Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tsarist and Soviet Period

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Academic literature on the topic 'Tsarist and Soviet Period'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Altymyshova, Zuhra. "October Revolution and Soviet Class Struggle Policy in Kyrgyzstan." Central Asia 81, Winter (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-81.100.

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In the middle of the XIX century, the territory of contemporary Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Tsarist Russia. Later, in 1917, as a result of the October Revolution, the Tsarist regime was replaced by the Soviet rule. In the territory of Kyrgyzstan, it was established firstly in the southern and western regions of the country, such as Suluktu and Kyzyl-Kiya, Osh and Talas, where the largest industrial enterprises, mines, railway junctions and most of the workers and soldiers were concentrated. However, already by the mid 1918, the Soviet government managed to spread its power to the entire region of Kyrgyzstan.
 In 1924, the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, established on April 30, 1918, was reorganized into a new administrative division. As the part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), on October 24, 1924 the Kara Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was formed. On May 25, 1925 the Kara Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was renamed into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Then on February 01, 1926 it was restructured into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On December 05, 1936 it became a separate constituent republic of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic. Along with other 15 Soviet Socialist states, Kyrgyzstan had been the member of the USSR for about 70 years, from 1919 till 1991.
 The current paper focuses on the processes of social transformation under the Soviet regime, especially the implementation of class struggle policy and its impact on Kyrgyzstan. In comparison with the interventions from the Tsarist Russia, the social transformation process undertaken under the Soviet system was quite different. In the territory of the Kyrgyz traditional society, the Tsarist Russia made only some social reorganization, but the Soviets brought radical changes in to the socio-political organizations of the Kyrgyz people. The paper seeks to understand how the Soviet Union tried to reconstruct the Kyrgyz society during the 1920s and 1930s. In addition, the paper will analyze the methods and mechanisms of the social transformation processes and the measures used by the Soviet government in their socio-political ‘battles’ against the local elites, and the influence of the new system on the existing socio-economic stratification in the context of the Kyrgyz society. During the Soviet period the prevalent scientific vision about the major historical events of the time was based on the Communist ideology. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to analyze and describe an objective overview of the history of Soviet class struggle policy. The paper is based on the research of local archival documents, published sources and oral materials.
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Khalid, Adeeb. "Backwardness and the Quest for Civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in Comparative Perspective." Slavic Review 65, no. 2 (2006): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4148591.

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Much recent scholarship has seen Soviet Central Asia as directly comparable to the overseas colonies of modern European states. In this article, Adeeb Khalid takes issue with this trend. European colonial rule, he argues, was predicated on the perpetuation of difference, while the Soviets sought to conquer it. Central Asia was indeed subject to colonial rule in the tsarist period, but its transformation in the early Soviet period was the work, instead, of a different kind of polity—an activist, interventionist, mobilizational state that sought to transform its citizenry. Khalid compares the transformations of the early Soviet period in Central Asia with the reforms of the early republic in Turkey, which were strikingly similar in intent and scope. This comparative perspective brings out the substantial differences between colonial empires and modern mobilizational states; confusing the two can only lead to a fundamental misunderstanding of modern history.
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BOROVIK, Maria V. "Socio-cultural analysis of censorship in the USSR and the tsarist period of Russia." Service plus 18, no. 3 (2024): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14466750.

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The article examines the genesis of censorship, analyzes the distinctive characteristics of the work of censorship departments in Tsarist times and the USSR. It is proved that in the pre-revolutionary period, preliminary censorship prevailed, works were banned before they were published. This made it possible to control the published materials and prevent the spread of dissent. In the Soviet Union, punitive censorship was mainly in effect, involving punishments of authors, up to repression. Along with this, preliminary censorship continued to function, but it was latent in nature. Despite the omnipotence of control over works and authors in Soviet times, censorship still could not completely stop the development of cultural discourse, which entailed hidden resistance and underground creativity (samizdats). The article provides examples of various methods of punitive censorship in the USSR, examines such a phenomenon as denunciations, which were extremely popular among Soviet citizens. The novelty of the article lies in the analysis of the mechanism of mass media control in pre-revolutionary and Soviet times using a cultural and historical approach. The empirical basis was scientific works on this topic, censors' diaries, and articles in the media themselves.
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Gurbanova, Gulnara. "Stages of Historical Development of Azerbaijan Education System: From the 19th Century to the Period of Independence." Eminak, no. 4(48) (January 10, 2025): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2024.4(48).749.

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The purpose of the research paper is to study the main stages of Azerbaijan education system’s historical development from the 19th century to the period of independence by analyzing key educational reforms and their impact in different eras, including Tsarist Russia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and various Soviet periods, emphasizing their contribution to the cultural and intellectual development of the nation. The scientific novelty is in the comprehensive analysis of the development of Azerbaijan education system over several historical periods. Summarizing various sources and exploring little-known reforms and regional specificities, the complex relationship between political changes and educational policy is uncovered, bringing a new perspective on the evolution of the educational landscape of Azerbaijan. Conclusions. The historical development of the education system in Azerbaijan has been marked by significant transformations under the influence of various political, social, and economic changes. Each stage has contributed much to the evolution of educational policy and infrastructure from the tsarist era to the period of independence. The tsarist period laid the foundation for secular education, combining traditional and up-to-date subjects. That era was marked by introducing the Russian language and culture into the local education system. The period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic led to important reforms aimed at creating a national education system. Establishing Baku State University and supporting students studying abroad enhanced the nation’s intellectual and cultural growth. Under Soviet rule, significant progress was made in expanding access to education and increasing literacy rates. The Soviet emphasis on education led to the establishment of numerous schools and higher education institutions, although it also imposed ideological restrictions that affected the content and trends of study programs. The collapse of the USSR necessitated the creation of a national education system free from Soviet influence, which laid the foundation for future achievements. In general, the evolution of the education system in Azerbaijan reflects a complex interaction of external influences and internal reforms. Each historical period has contributed to forming a solid educational base, laying the foundation for further progress after gaining independence. Understanding the history is crucial for assessing the current state of education in Azerbaijan and planning its future development.
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Owen, Thomas C. "Chukchi Gold: American Enterprise and Russian Xenophobia in the Northeastern Siberia Company." Pacific Historical Review 77, no. 1 (2008): 49–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2008.77.1.49.

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During the gold rush in Nome, Alaska, neither Russians nor Americans found significant quantities of gold on the Chukchi Peninsula, across the Bering Strait from the Seward Peninsula. Despite its failure, the documents of the Northeastern Siberian Company (1902––1914) and the memoirs of its managers and employees illuminate important contrasts between the political and cultural perspectives of its founders in St. Petersburg and those of its agents in Seattle. The Russian criticisms of American managers of the company also place the Soviet government's antipathy to American capitalism in historical context. Despite many differences between the tsarist and Marxist-Leninist ideologies, the hostile stereotypes of Americans expressed by tsarist officials and Russian capitalists in St. Petersburg persisted into the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.
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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3364.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which the Soviet Union wasgranted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with Soviet Union, promotedby the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached itshighest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as regime assertedpower and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versaillesdecreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s ascent to powerincreased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Unionmade repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chieflysought to repay, with raw materials, the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, whileGermany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The saidagreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937, the loans amountingto 200 million Reichsmarks, to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle,liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss inmid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new periodin the development of Soviet–German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–MolotovAgreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Abdulaxad, Sadikov. "ҚАТАҒОН ЙИЛЛАРИДА ДИНДОРЛАРНИНГ ТАҚДИРИ". TAMADDUN NURI JURNALI 11, № 62 (2024): 344–47. https://doi.org/10.69691/76be5w25.

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The article describes the activities of religious figures in our country in the 20th century, their relationship with the authorities, as well as the difficult religious situation during the period of tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union. The author analyzes the events associated with the creation of the religious administration of Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the period of the muftis of the Babakhan dynasty and draws the appropriate conclusions.
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Bolshakova, Olga. "Consumerism in the Russian Empire and the USSR: a glance from foreign historians." Social novelties and Social sciences, no. 2 (2020): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/snsn/2020.02.02.

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The paper deals with the recent Western historical writing on consumerism in the tsarist and Soviet Russia, introducing the predominant narrative that describes historic developments in the sphere of consumption. In the focus is the formation of consumer culture in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s with a special attention to retailing, fashion industry, advertisement, and entertainment.
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Borisov, Valeriy. "Commodity Exchange in the First Months of Soviet Power with Participation of Consumer Cooperation (January – April, 1918)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2 (54) (September 4, 2021): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-54-2-173-187.

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The food crisis in Russia arose during the years of the First World War. The tsarist government and the Provisional Government tried to solve this problem, but to no avail. The food crisis, as it was by inheritance, passed to the Soviet regime. All authorities had to solve the food problem in the conditions of constant 
 military and revolutionary upheavals, and this problem, from the socio-economic, passed into the political sphere. Famine predetermined revolutionary upheaval in the country. 
 The article covers the period from January to April, 1918. At this time the Austro-German army advances in southern Russia. The military, political, and socio-economic situation of the new government was extremely difficult. The Soviet government had to support the grain monopoly introduced by the tsarist and 
 confirmed by the Provisional Governments, although it was not officially confirmed and even introduced by the new government. To strengthen its position, the Soviet government took a number of measures to resolve the food problem. The most important, even the main one was the exchange of goods between the 
 city and the village. It was necessary to save the urban population from hunger, to supply the army with food. It should be noted that the initial measures including in the exchange policy of the Soviet government were not of a violent nature. The country had industrial reserves for commodity exchange in the country: manu-
 factory, high-grade iron, etc. remaining from tsarism. Everything was sent to the village. There is an opinion that the Soviet government gave industrial products to the peasantry for nothing and that was true. But commodity exchange made it possible to alleviate the food crisis in the cities, feed the army, and politically 
 strengthen the Soviet power. For the exchange of goods, it was necessary to attract various regulatory bodies of the country that were engaged in the procurement and distribution of bread. 
 This article highlights the role of consumer cooperation, which was underexplored in the historical literature, in the commodity exchange. Specific examples, facts and figures are given for the bread producing provinces in southern Russia.
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Sabdanbekova, Z., and A. Sadykova. "The historiography of the demography of Pavlodar priirtyshye." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 142, no. 1 (2023): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2023-142-1-76-92.

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The article provides a historiographic analysis of the demographic development of the population of Pavlodar region. As a result of comprehensive research in the context of a particular region, the influence of events of national history on the socio-demographic development were studied, which made it possible to identify the consequences of historical events in more depth. Classification, differentiation and analysis of regional features provides an opportunity to determine the impact on the demographic development of the population, serves as a basis for scientific hypothesis in determining the causes of socio-demographic problems. In the pre-revolutionary period, studies concerning the population of the Pavlodar region consisted mainly of statistical data provided by officials of the tsarist government and travelers. There are almost no special historical demographic studies. Pre-revolutionary studies consisted of statistical data provided by officials of the tsarist government and travelers. Most of the works written in Soviet times are characterized by an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population, problem of labour resources. Works during the years of Independence focus on an analysis of the colonial policy of the Tsarist government, the consequences of Soviet policy, the specifics and causes of socio-demographic development of regions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Ersoz, Deniz Hasan. "Tourism In Russia: From Tsarist To Post-soviet Period." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614038/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes tourism and tourism policy in Russia from Tsarist to post-Soviet period. In this respect the main focus will be on the post-Soviet period. The collapse of the Soviet Union negatively affected tourism and tourism industry in the country. Tourism and tourism industry found itself in an uncertain environment during the transition period. With the establishment of Russian Federal Agency for Tourism in 2004, tourism policies became more effective in the Russian Federation. This study discusses the implementation of tourism policies and efforts of the Russian government for transforming the country into a well known touristic destination of the world.
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Howard, Jeff S. "The effective use of the tsarist wealth by the Soviet government." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1113102-175520/restricted/HowardJ112502a.pdf.

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Budrytė, Kristina. "Lithuanian Abstract painting in Soviet period." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090312_110650-92526.

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The Aim of the research is to define and analyse works of Lithuanian abstract painting during the Soviet period by establishing and comparing the diversity of criticism and practices of abstract art in Lithuania over several decades (from the end of the 1950s to the 1980s). In this thesis abstract paining is treated as a radical artistic reaction in Lithuania in terms of its theoretical and historical characteristics, and the general artistic context during the Soviet period is analysed in terms of socio-political issues. This is a study of the most celebrated examples of Western European art (also American art) presenting the most recent tendencies that developed out of them and juxtaposing it with the Central European culture (as the area of Soviet influence). Western European culture and its artistic movements were a complete opposition to the artificially built Eastern Block during the Soviet period. The forced separation of this period defined its unique qualities that found one expression in Central Europe and a different one in countries occupied by the Soviets (eg. in Lithuania); it also formed the position of freedom of an alternative art. Whereas in the West abstraction, in its own time, was the great boom of modernism because it freed painting from the traditional language of ‘representation’ and illustration, in Lithuania, in its local context, it had more functions: it was considered to be the great achievement of late modernism that helped to discover newer than... [to full text]<br>Disertacijos santraukoje nurodomi analizuoti Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos kūriniai sovietmečiu, išskiriant ir lyginant kelių dešimtmečių (nuo šeštojo pabaigos iki devintojo) dailės ir dailės kritikos įvairovę Lietuvoje. Abstrakčioji tapyba, peržvelgus jos teorinius ir istorinius akcentus, vertinama kaip radikali meninė reakcija Lietuvoje, o bendras meninis kontekstas sovietmečiu analizuojamas iš sociopolitikos problematikos perspektyvos. Tai Vakarų Europos (bei iš JAV atkeliavusių) žymiausių pavyzdžių analizė, pateikianti išsivysčiusias iš jų naująsias tendencijas ir Vidurio Europos (kaip sovietmečio įtakos lauko) kultūrų sugretinimas. Visiška priešingybe sovietmečio dirbtinai suręstam Rytų blokui buvo Vakarų Europos kultūra ir jų meninės srovės. Priverstinis to laikotarpio atskyrimas nulėmė savitumus, vienaip pasireiškusius Vidurio Europoje, kitaip – sovietų okupuotose šalyse (pvz., Lietuvoje), ir iššaukusius kitokio meno laisvės poziciją. Vakaruose abstrakcija buvo modernizmo suklestėjimas, tai reiškė išsivadavimą iš tradicinės dailės kalbos, susijusios su vaizdo atvaizdavimu. Lietuvoje abstrakcijos apraiškos turėjo ir kitokių funkcijų: plastinės meninės kalbos įvairove buvo bandoma paneigti priverstinai primestą socrealizmo ideologiją. Disertacijos santraukoje atskleidžiamos Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos formavimosi prielaidos ir galimybės. Abstrakčiosios tapybos užuomazgos –– S. Kisarauskienės, V. Kisarausko darbų pavyzdžiai, J. Švažo, L. Katino ir kt. tapyba XX... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Petronis, Vytautas. "Constructing Lithuania : Ethnic Mapping in Tsarist Russia, ca. 1800-1914." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Södertörn : Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis ; Södertörns högskola ; Almqvist & Wiksell [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7163.

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Radomska, Sofiya. "Soviet-German relations in the interwar period." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Sociology and Contemporary History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-684.

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Crols, Dirk. "From Tsarist empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU : two eras in the construction of Baltic state sovereignty." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2453/.

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This thesis examines how the three Baltic countries constructed their internal and external sovereign statehood in the interwar period and the post Cold War era. Twice in one century, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were confronted with strongly divided multiethnic societies, requiring a bold and wide-ranging ethnics policy. In 1918 all three Baltic countries promised their minorities cultural autonomy. Whereas Estonian and Latvian politicians were deeply influenced by the theories of Karl Renner and Otto Bauer, the Lithuanians fell back on the historic Jewish self-government in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many politicians were convinced that the principle of equality of nationalities was one of the cornerstones of the new international order, embodied by the League of Nations. The minority protection system of the League was, however, not established to serve humanitarian aims. It only sought to ensure international peace. This lack of a general minority protection system was one of many discussion points in the negotiations of the Estonian and Latvian minority declarations. Although Lithuania signed a much more detailed minority declaration, its internal political situation rapidly deteriorated. Estonia, on the other hand, established full cultural autonomy with corporations of public law. Although a wide-ranging school autonomy was already established in 1919, Latvia never established cultural self-government. The Second World War and the subsequent Soviet occupation led to the replacement of the small historically rooted minority groups by large groups of Russian-speaking settlers. The restoration in 1991 of the pre 1940 political community meant that these groups were deprived of political rights. In trying to cope with this situation, Estonia and Latvia focused much more on linguistic integration than on collective rights. Early attempts to pursue a decolonisation policy, as proposed by some leading Estonian and Latvian policymakers, were blocked by the ‘official Europe’ which followed a policy analogous to the League of Nations.
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Vaiseta, Tomas. "Society of Boredom: Lithuania in the Late Soviet Period (1964-1984)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121024_114331-12100.

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The vocabulary of "boredom" has been used extensively in the discourse of remembering and reflecting on the late Soviet period (1964-1984). The ambition of this paper was therefore to demonstrate how one can move from a metaphorical description of an historic period to a cultural study of the emergence, change, and confrontation of meanings. By conceptualization of "boredom" and creating the theoretical frames of model it was sought to explane the "destiny" of ideology and the practices of people determined by it. Therefore the object of this paper were ideological situations and people's practices therein. The author analysed situations where people would directly confront ideology, ideological field of action, and with their practices hint at its meaninglessness. The theoretical model was applied to study historical material. It was concluded that the communist ideology in the late Soviet period was acting like a factor of socialization aiming to discipline and mobilize Soviet people. Based on the concept of two dimensions by Alexei Yurchak, it was said that the ideological socialization, i.e. the commitment to ideolocigal norms, attitudes, structures, helped subjects to bind to constative dimension. At the same time there were plenty of practices of performative dimension, that were divided into three types: a-structural, para-structural and anti-structural. These types of practices contributed to the decline of ideology, but also it was shown that these practices in... [to full text]<br>Atsispiriant nuo atminties diskursui ir istoriografijai būdingo brežnevinės epochos (1964-1984 m.) apibūdinimo "nuobodulio" žodynu, disertacijoje kuriamas teorinis modelis, kuris padeda interpretuoti ir suprasti vėlyvojo sovietmečio Lietuvos visuomenės gyvenimą. Darbe pagrindžiama, kaip nuo istorinio laikotarpio aprašymo metaforomis galima pereiti prie kultūrologinio prasmių atsiradimo, kaitos ir konfrontacijos tyrimo. Konceptuolizavus nuobodulio sampratą ir suformavus teorinius nuobodulio visuomenės modelio apmatus, buvo siekiama paaiškinti ideologijos "likimą" vėlyvuoju sovietmečiu ir jos sąlygotą žmonių elgseną. Todėl darbo objektu tapo ideologinės situacijos ir žmonių praktikos jose. Nagrinėtos tokios situacijos, kuriose žmonės tiesiogiai susidurdavo su ideologija, ideologizuotu veiklos lauku, ir savo praktikomis sugestijavo apie jos beprasmybę. Teorinis modelis buvo pritaikytas iš archyvų, interviu, publikuotų atsiminimų, laiškų ir dienoraščių surinktai istorinei medžiagai nagrinėti. Prieita prie išvados, kad ideologija brežnevinėje epochoje veikė kaip socializacijos faktorius, sovietinius piliečius mobilizuodama ir drausmindama. Remiantis antropologo Alexei Yurchako dviejų matmenų koncepcija, teigiama, kad ideologinė socializacija, t.y. įsipareigojimas ideologinėms normoms, nuostatoms, struktūroms, padėjo subjektams išlikti steigiamajame matmenyje, tačiau tuo pačiu metu skleidėsi ir jų atliekamojo matmens praktikos, kurios buvo suskirstytos į tris rūšis: a-struktūrinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Johnson, Ian Ona. "The Faustian Pact: Soviet-German Military Cooperation in the Interwar Period." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461255006.

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Dyshlyuk, Liubov <1987&gt. "Soviet Cinema in Italy in the Post-War Period (1950-1970)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8226/1/dyshlyuk_liubov_tesi.pdf.

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The doctoral dissertation develops the Italian-Soviet relations in cinema in the post-war years and the history of the Soviet cinema presence in Italy. Interdisciplinary character of the research united history and cinema in that period of the XXth century when culture totally depended on the geopolitical situation. The object of the work was the historical material connected with the presence of Soviet cinema in Italy that have not yet been studied and united in one work. There was done an archival work in order to find out all the Soviet cinema festivals that appeared in Italy in the mentioned period in different Italian cities, their organizers, distributors and the amount of the spectators involved. It became clear what films arrived from the USSR, what impression they made on Italian critics and spectators. For that purpose the Italian mass media of the period was also studied. The fullest list of films made in Italian-Soviet co-production and their stories from both points of views was also one of the research’s results. As well as the first time revealed from the Venice Film Festival’s archive the detailed list of the Soviet films and their awards. The archive work and bilateral relations studies demanded several methodological approaches to be used: comparative historical method, text-based method and problematic chronological method. The research made it possible to follow the whole dynamics of the Italian-Soviet cinema processes from the total absence in the beginning of 1950s to the cinema festivals and co-productions. The contribution of the prominent figures in building those bilateral relations was also reflected in the dissertation. Important task was realized by uniting Italian and Russian archival and scientific sources and could be used in future by cinema experts interested in the Soviet cinema presence in European countries or in Italian cinema distribution, circuits, etc.
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Panasyuk, Mykola B. "The concept of social tolerance and social policy : a case study of crime and penal practices in the transitional period in Ukraine." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1574/.

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The present study focuses on the current state and developments of social and penal policies in Ukraine. It concentrates on changes brought about in the period of social and political transition, which started when Ukraine became an independent state in 1991. In particular, this study attempts to explain the current failure of reforms as being the result of a lack of social tolerance intrinsic to state officials at all levels, a legacy of previous repressive regimes. The introduction examines the notion of tolerance as a value produced by civil society and its importance for the administration of penal policy. It is argued that the level of social tolerance is heavily influenced by the nature of social and economic relationships. The following section consists of a case study presenting the origins of Ukrainian political, economic and social institutions and the results of an analysis of official media reportage of the current transition towards a market economy - a transition which has formed the precondition for a sharply rising criminality and the corruption of the main social institutions. The third chapter begins with a brief history of the use of imprisonment during the Soviet era, describing the administrative methods of punishment embedded into the system which Ukraine inherited on independence. The next section is a study of the Ukrainian penal system in the transitional period and shows that change has been minimal in terms of ideology, penal structures and the training of personnel. It also reveals findings on the functioning of prison enterprises, which established a deficit between prison production outputs and the sale of prison products, which is theorised as being due to private profiteering by senior prison staff. Finally, the data from an empirical study of social relations in a Ukrainian penitentiary are analysed on the basis of the social tolerance concept. The culture of prison life is seen as embedded in a hierarchy of roles. For these reasons, the existing prison system fails in its aim to resocialise offenders; it fails to respect human rights; and the experience of imprisonment as an exploitative system is related to the privatisation of human resources by the prison authorities.
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Books on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Eklof, Ben, ed. School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22817-1.

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1920-, Pap Michael S., John Carroll University. Institute for Soviet and East European Studies., and Ukraïnsʹke istorychne tovarystvo, eds. Russian Empire: Some aspects of tsarist and Soviet colonial practices. Institute for Soviet and East European Studies, John Carroll University, and Ukrainian Historical Association, 1985.

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Y, Barchatova, ed. A Portrait of tsarist Russia: Unknownphotographs from the Soviet Archives. Pantheon Books, 1989.

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Zuckerman, Fredric Scott. The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian society, 1880-1917. New York University Press, 1995.

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Y, Barchatova, ed. A Portrait of tsarist Russia: Unknown photographs from the Soviet Archives. Pantheon Books, 1989.

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Owen, Thomas C. The corporation under Russian law, 1800-1917: A study in Tsarist economic policy. Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Rempel, Carlson Cornelia, ed. A Mennonite family in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, 1789-1923. University of Toronto Press, 2002.

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Ikonnikov, Andrei. Russian architecture of the Soviet period. Collets, 1988.

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McClellan, Woodford. Russia: The Soviet period and after. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1994.

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Kassow, Samuel D. Students, professors, and the state in tsarist Russia. University of California Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Yang, Dan, and Pan Zhiping. "On the Construction of Kazakhstan’s National State From the Factor of “Immigration” Between Kazakhstan and Russia." In Countries and Regions. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2835-0_3.

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AbstractKazakhstan is the only country in Central Asia with a common border with Russia. Since the tribal Khanate period, the whole grassland has almost borne the pressure of “reclamation immigrants” from Russia, and this colonial memory from the Tsarist Russian period has also been deeply embedded in the history of Central Asia. After the establishment of the Soviet regime, the Kazakh grassland was incorporated into the territory of the Soviet Union. Stalin quickly divided Central Asia into five parts by “language family”. Historical immigrants and indigenous people obtained the identity of “Soviet citizen”, and the unified political identity weakened their national consciousness. In 1992, the five Central Asian countries declared independence as new countries, and the five “language families” became the main ethnic groups and embarked on a new path of political development. After three decades, Kazakhstan, as a neighbor of Russia, “immigration” is one of the factors that cannot be ignored in the construction of its nation-state and involves the issue of demarcation and identification. This paper mainly investigates the history and reality of immigrants from Kazakhstan and Russia and tries to analyze its influence on the construction of Kazakhstan's nation-state.
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Longmire, R. A. "The Tsarist Experience." In Soviet Relations With South East. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315788524-1.

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Dadashova, Shafag. "Soviet Period." In Azerbaijani Literature and the Gendered Narratives of Nationhood. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003481256-6.

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Rajagopalan, Sudha. "Cuba's ‘Soviet period’." In Journeys of Soviet Things. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003138495-4.

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Christian, David. "The Final Decade of Tsarist Rule and the February Revolution." In Imperial and Soviet Russia. Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25661-7_7.

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Dinç, Deniz. "Institutional legacy of Tsarist and Soviet nationality policies." In Tatarstan's Autonomy within Putin's Russia. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003204718-3.

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Ilič, Melanie. "The Protection of Women Workers in Tsarist Russia." In Women Workers in the Soviet Interwar Economy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375567_2.

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Kocho-Williams, Alastair. "Before the Bolsheviks: The Last Years of Tsarist Diplomacy." In Russian and Soviet Diplomacy, 1900–39. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230355200_2.

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Fradkin, Feliks Aronovich. "Soviet Experimentalism Routed: S. T. Shatsky’s Last Years." In School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22817-1_8.

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Gatrell, Peter. "Defence Industries in Tsarist Russia, 1908–13." In Economy and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union, 1860–1930. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22433-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Feldmane, Iveta. "THE HEROIC AND THE GUILTY BODY IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL POSTERS OF LATVIA DURING THE PERIOD OF SOVIET OCCUPATION." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/s07.18.

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The poster as the genre of graphic arts is a medium where the representation of the human body functions as an important semiotic sign. This genre has also reflected and influenced the most diverse spectrum of artistic, social and political processes. In addition to informative and illustrative content, the inclusion of the human body in the composition of the poster has always had ideological purpose. The aim of this paper is to discuss how political ideology integrates the images of the human body in the posters and how it contradicts the individuals� personal feelings and bodily experiences. The case study of two categories of posters from the Soviet period (1950s � 1980s) indicates the ideological strategies of sports promotion posters and anti-alcoholism propaganda posters. Political propaganda posters, including sports posters, reveal the body politics of the communist ideology: to create a uniform, disciplined, desexualised, masculine bodies capable of embodying the image of the �New Soviet Hero�. I suggest that the main artistic tendencies of the so-called �harsh� or �severe� style that evolved in Latvian painting at the time can be seen in the sports posters of this period. Anti - alcoholism posters tend to employ a cartoon aesthetic. This tradition has its roots in the mass propaganda of the Russian Revolution (1917), which encouraged the emergence of extreme dichotomies in visual communication. These posters show the human body as a ridiculous and weak object that deserves to be condemned by family members, friends and all society. In this communication programme, alcoholism is not presented as a disease and a global problem of Soviet society, but as a �bad choice� of individuals. The research is based on archival studies of Soviet posters from the Institute of Art History of the Art Academy of Latvia. Complex research methods have been applied, including iconography, semiotics, contextual and comparative analysis.
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Siscanu, Ion. "Kulakism in the Moldovian SSR: myth and reality." In Latinitate, Romanitate, Românitate. Conferinţa ştiinţifică internaţională, Ediția a 7-a. Moldova State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/lrr2023.33.

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The term “kulak” emerged in the Tsarist Russia’s villages before 1861 reform. A “kulak” was the peasant who got wealthy by enslaving fellow peasants and who held the entire peasant community “in his fist”, i.e. dependent on him. During 1918-1920, in Bolshevik Russia, against the background of the “war communism”, this social category had disappeared. In the period of late 1920s, in the USSR, any well-to-do household could be labelled as a Kulak’s property. In 1930, the Soviet administration elaborated “The Kulak’s household criteria”. In the Moldavian SSR, although there was a lack of indicators any existence of Kulak’s households, similar to those in the USSR, the authorities took up the issue of fighting Kulakism immediately after the occupation of Bessarabia. “The policy of terminating Kulakism as a class” and the repressions were mainly directed against the broad stratum of the peasantry. The main criterion for the assessment of “kulak” households had a political character, elaborated by the structures of the Bolshevik Party and, above all, by the Ministry of State Security of the Moldavian SSR.
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Tsyrenova, Zinaida. "IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION IN SOVIET PERIOD." In ORTHODOXY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION. Buryat State University Publishing Department, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/978-5-9793-0756-5-185-193.

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Curta, Florin. "Slavii timpurii şi etnogeneza lor în arheologia sovietică și post-sovietică." In Cercetarea și valorificarea patrimoniului arheologic medieval. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/idn-c12-2022-14-30.

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Despite its beginnings in the 19th century, Slavic archaeology developed relatively late in the Soviet Union because of the generally hostile attitude of the Bolshevik regime towards Slavic Studies, in general, which were perceived as a tool of imperialist (and tsarist) propaganda. The attitude changed in the 1930s, when Stalin revived the idea in order to use Slavic Studies against the Nazi propaganda and its claims about the civilizational inferiority of the Slavs. The paper traces the explosion of interest in the Slavic ethnogenesis and the archaeology of the early Slavs between 1950 and 1991. Several key personalities of Soviet archaeology (Iurii Kukharenko, Irina Rusanova, Valentin Sedov and Volodymyr Baran) are highlighted, but the main focus is on the tensions between migrationist and autochtonist models for explaining the emergence and early developments of the Slavs on the territory of the Soviet Union. After Ukraine’s declaration of independence and the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), migrationism was discarded in both Ukraine and Russia in studies concerned with the Slavic Urheimat, but adopted in those concerned with the presence of the Slavs as far into the forest belt as northwestern Russia and as far east as the Middle Volga region. The article ends with an examination of the political implications of the research on the early Slavs in northwestern Russia and in Tatarstan.
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Gumenai, I. "Religiousness and Charity in the Armenian Community of Bessarabia in the Tsarist Period." In Caucaso-Caspica. Российско-Армянский (Славянский) университет, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48200/9789939672977_23.

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MAXIM, Vasile, and Oleg BUGA. "The negative impact of the czarist and soviet empire regime on the cultural-religious heritage of Bassarabia." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.24-25-03-2023.p142-144.

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This paper highlights the disastrous impact of the Tsarist and Soviet regime on the religious cultural heritage of Bessarabia. It essentially removes the negative impact on the ethno-cultural and educational system, through the policy of forced Russification of the indigenous population. The atrocities committed are elucidated by the destruction of cultural objects as well as religious edifices and their transformation into social-sports objectives, psychiatric hospitals, agricultural warehouses, wine-wine and painting exhibition halls, etc. Atheistic politics left its negative mark by marginalizing those who resisted the phenomenon at risk of being executed or sentenced to years of imprisonment. Not only the church faces fell under this incidence, but also the population who resisted hard to save the cult objectives. A telling example serves the oppression of the population who resisted not to allow the closure of the Răciula Monastery (which took place in the late 50 th century). XX, ) with negative social repercussions resulting in loss of life and massive deportations and long-term detentions.
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Gadirova, Leyla. "COMPARISON OF TYPES OF MEN IN THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET PERIOD OF AZERBAIJAN PROSE." In DÉBATS SCIENTIFIQUES ET ORIENTATIONS PROSPECTIVES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT SCIENTIFIQUE. La Fedeltà & Plateforme scientifique européenne, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/logos-11.11.2022.23.

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Yu, Wei, and Zhengding Liao. "FEMALE IMAGES IN OIL PAINTING OF THE SOVIET PERIOD." In VI Международная научно-практическая конференция "Искусствознание и педагогика. Диалектика взаимосвязи и взаимодействия". Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Книжный дом», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/pbh.978-5-94777-431-3.249.258.

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Пикалова, П. Е., А. А. Осетров, and А. С. Березина. "RESTORATION OF THE PAINTING OF THE SOVIET PERIOD “DANCING”." In РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ. НАШ ВЗГЛЯД — 2024. Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54874/9785605196549.2024.7.05.

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В данной работе представлен опыт реставрации картины, состояние которой стало результатом непрофессиональной поновительской реставрации. Рассматриваются основные принципы профессиональной реставрации и подчеркивается важность научного подхода к реставрации картин. Приведены исследования и методики, с помощью которых удалось охарактеризовать и удалить неизвестный покровный слой картины. Важной частью приведенного реставрационного процесса стало изучение особенностей и свойств глютиновых клеев. This work presents the experience of restoration of a painting, the condition of which was the result of unprofessional restoration. The basic principles of professional restoration are considered and the importance of a scientific approach to the restoration of paintings is emphasized. The research and methods by which it was possible to characterize and remove the unknown cover layer of the painting are presented. An important part of the above restoration process was the study of the characteristics and properties of glutinous glues.
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Botnari, Lia. "The orphanage during the soviet period: a terrifying childhood." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare" dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024u.25.

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The communist political system, whose educational priorities lie directly in the transformation of the new man into a “Soviet comrade” is not an exception in this respect. The educational models to which children were subjected in order to be properly indoctrinated are detailed in postmodern novels that we will use as illustrative sources in this respect, the Glass Garden by Tatiana Tibuleac and Satisfaction by Mihaela Perciun. The central characters of these narratives can be studied in various aspects of their childhood evolution at the orphanage, as well as of their subsequent becoming. Both Lastocika and Reghina can be analyzed in terms of the formal education they received at the children’s home, but also outside it, of aspirations, informal education manifested through the entourage of which they were part, of the system of values that have been inoculated to them etc. The new aspects of these narratives that allow their qualification as postmodernist texts will also be highlighted throughout this article, as well as the direct influence of the orphanage space on the becoming of these characters.
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Reports on the topic "Tsarist and Soviet Period"

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Glantz, David M. Soviet Operational Maneuver in a Period of Reform. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232929.

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Partan, Matthew A. Soviet Assessments of the Theater Balance of Forces: A Case Study of the Beginning Period of War. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269702.

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Zubov, Andrey, and Tatiana Novichkova. Total progress of warfare in the second period of the Soviet-Nazi War. 19th November and of 1943. Edited by Andrey Zubov, Nikolay Komedchikov, and Aleksandr Khropov. Astrel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/dm2016-01-19-5.

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Zubov, Andrey, and Tatiana Novichkova. Total progress of warfare in the first period of the Soviet-Nazi War. 22nd June 1941 – 18th November 1942. Edited by Andrey Zubov, Nikolay Komedchikov, and Aleksandr Khropov. Astrel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/dm2016-01-19-4.

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Bai, Jie, Stéphane Milhaud, and Lou D’Angelo. Human Settlements in Mongolia: Strengthening Strategic Cities and Towns for Sustainable Territorial Development. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230588-2.

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This paper proposes an urban framework for Mongolia to promote balanced and sustainable territorial development. The framework addresses the dysfunctions in the urban hierarchy and settlement system of aimag and soum centers that emerged during the transition period following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and identifies what types of investment should be favored in these areas.
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Mitina, Natal'ya. Review of gender aspects of utopian projects of the 20s of the XX century in Soviet Russia (based on previous publications). Context and Reflection: Philosophy of the World and Human Being, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12731/2024-13-9-148-156.

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The issues of the relationship between the sexes have always worried mankind, but their relevance increases at crucial moments in history. The October Revolution of 1917 radically changed Russian society, changes affected all spheres of society, including personal relationships, the position of women and men has changed. The study analyzes gender relations in utopian projects of post-revolutionary Russia, during the construction of a new society. The purpose of this study is to analyze significant, from our point of view, utopian projects of this period. Philosophical and methodological analysis, a phenomenological approach, as well as a descriptive method were used to study the problem. The analysis of the problem revealed the main trends in utopian projects of the post-revolutionary period on the problem of gender, identified a variety of approaches to its solution and identified two main directions: the first direction is represented by the Marxist concept with its variations, the second direction followed the path of liberation of women and men, providing them with full equality and the realization of all opportunities.
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Kirdeika, Tomas, David Sulik, Moritz Loeffler, et al. Human Rights in Transition: a Comparative Analysis of Perceptions in Lithuania During and After the Soviet Era. Vilnius Business College, 2024. https://doi.org/10.57005/ab.2024.3.6.

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The Soviet Union (USSR) was known for violating human rights all around the countries it occupied, one of them Lithuania. Since the collapse of the USSR, human rights have significantly improved. While we believe this to be true, the main indicator would be the people who lived during the Soviet Union times. To understand how human rights have evolved in their eyes, we conducted interviews with people who were born in the Soviet Union under various leaders. It is important because seeing how they see human rights now and then can help us to understand how far we improved or down proved. To understand the meaning of human rights and how far we have progressed since Lithuania's independence, it is important to look back and ask people from that period about their perception of human rights in their day-to-day life. This reflection helps us trace the evolution of human rights and their significance to the population of Lithuania. Through this, we can gain valuable insight into the changes that have occurred, the changes that are still happening, and those that will need to happen in the future.
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Karsiuk, Karyna, and Mehmet Recai Uygur. Transformation Process of Public Space and the Development of Consumption Culture in the Modern Urban Environment. Vilnius Business College, 2024. https://doi.org/10.57005/ab.2024.4.9.

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This article will analyze the transformation process of public space on the example of the former Soviet city of Minsk. The goal is to analyze the relationship between the change in public space, the behavior of people in it and the development of a culture of consumption. The key principles of constructing the Soviet public space will also be outlined (they will be considered based on in-depth interviews of people living at that time). Ideological, social and economic shifts in the context of the post-Soviet city will be noted using the example of the city of Minsk. An analysis of the development of culture of consumption in the modern urban environment will be carried out as the main direction in the transformation of public space. The modern functions of the urban public space (communicative, organizational and recreational) will be defined and analyzed in the following article. This research is intended to find out the prospects for the development of the urban public space of the city of Minsk. The fundamental basis of this article is information from in-depth interviews both with residents of the Soviet period of the city of Minsk and with residents of present-day city of Minsk. The nature of this research can be classified as explanatory, since the aim is to find out the existence of a relationship between the two aspects (or its correlation), but besides, it is exploratory, since it aims to study an area where little is known.
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BALYSH, A. HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN THE USSR IN THE 20T-30TH OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THIS FACTOR ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY AND DEFENSE INDUSTRY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-14-23.

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The aim of the article. How state-of-the-art in the field of home building influenced onto capital constructing in defense industry, putting into exploitation and operation of the new military plants during the industrialization period is examined. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also uses special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. This article is based on documents storing in the Russian State Archive and Russian State Economical Archive. Collections of historical documents related to the Soviet period of Russian history are also used. On the base of these documents it is shown that poor situation in the field of home building was the reason of persistent deficits of building and exploitation workers. Due to this fact it was impossible to apply the funds given by the Government for building some plants (especially at the periphery), building works were delayed and proper operation of already built ones was spoiled. These problems were not completely solved till the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. All this effected negatively to the Red Army combat readiness before and during the war, especially at the beginning period. Practical application. The field of results application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: the archive data, which are for the first time used for scientific investigation and also the conclusions formulated in this article can be used for further scientific research on the USSR military industry in the industrialization period and also for scientific research on the USSR period in general.
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Harrington, Keith. ECMI Minorities Blog. 50 Years of South Tyrolean Autonomy. European Centre for Minority Issues, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/qplm4423.

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This blog post examines how Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has impacted the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia in southern Moldova. The author argues that the Moldovan government’s sharp condemnation of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its move toward the European Union has caused tensions with the Gagauz minority. Furthermore, the text highlights how since the beginning of the invasion, Gagauzia’s regional authorities, as well as the general population, have resisted efforts by the Moldovan government to limit Russian influence in the region. It also shows how dissatisfaction with the policies of the current government, combined with an economic crisis and a prolonged drought, have led to political infighting within Gagauzia, and the rise of certain pro-Russian figures who employ radical language reminiscent of the late-Soviet period
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