3%). There was no a significant difference (p>0.05) in trypanosome infection between age, sex, and trypanosome species. The prevalence of trypanosomosis on the bases of body condition was 2.8% for poor, 5.5% for medium, and 0.8% for good body condition. The overall prevalence of anemia was (36.8%), and presence of anemia was higher in trypanosome positive animals (62.5%) than in negative animals (34.3%) which is statistically significant (p<0.05, CI = 1.794–5.471). The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) value for examined animals was 25.84 ± 0.252SE. Mean (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (9.1%) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (90%). This survey showed that trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production of the study area. Therefore, more attention should be given to the control of both the disease and its vectors.

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ABBAS, H., M. RAFI ULLAH, HM RIZWAN, et al. "Canine trypanosomosis: a case report." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (2021): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26766.

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Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan infection affecting a broad range of wild and domestic animals including dogs. Infected dogs may die within 2-4 weeks in the acute and fatal form of the disease. A dog was presented with the complaint of anorexia, persistent recumbency and loss of body weight which lasted for few days. On clinical examination, the affected dog revealed rise in temperature (105°F), lachrimation, anaemia, unilateral corneal opacity, swelling of throat, enlargement of lymph nodes and severe loss of bodily condition. Wet smear, thin blood smear and hematological parameters were observed. Motile trypanosomes were found in wet smear, while trypanosomes with a characteristic flagellum, kinetoplast and undulating membrane were present outside the red blood cells in the thin smear. The dog was successfully recovered with a single dose of diminazene aceturate. This report may provide a way forward to establish effective and safe therapeutic protocols for the control of canine trypanosomosis.

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Anene, B. M., J. I. Eze, T. O. Nnaji, K. O. Anya, S. O. Udegbunam, and A. G. Ezekwe. "Incidence of trypanosomosis in a Muturu herd at Nsukka, South-Eastern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 2 (2021): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i2.1820.

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A herd of 38 Muturu cattle under semi-intensive system of management at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Agricultural Farm, southeastern, Nigeria, was examined for the presence of trypanosome infection over a one year period (April, 1998 - March, 1999). The aim was to assess the incidence of trypanosoniosis and factors that may affect its occurrence variation. Infection was widespread in the herd (67.9%) during the period. Out of the factors (season, sex and age) only season showed a significant effect on the occurrence of trypanosomosis. The incidence was highest in the third quarter of the year corresponding 10 the late rainy season period, followed by the fourth quarter (early dry season, and was least in the first quarter (late dry season). This seasonal incidence varied between 2.6% (CI, 0.3 - 9.196) to 20.396 (CI,12.0-30.8%) 411 the infections were due to Trypanosoma vivax and the principal tsetse vector was Glossina tachinoides. Parasitaemic animals were able to control anaemia as their PCPs vere similar to those of uninfected animals (P>0.05). The importance of these findings in relation to the general epizootiology of trypanosomosis and animal production in the area is discussed.

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Raheem, KA. "A Review of Trypanosomosis-Induced Reproductive Dysfunctions in Male Animals." Agrosearch 14, no. 1 (2014): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v14i1.4.

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11

Adisu, Alemitu. "Study on Bovine Trypanosomosis and Associated Risk Factors in Chora District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 2, no. 3 (2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/016.

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Bovine Trypanosomosis is one of the most parsimoniously challenging diseases in influencing mammals like cattle and it is a grave haemoprotozoan disease triggered by different species of unicellular eukaryotic parasite of the genus trypanosome. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, and the influence of associated risk factors on cattle reared in Chora district of Buno Bedele Zone. A Blood sample was collected from a total of 401 cattle of age ranges from 1 to 6 years. The presence of parasites from sampled blood was examined using a method of Buffy Coat Technique and a technique of Giemsa-stained thin blood films was used to identify the existing trypanosome species in the study area. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of collected blood samples was determined using haematocrit. A total of 50 traps were deployed to study the entomological survey. In general, 2.99 % of the studied cattle were infected with Trypanosomosis and the T.Vivax (58.33%) was the dominant species of trypanosomosis and followed by T. congulense (41.67%) in the study area. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed due to associated risk factors viz. Body Condition and age of cattle, whereas sampling sites and sex did not significantly affect the prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis. The mean PCV value of Parasitaemic and Aparasitaemic animals were 21.37 ± 0.19 and 27.89 ± 0.16, respectively and they were statistically different at (P< 0.05). Overall of 0.80 flies per trap per day was recorded from the study area and among the caught flies of Glossina species, 10%, 54% and 36% of them were, G.tachinoides, G.pallidipes and G.fuscipes, respectively. Therefore, the veterinarian’s has to continue providing the appropriate medication/treatment for the infected animals per appropriate recommendation and Bedele NTTICC has to take more focus to control the density and distribution of tsetse flies as well as biting flies for the transmission of high incidence of T. Vivax through mechanical ways of transmission of the disease.

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12

Hagos, Ashenafi, Hailu Yacob, Asoke Basu, and Degneh Efrem. "Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia." Animal Biology 60, no. 2 (2010): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075610x491653.

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AbstractA study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from September 2006 to April 2007 in six villages of the Gimbi district in west Wollega zone of Ethiopia. The prevalence of the disease, the apparent densities and distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in two seasons, the dry and rainy, were determined. The results of a questionnaire survey from 80 farmers revealed that trypanosomosis was a major health problem affecting animals and impeding agricultural activities.A total of 568 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals (280 animals in rainy and 288 in dry season) and revealed the presence of Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 and T. vivax Zieman, 1905 in the area. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species that accounted for 66.2% of the infections. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) concentrations were 22.77% (95% CI =19.99-21.55) in parasitaemic and 25.25% (95% CI=24.88-25.61) in aparasitaemic animals with a significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant (P<0.012) difference in trypanosome infection between age groups of cattle, being higher in adults. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 12.5%, while the disease prevalence was higher during the rainy season (15 %) than the dry season (10.1%). In three villages of lowland areas (below 1600 meter above sea level), a higher prevalence was recorded 20.9% and 7.9% as compared to three villages of midland areas (≥ 1600 meter above sea level) 11.8% and 8.3% in late rainy and dry season, respectively.A fly-survey was conducted by using 80 monoconical pyramidal traps and revealed that two tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina tachinoides Westwood were found along with other biting flies (Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys species). Higher numerical catches of Glossina were recorded in late rainy season and the apparent density was positively correlated (r=0.5171) with the prevalence of infection.

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Anene, B. M., and A. G. Ezekwe. "Trypanosomosis in intensively reared muturu calves in nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 27, no. 4 (1995): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02250698.

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Gow, A. G., J. W. Simpson, and K. Picozzi. "First report of canine African trypanosomosis in the UK." Journal of Small Animal Practice 48, no. 11 (2007): 658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00423.x.

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15

Kalu, A. U. "An outbreak of trypanosomosis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, no. 4 (1991): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02357102.

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16

Okech, G., R. B. Dolan, P. Stevenson, et al. "The effect of trypanosomosis on pregnancy in trypanotolerant Orma Boran cattle." Theriogenology 46, no. 3 (1996): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(96)00166-5.

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17

Seifi, H. A. "Clinical trypanosomosis due toTrypanosoma theileri in a cow in Iran." Tropical Animal Health and Production 27, no. 2 (1995): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02236319.

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18

Bennison, J. J., R. G. Clemence, R. F. Archibald, C. R. C. Hendy, and L. Dempfle. "The effects of work and two planes of nutrition on trypanotolerant draught cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense." Animal Science 66, no. 3 (1998): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009176.

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AbstractThirty-two N'Dama bulls aged 3 to 4 years were used to study the interactions between work, trypanosomosis and nutrition. The bulls were randomly allocated to two treatments, working (W) and non-working (N). Half in each treatment were placed on an andropogon hay basal diet (B), the other half on a better quality groundnut hay diet (H). Five days a week, four pairs of animals in the BW group and and four pairs in the HW group pulled weighted sledges four times around a 2056-m track. Loads were set to ensure energy expenditure was equivalent to 1·4 times maintenance. After 4 weeks all 32 bulls were injected intradermally with 104 Trypanosoma congolense organisms. The trial continued for a further 8 weeks.Trypanosome infection caused a significant (P < 0·001) decline in packed cell volume (PCV), and the anaemia was more severe (P < 0·05) in working animals; three pairs in the HW group and two pairs in the BW group were withdrawn because PCV fell below 17%. Diet had no effect on PCV or parasitaemia. Infection caused a decline in food intake (P < 0·001) but with significant interactions between diet and work. Intake patterns were similar in the BN and BW groups whilst the HW animals consumed significantly more groundnut hay compared with the HN group (P < 0·01). However, nutrition had no significant effect on lap times or the team's ability to work under trypanosomosis challenge. Post-infection, diet was the dominant factor determining weight change, HN and HW animals weighed significantly more than BN and BW animals (P < 0·01) and the interaction between period, diet and work demonstrated that BWhad the lowest weights in the latter stages of the trial (P < 0·05).The results suggest that supplementation with better quality forages confers no benefit to an animal infected with trypanosomes. Nor can trypanotolerant cattle sustain long periods of work if subiected to a primary challenge of trypanosomes.

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Tsegaye, Dereje, Getachew Terefe, Deresse Delema, and Abebayehu Tadesse. "Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 25, no. 2 (2021): 60–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.5.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’ perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.

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Wada, Y. A., P. I. Rekwot, O. O. Okubanjo, B. Mohammed, and S. J. Oniye. "Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 2 (2021): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i2.6.

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The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Clinico-pathological and microscopic features; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Mixed infections; Sheep

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Yougbaré, Bernadette, Albert Soudré, Dominique Ouédraogo, et al. "Genome-wide association study of trypanosome prevalence and morphometric traits in purebred and crossbred Baoulé cattle of Burkina Faso." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255089.

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In this study, single-SNP GWAS analyses were conducted to find regions affecting tolerance against trypanosomosis and morphometrics traits in purebred and crossbred Baoulé cattle of Burkina Faso. The trypanosomosis status (positive and negative) and a wide set of morphological traits were recorded for purebred Baoulé and crossbred Zebu x Baoulé cattle, and genotyped with the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip. After quality control, 36,203 SNPs and 619 animals including 343 purebred Baoulé and 279 crossbreds were used for the GWAS analyses. Several important genes were found that can influence morphological parameters. Although there were no genes identified with a reported strong connection to size traits, many of them were previously identified in various growth-related studies. A re-occurring theme for the genes residing in the regions identified by the most significant SNPs was pleiotropic effect on growth of the body and the cardiovascular system. Regarding trypanosomosis tolerance, two potentially important regions were identified in purebred Baoulé on chromosomes 16 and 24, containing the CFH, CRBN, TRNT1 and, IL5RA genes, and one additional genomic region in Baoulé, x Zebu crossbreds on chromosome 5, containing MGAT4C and NTS. Almost all of these regions and genes were previously related to the trait of interest, while the CRBN gene was to our knowledge presented in the context of trypanosomiasis tolerance for the first time.

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Kebede, Nigatu, and Abebe Animut. "Trypanosomosis of cattle in selected districts of Awi zone, northwestern Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, no. 7 (2009): 1353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9321-z.

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Desta, Takele Taye, Workneh Ayalew, and Prabhakar Brahmavara Hegde. "Farmers’ perceptions on trypanosomosis and trypanotolerance character of the taurine Sheko." Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, no. 3 (2011): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9943-9.

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Somda, J., M. Kamuanga, and E. Tollens. "Prospective analysis for community participation in trypanosomosis control in The Gambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 38, no. 2 (2006): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4308-5.

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Leschnik, Michael, Katja Silbermayr, Abigail Guija, and Barbara Nell. "Diagnosis and successful treatment of an Austrian dog infected with Trypanosoma congolense forest type." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 49, no. 02 (2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1377-1008.

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AbstractCanine African Trypanosomosis (CAT) is a rarely described disease with frequently lethal outcome. A 5-year-old female mongrel dog weighing 22 kg was presented in Austria due to unilateral uveitis, pancytopenia, and anorexia 4 months after return from a trip through Western Africa. Trypanosoma spp. flagellates were detected in a blood smear and identified as Trypanosoma congolense forest type by PCR. Initial treatment with imidocarb and miltefosine led to clinical improvement but only isometamidium chloride hydrochloride applied intramuscularly led to complete eradication of the pathogen from the dog’s blood 4 months later.

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Ganyo, Ebenezer Yaw, Johnson N. Boampong, Daniel K. Masiga, Jandouwe Villinger, and Paa Kobina Turkson. "Haematology of N’Dama and West African Shorthorn cattle herds under natural Trypanosoma vivax challenge in Ghana." F1000Research 7 (August 10, 2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14032.2.

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Background: Animal trypanosomosis is a major cause of economic loss in livestock production in Africa. A suggested control measure is to use breeds with traits of trypanotolerance. The study examines the effect of natural Trypanosoma vivax challenge on haematological parameters in two trypanotolerant cattle [N’Dama and West African Shorthorn (WASH)] herds. Methods: Trypanosoma vivax-specific primers were used to diagnose T. vivax infection in an N’Dama herd at Cape Coast in southern Ghana and a WASH herd at Chegbani in northern Ghana from May to July 2011 in a cross-sectional study. Levels of haematological parameters comprising packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) and total white blood cell (TWBC) counts; differential WBC counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils); and RBC indices of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined in blood samples and then compared between infected and uninfected cattle. Results: We found that haematological indices for infected and uninfected animals in both breeds were within the normal range. However, the mean PCV values for T. vivax-infected WASH and N’Dama were lower in infected compared to uninfected animals. The difference was significant ( p< 0.05) in N’Dama but not in WASH. Conclusion: Despite the presence of infection by T. vivax, N’Dama and WASH cattle maintained their haematological parameters within acceptable normal ranges, which confirms their trypanotolerant trait. This highlights the need for low-input traditional African farmers in medium, high and severe tsetse challenge areas to be educated on the advantages of N’Dama and WASH breeds to increase their utilization in integrated tsetse and trypanosomosis control programmes.

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Ohaga, S. O., E. D. Kokwaro, I. O. Ndiege, A. Hassanali, and R. K. Saini. "Livestock farmers’ perception and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in Kwale District, Kenya." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 80, no. 1 (2007): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.01.007.

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Böhning, Dankmar, and Matthias Greiner. "Prevalence estimation under heterogeneity in the example of bovine trypanosomosis in Uganda." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 36, no. 1 (1998): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(98)00076-2.

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Machila, Noreen, Lily Sinyangwe, Joseph Mubanga, Julian S. Hopkins, Timothy Robinson, and Mark C. Eisler. "Antibody-ELISA seroprevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the Eastern Province of Zambia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 49, no. 3-4 (2001): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00178-7.

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Sekoni, V. O., P. I. Rekwot, and E. K. Bawa. "The Effects of Trypanosomosis on Sperm Morphology in Zebu×Friesian Crossbred Bulls." Tropical Animal Health and Production 36, no. 1 (2004): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:trop.0000009528.91525.01.

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Odeniran, Paul Olalekan, Ewan Thomas Macleod, Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola, and Susan Christina Welburn. "Practices of cattle keepers of southwest Nigeria in relation to bovine trypanosomosis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, no. 8 (2018): 2117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1694-4.

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Leperre, P., and J. R. Claxton. "Comparative study of trypanosomosis in zebu and N'Dama cattle in the Gambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 26, no. 3 (1994): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02241070.

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Adedapo, A. A., A. B. Saba, O. A. Dina, and R. O. Arowolo. "THE EFFECT OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS ON PLASMA PROTEIN LEVELS IN INDIGENOUS CATTLE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 26 (March 11, 2021): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v26i1.3035.

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A field survey involving 180 adult white Fulani cattle was carried out in the Guinea Savannah and Derived Savannah vegetational zones of South Western Nigeria to determine the effect of natural trypanosomal infection on plasma protein levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent examination were used as diagnostic indices. The results showed a prevalence of 36.7% mixed infection in the animals sampled. It was also observed that the albumin level was lowered, globulin level increased and the total protein level was slightly on the increase. Trypanosomal infection in this study therefore affects the concentration of total and differential plasma protein levels in indigenous cattle.

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Boid, R., A. G. Hunter, T. W. Jones, C. A. Ross, D. Sutherland, and A. G. Luckins. "Trypanosomosis research at the centre for tropical veterinary medicine (CTVM) 1970 to 1995." Tropical Animal Health and Production 28, no. 1 (1996): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02250724.

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35

Baumann, M. P. O., and K. H. Zessin. "Productivity and health of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Somalia: Associations with trypanosomosis and brucellosis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, no. 3 (1992): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02359606.

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Calvet, Florence, Hacène Medkour, Oleg Mediannikov, et al. "An African Canine Trypanosomosis Case Import: Is There a Possibility of Creating a Secondary Focus of Trypanosoma congolense Infection in France?" Pathogens 9, no. 9 (2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090709.

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African animal trypanosomosis are parasitic diseases caused by several protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted by hematophagous insects, essentially tsetse flies, but also, less frequently by Tabanidae and Stomoxidae. They are geolocated in a part of the continent and affect livestock animals and carnivores; dogs are especially sensitive to them. They do not seem to present a zoonotic risk. Despite the chemical prevention with trypanocides for French military working dogs on mission in Côte d’Ivoire, a fatal case induced by Trypanosoma congolense in France after returning from Abidjan raises the question of an imported secondary focus. The clinical case was developed and the causative agent was confirmed by microscopy and PCR methods. The three necessary pillars to create a secondary potential focus are present: the parasite introduction in a new territory, the presence and the propagation vectors, and their proximity with sensitive species.

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Shaw, A. P. M., G. Cecchi, G. R. W. Wint, R. C. Mattioli, and T. P. Robinson. "Mapping the economic benefits to livestock keepers from intervening against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 113, no. 2 (2014): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.024.

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Tadesse, Abebayehu, and Biniam Tsegaye. "Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone, South Western Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 42, no. 8 (2010): 1757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9632-0.

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Mbaya, A. W., M. M. Aliyu, and U. I. Ibrahim. "The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review." Veterinary Research Communications 33, no. 7 (2009): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-009-9214-7.

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Wada, Y. A., O. O. Okubanjo, P. I. Rekwot, B. Mohammed, and S. J. Oniye. "Patency and Clinico-Haematological Pathologies Sequel to Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Yankasa Sheep I." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 2 (2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i2.5.

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Trypanosomosis remains one of the most deadly protozoan diseases that pose a significant impact on livestock health in the tropics. Sixteen (16) rams aged between 24 to 30 months and weighed between 22-25kg were acclimatized under standard animal housing conditions. Twelve (12) of the sheep deemed fit and healthy were randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, and IV) of three sheep each. Each sheep in groups I and II was inoculated intravenously with 2 mL containing 2 X 106 trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. While group III, each sheep received 2 mL containing 2 X 106 mixed inoculums of T. brucei and T. evansi (50% each by volume of the infective inoculums). Sheep in group IV served as the non-infected control. Post-infection animals were monitored for 14 weeks for parasitaemia, clinical signs, and haematological pathologies. The patent infection became evident in groups I, II, and III between 5-21 days post-infection with average patency of 7, 20, and 8.5 days respectively. The infection was characterized by intermittent pyrexia with a significant decrease (p< 0.001) in mean weekly packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), live weight gain, plasma protein, which significantly decreased (p< 0.001) in all the infected groups. Pearson’s correlation (r) indicates a strong positive correlation (r= 0.991) between parasitaemia and pyrexia, and principal component analysis (PCA) biplot increased the predictabilities of these two indices as the major precursors in the progression of the trypanosomes pathogenesis in sheep. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Patency; Clinico-haematological pathologies; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Yankasa sheep

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Benti, Teferi. "Study on Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tse Tse Fly Challenge in Darimu District of Birbir Valley, South Western Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000153.

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This study was undertaken on bovine trypanosomia sis and its vectors at Birbir valley located in Darmu district, Illubababor zone. The parasitological examination was conducted using Buffy coat technique while vector survey was conducted using odour baited Monopyramidal trap. The objective of the study w as to determine the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle, to determine fly density and to identify associated risk factors. From 392 Blood samples were collected, 45(11.5%) were found to be positive by Buffy coat technique and trypanosome species identi fied by their motility were T.congolense 40 (88.9%) and T.vivax 5(11.1 %) and Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species. A total of 52 Monopyramidal traps were deployed and 1836 (73%) tsetse flies and 676(26.9%) biting flies were caught. From flies c aptured, 971(52.9%), 540(29.4%) and 325(17.7%) Glossina morsitans sub morsitans of savannah flies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes of reverine and Glossina pallidipes of savannah species were identified respectively. The overall apparent densities fly / trap / day (FTD) were 17.7 and 6.5 for tsetse and biting flies respectively. There was no statically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosome infection between sex group while statistically significant difference was observed between age group(x 2 =41.0, p=0.000 , p<0.05). The mean PCV of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals were 21.3% and 24.3% respectively .The difference between the mean PCV value of the parasitemic and apparasitemic animals were statistically significant(P< 0.05). Designing and implementation of trypanosomosis control should be targeted to the major cyclically transmitting tsetse flies.

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Tadele, Abiyu, Tsegaye Teklemariam, Mulugeta Abera, and Ayele Woldemeskel. "Assessment of Trypanocidal Drug Resistance In Tsetse Infested Areas of Guraferda District, Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, no. 2 (2019): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.02.2883.

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The South Western region of Ethiopia is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis with a significant impact on livestock productivity. The control of trypanosomosis in Ethiopia relies on either curative or prophylactic treatment of animals with diminazene aceturate (DA) or isometamidium chloride (ISMM). This study was conducted from March - June 2017, where tsetse infestation was high in four purposively selected rural kebeles of Guraferda district of Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to assess trypanocidal drug resistance under natural grazing systems. Resistance to trypanocidal drug was determined through longitudinal studies. In this study 200 cattle were used for experiment; 50 cattle from each rural kebeles (25 treated and 25 control group). However, 16 animals 5 from control and 11 from threated group were left due to sale of the animals by the owners, refusal of owners to allow their animals during sample collection and inability to reach the study kebeles because of heavy rain and presence of mud. In the present study, 25 cattle were treated with isometamidium and 25 cattle were left untreated and examined regularly at two weeks interval for the presence of trypanosomes. During the experimental period, all infections were monitored in both groups and treated with diminazene (7 mg/kg) body weight. Resistance to isometamidium was assessed by comparing cumulative incidence in both treated and control group using the test relative risk reduction and deducting the rate of treatment failure. Resistance to diminizene was assessed through the rate of treatment failure observed at two week post treatment in the control group. In both cases the threshold of 25% treatment failure was adopted as criteria of presence of chemo-resistance. The present study revealed that the prevalence of trypanosome infection was (76.8%) in control and (23.2%) in treated group. The trypanosome species in the area was predominantly due to T.Congolense (76.8%). This indicates there was a resistance of trypanosome species for the treatment with the recommended dose of diaminazine (7mg/kg) and isometamidium (1mg/kg) body weight. Thus, it is crucial to develop an adequate prophylactic measurements to reduce the prevalence of trypanosome infection there by reducing tsetse fly populations in the study areas.

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Tesfaye, Tegegn, Tekle Olbamo, and Hagos Ashenafi. "Trypanocidal drug utilization practices in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 24, no. 2 (2020): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i2.6.

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Trypanosomosis control in Ethiopia is largely rely on use of available trypanocidal drugs although there are other options such as vector control and use of trypanotolerant hosts. A cross-sectional survey aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of trypanocidal drug utilization and constraints of trypanosome infection conducted in tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia. The questionnaire based survey was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the field data obtained from 184 cattle owners. Sixty (60) of the cattle owners were from suppression area and 124 from tsetse non-suppression area. Accordingly, draft oxen and milking cows respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas were classes of animals which were given priority in trypanocidal drug treatment. About 79.03% and 81.7% of cattle owners respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas witnessedthat they treat their sick animals by themselves; indicating that veterinarians and other animal health experts have very little role in medication of sick animals. Diminazine aceturate (DA) was the main trypanocidal drug preferred by cattle owners in tsetse suppression area while both DA and Isometamidium chloride (ISM) were used in non-suppression areas. About 83.1% of the respondents from tsetse suppression areas and 86.7% from non-suppression area reported treatment failures following the use of trypanocidal drugs. Moreover, about 79.61% and 86.53% of respondents respectively from tsetse suppression and non-suppression areas observed that drugs obtained from private drug stores were less effective compared to drugs obtained from governmental veterinary clinics. Furthermore, the respondents disclosed that DA was the most horrible trypanocidal drug in showing treatment failures despite high preference by cattle owners. It was also noted that treatment frequency was higherin tsetse suppression areas than non-suppression areas regardless of vector suppression campaign. In conclusion, higher dependency of cattle owners on trypanocidal drugs, limited trypanocidal drug availability in the veterinary pharmaceutical market, frequent trypanocidal drug usage and injection by unskilled herdsmen and owners report on trypanocidal drug treatment failures may point out the issue of trypanocidal drug resistance in the area. Therefore, awareness creation to livestock owners on the effect of misuse of trypanocidal drugs and safe trypanocidal drug usage policy should be put into effect to uphold the effectiveness of currently available trypanocidal drugs. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Trypanocidal Drugs; Tsetse suppression; South Omo Zone; Ethiopia

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44

Fox, R. G. R., S. O. Mmbando, M. S. Fox, and A. Wilson. "Effect on herd health and productivity of controlling tsetse and trypanosomosis by applying deltamethrin to cattle." Tropical Animal Health and Production 25, no. 4 (1993): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02250869.

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45

Elhassan, Elizabeth, B. O. Ikede, and O. Adeyemo. "Trypanosomosis and reproduction: II. Effect ofTrypanosoma vivax infection on pregnancy and post-partum cyclicity in ewes." Tropical Animal Health and Production 27, no. 1 (1995): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02236327.

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46

Bett, B., T. F. Randolph, P. Irungu, et al. "Field trial of a synthetic tsetse-repellent technology developed for the control of bovine trypanosomosis in Kenya." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97, no. 3-4 (2010): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.001.

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47

Girmay, Gebrerufael, Bezna Arega, Dawit Tesfaye, Dirk Berkvens, Gadisa Muleta, and Getnet Asefa. "Community-based tsetse fly control significantly reduces fly density and trypanosomosis prevalence in Metekel Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 48, no. 3 (2016): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1010-0.

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48

Onah, D. N. "Porcine trypanosomosis in nigeria: Infections in local and exotic pigs in the Nsukka Area of Anambra State." Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, no. 3 (1991): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02356992.

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Mattioli, R. C., J. Zinsstag, and K. Pfister. "Frequency of trypanosomosis and gastrointestinal parasites in draught donkeys in the Gambia in relation to animal husbandry." Tropical Animal Health and Production 26, no. 2 (1994): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239909.

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50

Elhassan, Elizabeth, B. O. Ikede, and O. Adeyemo. "Trypanosomosis and reproduction: I. effect ofTrypanosoma vivax infection on the oestrous cycle and fertility in the ewe." Tropical Animal Health and Production 26, no. 4 (1994): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240384.

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