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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tsarist and Soviet Period'
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Ersoz, Deniz Hasan. "Tourism In Russia: From Tsarist To Post-soviet Period." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614038/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes tourism and tourism policy in Russia from Tsarist to post-Soviet period. In this respect the main focus will be on the post-Soviet period. The collapse of the Soviet Union negatively affected tourism and tourism industry in the country. Tourism and tourism industry found itself in an uncertain environment during the transition period. With the establishment of Russian Federal Agency for Tourism in 2004, tourism policies became more effective in the Russian Federation. This study discusses the implementation of tourism policies and efforts of the Russian government for transforming the country into a well known touristic destination of the world.
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Howard, Jeff S. "The effective use of the tsarist wealth by the Soviet government." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1113102-175520/restricted/HowardJ112502a.pdf.
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Budrytė, Kristina. "Lithuanian Abstract painting in Soviet period." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090312_110650-92526.
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The Aim of the research is to define and analyse works of Lithuanian abstract painting during the Soviet period by establishing and comparing the diversity of criticism and practices of abstract art in Lithuania over several decades (from the end of the 1950s to the 1980s).
In this thesis abstract paining is treated as a radical artistic reaction in Lithuania in terms of its theoretical and historical characteristics, and the general artistic context during the Soviet period is analysed in terms of socio-political issues. This is a study of the most celebrated examples of Western European art (also American art) presenting the most recent tendencies that developed out of them and juxtaposing it with the Central European culture (as the area of Soviet influence). Western European culture and its artistic movements were a complete opposition to the artificially built Eastern Block during the Soviet period. The forced separation of this period defined its unique qualities that found one expression in Central Europe and a different one in countries occupied by the Soviets (eg. in Lithuania); it also formed the position of freedom of an alternative art. Whereas in the West abstraction, in its own time, was the great boom of modernism because it freed painting from the traditional language of ‘representation’ and illustration, in Lithuania, in its local context, it had more functions: it was considered to be the great achievement of late modernism that helped to discover newer than... [to full text]<br>Disertacijos santraukoje nurodomi analizuoti Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos kūriniai sovietmečiu, išskiriant ir lyginant kelių dešimtmečių (nuo šeštojo pabaigos iki devintojo) dailės ir dailės kritikos įvairovę Lietuvoje.
Abstrakčioji tapyba, peržvelgus jos teorinius ir istorinius akcentus, vertinama kaip radikali meninė reakcija Lietuvoje, o bendras meninis kontekstas sovietmečiu analizuojamas iš sociopolitikos problematikos perspektyvos. Tai Vakarų Europos (bei iš JAV atkeliavusių) žymiausių pavyzdžių analizė, pateikianti išsivysčiusias iš jų naująsias tendencijas ir Vidurio Europos (kaip sovietmečio įtakos lauko) kultūrų sugretinimas. Visiška priešingybe sovietmečio dirbtinai suręstam Rytų blokui buvo Vakarų Europos kultūra ir jų meninės srovės. Priverstinis to laikotarpio atskyrimas nulėmė savitumus, vienaip pasireiškusius Vidurio Europoje, kitaip – sovietų okupuotose šalyse (pvz., Lietuvoje), ir iššaukusius kitokio meno laisvės poziciją. Vakaruose abstrakcija buvo modernizmo suklestėjimas, tai reiškė išsivadavimą iš tradicinės dailės kalbos, susijusios su vaizdo atvaizdavimu. Lietuvoje abstrakcijos apraiškos turėjo ir kitokių funkcijų: plastinės meninės kalbos įvairove buvo bandoma paneigti priverstinai primestą socrealizmo ideologiją.
Disertacijos santraukoje atskleidžiamos Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos formavimosi prielaidos ir galimybės. Abstrakčiosios tapybos užuomazgos –– S. Kisarauskienės, V. Kisarausko darbų pavyzdžiai, J. Švažo, L. Katino ir kt. tapyba XX... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Petronis, Vytautas. "Constructing Lithuania : Ethnic Mapping in Tsarist Russia, ca. 1800-1914." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Södertörn : Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis ; Södertörns högskola ; Almqvist & Wiksell [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7163.
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Radomska, Sofiya. "Soviet-German relations in the interwar period." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Sociology and Contemporary History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-684.
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Crols, Dirk. "From Tsarist empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU : two eras in the construction of Baltic state sovereignty." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2453/.
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This thesis examines how the three Baltic countries constructed their internal and external sovereign statehood in the interwar period and the post Cold War era. Twice in one century, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were confronted with strongly divided multiethnic societies, requiring a bold and wide-ranging ethnics policy. In 1918 all three Baltic countries promised their minorities cultural autonomy. Whereas Estonian and Latvian politicians were deeply influenced by the theories of Karl Renner and Otto Bauer, the Lithuanians fell back on the historic Jewish self-government in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many politicians were convinced that the principle of equality of nationalities was one of the cornerstones of the new international order, embodied by the League of Nations. The minority protection system of the League was, however, not established to serve humanitarian aims. It only sought to ensure international peace. This lack of a general minority protection system was one of many discussion points in the negotiations of the Estonian and Latvian minority declarations. Although Lithuania signed a much more detailed minority declaration, its internal political situation rapidly deteriorated. Estonia, on the other hand, established full cultural autonomy with corporations of public law. Although a wide-ranging school autonomy was already established in 1919, Latvia never established cultural self-government. The Second World War and the subsequent Soviet occupation led to the replacement of the small historically rooted minority groups by large groups of Russian-speaking settlers. The restoration in 1991 of the pre 1940 political community meant that these groups were deprived of political rights. In trying to cope with this situation, Estonia and Latvia focused much more on linguistic integration than on collective rights. Early attempts to pursue a decolonisation policy, as proposed by some leading Estonian and Latvian policymakers, were blocked by the ‘official Europe’ which followed a policy analogous to the League of Nations.
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Vaiseta, Tomas. "Society of Boredom: Lithuania in the Late Soviet Period (1964-1984)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121024_114331-12100.
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The vocabulary of "boredom" has been used extensively in the discourse of remembering and reflecting on the late Soviet period (1964-1984). The ambition of this paper was therefore to demonstrate how one can move from a metaphorical description of an historic period to a cultural study of the emergence, change, and confrontation of meanings. By conceptualization of "boredom" and creating the theoretical frames of model it was sought to explane the "destiny" of ideology and the practices of people determined by it. Therefore the object of this paper were ideological situations and people's practices therein. The author analysed situations where people would directly confront ideology, ideological field of action, and with their practices hint at its meaninglessness. The theoretical model was applied to study historical material. It was concluded that the communist ideology in the late Soviet period was acting like a factor of socialization aiming to discipline and mobilize Soviet people. Based on the concept of two dimensions by Alexei Yurchak, it was said that the ideological socialization, i.e. the commitment to ideolocigal norms, attitudes, structures, helped subjects to bind to constative dimension. At the same time there were plenty of practices of performative dimension, that were divided into three types: a-structural, para-structural and anti-structural. These types of practices contributed to the decline of ideology, but also it was shown that these practices in... [to full text]<br>Atsispiriant nuo atminties diskursui ir istoriografijai būdingo brežnevinės epochos (1964-1984 m.) apibūdinimo "nuobodulio" žodynu, disertacijoje kuriamas teorinis modelis, kuris padeda interpretuoti ir suprasti vėlyvojo sovietmečio Lietuvos visuomenės gyvenimą. Darbe pagrindžiama, kaip nuo istorinio laikotarpio aprašymo metaforomis galima pereiti prie kultūrologinio prasmių atsiradimo, kaitos ir konfrontacijos tyrimo. Konceptuolizavus nuobodulio sampratą ir suformavus teorinius nuobodulio visuomenės modelio apmatus, buvo siekiama paaiškinti ideologijos "likimą" vėlyvuoju sovietmečiu ir jos sąlygotą žmonių elgseną. Todėl darbo objektu tapo ideologinės situacijos ir žmonių praktikos jose. Nagrinėtos tokios situacijos, kuriose žmonės tiesiogiai susidurdavo su ideologija, ideologizuotu veiklos lauku, ir savo praktikomis sugestijavo apie jos beprasmybę. Teorinis modelis buvo pritaikytas iš archyvų, interviu, publikuotų atsiminimų, laiškų ir dienoraščių surinktai istorinei medžiagai nagrinėti. Prieita prie išvados, kad ideologija brežnevinėje epochoje veikė kaip socializacijos faktorius, sovietinius piliečius mobilizuodama ir drausmindama. Remiantis antropologo Alexei Yurchako dviejų matmenų koncepcija, teigiama, kad ideologinė socializacija, t.y. įsipareigojimas ideologinėms normoms, nuostatoms, struktūroms, padėjo subjektams išlikti steigiamajame matmenyje, tačiau tuo pačiu metu skleidėsi ir jų atliekamojo matmens praktikos, kurios buvo suskirstytos į tris rūšis: a-struktūrinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Johnson, Ian Ona. "The Faustian Pact: Soviet-German Military Cooperation in the Interwar Period." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461255006.
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Dyshlyuk, Liubov <1987>. "Soviet Cinema in Italy in the Post-War Period (1950-1970)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8226/1/dyshlyuk_liubov_tesi.pdf.
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The doctoral dissertation develops the Italian-Soviet relations in cinema in the post-war years and the history of the Soviet cinema presence in Italy. Interdisciplinary character of the research united history and cinema in that period of the XXth century when culture totally depended on the geopolitical situation. The object of the work was the historical material connected with the presence of Soviet cinema in Italy that have not yet been studied and united in one work. There was done an archival work in order to find out all the Soviet cinema festivals that appeared in Italy in the mentioned period in different Italian cities, their organizers, distributors and the amount of the spectators involved. It became clear what films arrived from the USSR, what impression they made on Italian critics and spectators. For that purpose the Italian mass media of the period was also studied. The fullest list of films made in Italian-Soviet co-production and their stories from both points of views was also one of the research’s results. As well as the first time revealed from the Venice Film Festival’s archive the detailed list of the Soviet films and their awards. The archive work and bilateral relations studies demanded several methodological approaches to be used: comparative historical method, text-based method and problematic chronological method. The research made it possible to follow the whole dynamics of the Italian-Soviet cinema processes from the total absence in the beginning of 1950s to the cinema festivals and co-productions. The contribution of the prominent figures in building those bilateral relations was also reflected in the dissertation. Important task was realized by uniting Italian and Russian archival and scientific sources and could be used in future by cinema experts interested in the Soviet cinema presence in European countries or in Italian cinema distribution, circuits, etc.
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Panasyuk, Mykola B. "The concept of social tolerance and social policy : a case study of crime and penal practices in the transitional period in Ukraine." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1574/.
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The present study focuses on the current state and developments of social and penal policies in Ukraine. It concentrates on changes brought about in the period of social and political transition, which started when Ukraine became an independent state in 1991. In particular, this study attempts to explain the current failure of reforms as being the result of a lack of social tolerance intrinsic to state officials at all levels, a legacy of previous repressive regimes. The introduction examines the notion of tolerance as a value produced by civil society and its importance for the administration of penal policy. It is argued that the level of social tolerance is heavily influenced by the nature of social and economic relationships. The following section consists of a case study presenting the origins of Ukrainian political, economic and social institutions and the results of an analysis of official media reportage of the current transition towards a market economy - a transition which has formed the precondition for a sharply rising criminality and the corruption of the main social institutions. The third chapter begins with a brief history of the use of imprisonment during the Soviet era, describing the administrative methods of punishment embedded into the system which Ukraine inherited on independence. The next section is a study of the Ukrainian penal system in the transitional period and shows that change has been minimal in terms of ideology, penal structures and the training of personnel. It also reveals findings on the functioning of prison enterprises, which established a deficit between prison production outputs and the sale of prison products, which is theorised as being due to private profiteering by senior prison staff. Finally, the data from an empirical study of social relations in a Ukrainian penitentiary are analysed on the basis of the social tolerance concept. The culture of prison life is seen as embedded in a hierarchy of roles. For these reasons, the existing prison system fails in its aim to resocialise offenders; it fails to respect human rights; and the experience of imprisonment as an exploitative system is related to the privatisation of human resources by the prison authorities.
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Nekrasova, Alena. "The Representation of the Soviet Past by Contemporary Russian Writers." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13436.
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The Soviet Union had existed for 70 years and was labeled as the "evil empire". Its technological achievements and geographical discoveries are amazing. However, its dark aspects such as censorship, "purges", and freedom restrictions are shocking as well. The effects of its collapse in 1991 were felt throughout the world in many aspects of peoples' day-to-day lives. Nowadays, many average Russians feel tenderness and nostalgia for what they had back then.
This thesis addresses the perception of the Soviet past by two contemporary Russian writers, Elena Chizhova and Elena Katishonok. Despite the common tendency to idealize the Soviet epoch, the authors represent it as a period that is not worthy of nostalgia. The thesis explores the world picture created in both novels by means of the analysis of such themes as the space structure, death, and memory that recur and function on different levels of the target texts.
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Uhl, Katharina Barbara. "Building communism : the Young Communist League during the Soviet thaw period, 1953-1964." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:485213b3-415d-4bc1-a896-ea53983c75f8.
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The present study focuses on the activity of the Young Communist League (Komsomol) to promote the communist project during the so-called Thaw period in the Soviet Union (1953-1964). The term ‘communist project’ describes the complex temporal triangle in which the relevance of the present was rooted in its relationship to the heroic past and the bright future. Young people were supposed to emulate the heroism of previous generations while fighting remnants of the undesired past. This was presented as a precondition for achieving the communist future. The structure of this study reflects the chronology of the communist project. It analyzes the rhetoric used by the Young Communist League to promote the communist project and explores the strategies used to mobilize youth for building communism. The first chapter focuses on the organizational structure of the Komsomol and assesses its readiness for this task. Despite attempts to strengthen horizontal communication and control, streamline administration and reorganize its structure, the Komsomol remained hierarchal and bureaucratic. The second chapter explores the promotion of past heroism in rituals, social practices and the use of public space. The third chapter is also concerned with the past; it describes the Komsomol’s fight against ‘remnants of the past’, primarily religion and deviant behaviour such as hooliganism, heavy drinking and laziness. The final chapter focuses on the Komsomol’s attempts during the Thaw to bring about the future: its efforts in the economy, moral, political and cultural education, and the realm of leisure.
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Roberts, Sean. "Dominant-power politics and ‘virtual’ party hegemony : the role of United Russia in the Putin period." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/952/.
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This case study examines the role of the political party United Russia in the rise of ‘dominant-power politics’, also termed ‘electoral authoritarianism’, that characterises the Putin period (2000-2008). Comparative literature identifies parties as important independent or explanatory variables in a range of regime outcomes, including the successful consolidation of democracy, but also in the establishment and consolidation of authoritarian rule. The impressive rise of United Russia in the Russian political system from late 2001 onwards, together with its co-occurrence with the growing strength of the Putin regime, suggests that the party was a factor in the outcome of the latter. This research first develops a theoretical framework to understand the role of parties in modern political systems and then applies this framework to explore the Russian case. Although a component of power in the Putin period, this research argues that the origins of United Russia in the ‘party of power’ phenomenon limit its value as an explanatory variable. Rather than a principal power in the emerging post-Yeltsin political order, United Russia is an agent of a powerful civilian executive, which remains beyond the control of any party. In this sense, the rise of United Russia in the Putin period is misleading. United Russia is an example of ‘virtual’ party hegemony; a reflection of the intentions and ability of non-party power-holders to project their power onto party-agents. This research contributes to existing literature on party politics in the post-Soviet space and Russian politics in the Putin period. In comparative terms, this study contributes to existing notions of party dominance and emerging literature on divergent regime trajectories in the post-Cold War period.
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Bain, Courtney. "Entrepreneurship in Russia patterns and problems of its development in the post-Soviet period /." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis. Move to record for print version, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/18/.
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Thesis (Ph.D) - University of Glasgow, 2007.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Central and East European Studies, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Kulevičius, Salvijus. "Ideological Models of Lithuanian Heritage Protection and Their Practical Expression at the Soviet Period." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20101001_150702-45676.
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Heritage protection during the Soviet period is a phenomenon which involves the origins of some aspects of contemporary Lithuanian heritage protection. This period itself is evaluated in Lithuanian historiography in a contradictory way: on the one hand, it is proud of the achievements and it envisages resistanced, on the other hand, it tells about the biggest damage to heritage and Moscow dictate. The following question arises: What part of the present heritage protection is of “Lithuanian” origin and what part is the “Soviet” one? It is the subject that is analyzed in the dissertation. The traditional perspective – historical practices of the heritage, principles, divisions of conceptions into “good” and “bad” is rejected; instead of this, the ideological origins of that time heritage protection and the expressions of the ideas themselves are analyzed. The main subject of the research is the idea which is understood in the broadest sense, comprising the spheres of theory and practice, official and unofficial concepts, realized and unrealized plans.
It is stated that the freedom to choose the ideological models of the heritage protection during the Soviet period depended on the sphere of the heritage protection: some of them were completely monopolized by Moscow, the others had the conditional freedom. It determined heterogeneous ideological origins of that time Lithuanian heritage protection. The most favourable environment for the Lithuanian will and self to spread was the... [to full text]<br>Sovietmečio paveldosauga yra reiškinys, kuriame glūdi kai kurių dabartinės Lietuvos paveldosaugos aspektų ištakos. Pati sovietmečio paveldosauga lietuviškoje istoriografijoje vertinama prieštaringai: viena vertus, didžiuojamasi pasiekimais ir įžvelgiama „konspiracinė rezistencija“, kita vertus, kalbama apie didžiausius paveldo nuostolius ir Maskvos diktatą. Kyla klausimas, kiek šios dabarties paveldosaugos ištakos yra „lietuviškos“, o kiek „sovietinės“ prigimties. Būtent tai ir nagrinėjama disertacijoje. Čia atsisakoma tradicinės perspektyvos – istorinių paveldosaugos praktikų, principų, sampratų dalijimo į „geras“ ir „blogas“; vietoj to gilinamasi į to meto paveldosaugos idėjines ištakas bei pačių idėjų raiškas. Idėja, pagrindinis šio tyrimo objektas, suprantama plačiausia prasme, apimant teorijos ir praktikos, oficialių ir neoficialių konceptų, realizuotų ir neįgyvendintų sumanymų sferas.
Disertacijoje konstatuojama, kad paveldosaugos idėjinių modelių pasirinkimo laisvė sovietmečiu priklausė nuo paveldosaugos sferos: vienos jų buvo visiškai monopolizuotos Maskvos, kitoms suteikta sąlyginė laisvė. Tai lėmė to meto Lietuvos paveldosaugos idėjinių ištakų nevienalytiškumą. Palankiausia terpė lietuviškosios valios ar savasties skleidimuisi buvo paveldotvarkos elgsenos. Būtent čia laisviausiai galėjo reikštis tradiciniai (dar ikisovietiniais metais atsiradę) lietuvių tapatumo modeliai. Taip pat atskleidžiama, kad paveldosaugos idėjiniai modeliai Lietuvoje sovietmečiu gyvavo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Jerlei, Triin. "Industrial designers within the Soviet Estonian design ideology of the Late Socialist period, 1965-1988." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2015. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/959e31ed-a3de-426b-a57a-4e2ede431495.
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This thesis argues that a unique design ideology manifested in Soviet Estonia during the Late Socialist period. It was a combination of broader Soviet design ideologies concerned with material practices and the control of production, and Western design influences that were more apparent in Estonia than elsewhere in the Soviet Union and provided aesthetic guidance in a vacuum of Soviet style. This research allows for the first time a determination of the characterising qualities of Estonia’s Late Socialist industrial design, as well as provision of a new contextual framework for considering Soviet design ideas more broadly. To date, studies of Soviet design have focused on object aesthetics, leaving authors who are then faced with the absence of a consistent Soviet style to assume an equally absent Soviet design ideology. However, while it is not necessarily visible in the appearance of products, a tangible Soviet design ideology existed in bureaucratic apparatuses, material practices and accompanying textual materials. This thesis uses oral history and archival research to provide a detailed analysis of the Soviet ideology operating within one cultural monad of the wider USSR. In doing so it breaks away from the emphasis on Russia as the totality of 20th century Soviet socialism to make a first important step toward a more substantial history of Soviet production. Estonia can be understood as a meeting point between two major world design cultures, and from its example we can better understand the characteristics, functioning, and impact of different design ideologies.
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Whitmore, Sarah Victoria. "Building institutions in Ukraine : the case for parliament, 1990-2000." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288850.
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Lee, Keun-Gwan. "The law of State succession in the post-decolonisation period with special reference to Germany and the former Soviet Union." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624793.
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Elsby, Andrew William. "British foreign policy towards the Soviet Union over Germany in the immediate post-World War Two period : a causal analysis." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402677.
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This thesis adds to an existing historiography on the effect of British foreign policy on the emerging Cold War by focusing on the causal influences on British policy towards the Soviets over Germany between February and July 1946. It is based on Cabinet and FO papers, memoir and diary evidence of individual influences and the decision-making process, and a foreign policy literature which points to possibilities of influence in formal powers and informal processes. I conclude that the locus of foreign policy decision-making power was with Bevin, the FO and the CoS rather than Attlee as PM and the Cabinet. This resulted from Attlee's role conceptualisation, Bevin's personality, their relationship and a broad commonality of view between them. FO influence derived from its interpreting incoming information and Bevin's regard for its expertise. CoS influence reflected Bevin's concern regarding their security and strategic assessments. And Bevin's influence came from his role, formidable personality, stature in Cabinet and country, working relationships, creativity and understanding of foreign policy linkages. A common attitudinal orientation and a relationship of mutual trust and regard informed a decision-making process in which influence was reciprocal between Bevin, the FO and the CoS. Benin's trades union experience, and the FO's and CoS's class background and experience, influenced policy in being sources of their shared anti-communism and realpolitik orientations to foreign policy - they also shared an attitudinal ethos that insisted on defending Britain's pre-war imperial and European interests (despite post-war economic and military weakness). This attitudinal orientation translated into a British policy towards the Soviets over Germany aimed at keeping the Soviets as far east as possible. Adverse experience of an expansionist and opportunist post-war Soviet diplomacy in conflict with British imperial interests continued with conflict over German reparations and economic unity in the first half of 1946, and confirmed such attitudes and perceptions. British dependence on US economic and military assistance to defend British interests against the Soviets meant that US policy could have been a decisive influence, but US influence was minimal because British and US policymakers agreed by February 1946 that Soviet expansionism had to be resisted. This thesis takes a decision-making theory approach to foreign policy causation. In this approach the individual incumbents of vital positions for foreign policy formulation, their personalities, role conceptualisations and relationships, and their common attitudes, are central. For such individuals' attitudes set British foreign policy objectives, influenced perceptions of Soviet intentions and provided the context for (limited) differences of view over policy options in Germany
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Dakheel, J. F. "The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Libya foreign policy during the period from 1991 to 2003." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/314/.
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One of the most notable events in world politics in the second half of the 20th century was the Soviet Union’s fall in December 1991 which profoundly changed the outlook of the global political scene and the balance of power among its key actors. This thesis studies the impacts and significance of the Soviet demise on Libyan foreign policy between 1991 and 2003. Libyan foreign policy was transformed; the thesis asks how, why and when this occurred and how the changes in foreign policy were managed. While so doing, a set of questions are raised concerning the emerging context and developments in world order which seemed to compel Libya to change its behaviour, changing its relations with the West in general and the United States in particular. Three major questions are explored in detail in this thesis. The first question relates to how and why Libya aligned with the Soviet Union. The second question addresses how and to what extent these developments in international order appeared to have affected Libya’s foreign policy behaviour. Finally, the third question sheds light on the reasons and attitudes that led to these changes in Libya’s foreign policy orientations. This is also to engage with an important literature on the scope of foreign policy of small states. It also raises questions of the role of leadership, the continuing post-Soviet relationship between Russia and Libya, the decision making processes in Libya, and the agent-structure question in international relations as it bears on the forces which brought about change in this case. Finally, it asks how Libyan political leaders related to each other as well as to their domestic and international environment. The Libyan case suggests that penal methods - i.e. coerciveness - can positively contribute to an entire overhaul of an outcast regime and to an alteration in its behaviour. But it also recognises that Libya’s leaders had some scope for choice and some freedom of manoeuvre; it asks how they defined and used those choices. This study helps to define the characteristics of the governance of Libyan regime and their implications for policy-making and implementation. This in turn aids explanation of the nature and processes of Libya’s choices in its foreign policy orientation. Foreign policy appeared to some to be erratic and arbitrary, but it may in fact have had more reasonable grounds and processes. The thesis questions a common image that Libyan foreign policy was dominated by wholly irrational decision making, although no doubt it was primarily dominated by a single leader. The theory of adaptive behaviour originally developed by Rosenau and Smith in the 1980s has continued to shape foreign policy studies, even though some of its features have been adapted or abandoned. Recent colloquia on the ‘state of the discipline’ in foreign policy studies point to the continuing importance of trying to give an account of foreign policy change. Starting with the theory of adaptive behaviour, the study examines the transformations of Libyan foreign policy and confirms the value of a version of this theory, at least as a starting point for enquiry, if it is modified and critiqued for the 2010s. It continues to offer deeper and more useful insights into foreign policy management in smaller as well as larger states, which allows for a new dimension to our considerations of the influences of a changed international system not only on pariah regimes, but also in relation to application on other cases. Furthermore, although the main claims to originality in the thesis turn on its contribution to knowledge in terms of the discovery of new information, the thesis makes an a modest additional contribution to knowledge in its theoretical development of arguments about how foreign policy change occurs. Additionally, the originality of this thesis stems from using a new original material in the form of a range of important interviews. These were conducted with some of the key Libyan policy makers involved directly in the shaping and implementation of Libyan foreign policy during that period of time. That gives the study an opportunity to achieve a more sophisticated analysis. The conclusions of the thesis are that Libyan leaders facing an enormous upheaval in their foreign policy context sought to limit the damage to their own position and to stabilise the regime in Tripoli. They did so first of all by the adjustment of foreign policy in consultation with Soviet leaders. But this proved to be inadequate, and a more radical response became necessary. Libyan foreign policy was, after some uncertainty and internal disagreement, turned towards a rapprochement with the West. So much is well known. The thesis shows how the process took place, how Libyan leaders responded to the crisis, how they tried to achieve wriggle room, sometimes but not always succeeding, and how they managed what came to be a relatively smooth transition to a pro-western orientation. In doing so, the fact that Libya was relatively a very small actor in a larger drama created opportunities for decision makers which they learned to take effectively. So the key themes of the thesis include the extent to which Libya had little choice, the extent to which decision makers recognised and used the choices they were able to find, the role of leadership and learning in foreign policy management, and the importance of domestic considerations in the external relations of governments, including the relatively small ones.
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Budrytė, Kristina. "Lietuvos abstrakčioji tapyba sovietmečiu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090312_110911-83759.
Full textAbstract:
Disertacijoje apibrėžiami ir analizuojami Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos kūriniai sovietmečiu, išskiriant ir lyginant kelių dešimtmečių (nuo šeštojo pabaigos iki devintojo) dailės ir dailės kritikos įvairovę Lietuvoje.
Abstrakčioji tapyba, peržvelgus jos teorinius ir istorinius akcentus, vertinama kaip radikali meninė reakcija Lietuvoje, o bendras meninis kontekstas sovietmečiu analizuojamas iš sociopolitikos problematikos perspektyvos. Tai Vakarų Europos (bei iš JAV atkeliavusių) žymiausių pavyzdžių analizė, pateikianti išsivysčiusias iš jų naująsias tendencijas ir Vidurio Europos (kaip sovietmečio įtakos lauko) kultūrų sugretinimas. Visiška priešingybe sovietmečio dirbtinai suręstam Rytų blokui buvo Vakarų Europos kultūra ir jų meninės srovės. Priverstinis to laikotarpio atskyrimas nulėmė savitumus, vienaip pasireiškusius Vidurio Europoje, kitaip – sovietų okupuotose šalyse (pvz., Lietuvoje), ir iššaukusius kitokio meno laisvės poziciją. Vakaruose abstrakcija buvo modernizmo suklestėjimas, tai reiškė išsivadavimą iš tradicinės dailės kalbos, susijusios su vaizdo atvaizdavimu. Lietuvoje abstrakcijos apraiškos turėjo ir kitokių funkcijų: plastinės meninės kalbos įvairove buvo bandoma paneigti priverstinai primestą socrealizmo ideologiją.
Disertacijoje gilinamasi į Lietuvos abstrakčiosios tapybos formavimosi prielaidas ir galimybes. Abstrakčiosios tapybos užuomazgos –– S. Kisarauskienės, V. Kisarausko darbų pavyzdžiai, J. Švažo, L. Katino ir kt. tapyba XX amžiaus šeštojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The Aim of the research is to define and analyse works of Lithuanian abstract painting during the Soviet period by establishing and comparing the diversity of criticism and practices of abstract art in Lithuania over several decades (from the end of the 1950s to the 1980s).
In this thesis abstract paining is treated as a radical artistic reaction in Lithuania in terms of its theoretical and historical characteristics, and the general artistic context during the Soviet period is analysed in terms of socio-political issues. This is a study of the most celebrated examples of Western European art (also American art) presenting the most recent tendencies that developed out of them and juxtaposing it with the Central European culture (as the area of Soviet influence). Western European culture and its artistic movements were a complete opposition to the artificially built Eastern Block during the Soviet period. The forced separation of this period defined its unique qualities that found one expression in Central Europe and a different one in countries occupied by the Soviets (eg. in Lithuania); it also formed the position of freedom of an alternative art. Whereas in the West abstraction, in its own time, was the great boom of modernism because it freed painting from the traditional language of ‘representation’ and illustration, in Lithuania, in its local context, it had more functions: it was considered to be the great achievement of late modernism that helped to discover newer than... [to full text]
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Kaminskaitė, Jančorienė Lina. "Cinema in Soviet Lithuania: the development of the system and the shift in functions (1944–1970)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140411_150816-07126.
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By combining the approaches of film history theory with research of the Soviet period, and on the basis of empirical research, this study carries out the reconstruction of exhibition, distribution and production. The main aim of this study is to present film as a multi-layered phenomenon of the Soviet period which encompasses socio-cultural, ideological, political, creative, technological, economical and institutional levels. This research not only identifies the main aims and tasks of the Soviet film policy (from above), but also discloses reasons for those cases when the programme-aimed intentions failed to be executed (from below). As it turns out, the “most important of all arts” was not that significant. The so-called advantages of cinema, such as its “mass appeal” or “effectiveness”, were only programme-based aspirations that granted film with mythical powers that had nothing in common with the processes that took place in the reality of Soviet Lithuania. The end of the creation of the Lithuanian film studio signified, on the one hand, the fact that the creation of the model of film industry in the periphery of the USSR had come to an end (production, distribution, exhibition); on the other hand, it marked the appropriation of the multi-stage system of film control. Having thoroughly analysed the modes of control expression, the research proposes a construct for this control system (“control pyramid”).<br>Derinant tarptautinėje istoriografijoje susiformavusias kino istorijos teorijos prieigas su sovietmečio tyrinėjimais, empirinio tyrimo pagrindu darbe atliekama kino rodymo (kino rodymo tinklas), platinimo (kino repertuaras), kino gamybos ir kūrybos rekonstrukcija. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – pristatyti kiną kaip įvairialypį sovietmečio fenomeną, apimantį sociokultūrinius, ideologinius, politinius, kūrybinius, technologinius, ekonominius, institucinius lygmenis. Tyrime identifikuoti ne tik sovietų kino politikos pagrindiniai tikslai, uždaviniai („iš viršaus“), bet ir apčiuopti programinių intencijų neįgyvendinimo atvejai, priežastys („iš apačios“). Pasirodo, „svarbiausias iš menų“ ne toks jau ir buvo svarbus. Menami kino privalumai – „masiškumas“, paveikumas – tebuvo programinė siekiamybė, kurioje kinui suteiktos mitinės galios nieko bendra neturėjusios su sovietų Lietuvos tikrovėje vykusiais procesais. Lietuvos kino studijos kūrimo pabaiga, viena vertus, ženklino kino industrijos modelio kūrimo baigtį SSRS periferijoje (gamina, platina, rodo), kita vertus, daugiapakopės filmų kontrolės sistemos perėmimą. Atlikus nuoseklią kontrolės raišką, tyrime pasiūlytas kontrolės sistemos vaizdinys („kontrolės piramidė“). Šis leido ne tik priartėti prie supratimo kokioje gamybinėje, kūrybinėje, ideologinėje tikrovėje kino filmų kūrimo procesas vyko, bet ir pirmą kartą identifikuoti užmanymus bei filmus, patyrusius skirtingas nuobaudas ir draudimus.
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Fink, Rachael. "France and the Soviet Union: Intervention in Africa Post-Colonialism." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617892018822665.
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Anvar, Matluba. "Women and religious practices in Uzbekistan : transformation and changes in the capital of Uzbekistan in the light of the post-Soviet period." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/58087/.
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This thesis is an anthropological study of Uzbek women's everyday life and religious rituals, focusing on the experience and transformation of women's religious and ritual lives in the capital Tashkent, after Soviet rule lasting seventy-three years ended in 1991. The research was conducted over four years, covering English, Russian, and Uzbek language literature, periodical press, archive materials, and oral histories of women who experienced the challenges of the Soviet system and the social changes of the period since independence in 1991. A large body of literature has been written about women's ritual life in Islam, but relatively little about Uzbek women's ritual life within Islam since independence. This thesis introduces an ethnographic contribution to the literature by investigating Uzbek women's everyday life since independence. This thesis will lay out the historical background to the changes in the government of Uzbekistan between 1991 and 2011, in particular the transition from Soviet to independent rule. It will then examine the particular impact this change in government had on women's religious and ritual life, by comparing data gathered before and after the transition. The existing body of literature on women's ritual life will be critically assessed in relation to the particular findings of women's experience in Tashkent, and differences and similarities will be discussed. The thesis argues that religious rituals and the everyday life of Uzbek women change continuously because of the influence of social forces and institutions. The ritual and everyday life of women has adapted to historical circumstance and political systems. Women's rituals are controlled and partly constructed by the state and religious institutions for the purpose of national identity-building, ideological legitimation, and controlling women's everyday lives. In the following study, I argue that women have incorporated change and transformation into their everyday (ritual and religious) lives, thus revealing their agency and self-expression as they navigate the social and gender realities of twenty-first century Uzbekistan.
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Wiseman, A. "Investigating the personal in professional development : analysing Bulgarian educators' narratives of change in their professional lives during a period of post Soviet educational reforms." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2017. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/30137/.
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This thesis explores the development of a group of teacher trainers’ professional lives following their involvement in a teacher training project in Bulgaria in the 1990’s. The study investigates if and to what extent the trainers perceived their professional lives to have developed as a result of their involvement in the project. The researcher returned to the group of trainers 15 years after the project end to ascertain the long term impact of the project on their professional lives. This study uses a qualitative methodology focusing on narratives collected from semi structured interviews conducted over a three year period with six of the original trainers from the project. The data from the interviews was analysed using three different approaches, and a software analysis package was also used. The research findings show that although the changing political and education context in the 1990’s impacted on the trainers’ professional lives, the project was the springboard to help them develop and reformulate their professional lives. Findings show that involvement in the project had many unanticipated outcomes. Although it was emotionally challenging for some, involvement in it gave them confidence, extra status and helped some gain prestigious posts. It therefore substantially affected the trainers’ professional lives. The research concludes that interventions which involve a change process have a positive and long lasting impact on the participants which is rarely acknowledged. It proposes that for projects to be successful, sustainable, and inclusive, more attention should be paid to the intended participants by involving them at all levels of the planning process. Additionally, it is suggested that an evaluation of the long term impact of a project on its participants should be embedded in any project design.
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Benjaminson, Eric. "The Soviet Critique of a Liberator's Art and a Poet's Outcry: Zinovii Tolkachev, Pavel Antokol'skii and the Anti-Cosmopolitan Persecutions of the Late Stalinist Period." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23907.
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This thesis investigates Stalin’s post-WW2 anti-cosmopolitan campaign by comparing the lives of two Soviet-Jewish artists. Zinovii Tolkachev was a Ukrainian artist and Pavel Antokol’skii a Moscow poetry professor. Tolkachev drew both Jewish and Socialist themes, while Antokol’skii created no Jewish motifs until his son was killed in combat and he encountered Nazi concentration camps; Tolkachev was at the liberation of Majdanek and Auschwitz. Both men were excoriated during the “anti-cosmopolitan” campaign. Using primary sources, I examine their art and the balance between Judaic and Soviet references, the accusations made and the connections between the attacks, the Holocaust, and Soviet paranoias of that era. While anti-Semitism played a role, I highlight the authorities’ reaction to their style and content. This moment in cultural policy was part of a continuum of reactions to World War II and included themes that went beyond the native anti-Semitism of the period.
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Kašėtienė, Miglita. "Algimanto Zurbos kūryba: sociokultūriniai aspektai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130607_100455-33590.
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Kaip buvo numatyta bakalauro darbo „Paauglystės vaizdavimas Algimanto Zurbos romanuose paaugliams“ (2010) išvadose, šiame darbe tęsiamas sovietmečiu populiaraus ir šiuo metu vis dar kuriančio rašytojo Algimanto Zurbos (g. 1942) kūrybos tyrinėjimas. Praplečiami Zurbos kūrybos sociokultūriniai aspektai, tyrinėjama rašytojo vieta lyginant sovietmečio ir šiandienos literatūros lauką ¬– taigi linkstama ne prie meninės kūrinių analizės, kuri buvo atlikta bakalauro darbe, o prie politinių, socialinių, kultūrinių kontekstų, nulėmusių Zurbos kūrybos savitumą. Šie sociokultūriniai Zurbos kūrybos tyrimai paremti žymiausio prancūzų sociologo Pierre‘o Bourdieu literatūros lauko teorija bei lietuvių literatūros sociologės Loretos Jakonytės darbais, kuriuose išsamiai aprašoma lietuvių literatūros lauko raida. Remiantis dr. Valdemaro Klumbio disertacija „Lietuvos kultūrinio elito elgsenos modeliai sovietmečiu“ (2009), analizuojami Zurbos santykiai su sovietmečio valdžios institucijomis, pabrėžiamas rašytojui būdingas išorinio prisitaikymo modelis, susijęs su viešai deklaruojama valdžiai palankia laikysena, bet ne ideologinės pasaulėžiūros perėmimu. Kontekstinė kūrinių analizė paremta prancūzų pragmatikos atstovo Dominique Maingueneau literatūros konteksto teorija bei prancūzo sociokritikos atstovo Pierre‘o Barberr‘o darbais. Pagrindiniai tyrinėjimų šaltiniai – Zurbos publicistika, skelbta įvairiuose periodiniuose leidiniuose bei autobiografija „Gal taip reikėjo“ (2012). Darbe siekiama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>As it was foreseen in the BA paper “Paauglystės vaizdavimas Algimanto Zurbos romanuose”, this paper continues analysing Algimantas Zurba’s (b. 1942), who was popular during soviet times and is still creating nowadays, creation. The sociocultural aspects of Zurba’s creation were extended by analysing the place of the writer by comparing the field of soviet times’ and today’s literature – therefore it is tend not to the artistic analysis of works, which was done in the BA paper, but to political, social, cultural contexts that determined the peculiarity of Zurba’s creation. This sociocultural research of Zurba’s creative work is based on the most famous French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s literature field theory and Lithuanian literature sociologist Loreta Jakonytė’s works, in which the development of Lithuanian literature field is exhaustively described. In accordance with Dr. Valdemaras Klumbys’ thesis “Lietuvos kultūrinio elito elgsenos modeliai sovietmečiu” (2009), the relationships of Zurba and soviet government institutions are analysed; the emphasis is put on typical for the writer external adjustment model, which is related to publicly declared, favourable to the government, attitude, but not to ideological worldview support. Contextual analysis of works is based on the representative of French pragmatics Dominique Maingueneau’s literature context theory and on the representative of French socio-criticism Pierre Barberr’s works. The sources of the research are... [to full text]
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Mokrushyna, Halyna. "The Gordian Knot of Past and Present: Memory of Stalinist Purges in Modern Ukraine." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37974.
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The thesis examines the social memory of Soviet period in Ukraine on the national and regional levels drawing on the conceptual framework of social memory as shared, normative and formative knowledge of the past, subject to contentious interpretations of various groups and reflecting the power structure of the society. The analysis of the law on the rehabilitation of victims of political repressions in Ukraine, the law on the Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian nation, and the decommunization laws shows that on the official level Ukraine moved from an ambivalent attitude towards the Soviet legacy, in which Stalinism was repudiated, to the condemnation of Soviet power as a whole.
On the regional level, the study reveals the divisive memory of the Soviet past. The analysis of the activities of the Memorial Society, of monuments to the prisoners executed in Lviv by retreating Soviets in June of 1941, of the Museum-Prison on Lontsky street and other museums and monuments shows that in Lviv, as in the Baltic States, the Soviet power is viewed as an alien regime, imposed on freedom-loving Ukrainians by Soviet Russia tyranny.
On the opposite side of Lviv is Donetsk. The analysis of the memorial landscape of the city shows that the Donbas memory of the 1930s, as in Soviet times and in Russia, is based on an official forgetting of the repressions. The general assessment of the Soviet past is positive is incorporated into the collective identity of Donetsk as its integral part.
After the Euromaidan events of late 2013-early 2014 the opposite memories of the Soviet past became even more apparent.
Soviet past in Ukraine is a complex historical period. Examples of post-second world war Western Europe shows that a society, which wants to rebuild itself after a traumatic, divisive past, has to work through this past critically and honestly through an extremely difficult, but necessary open public debate. Only free exchange of opinions, where diversity of perspectives and interpretations of the Soviet experience would be heard, will allow Ukrainian society to grasp the complexity of the Soviet past and to build an inclusive, pluralist democracy.
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Chiaburu, Irina [Verfasser], Margrit [Akademischer Betreuer] Schreier, Marion [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller, and Johan F. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hartle. "Subversion in the Soviet Animation of the Brezhnev Period : An Aesopian Reading of Andrei Khrzhanovsky's Pushkiniana / Irina Chiaburu. Betreuer: Margrit Schreier. Gutachter: Margrit Schreier ; Marion Müller ; Johan F. Hartle." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1095233408/34.
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Morabito, Fabiana. "A Rússia pelo cinema de Nikita Mikhalkov." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8155/tde-08012014-155921/.
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A proposta central desta pesquisa é analisar os filmes do cineasta russo Nikita Mikhalkov produzidos no período pós-soviético, sem, contudo, desconsiderar as demais obras do momento soviético. O estado de dissolução de valores na Rússia pós-soviética e a falta de parâmetros, principalmente dos jovens, motivaram Mikhalkov a produzir filmes cuja forma e conteúdo fossem acessíveis e emblemáticos, aproximando-se do cinema blockbuster e persuadindo o espectador através do uso incessante de símbolos. Seu público-alvo são os jovens, porém sua crítica se estende a todos os afetados pelo capitalismo, sistema que o cineasta considera ser nocivo ante a misteriosa alma russa. Diante disso, o trabalho questionará sua proposta no momento atual.<br>The main purpose of this research is to analyze the movies produced by the Russian film-maker Nikita Mikhalkov during the post-Soviet period, but without disregarding the other works from the Soviet period. The state of dissolution of Russian values in the post-Soviet Russia and the lack of parameters, mainly related to the youth, motivated Mikhalkov to produce movies in which the form and the content were accessible and emblematic, coming close to the blockbuster conventions and persuading the viewer by the incessant use of symbols. His target audience is the young public, but his critics extend to all people who have been affected by capitalism, a system that he considers to be harmful to the mysterious Russian soul. This dissertation will question his approach in the post-Soviet period.
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Penati, Beatrice. "L’emigrazione nazionalista musulmana dall’ex Impero russo in Europa occidentale, 1919-1939." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86036.
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Galaunytė, Aistė. "Postmodernizmo architektūros privatūs gyvenamieji namai Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_110828-36685.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama postmodernizmo stiliaus raiška privačiuose gyvenamuosiuose namuose Lietuvoje, nuo XX a. 9 dešimtmečio vidurio iki 10 dešimtmečio pabaigos. Siekiant atskleisti šio stiliaus bruožus, specifiką ir kultūrinę reikšmę Lietuvoje darbe analizuojami Vakarų pasaulio (JAV, Vakarų Europos, Japonijos) privačių gyvenamųjų namų etalonai bei sąlygos, nulėmusios jų raidą. Darbe nustatoma, kad to meto socialiniai, politiniai, ekonominiai veiksniai Lietuvoje, iš esmės lėmė ir šios architektūros nepažinimą ir kritišką vertinimą. Daroma prielaida, kad dėl politinių-ekonominių veiksnių, užsienio profesinė periodika buvo viena iš pagrindinių priemonių postmodernizmo architektūrai pažinti. Todėl atliekama privačių gyvenamųjų namų publikuotų užsienio periodiniuose leidiniuose ir Lietuvoje lyginamoji analizė. Nustatomi charakteringiausi Lietuvos postmodernizmo architektūros privačių gyvenamųjų namų bruožai ir jų sąsajos su užsienio architektūra. Iš nagrinėjamų Lietuvos postmodernizmo stiliaus privačių gyvenamųjų namų išskiriami aukšto kokybinio lygio pastatai-etalonai, įvardinamos jų vertingosios savybės.Darbo apimtis – 92 p. teksto be priedo, 57 iliustr., 9 schemos, 99 bibliografiniai šaltiniai, 3 priedai.<br>The goal of Master thesis is to investigate expression and features of postmodern style of private dwelling-houses of Lithuania, from the middle of the 9th decade to the 10th decade of the twentieth century. In order to reveal the characteristics, features and cultural significance of the style in Lithuania, the private dwelling-houses of postmodern style of the Western world (the U.S., Western Europe, Japan) are analyzed, as well as conditions which prompted their development. The paper discusses that the social, political and economic factors of Lithuania at that time, led to the suspicion and critical evaluation of postmodern architecture in general.It is assumed that due to the political-economical factors, the Western magazines were one of the main tools for Lithuanian architects to get to know postmodern architecture. Therefore, a comparative analysis between private dwelling-houses published in foreign periodicals, and of Lithuania, is conducted. Consequently the most common features of private dwelling-houses of postmodern style in Lithuania and their links with Western architecture are determined. Houses of Lithuania of high quality postmodern architecture are named, their valuable properties are defined. Thesis consists of: 92 p. text without extras, 57 pictures., 9 schemes, 99 bibliographical entries, 3 appendixes included.
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"The Effective Use of the Tsarist Wealth by the Soviet Government." East Tennessee State University, 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1113102-175520/.
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(11109429), Amber N. Nickell. "BROTHERLANDS TO BLOODLANDS: ETHNIC GERMANS AND JEWS IN SOUTHERN UKRAINE, LATE TSARIST TO POSTWAR." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
<p>Ethnic Germans and Jews lived alongside one
another in Southern Ukraine for over a century prior to the Holocaust. They
were as Shimon Redlich observes of Jewish-Gentile relations in his Polish
hometown, "together and apart." Both groups started out the twentieth
century closer together than they had ever been, and interactions between them
were and remained comparatively normalized and less violent than Jews'
experiences with the other groups surrounding them on Ukraine's
pre-Revolutionary landscape. Yet, by 1941, with the joint Romanian-German
occupation of the region, ethnic Germans enthusiastically plundered, exploited,
and murdered their Jewish neighbors with little prodding from the Romanian and
Nazi occupation regimes. How did over a century of ethnic German-Jewish
coexistence devolve into local violence? Which historical processes fueled some
ethnic Germans' conversion from neighbors to murderers, and when exactly did
this transition begin?</p><p><br></p>
<p>This project examines coexistence, confluence,
and conflict between ethnic Germans and their Jewish neighbors in Southern
Ukraine from the late Tsarist period through the Holocaust. It builds upon the
work of formidable scholars like Jan Gross, Jan Grabowski, Jeffrey Kopstein and
Jason Wittenberg, Timothy Snyder, Wendy Lower, Karl Berkhoff, Eric Steinhart,
and Doris Bergen, all of which examine the impact of double, sometimes triple
or more, occupations on intergroup relationships and/or local collaboration in
occupied territories. However, unlike many of these case studies, which root
collaborators’ motives in the years immediately predating the war, or in the
war itself, this project seeks to understand the impact of decades of
occupation and revanchist policies (Austro-German, Soviet, Romanian, Nazi) on
the groups’ interactions with and perceptions of one another. Moreover, as
opposed to splitting the region into two separate entities, as the Romanian and
Nazi regimes did, this project illuminates some of the continuities across the
river Buh, as lived and died, by ethnic Germans and Jews in Ukraine prior to
and during the Holocaust. This longue durée analysis illuminates the roles
sustained violence and occupational policies played in disrupting centuries of
interactions between ethnic Germans and Jews. By 1941, the two groups had been
violently reconfigured, pulled together, and pushed apart in profoundly
consequential ways. The Nazi and Romanian occupiers, equipped with vernaculars
of violence and nation erected by the Soviet state and its predecessors,
capitalized on ongoing historical processes, quickly incorporating ethnic
Germans into their genocidal machine. </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
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Han-Chang, Liu, and 劉漢昌. "The Transition of the Soviet Army's Role in Soviet System during the Gorbachev Period -- Experiment of Theoretical Models of Soviet Civil-Military Relations." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23575043943272220399.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>87<br>As a result of reform initiated by Gorbachev, civil-military relations in the Soviet Union had entered a new stage. This study was attempted to analyze the transition of the Soviet Army's role in Soviet system during the Gorbachev period. Its focus on : the influence of Perestroika on the Soviet Army, the transformation of the Soviet Army under the policies of Gorbachev, the Soviet Army's role in the coup of August, and the experiment of civil-military relations during the Gorbachev period by three theoretical models of the Western scholars: the conflict model by Kolkowicz, the institutional congruence approach by Odom, and the participatory model by Colton.
When Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he decided to force a change in military issues: military staff, military doctrine, defense spending and arms control. Gorbachev's policies, however, required greater civilian power to control these issues . Thus, the generals objected to Gorbachev's efforts. From 1989 on, the situation of the country had changed heavily - the movement toward national independence in a number of the republics, bitter ethnic conflicts broke out around the country and the idea of independent national forces had changed the situation of civil-military relations. After all, both Gorbachev and the generals opposed such developments, because both sides realized that situation would signal the end of the Soviet Union. And the relationship became cooperative between civil and military leaders. The coup of August 1991 was a turning point in the development of Soviet civil-military relations , as it marked the military's first intervention in Soviet politics and played a very important role in the coup.
Therefore, each of these three theoretical models proved to be partially valid for the analysis of the developments in Soviet civil-military relations during the reform period. Kolkowicz's model was appropriate in pointing out that the Soviet Army would react strongly when its interests were threatened. Odom's model was correct in showing that the Soviet Army shared some common and fundamental values with Communist Party. Colton's model proved to be useful in analyzing the pattern of Soviet military participation in politics. As this study showed, Colton's participatory model was more useful for the study of the Gorbachev period in comparison with other models.
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I-WEN, WANG, and 王怡文. "THE CHANGE OF THE SOVIET LITERATURE POLICY IN THE KHRUSHCHEV PERIOD." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94086701310271780624.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>蘇聯研究所<br>83<br>The spirit of criticizing the social actuality showed in the
Russian literature is always counted as an honor by the Russian
people. But the spirit was challenged during the Stalin period:
this dictator strictly controlled the thinking form and the
consciousness of the Russian people. And that therefore harmed
the freedom of the Soviet literature creativity. The situation
did not change until the fifties. Khrushchev took over the
First Central Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party after
Stalin''s death in 1953. He proceeded political reform which
brought about "the thaw" of the Soviet literature. There came
the new era of the Soviet literature. But following the shift
of the political situation, the Soviet literature policy
changed as well. The Soviet readjusted the policy into "anti-
revisionism", placing more limit on literature. During the
later stage, the Soviet emphasized the Soviet consciousness
afresh. This thesis analyses the Soviet fictions and probed
into the historical background, the development course, the
effecting reasons, the features, and the problems of the Soviet
literature during the Khrushchev period.
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Shelekpayev, Nariman. "Kazakh Capitals and the Construction of Kazakh Identity in the post-Soviet Period." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321991.
Full textAbstract:
Kazakh Capitals and the Construction of Kazakh National Identity in the post-Soviet Period (1991-2011) Nariman Shelekpayev This thesis explores the urban landscapes of the two major cities in post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Astana and Almaty. Analysis of their urban architecture, organization of public spaces and toponymy provides information about the identity and the identification of the country in the twenty-first century. The main sources for this research are the texts produced by geographers, graphic representations (mainly photographs and postcards) and several textbooks on the "History of Kazakhstan". The primary research questions include how historical and political change (mainly the transition from Soviet to national in 1990s) influenced the urban landscape, the role of the urban landscape in construction of national (self-) identification, and what symbolizes "Kazakhness". From the temporal point of view, the study attempts a diachronic comparison of Soviet and post-Soviet Kazakhstan. From the spatial point of view, the analysis of the urban landscape in two cities located in different parts of the country with different history and geography helps to see different, heterogeneous territories which are part of one country. Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan, a city with the sharpest contrasts between...
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Tsai, Torng-Tsan, and 蔡桐燦. "The research of Sino--Soviet relations in the period of Gobachev ’s（1985--1991）." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68957463507457408427.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>86<br>The purpose of the thesis is to research the influence factors
of Sino--Sovietrelations in the period of Gobachev，s。For the
purpose，the thesis analyzes both the two countries’domestic
situation，and the international polical system interaction。
Furmore，it tries to locate what makes the come tries to alter
their aptitudes from duel to consonancy and figure out their
foreign policy tendency。 Any country’s foreign policy making
and application，is according to two top principles，one is to
achieve her national interest，the other is to protect her
national security。So we can obey the two principles to get some
information and to find her foreign policy tendency。Finally，
base on the above research to predict the relations of China and
the new form country--Russia is the thesis conculation。
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Tsai, Wen-Chin, and 蔡文欽. "Soviet Policy of Military Assistance to the Nationalist China During the Period of: 1937-1941." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16767576537381840237.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所碩士班<br>94<br>As the Sino-Soviet Nonaggression Treaty had been set up, the Nationalist China and the USSR got into cooperation among diplomatics, military, economics affairs. This thesis describes the reasons, operations, and effects of Soviet policy of military assistance to the Nationalist China. The main point of this thesis focuses on analysis of each category of Soviet objectives, and focuses on evaluating the cohesion of Soviet policies and strategies. In addition, it also gives an objective evaluation of those acts with continuing influences, which called the infringement of the national interests of China.
This thesis discusses on the following arguments:
1. Convergence of national aims and interests between the Nationalist China and the USSR.
2. The reason why the Soviet policy of military assisted the Nationalist China was formulated. 3. The purpose of Soviet direct and consequential assistance to the Nationalist China.
4. The concept of Soviet strategy in the Far East.
5. The effort of Soviet military assistance.
Combining the conventional analysis and citing Sino and Soviet former files on Soviet military assistance archive in Taiwan and Russia, the mean conclusions of this study are as bellow:
(1) The peace of the Far East was the same purpose of the Nationalist China and the USSR. 1) The same purpose of diplomacy was building up regional security organization. 2) The same military objective was building up donor-recipient relationship. 3) The same interests of economic was to meet each other''s needs.
(2) The USSR integrated acts of strategy into a single cohesive, global approach to achieving Soviet strategy goals though, with, and in China and the Far East for its security interests.
(3) The USSR assisted the Nationalist China directly in order to against the war extended to the territory of Russia; the USSR assisted the Nationalist China consequentially because of threats from both the East and the West.
(4) 1) The USSR baited and oppressed Japan to strike a compromise for Soviet national interests. 2) The USSR allocated military resource to the Nationalist China and encamped on China battlefield to hold up Japanese troop. 3) The USSR wanted to impel the power of Westerners into the Far East by the approach of cooperation and nonintervention.
(5) The USSR achieved the top level for a fighter as the saying of Sun Zi - To defeat an adversary without fight.
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Chumachenko, Volodymyr A. "Literary dimensions of national identity : the historical novel of the late Soviet period (1960s--1980s) /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337738.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4345. Adviser: Harriet Murav. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-232) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Tze-Hua, Huang, and 黃姿華. "Taganka Theatre：A Study of Theatre Art and Its Social Signification in Late Soviet Period(1964-1991)." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01276971467619306832.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>91<br>Taganka Theatre was established in Moscow since 1964. The style of its performance was fairly unique for the theatre art of the late Soviet period. Based on literature, rich with musical elements, vivid expressionism , symbolic decoration and innovative design of the stage, skillful treatment of dramatic material by director Yury Lyubimov as well as the peculiar art of political hints this style obtained a very sympathetic response from the contemporary Soviet public but came under attack of the Soviet authorities. Taganka Theatre met with such a spectacular success because it managed to create a peculiar atmosphere that conveyed to the audience the sense of “living truth”. Furthermore, Taganka Theatre tried to restore the value of the revolutionary action and that had a subversive effect in the later, fairly bureaucratic Soviet society.
1.Analyze the literature and the art expression of the Taganka Theatre.
2.The research of characteristic regard to the actor/ actress in Taganka Theatre.
3.The relationships between the Taganka Theatre and intellectual..
4.Analyze the social construction and the social meaning of the Taganka Theatre to late Soviet period (1964-1991).
5.The most important objective and motive to established the Taganka Theatre.
6.Conclusions regard to the art character and social contents of the Taganka Theatre.
Though research and analysis, we understand that the art expression was just an implement, a trick. Performances not only an art, but also a life, consequently, the truly life and social style was shown though Taganka Theatre, awoke the public what is “truth” from Soviet Union government, which was sedulously cover by the government. The value and consciousness of Taganka Theatre toward Soviet’s social, get beyond to the restrict of Soviet Union government, restore the function of pass on the “truth” in the drama, to enable the “truth” became the original element in the drama once more.
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Clark, Brenton. "The Islamic Republic of Iran's relations with the Republic of Tajikistan in the post-Soviet period." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/99099.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to uncover the motivations, objectives, and outcomes of Iran’s foreign relations with Tajikistan between 1991 and 2013. In doing so, the thesis maps out the course of relations between Iran and Tajikistan throughout the post-Soviet period, and in the process seeks to better understand the domestic, regional, and international obstacles that have faced Iran in its efforts to build ties with its so-called “close cultural cousin”, Tajikistan. Furthermore, this dissertation seeks to better understand how the presence of strong ethno-linguistic bonds and a set of shared mutual threats and strategic interests have acted as key drivers in building ties between these two countries. In attempting to outline the basis of Iranian-Tajik ties, this thesis argues that relations between these two states have been consistently hampered by not only mutual mistrust and misunderstanding, but also significant regional and international instability, which has often cruelled the ability for Iranian and Tajik elites to sustain close bilateral political, economic, cultural, and strategic relations over the past two decades.
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Chokobaeva, Aminat. "Frontiers of Violence: State and Conflict in Semirechye, 1850-1938." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124879.
Full textAbstract:
In August 1916, the native nomads of southern Semirechye rose in
a popular rebellion that reduced the colonial presence in the
region to several beleaguered towns and settlements. While the
rebellion claimed over 3,000 victims in the settler society, the
punitive actions of the authorities led to a far greater loss of
life among the native communities. Beyond the loss of life, the
uprising had much broader implications. The decimation of the
nomadic population, which had shrunk to less than two thirds of
its pre-rebellion level, and the plans of the government to
resettle the remaining nomads in the geographically isolated and
resource poor area of Naryn suggest that the administration came
to view the rebels as a potential threat not only to the
well-being of the settlers, but also to the integrity and
security of the colony at large. The rebellion had in effect
engendered long-standing concerns among the Russian military and
statesmen about the ability of the metropole to protect its
borderlands and maintain sovereignty in the ethnically and
religiously “alien” regions. Indeed, the then military
governor of Semirechye, General Fol’baum, framed the rebellion
in the strictly state-centred terms: “the situation” he said
of the rebellion “could change so suddenly that the entire
Russian enterprise will come to ruin in Semirechye.”
Placing the uprising of 1916 and the region of Semirechye, where
the uprising was at its most violent, at the heart of the broader
political history of Russian imperialism, this thesis examines
the forms and strategies of state-building in the colonial
context. Semirechye’s frontier position – on the border with
the Qing Empire – and its ethnic diversity make it an ideal
region from which to study the relationship between the centre
and the periphery. At the same time, treating the uprising of
1916 as a point of rupture, which had ushered in the “continuum
of crisis” that engulfed the Russian Empire during World War I
and determined, to a considerable extent, the course and content
of the early Soviet policies in the region, allows us to
understand how certain conceptions of nationality became central
to questions of state security and sovereignty.
Substantively, this study traces the political history of
Semirechye from the early years of conquest and colonization in
the second half of the 19th century until the beginning of World
War II, which the region entered as a part of the Kyrgyz Soviet
Socialist Republic. Organized around the cross-cutting themes of
empire, state, and nation, this thesis advances the key
proposition – that sovereign power is predicated on the control
of territory and population. Crucially, this study demonstrates
that both the imperial and later Soviet state sought to impose
and consolidate its power over the region’s landscape and
peoples through the establishment and use of institutions,
policies, and practices targeted at the management and
supervision of Semirechye’s natural and human resources.
Furthermore, by arguing that both governments sought to fashion
popular loyalties, create a productive labour force, and develop
the economy for the purposes of national defence, this thesis
highlights the critical continuities between the imperial and
Soviet practices and ideas in governing the region.
By examining Semirechye as a zone of state formation, this thesis
also illuminates the critical nexus of state-building and control
over natural resources and foregrounds the relationship of
asymmetry and dependence between the centre and the periphery
accomplished through the seizure of the region’s vital
resources – namely agricultural land and livestock.
In order to develop these arguments, the thesis draws upon
approaches from history, political science, and anthropology.
Based on archival research, this study contributes to current
debates on colonialism and state formation.
Drawing attention to the security rationale of the
state-sponsored programmes of nation-building, such as the
national delimitation and the policies of indigenization,
implemented by the Soviet administration, this study offers a
departure from the long-standing view of ideology as the primary
engine of the state-led national construction in Central Asia.
Instead, this thesis argues that the “affirmative action”
principles of the early Soviet regime were grounded in the
efforts of the government to mobilize resources of the region to
maintain the regime’s internal and external security.
Consequently, the harmonization of the Soviet and ethnic
affiliations under the rubric of Soviet nations allowed the
Bolshevik leadership both to enforce the boundaries of the state
and to mobilize the indigenous population for the task of nation
and state-building.
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Khakpour, Hormoz. "Cognitive origins of foreign policy behaviour : the case of Iran and the Soviet Union in the 1953--1962 period." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80172&T=F.
Full text
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Tsai, Shang-chuan, and 蔡尚娟. "The New Soviet Literature During "The Period of Thaw": Aksyonov''s "Ticket To The Stars" as a representative example." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02212497368913664758.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所碩士班<br>96<br>Since Stalin''s death Soviet politics and society have undergone significant changes; for a while the so called "period of thaw" reigned over Soviet society and culture, literature was no exception. During that period, young people in the USSR developed a keen interest in Western culture, problems experienced by young people were reflected in Russian literature where previously neglected by literary critics.
In this new trend of literature, Vassily Aksyonov gained perhaps the largest popularity as a writer. He has been praised as an idea spokesman and a leader of the fourth generation of the young people in the USSR. The reason is that his works express amazing accuracy, power, advantages and limitations of literature. Vassily Aksyonov''s works can be considered a symbolic representation of "confessional prose" of that period.
In this thesis, the author has chosen Vassily Aksyonov''s highly controversial early work "Ticket to the stars" as a main subject of social and literary analysis. From this work we can identify the kind of character among the young people the writer wished to publicize. It is a precious material for studying young people’s attitude towards life, especially in relation to the generation gap, state authority, social morals etc... Through this study we can perceive some fundamental contradictions in the Soviet society at that time including the inner contradictions of the young generation''s latent dissent.
"Confessional prose''s" powerful writing style, language and plot makes these stories precipitated heated discussions, which in many ways determined the subsequent development of Russian literature and public opinion.
This study deals with the following main issues:
1. What is the "confessional prose"?
2. What kind of criticism did "Ticket to the stars" produced in the USSR?
3. What was the literary image of the young people during that time?
4. What are the literary traits of Vassily Aksyonov''s work found in the "Ticket to the stars"?
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Konovalova, Evgenija. "The effects of Western broadcasting on the Soviet people in Glasnost and Perestroika Period : The Case of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310403.
Full textAbstract:
ii Abstract This research project explores the impact of Western broadcasting on the public opinion of the Soviet audience in the Perestroika and Glasnost periods. Specifically, it focuses on Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's (RFE/RL) contribution to changing attitudes of the Soviet public to the communist regime and ruling party, and constructing a positive image of Western democratic values during the relevant period of study. The theoretical approach to the investigation of RFE/RL broadcasting is based on media effects theories, particularly agenda-setting and framing theories. According to them, the media are not simply a conduit of information, but able to shape public opinion. By emphasising the salience of topics and particular aspects and characteristics of the issues, the media set public agenda and influence on people's perceptions about these issues. The study to assess RFE/RL's impact draws on audience research, quantitative and qualitative data analysis. It examines geographical reach and transmission frequencies of the Radio's broadcasts and analyses the content of the most featured programmes to explore how they framed the reality. The findings from the quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as the audience research data, demonstrate that RFE/RL's programming set anticommunist agenda...
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Junne-Hsiu, Lin, and 林俊秀. "A Study on the Development of Foreign Trade in Russia-- From the Period of Planning Economic System of Soviet Union to the Period of Transitional Economic System of Russian Federation." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98366988574120608666.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>88<br>The main theme of this thesis is to describe the transformation of foreign trade system from Soviet Union to Russian Federation. This thesis discussed the Russian historical background of foreign trade development by looking at the policy, system, products, the amount of money, and partner of Russia foreign trade.
The article has three parts, the first part, the author discussed the special features of foreign trade in the planning economic system and in the transitional economic system in Russia. After that the author discussed the foreign trade policy, system, products, volume of money, and trade partner in the Soviet Russia period. The last part, the author discusses the foreign trade policy, system, products, volume of money, and partner of Russian Federation. Finally, the author argued how the foreign trade policy, system, products, volume of money, and trade partner in the Soviet Union period affected the foreign trade development in the Russian Federation.
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Borisova, Varvara. "Podmínky a možnosti rozvoje organizací občanské společnosti v oblasti zachování a podpory svébytné národní kultury v Burjatsku." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383322.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on the description of real conditions and opportunities of development of civil society organizations in the field of cultural heritage preservation in Buryatia, which is a federal subject in Russia. The theoretical part includes basic approaches to the concept of civil society, the definition of culture, a brief excursus into the history of civic activism in Russia, and an overview of laws and regulations governing the activities of Russian non-profit organizations. In the second part the author, through semi-structured interviews and a document analysis, seeks to provide a detailed insight into the context in which the organized civil society exists in Buryatia nowadays and to understand what role it plays in the process of rediscovering and promoting the Buryat national culture that was suppressed during the Soviet period. The conclusions of the thesis point to general improvement in the conditions for civil society in Buryatia over the last 27 years, and also contain recommendations on a range of actions that should help overcome the current barriers. Key words: civil society, non-profit organization, culture, nation, national revival, Buryatia, Post- Soviet period, democracy.