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1
Stefanakis, Themistoklis. "Tsunami amplification phenomena." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920527.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is divided in four parts. In the first one I will present our work on long wave run-up and some resonant amplification phenomena. With the use of numerical simulations for the nonlinear shallow water equations, we show that in the case of monochromatic waves normally incident on a plane beach, resonant run-up amplification occurs when the incoming wavelength is 5.2 times larger the beach length. We also show that this resonant run-up amplification can be observed for several wave profiles such as bichromatic, polychromatic and cnoidal. However, resonant run-up amplification is not restricted to infinitely sloping beaches. We varied the bathymetric profile, and we saw that resonance is present in the case of piecewise linear and real bathymetries. In the second part I will present a new analytical solution to study the propagation of tsunamis from a finite strip source over constant depth using linear shallow-water wave theory. The solution, which is based on separation of variables and a double Fourier transform in space, is exact, easy to implement and allows the study of realistic waveforms such as N-waves. In the third part I will explore the effect of localized bathymetric features on long wave generation. Even when the final displacement is known from seismic analysis, the deforming seafloor includes relief features such as mounts and trenches. We investigate analytically the effect of bathymetry on the surface wave generation, by solving the forced linear shallow water equation. Our model for bathymetry consists of a cylindrical sill on a flat bottom, to help understand the effect of seamounts on tsunami generation. We derive the same solution by applying both the Laplace and the Fourier transforms in time. We find that as the sill height increases, partial wave trapping reduces the wave height in the far field, while amplifying it above the sill. Finally, in the last part I will try to explore whether small islands can protect nearby coasts from tsunamis as it is widely believed by local communities. Recent findings for the 2010 Mentawai Islands tsunami show amplified run-up on coastal areas behind small islands, compared with the run-up on adjacent locations, not influenced by the presence of the islands. We will investigate the conditions for this run-up amplification by numerically solving the nonlinear shallow water equations. Our bathymetric setup consists of a conical island sitting on a flat bed in front of a plane beach and we send normally incident single waves. The experimental setup is governed by five physical parameters. The objective is twofold: Find the maximum run-up amplification with the least number of simulations. Given that our input space is five-dimensional and a normal grid approach would be prohibitively computationally expensive, we present a recently developed active experimental design strategy, based on Gaussian Processes, which significantly reduces the computational cost. After running two hundred simulations, we find that in none of the cases considered the island did offer protection to the coastal area behind it. On the contrary, we have measured run-up amplification on the beach behind it compared to a lateral location on the beach, not directly affected by the presence of the island, which reached a maximum factor of 1.7. Thus, small islands in the vicinity of the mainland will act as amplifiers of long wave severity at the region directly behind them and not as natural barriers as it was commonly believed so far.
2
Jackson, Kelly London. "Paleotsunami History Recorded in Holocene Coastal Lagoon Sediments, Southeastern Sri Lanka." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/171.
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Tsunamis are low amplitude, large wavelength waves that can significantly impact coastal regions. Although their destructive impacts are clear from recent events, the frequency with which tsunamis occur is less well constrained. To better understand the tsunami history and coastal impacts in Sri Lanka, this study compares sediments deposited by the December 26, 2004, tsunami to older lagoon sediments in search of evidence for paleotsunami deposits. Results from this study illustrate that the coastal lagoons in Sri Lanka preserve tsunami deposits and can provide the first steps towards constraining the paleotsunami history of the Indian Ocean. Because Sri Lanka is a far field location relative to the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone, the preserved tsunami deposits are likely mega-tsunami events similar in size and destruction to the December 26, 2004, tsunami. The December 26, 2004, M 9.1?9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake generated a massive tsunami that propagated throughout the Indian Ocean, causing extreme coastal inundation and destruction. The southeastern coastline of Sri Lanka was impacted by the 2004 tsunami where between one and three waves inundated coastal villages, lagoons, and lowlands, killing more than 35,000 people. Karagan Lagoon, located on the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka, was impacted by two waves from this tsunami. Although the lagoon commonly is dominated by organic-rich, siliciclastic clays, silts, and fine sands, the 2004 tsunami deposited a distinct layer of coarse quartz-dominated sand between 1 and 22 cm thick. The base of the 2004 deposit is sharp and erosional and some layers feature faint subparallel laminations. The 2004 tsunami deposit is generally continuous, fines landward, and is confined to the eastern portion of Karagan Lagoon, in the direction from which the tsunami arrived. Sri Lankan lore, in conjunction with reconstructed historical earthquake data, suggests that other tsunamis likely affected Sri Lanka in the past. To test this, twenty-two 1?4 m sediment cores were collected from Karagan Lagoon, providing key information for unraveling the pre-2004 tsunami history of southeastern Sri Lanka. At depth, sixteen cores from Karagan Lagoon contain as many as ten distinct sand layers, including the deposit from the 2004 tsunami. These cores feature siliciclastic clays, silts, and fine sands that dominate the background lagoonal sedimentation that are punctuated by coarse sand layers. These sand-rich layers feature sharp, erosional bases, coarsen and fine upwards, vary in thickness from 1 to 22 cm, and include varying percentages of fine to very coarse sand, with a low-abundance of silt and clay. In the best constrained interval, three coarse sand layers include composition, grain size, grading, and sedimentary structures similar to the sediments deposited by the December 26, 2004, tsunami. The layers are identified in five of the twenty-two cores, although the thicknesses vary. Six additional less well constrained sand layers are present in four of the twenty-two cores. Cores located closer to the lagoon mouth and the eastern coastline (the direction from which the 2004 tsunami arrived) contain more sand layers than cores farther away from the tsunami wave entry point. On the basis of their sedimentary structures, geometry, and extent, these sandy layers are interpreted to represent paleotsunami deposits. AMS radiocarbon dating was used to date the bulk organic sediment from above, between, and below the ten paleotsunami layers in sediment cores from Karagan Lagoon to constrain the timing of events in southeastern Sri Lanka. Material from within the deposit was not dated because it was likely transported from various sources during the event and thus does not represent the age of the tsunami. AMS radiocarbon dates from above and below the paleotsunami layers were calibrated from radiocarbon years before present to calendar years before present (Cal YBP) using OxCal v. 4.0 (Bronk Ramsey, 1995; Bronk Ramsey, 2001) with calibration curve IntCal04 (Reimer et al., 2004). The constraining time intervals of tsunami deposits II?VI were averaged to yield deposits of ages 226, 1641, 4198, 4457, 4924 Cal YBP. Tsunamis VII?X only had sediment dated immediately below the deposit and therefore were deposited prior to 6249, 6455, 6665, and 6840 Cal YBP. In total, ten tsunami deposits, including the 2004 event, are preserved in Karagan Lagoon on the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka. The Karagan Lagoon paleotsunami deposits provide constraints on the recurrence interval of tsunamis similar in magnitude to the 2004 event. The uppermost paleotsunami units were deposited 226, 1641, 4198, 4457, and 4924 Cal YBP, based on AMS radiocarbon dating. Thus, including the 2004 event, six tsunamis affected Karagan Lagoon in the past 5500 years, yielding a recurrence interval of approximately 916 years. Three of the six events, however, occur between ~4000 and 5500 years yielding a recurrence interval of approximately 500 years for this 1500 year period. Four additional older paleotsunami deposits occur in the deeper sections of the cores and were deposited prior to 6249, 6455, 6665, and 6840 Cal YBP, yielding a recurrence interval of approximately 200 years for this time period. Assuming that Karagan Lagoon contains a complete record of tsunami events, the recurrence of tsunamis similar in magnitude to the December 26, 2004, event can occur as often as 200 years. This ?recurrence interval? is illustrated by our data for the time period with increased tsunami activity from ~4000 to 7000 Cal YBP. Tsunamis may potentially affect Sri Lanka at relatively high frequency during certain time intervals though the overall recurrence pattern of these events displays a highly irregular distribution. This extreme variability needs to be taken into consideration when such events are related to earthquake recurrence intervals. Prior to the December 26, 2004, tsunami, paleotsunami deposits in the Indian Ocean were largely unstudied and consequently, Holocene tsunami chronology was incompletely understood for the Indian Ocean. The results from this study represents the first geologic evidence of paleotsunami deposits in Sri Lanka generated by tsunamis during the past 7000 years. The identification of these paleotsunami deposits illustrates that the 2004 tsunami was not a ?one-time event,? but in fact has ancient counterparts.
3
DuBois, Jennifer Faith. "Spatial and Temporal Changes in Tsunami Risk Perception in Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1440.
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Risk perception for rare, low-probability hazards, such as tsunamis, tends to be low due to individual's unfamiliarity with them and the tendency to see them as synonymous with non-occurrence events. Visitors to an area tend to have even lower risk perception and knowledge of hazards, warning systems and appropriate actions to take during an event. Risk perception, however, can increase, if only temporarily, after a catastrophic event, such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. To determine the changes in resident's knowledge and perception and the differences between those of residents and visitors two surveys were conducted. In the first survey interview style surveying was conducted at eleven locations in the coastal Christchurch and Banks Peninsula area of the Canterbury Region The questionnaire was composed of scaled, open, and closed ended questions and the main themes included knowledge of risk, preparation and warnings, what to do during a tsunami, and changes since the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. The second survey of five coastal communities was conducted via a postal questionnaire and was aimed at obtaining residential views. Survey data was then analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software. The residential data was compared with that of the non-residents to determine the differences in perception of residents and visitors. The residential information was then compared with survey data from the 2003 National Coastal Survey. Visitors knew less about general tsunami information such as when the last tsunami occurred and were less likely to believe that a tsunami could occur imminently. Non-residents reported less receipt of information and did considerably less information seeking. Differences in knowledge of warning systems were difficult to ascertain. The Boxing Day event certainly made an impact, increasing people's knowledge and awareness, though most likely only temporarily.
4
Shi, Shaozhong. "Observational and theoretical aspects of tsunami sedimentation." Thesis, Coventry University, 1995. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/0a4c8219-19e9-a6c2-4417-440b0e84702e/1.
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This dissertation presents the detailed results of investigations into the coastal geomorphological effects and sedimentation processes associated with a recent large tsunami event which took place on the 12th December 1992 in Flores, Indonesia, and the stratigraphical and sedimentological study of a widespread sand layer preserved in coastal sedimentary sequences along the eastern coast of Scotland representing a low-frequency, high-energy marine event, which took place at circa 7,000 radiocarbon years B.P. With modern alalogues, established in this dissertation, of both tsunami and storm surge sedimentary characteristics and sedimentation processes as the key, together with high-resolution sedimentological evidence obtained from the circa 7,000 radiocarbon years B. P. event, competing hypotheses of the likely causes of the marine flooding by either a tsunami or storm surge event are tested. It is concluded that the circa 7,000 B. P. marine flooding event was a tsunami, believed to have been generated by one of the world's largest submarine landslides in the Norwegian Sea - the Second Storegga Slide. The particle size composition of tsunami sediments is found to vary from well sorted to poorly sorted and is controlled by both the characteristics of the source sedement (local coastal sediments) and sedimentation processes associated with tsunami inundation. Tsunami sediments deposited on land are believed to form continuous and discontinuous sedimentary sheets ascending up to levels distinctively higher than contemporary sea levels and to contain a general landward-fining trend and multiple sets of grading (fining-upward) sequences, reflecting spatial changes in particle size composition. A conceptual model of coastal tsunami sedimentation is established including processes of seaward and landward sediment movements, episodic rapid deposition, sediment accumulation and erosion.
5
Onat, Yaprak. "Database Development For Tsunami Warning System In Mediterranean Basin By Tsunami Modeling." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613328/index.pdf.
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Wider awareness, proper preparedness and effective mitigation strategies need better understanding of tsunamis and tsunami hazard assessment. Tsunami assessment study covers the exchange and enhancement of available earthquake and tsunami data, development of bathymetric and topographic data in sufficient resolution, selection of possible or credible tsunami scenarios, selection and application of the valid and verified numerical tools for tsunami generation, propagation, coastal amplification, inundation and visualization. From this point of view, this thesis deals with all these components of tsunami hazards assessment. The database of 38 different seismic sources is generated and applied to Eastern Mediterranean Basin by using numerical code called NAMI DANCE. Furthermore, the simulation results are compared and discussed. In the thesis, the difficulties in defining seismic source parameters, the effect of dip and rake (slip) angle on seismic generated tsunamis are evaluated. Moreover, the performance of the numerical code, the accuracy of results, the efficiency of the numerical methods in the application to Mediterranean Basin Tsunamis and the comparisons of simulations in nested domains for Bodrum, Kas and Iskenderun are given as case studies. According to the study, north-west and south-west of Turkey may have tsunami risk more than other regions. The maximum wave amplitudes,
which may be expected to occur near the shore, are found more than 4 m. However, maximum positive wave amplitude observed in history is approximately 8 m. The arrival time of first wave to hit the coasts vary in a range of 15 to 60 minutes depending on the closeness of the location to the sources&rsquoepicenter.
6
Khomarudin, Muhammad Rokhis. "Tsunami Risk and Vulnerability." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-123811.
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7
Rakoto, Virgile. "Inversion des signaux ionosphériques des Tsunamis par la méthode des modes propres." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC176/document.
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Les séismes de grande magnitude (MW > 7) et les tsunamis associés induisent des perturbations qui peuvent être détectées dans l’atmosphère et l’ionosphère à partir des mesures TEC (contenu total en électron). Dans cette thèse, J’étudie la possibilité d’utiliser ce signal ionosphérique afin de compléter le système de surveillance et d’alerte aux tsunamis. Ainsi, j’étudie le couplage entre la Terre solide, l’océan, l’atmosphère. Je démontre en particulier que seule la fréquence à 1.5 mHz entre les modes de tsunami et les modes de gravité atmosphériques peut être détectée via l’ionosphère et met en évidence que l’efficacité du couplage océan/atmosphère est sensible à la profondeur de l’océan et l’heure locale. Ces développements ont permis de réaliser la modélisation complète de la signature ionosphérique de 3 tsunamis d’amplitude 2, 3 et 60 cm en plein océan : respectivement le tsunami d’Haida Gwaii en 2012 et le tsunami des Kouriles en 2006 en champ lointain et le tsunami de Tohoku 2011 en champ plus proche. Enfin, nous avons démontré que l’amplitude crête à crête de la hauteur du tsunami inversée reconstruit avec moins de 20 % d’erreur l’amplitude mesurée par une bouée DART dans ces trois casLarge earthquake (MW > 7) and tsunamis are known to induce perturbations which can be detected in the atmosphere and ionosphere using total electron content (TEC) measurements. In this thesis, I first investigated on the possibility of using these ionospheric signals in order to complete the tsunami monitoring and warning system. Thus, I study the coupling between the solid Earth, the ocean, the atmosphere. I demonstrate that only the resonance at 1.5 mHz between the tsunami modes and the atmospheric gravity modes can be detected through ionosphere and highlight the fact that the efficiency of the coupling ocean/atmosphere is sensitive to ocean depth and local time. These developments enables the complete modelling of the ionospheric signature of 3 tsunami with an amplitude of 2, 3 and 60cm in deep ocean: the 2012 Haida Gwaii and the 2006 Kuril tsunami in far field and the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in closer field respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that the peak-to- peak amplitude of the height of the inverted tsunami reconstructs with less than 20% error the amplitude measured by a DART buoy in these three cases
8
Deng, Han. "Assessing Tsunami Risk in Southwest Java, Indonesia: Paleo-Tsunami Deposits and Inundation Modeling." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7249.
Full textAbstract:
Samples from 13 different sites along the south coast of West Java yield 7 candidate paleo-tsunami sands, which may represent 4 different paleo-tsunami events. Ages obtained from one deposit may document a tsunami and coastal subsidence from an earthquake in 1,053 AD. The tsunami deposit from this event is preserved in an uplifted marine terrace exposed at Panto Cape, Banten Province. We speculated that the terrace has been uplifted about 4.6 m to the present height of 2 m above sea level, since the 1053 AD event at a rate of 4.8 mm/a. This uplift is strong evidence that strain is accumulating at the Java Trench and enough has already accumulated to generate a megathrust earthquake event.Numerical models using ComMIT of possible megathrust earthquake scenarios were constructed using the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, 30-m fault slip, and the 2011 Japan earthquake as proxies. These three scenarios yield earthquakes of Mw 9.3, 9.5 and 8.9, respectively. The worst case scenario is used to estimate the extent of tsunami inundation of the SW coast of Java, which totals 643 km2. The total number of people who inhabit the inundation area is around 451,000. Some coastal configurations cause a no escape situation where the modeled tsunami arrives in less than 20 minutes, which is not enough time for those near the coast to escape far enough inland or to a sufficient elevation to avoid the tsunami. These areas include the coastlines of Sukabumi, Cianjur and west Garut Regencies and the Pameungpeuk area.
9
Muhammad, Ario. "Tsunami hazard and risk assessments in West of Sumatra, Indonesia using stochastic tsunami simulation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743037.
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Dilmen, Derya Itir. "Gis Based Tsunami Inundation Maps." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610771/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, detailed tsunami numerical modeling study was applied to the selected case studies, Fethiye town (Turkey) and Kiparissia-Zakintos-Pylos (Greece) in Mediterranean, using rupture-specific tsunami sources which can generate tsunamis in Mediterranean. As a first step of the study, the general database of Fethiye and Kiparissia-Zakintos-Pylos were integrated to GIS-based environment to organize, analyze and display reliable data from different sources. Secondly, for each earthquake scenario, the tsunami propagation and coastal amplifications were computed by TUNAMI N3 to evaluate the coastal amplifications of tsunamis and understand the tsunami propagation for the cases. As the final step, a study of inundation areas of probable tsunamis in these regions was performed. Available results were used to understand the effects of tsunamis and assist in developing mitigation strategies. Methods and results were presented and discussed.
11
Ozer, Ceren. "Tsunami Hydrodynamics In Coastal Zones." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614343/index.pdf.
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This study analyzes the parameter &ldquohydrodynamic demand&rdquo
that is also defined by the square of Froude Number representing the damage of tsunami waves on structures and coastlines, and other hydrodynamic parameters, i.e., the distribution of instantaneous flow depths, runup values and the direction of maximum currents, occurred during tsunami inundation by using advanced numerical modeling. The analyses are performed on regular-shaped basins with different bottom slopes and real-shaped topographies using different wave shapes, wave periods and types. Various orientation and amount of coastal and land structures are used in simulations to have results for many different cases. This study provides the opportunity to define the damage of level in residential areas and to test the performance of coastal protection structures. The behavior of tsunami hydrodynamic parameters in shallow and inundation zone is investigated and a correlation is obtained between the average maximum values of square of Froude Number with the wave characteristics and sea bottom slope. After determining hydrodynamic parameters in regular shaped basins, a case study is applied by modeling the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami with finer resolution in nested domains. The determination of hydrodynamic parameters in inundation zone during 2011 Japan event is performed in one of the most damaged coastal city Kamaishi.
12
Xie, Jinsong. "Numerical modeling of tsunami waves." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27936.
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This thesis provides a synthetic understanding and an extensive analysis on megathrust earthquake generated tsunamis, with emphasis on the application of numerical modeling. In the present thesis, the tsunami characteristics are first depicted as a special hydrodynamic phenomenon. Further, a detailed literature review on the recent developments in tsunami numerical modeling techniques and on their applications is presented. A common approach in modeling the generation, propagation and inundation of tsunamis is discussed and used in the thesis. Based on the assumption of a vertical displacement of ocean water that is analogous to the ocean bottom displacement during a submarine earthquake, and the use of a non-dispersive long-wave model to simulate its physical transformation as it radiates outward from the source region. A general analysis of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26th, 2004 is provided; and tsunami generation and propagation is conducted for this tsunami, as well as for tsunamis occurring in the Arabian Sea and Northwest Pacific Ocean, near the coast of the Vancouver Island. The analyses are based on geological and seismological parameters collected by the author. In this paper the author uses the collected bathymetry and earthquake information, plus tide gauge records and field survey results, and focuses on the theoretical assumptions, validation and limitation of the existing numerical models. Numerical simulations are performed using MIRONE, a tsunami modelling software developed based on the nonlinear shallow water theory. Through numerical modeling of three tsunami scenarios, e.g. December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, November 28, 1945 Arabian Sea Tsunami and the potential Cascadia Tsunami, a vivid overview of the tsunami features is provided as discussed. Generally, the results fairly agree with the observed data. The GEOWARE software is used to compute the tsunami travel time necessary to calibrate the results from MIRONE, using different numerical techniques. Several sensitivity analyses are conducted so that one can understand how oceanic topography affects tsunami wave propagation, determine how smoothing the topography affects the simulated tsunami travel time, and interpret the tsunami wave-height patterns as seen in the model simulations. The model can predict reasonably the tsunami behaviour, and are thus useful for tsunami warning system (tsunami mitigation and preparedness); and coastal population and industry can prepare for such possible catastrophic events.
13
Baril, Marc René. "Optical dating of tsunami deposits." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24088.pdf.
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Valenzuela, Hernández Nicolás. "Parque Tsunami Disipador de Curanipe." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100411.
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Sun, Yingying. "Action Research to Promote Tsunami Risk Reduction: Ethnographic Approaches to Disaster Education and Tsunami Evacuation." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192218.
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Viroulet, Sylvain. "Simulations de tsunamis générés par glissements de terrains aériens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4790.
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Les vagues de tsunami sont des ondes longues générées par des événements géophysiques impulsifs de la croûte terrestre, de volcans, d’impacts d’astéroïdes et de glissements de terrain. Si la majorité des tsunamis sont d'origine tectonique, l'effondrement en masse d'un relief côtier peut constituer une source importante de l’aléa tsunami. Après une brève introduction sur les différentes générations de tsunamis dans l'histoire et les enjeux de cette thèse, le chapitre 1 présente les principaux résultats bibliographiques sur la génération et la propagation de tsunamis, ainsi qu’un rappel sur l’établissement des équations s’appliquant à l’étude des vagues extrêmes. Le second chapitre est dédié à la présentation des différents codes numériques utilisés dans ce manuscrit, à savoir, Gerris et SPHysics. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse à la génération de tsunami par l’impact d’un bloc solide. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés aux résultats numériques des deux codes. A partir de là, une étude systématique a été faite, menant à des lois d’échelles sur le temps d’arrivée et l’amplitude de la première vague générée. Dans le chapitre 4, les interactions entre le glissement de terrain et la vague générée sont étudiées expérimentalement à l'aide d'impact granulaire initialement sec dans l'eau. Une étude systématiques des différents paramètres met en lumière l'importance des propriétés du glissement sur la vague générée. Enfin, Le chapitre 5 est dédié à l’étude de l’effondrement du Cap Canaille à Cassis. Cette étude numérique utilise un modèle de génération et de propagation simplifié afin d'estimer le potentiel destructeur d'un éventuel effondrement majeurTsunami waves are long waves generated by impulsive geophysical events of earth's crust, volcanoes, asteroids impacts or landslides. Even if most of the tsunamis are generated by submarine earthquakes, the massive collapse of coastal landscape may constitute an important source of tsunami hazard. After introducing historical tsunami events, chapter 1 presents a state-of-the-art on the generation and propagation of tsunami waves and the main equations dealing with extreme water waves. Chapter 2 presents the numerical codes used in this thesis: Gerris and SPHysics. Chapter 3 focuses on the generation of tsunami by a solid landslide. Experimental results are compared to numerical simulations obtained using both codes. From this results, we derive scaling laws on the arrival time and amplitude of the first generated wave. The chapter 4 deals with the interactions between the slide and the generated wave by taking into account the impact of an initially dry granular media into water. Systematic studies varying the different parameters exhibit the significance of the internal properties of the slide on the generated wave. Finally, chapter 5 is dedicated to the collapse of the Cap Canaille near Cassis. A idealized model for the generation and the propagation are used to estimate the hazard associated to such a massive collapse
17
Dubois, Juliette. "Vagues et ondes hydro-acoustiques pour l’alerte précoce de tsunami : modélisation, analyse et simulation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS561.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des modèles décrivant la génération et la propagation des ondes acoustiques et des ondes de tsunami générées par les mouvements du fond marin. Lors d'un tremblement de terre sous-marin générant un tsunami, les ondes acoustiques qui se propage dans l'eau peuvent être considérées comme un précurseur du tsunami. L'étude de ces ondes acoustiques peut donc permettre d'améliorer les systèmes d'alerte précoce aux tsunamis. Nous commençons par un chapitre introductif décrivant l'état de l'art sur le sujet, ainsi que les principales notions qui seront abordées. Nous présentons ensuite un modèle permettant de décrire la propagation des ondes acoustiques et des ondes de gravité dans un fluide à surface libre. Les propriétés mathématiques du modèles sont ensuite étudiés, et une discrétisation par la méthode des éléments finis spectraux est proposée. En particulier, nous montrons que le même modèle physique peut être décrit à l'aide d'un autre système d'équation portant sur une nouvelle variable. Afin de mieux décrire les interactions des ondes avec le plafond océanique, le modèle est ensuite étendu pour étudier un système fluide-solide. Pour cette extension, nous présentons son étude mathématique ainsi qu'une simulation. Enfin, nous utilisons les équations développées au cours des précédents chapitres pour simuler des cas-tests appliqués à la géophysiqueThe aim of the present thesis is to propose models describing the generation and propagation of acoustic and tsunami waves generated by movements of the seabed. In the event of an underwater earthquake generating a tsunami, acoustic waves propagating in water can be seen as a precursor of the tsunami wave. The study of these acoustic waves can therefore lead to improvements of tsunami early-warning systems. We start with an introductory chapter describing the state of the art on the subject, as well as the main concepts to be covered. Then, we present a model describing the propagation of acoustic-gravity waves in a free-surface flow. The mathematical properties of the model are then studied, and a discretization based on the spectral finite element method is proposed. In particular, we show that the same physical model can be described by an alternative set of equations written for a new variable. In order to describe more accurately the ocean interaction with the seabed, the model is then extended so as to study a fluid-solid system. We present the mathematical study and the discretization of this new model. Finally, the equation that were introduced throughout the previous chapters are used to simulate test-casesn with application to geophysics
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Sen, Caner. "Tsunami Source Inversion Using Genetic Algorithm." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612939/index.pdf.
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Tsunami forecasting methodology developed by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration&rsquos Center for Tsunami Research is based on the concept of a pre-computed tsunami database which includes tsunami model results from Mw 7.5 earthquakes called tsunami source functions. Tsunami source functions are placed along the subduction zones of the oceans of the world in several rows. Linearity of tsunami propagation in an open ocean allows scaling and/or combination of the pre-computed tsunami source functions. An offshore scenario is obtained through inverting scaled and/or combined tsunami source functions against Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoy measurements. A graphical user interface called Genetic Algorithm for INversion (GAIN) was developed in MATLAB using general optimization toolbox to perform an inversion. The 15 November 2006 Kuril and 27 February 2010 Chile tsunamis are chosen as case studies. One and/or several DART buoy measurement(s) is/are used to test different error minimization functions with/without earthquake magnitude as constraint. The inversion results are discussed comparing the forecasting model results with the tide gage measurements.
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Geraghty, Beth Freya. "Comparative Numerical Modelling of Tsunami Propagation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2148.
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This thesis uses numerical simulations to assess the most suitable model type for simulating dispersive and non dispersive tsunami wave propagation over a range of bathymetries. These simulations are presented in two parts. The first part highlights differences between results as predicted by a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model (with its ability to predict dispersion) and a non dispersive, linear or weakly nonlinear model, for simulations of a dispersive wave incident at various idealized bathymetric features. The second part determines the efficacy in a real world application of the Boussinesq model as opposed to a nonlinear shallow water model. In addition, a discussion on the geophysical parameters which influence the choice of numerical model for simulating tsunami propagation in a particular bathymetric region is provided.
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Norheim, Marie Christine. "Etter tsunamien stilnet : en studie av post-tsunami gjenoppbyggingen langs den sørlige kystlinjen av Sri Lanka /." Oslo : Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/iss/2008/82651/Norheim.pdf.
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Martin-Medina, Manuel. "Tsunami wave interaction with a coastal structure: : Focus on the Tohoku tsunami case and the flip-through impact." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3047/document.
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Lors du tsunami de Tohoku en 2011, des relevés de terrain sur les côtes japonaises ont montré la fragilité des structures côtières, où le plus grand brise-lames du monde (brise-lames de Kamaishi) a été fortement endommagé dû à cet événement. Dans ce doctorat, l'objectif est d'étudier l'interaction entre les brise-lames , les structures côtières les plus communes protégeant les zones urbaines et les entrées des ports, et les vagues, en particulier les tsunamis.Dans la première partie de ce travail, la transformation du tsunami en bore ondulaire dans les zones côtières est étudiée numériquement avec le code de calcul BOSZ (modèle Boussinesq). Les résultats montrent que la deuxième vague générée par le tsunami de Tohoku s'est transformée en un bore ondulaire. En revanche, la première vague n'était pas assez cambrée pour permettre une telle transformation. Les forces et les moments dus aux vagues ainsi que la contrainte normale appliquée par la base arrière du caisson sur le sol de fondation sont calculés à l'aide de deux modèles numériques différents: BOSZ et THETIS (modèle Navier-Stokes). Les résultats de BOSZ sont comparés avec THETIS pour l'interaction tsunami-structure. L'étude d'impact est réalisée à relativement grande échelle dans le but d'obtenir une première estimation des efforts d'un tsunamiPar la suite, une expérience numérique utilisant le modèle THETIS a été réalisée pour étudier les impacts du type flip-through sur des brise-lames. Ces impacts de vagues sans air emprisonné sont considérés comme le type d'impact le plus extrême dans la littérature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)). L'influence de l'inclinaison de l'interface sur la dynamique d'impact et les pressions générées sont analysées dans une configuration de brise-lames réelle. Le modèle d'onde solitaire est utilisé pour générer trois impacts caractéristiques du type flip-through: peu cambré, moyen et très cambré. Le champ de vitesses et la pression à l'intérieur de la fondation sont également étudiés dans cette partie. Les forces horizontales et verticales appliquées sur le caisson sont estimées en intégrant les distributions de pression données par THETIS.La dernière partie de ces travaux montre la stabilité des caissons de brise-lames soumis à des impacts du type flip-through, qui sont ici assimilés à un jet triangulaire (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). Cette approche simple permet de formuler un modèle semi-analytique pour prédire le mouvement des caissons dû à ce type d'impacts. Après validation avec des simulations numériques, la méthode du jet triangulaire permet d'obtenir des informations sur les forces, la durée du mouvement et le déplacement total en fonction des caractéristiques de la vague et des dimensions du caisson du brise-lames impactéDuring the Tohoku tsunami in 2011, field surveys of the east coast of Japan showed the weakness of coastal defences, as even the world largest tsunami breakwater (Kamaishi) almost completely collapsed due to this event. In this PhD, the aim is to investigate the interaction between breakwaters, the most common offshore coastal structures protecting urban areas and harbour entries, and waves and especially tsunami waves.In the first part of the work, the generation of undular bores in the near-shore area of Sendai during the Tohoku event is numerically investigated with the numerical model BOSZ (Boussinesq-type model). It is shown that the second wave, which stroke the coast during this event, transformed into an undular bore, whereas the first wave did not due to steepness differences. Tsunami loads, moments and bearing stress applied on the offshore breakwater of the Soma Port are calculated using two models: BOSZ and THETIS (Navier-Stokes VOF model). BOSZ results are compared to THETIS for the tsunami wave-breakwater interaction. The impact study is carried out at a relatively large scale aiming to have a first estimation of tsunami efforts. Then, a numerical experiment using THETIS is carried out to investigate flip-through impacts on vertical breakwaters. This non-aerated wave impact is considered as the most severe type of impact in the literature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)) in terms of maximum pressure generated. The influence of the front interface on the impact dynamics and the pressure induced is analysed in a realistic breakwater configuration. Solitary waves are used to obtain three characteristic flip-through impacts involving least steep, medium steep and steepest wave front. The flow field and pressure inside the porous rubble mound are then investigated as well as horizontal and uplift forces applied on the breakwater caisson. The last part of this study is devoted to the stability of breakwater caissons submitted to flip-through impacts. The latter are here assimilated to water wedges (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). This simple approach allows to formulate a semi-analytical model to predict caisson motion due to this type of impacts. After validation with numerical results, the water wedge method gives rich informations about forces, motion duration and sliding distance depending on the wave impact characteristics and breakwater caisson dimensions
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Insel, Isil. "The Effects Of The Material Density And Dimensions Of The Landslide On The Generated Tsunamis." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610985/index.pdf.
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In this thesis studymechanism and modeling of tsunamis generated by landslides are investigated. Landslide parameters affecting the surface wave characterisics are studied. In order to understand occurance of this kind of tsunamis, among many historical tsunamis, the ones that are triggered by landslides are detected and studied. The generation of the landslide generated tsunamis are modeled using TWO-LAYER model, which solves nonlinear long wave equations simultaneously within two interfacing layers with necessary boundary conditions at the sea bed, interface and water surface. The model is applied to one of the possible landslides at offshore Yalova in the Sea of Marmara. Two of the controlling parameters, which are the density and the thickness of the slid material, are analysed and a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the level of their effects on the evolution and amplitude of the tsunami source. Furthermore, the propagation and coastal amplification of the landslide generated waves are investigated using the tsunami simulation and visualization code NAMI DANCE. The results are presented, compared and discussed.
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Sue, Langford Phillip. "Modelling of tsunami generated by submarine landslides." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1211.
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Tsunami are a fascinating but potentially devastating natural phenomena that have occurred regularly throughout history along New Zealand's shorelines, and around the world. With increasing population and the construction of infrastructure in coastal zones, the effect of these large waves has become a major concern. Many natural phenomena are capable of creating tsunami. Of particular concern is the underwater landslide-induced tsunami, due to the potentially short warning before waves reach the shore. The aims of this research are to generate a quality benchmark dataset suitable for comprehensive comparisons with numerical model results and to increase our understanding of the physical processes involved in tsunami generation. The two-dimensional experimental configuration is based on a benchmark configuration described in the scientific literature, consisting of a semi-elliptical prism sliding down a submerged 15° slope. A unique feature of these experiments is the method developed to measure water surface variation continuously in both space and time. Water levels are obtained using an optical technique based on laser induced fluorescence, which is shown to be comparable in accuracy and resolution to traditional electrical point wave gauges. In the experiments, the landslide density and initial submergence are varied and detailed measurements of wave heights, lengths, propagation speeds, and shore run-up are made. Particle tracking velocimetry is used to record the landslide kinematics and sub-surface water velocities. Particular attention is paid to maintaining a high level of test repeatability throughout the experimental process. The experimental results show that a region of high pressure ahead of the landslide forces up the water over the front half of the landslide to form the leading wave crest, which propagates ahead of the landslide. The accelerating fluid above, and the turbulent wake behind, the moving landslide create a region of low pressure, which draws down the water surface above the rear half of the landslide to form the leading trough. Differences in the phase and group velocities of the components in the wave packet cause waves to be continually generated on the trailing end of the wave train. The downstream position that these waves form continually moves downstream with time and the wave packet is found to be highly dispersive. The interaction of the landslide pressure field with the free surface wave pressure field is important, as the location of the low pressure around the landslide relative to the wave field acts to reinforce or suppress the waves above. This has a substantial effect on the increase or decrease in wave potential energy. When the low pressure acts to draw down a wave trough, the wave potential energy increases. When the low pressure is below a wave crest, it acts to suppress the crest amplitude, leading to an overall decrease in wave potential energy. Measurements of the efficiency of energy transfer from the landslide to the wave field show that the ratio of maximum wave potential energy to maximum landslide kinetic energy is between 0.028 and 0.138, and tends to increase for shallower initial landslide submergences and heavier specific gravities. The ratio of maximum wave potential energy to maximum landslide potential energy ranges between 0.011 and 0.059 and tends to be greater for shallower initial submergences. For two experimental configurations the ratio of maximum wave potential energy to maximum fluid kinetic energy is estimated to be 0.435 and 0.588. The wave trough initially generated above the rear end of the landslide propagates in both onshore and offshore directions. The onshore-propagating trough causes a large initial draw-down at the shore. The magnitude of the maximum draw-down is related to the maximum amplitude of the offshore-propagating first wave trough. A wave crest generated by the landslide as it decelerates at the bottom of the slope causes the maximum wave run-up observed at the shore. A semi-analytical model, based on inviscid and irrotational theory, is used to investigate the wave generation process of a moving submerged object in a constant depth channel. The simplified geometry allows a variety of phenomena, observed during the experimental tests, to be investigated further in a more controlled setting. The variations in the growth, magnitude, and decay of energy as a function of time is due the interaction of the pressure distribution surrounding the moving slider with the wave field, in particular, the leading crest and trough. The largest energy transfer between slider kinetic energy and wave potential energy occurs when there is prolonged interaction between the slider's low pressure region and the leading wave trough. The generation of onshore propagating waves by a decelerating landslide is confirmed, and the magnitude of the maximum wave run-up is found to be dependent on the magnitude of the slider deceleration. The model also shows that slides with Froude number close to unity convert substantial amounts of energy into offshore propagating waves. The onshore propagating wave potential energy is not as sensitive to Froude number. A further result from the model simulations is that the specific shape of the slider has only a minor influence on the wave response, provided the slider's length and area are known. A boundary element model, based on inviscid and irrotational theory, is used to simulate the laboratory experiments. Model predictions of the wave field are generally accurate, particularly the magnitude and range of wave amplitudes within the wave packet, the arrival time of the wave group, the amplitude of the run-up and run-down at the shore, the time the maximum run-down occurs, and the form and magnitude of the wave potential energy time history. The ratios of maximum wave potential energy to maximum slider kinetic energy are predicted to within ± 29%. The model predictions of the crest arrival times are within 3.6% of the measured times. The inability of the inviscid and irrotational model to simulate the flow separation and wake motions lead to a 45% under prediction of the maximum fluid kinetic energy. Both the semi-analytical and BEM models highlight the need for the correct specification of initial slider accelerations in numerical simulations in order to accurately predict the wave energy.
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Brizuela, Reyes Beatriz <1976>. "Assessment of Tsunami Hazard in Central America." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2007/1/thesis_PhD_Bea_print1.pdf.
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Brizuela, Reyes Beatriz <1976>. "Assessment of Tsunami Hazard in Central America." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2007/.
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Cimarosti, Arianna Tae <1988>. "Arahama. Paesaggio e memoria dopo lo tsunami." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18554.
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Arahama è un piccolo paese costiero (circa 2000 abitanti) compreso nella città metropolitana di Sendai, nel nordest del Giappone. L’11 Marzo 2011 lo tsunami causato dal Grande Terremoto del Giappone Orientale ha distrutto il 98% degli edifici e causato circa 200 vittime. Nove mesi dopo, la municipalità competente ha dichiarato Arahama area a grave rischio tsunami e ha interdetto l’uso residenziale della zona. Gli abitanti sono stati trasferiti in altre zone di Sendai in base alle proprie preferenze e disponibilità, mentre la zona costiera è stata destinata ad uso commerciale e turistico (le strutture sono ancora in fase di costruzione).
Questa ricerca si concentra su un gruppo di ex-residenti e su come essi siano riusciti a ricreare un senso di continuità tra la loro vita pre e post tsunami. Particolare attenzione è posta su aspetti legati allo spazio (ambiente) e al tempo (memoria).
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Robbe-Saule, Manon. "Modélisation expérimentale de génération de tsunami par effondrement granulaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS497/document.
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Des événements géologiques passés ont montré que les glissements de terrain, près des côtes, impliquant des volumes de quelques milliers de mètre cube à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres cube, peuvent provoquer des vagues de tsunami d’une amplitude considérable. La vague générée et l’effondrement représentent tous deux un danger important pour la population et les infrastructures situées sur ou proche des côtes. Une modélisation réaliste nécessite de tenir compte de la nature granulaire du glissement de terrain. Nous avons développé dans ce travail de thèse, une série d’expériences de laboratoire à petite échelle, pour étudier en détail le processus de génération de vague par l’effondrement d’une colonne granulaire, initialement sèche, dans l’eau. Tout un ensemble de paramètres est testé : (1) la masse granulaire impliquée (hauteur, volume, rapport d’aspect, granulométrie et densité), (2) la hauteur d’eau et (3) la configuration géométrique (plan horizontal ou plan incliné). Des expériences quasi-bidimensionnelle en canal rectangulaire, permettent d’enregistrer à la fois l’évolution temporelle de l’effondrement granulaire et celle de la surface libre de l’eau. Nous montrons que le processus de génération des vagues est piloté par la dynamique collective de l’effondrement des grains à la surface de l’eau. Nous identifions une dépendance linéaire claire entre l’amplitude relative de la vague principale et un nombre de Froude défini comme le rapport des vitesses d’avancée du front granulaire et de la vague solitaire. En particulier, l’amplitude de la vague atteint sa valeur maximale pour une profondeur d’eau intermédiaire. Le transfert d’énergie global a montré que seulement quelques pourcents de l’énergie potentielle initiale de la colonne sont transférés à la vague, issus notamment d’une perte d’énergie considérable dans l’effondrement granulaire lui-même. Enfin, nous soulignons la faible influence du diamètre et de la masse volumique des grains dans la génération de la vague. Cela suggère que la masse de l’effondrement est de faible importance par rapport à son volume. Un autre résultat intéressant est la dépendance linéaire de l’amplitude relative de la vague avec le volume immergé du dépôt final. Cette loi nous permet d’estimer l’amplitude de la vague pour des événements passés et potentiels. Malgré les échelles, géométries diverses et variées de ces événements, et l’incertitude des données, cette loi empirique provenant de notre expérience à petite échelle prédit des vagues similaires à d’autres modèles numériques ou expérimentauxVarious past geological events have shown that landslides near coastlines, involving volumes from a few thousand cubic meters to several cubic kilometers, can lead to tsunami waves with significant amplitude. The generated wave and the collapse both represent an important hazard for the population and infrastructure located on or near the coast. Realistic modeling requires considering the granular nature of landslides. Here, we developed a new set of small-scale laboratory experiments to investigate in detail the wave generated by the collapse of an aerial granular column into water. An entire set of parameters are tested: (1) the falling granular mass (height, volume, aspect ratio, grain size and density), (2) the water layer height and (3) the geometrical configuration (horizontal or inclined plane). From quasi-bidimensional experiments in a rectangular channel we record both the time evolution of the granular collapse and of the generated wave. We show that the wave generation process is driven by the collective dynamics of the granular collapse at the water free surface. We identify a clear linear dependence between the relative wave amplitude and a Froude number defined as the ratio of the granular front velocity and the solitary wave velocity. The wave amplitude reaches its maximum value at an intermediate water depth. The total energy transfer shows that only a few percent of the initial potential energy of the column is transferred to the wave, suggesting a considerable energy loss in the granular collapse itself. Finally, we highlight the low influence diameter and density of the falling grain in the generation of the wave. This suggests that the mass of the collapse is of low importance compared to its volume. Another interesting result is the linear dependence of the relative wave amplitude with the relative immersed volume of the final deposit. This allows us to estimate the wave amplitude generated by past or potential events in Nature. Despite the various scales and geometries of these natural events, and the uncertainty of the data, our empirical law, from our small-scale experiment, predicts waves similar to other numerical or experimental models
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Alber, Said Kais. "HUMAN FINDER ENCLOSURE." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-22133.
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HumanFinder Enclosure-Radar is the design project consist in this study to achieve modern specifications and create a realistic product. The purpose of this product is to detect the living human beings buried under the rubble of natural disasters. This project is made in collaboration with a Swedish company called Cinside AB. This artifact has to be a new product in the market and the goal is to make this concept design ready for going to manufacture and start selling the product in around 6 to12 months, that is the time frame for the manufacture. These products should be selling through international and local retailers. This report has been divided into main parts, this parts are shown in below: Summary, It describes briefly, what the report contains. Introduction, This part includes the Company´s philosophy, it also gives an overview on the project and shows the process how to solve the detected problems. Theoretical background, This section includes a design theory, design thinking, psychological theories, ergonomics, conditions and theories of development. Methods, This part describes the various methods used in the proper project. Approach and implementation, This section describe how the work has been done and descriptors in the design process. Result, This part describes the main solutions achieved as well give idealized visions about the future of HumanFinder, showing as the same time the main features that created through the design process to reach the successful result. Conclusion and Discussion, This part includes an analysis of the result achieved and how the work continued.
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McFall, Brian Charles. "Physical modeling of landslide generated tsunamis in various scenarios from Fjords to Conical Islands." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54030.
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Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events, and the largest recorded wave runup was generated by a supercritical landslide impact in Lituya Bay, Alaska. Unfortunately field data from these types of events is very limited, consisting of rare field measurements of landslide scarp, landslide deposit and tsunami runup, as well as eyewitness accounts. Critically important field data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution are lacking. Source and runup scenarios based on real world events are physically modeled in the three- dimensional NEES tsunami wave basin at Oregon State University. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator (LTG) was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The LTG consists of a sliding box filled with up to 1,350 kg of naturally rounded river gravel or cobbles which is accelerated by means of four pneumatic pistons down the 2H: 1V slope, launching the granular landslide towards the water at velocities of up to 6 m/s. Topographical and bathymetric features can greatly affect wave characteristics and runup heights. Landslide generated tsunamis were studied in different topographic and bathymetric configurations: basin-wide propagation and runup, a narrow fjord and curved headland configurations, and a conical island setting simulating landslides off an island or a volcanic flank collapse. Water surface elevations were measured using an array of resistance wave gauges. The granular landslide width, thickness and front velocity were measured using above and underwater cameras. Wave runup was measured with a combination of resistance wave gauges and overlapping video recordings calibrated along the slope. The effects from lateral hill slope curvature are analyzed: the leading wave crest amplitude generated on a planar hill slope is 3% larger on average than the leading wave crest generated on a convex conical hill slope, while the leading wave trough and second wave crest amplitudes are smaller. The fjord scenario traps the wave energy resulting in the average maximum runup being 10% larger than in the curved headland scenario, which allows some wave energy to leak into the open basin. Between 1-24% of the landslide kinetic energy is transferred in to the wave train. Cobble landslides transfer on average 43% more kinetic energy into the wave train than the gravel landslide. Predictive equations for the offshore and laterally propagating wave and runup amplitudes, periods, celerities and lengths are derived, which allow an initial rapid tsunami hazard assessment. Finally, the predictive wave and runup equations are applied to the 2007 field event in Chehalis Lake, Canada.
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Péroche, Mathieu. "La gestion de crise tsunami dans la Caraïbe : contribution géographique aux dispositifs d’alerte et d'évacuation des populations." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30042.
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Le contexte géodynamique du bassin de la Caraïbe, du fait notamment de la présence de zones de subduction et de nombreux édifices volcaniques, est favorable à la génération de tsunamis. La connaissance historique de ce phénomène dans la région, associée à de récents résultats de simulation numérique, confirme ce fort potentiel. Les amplitudes de vagues modélisées à l’approche des côtes avoisinent les 10 m pour certains scénarios. L’aléa tsunami est une menace pour l’ensemble du littoral des territoires du bassin de la Caraïbe. Les enjeux humains, structurels et stratégiques, concentrés massivement sur ce littoral, sont particulièrement exposés à ce phénomène, notamment aux Antilles où le risque associé est très élevé. Aujourd’hui, un système de surveillance et de détection des tsunamis à l’échelle régionale assure la diffusion de messages d’information en cas d’événement. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de dispositifs pour guider localement les autorités dans leurs prises de décisions pour mettre en sécurité des populations, ou bien ils restent très généralistes, notamment pour les territoires français. Afin d’anticiper ce besoin, nous avons accompagné la planification opérationnelle de la gestion des crises pour les phases d’alerte et d’évacuation temporaire des populations à terre et de la mise en sécurité des navires en mer. Cette démarche, engagée à différentes échelles, repose sur une approche géographique et intégrée de la gestion de crise tsunami, à l’interface des connaissances entre le domaine scientifique et opérationnel. Notre expertise scientifique a débouché sur l’élaboration de documents opérationnels pour le traitement des avis de tsunami dans le domaine terrestre et maritime et a permis d’établir une méthode de planification des évacuations pédestre. La méthode proposée est en cours d’application sur 60 communes littorales dans les Antilles FrançaisesThe geo-dynamics of the Caribbean Sea area, particularly due to the presence of subduction zones and numerous volcanic faults is prone to the generation of tsunami's. Historical knowledge of this phenomenon in the region, coupled with recent modeling results, confirms this potential. The amplitudes of the modeled waves approaching the coast came close to 10m in some scenarios. The tsunami is a threat to the entire coastline of the Caribbean Sea. Human, structural and strategic installations, which are focused heavily on the coast, are particularly vulnerable to this phenomenon, especially in the Caribbean where the associated risk is very high. Today, at a regional level, a tsunami warning system is effective. However, there are no plans to guide the local authorities in their decision making to keep their population safe. At best they are very general, notably in the Antilles. So that we can anticipate their needs, we accompanied the operational planning of crisis management for the alert phases and the temporary evacuation of people on land and the security procedures for ships at sea. This initiative, undertaken on different levels, based on a geographical and integrated approach to the management of tsunami crisis, is at the interface of knowledge between scientific and operational domain. Our scientific expertise has led to the development of operational documents for the application of the tsunami warning on land and sea. It has helped to establish a method of pedestrian evacuation planning. The proposed method is already being implicated in 60 coastal municipalities in the French Antilles
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Riou, Brieuc. "Shallow marine sediment record of tsunamis : analysis of the sediment-fill of the bays of Tutuila (American Samoa) and backwash deposits of the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS012.
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Suite aux nombreux tsunamis dévastateurs récents, et plus particulièrement le Tsunami de l'Océan Indien en 2004 et le Tsunami de Tohoku-Oki en 2011, ainsi qu’à leur portée à l’échelle mondiale, l’intérêt pour la recherche sur les tsunamis au sein de la communauté scientifique n’a cessé de croître. Cependant, la plupart des études axées sur les signatures géologiques des tsunamis passés se concentrent sur les dépôt terrestres, laissant de côté les dépôts sous-marins malgré leur potentiel pour l’enregistrement de la phase dite de backwash. De plus, le peu d’études sur les dépôts sous-marins de tsunamis ont été réalisées dans des environnements sous-marins peu profonds ouverts et donc dynamiques, qui ne sont pas propices à la préservation à long terme des dépôts. Au cours de cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les baies abritées de l’île de Tutuila (Samoa Américaines) fréquemment touchées par les tsunamis, censées offrir un potentiel de préservation des dépôts sous-marins idéal, afin d’améliorer les connaissances sur les dépôts de backwash de tsunami. Le comblement sédimentaire de la baie de Pago Pago a d’abord été étudié. L’architecture interne et les facies sédimentaires montrent que le comblement s’est effectué au cours des 12000 dernières années, pendant la dernière remontée du niveau marin et période de haut niveau marin. La partie supérieure du comblement est composée d’une alternance entre des unités sédimentaires de basse énergie et des unités de haute énergie interprétées comme un empilement de dépôts de backwash de tsunami mis en place au cours des derniers millénaires. Au sein de l’unité sommitale silteuse, les dépôts de backwash associés au Tsunami du Pacifique Sud en 2009 et au Tsunami du Chili en 1960 ont été identifiés grâce à des critères géochimiques, minéralogiques et microstructuraux. Les microdéformations basales observées prouvent que les courants de backwash de tsunamis se comportent comme des courants hyperpycnaux. Finalement, les dépôts de backwash de quatre tsunamis récents ont été identifiés dans les baies du nord de Tutuila, le Tsunami du Pacifique Sud en 2009, le Tsunami du Chili en 1960 ou le Tsunami des Îles Aléoutiennes en 1957, le Tsunami de la Fosse des Tonga en 1917 et très propablement le Tsunami d'Amérique du Sud en 1868. Si ces derniers s’avèrent bien être les dépôts de backwash du Tsunami d'Amérique du Sud en 1868, il s’agirait des premières preuves géologiques sous-marines de ce tsunami. Dans leur ensemble, ces travaux montrent le fort potentiel des environnements marins protégés pour l’archivage sédimentaire de tsunamis, avec au moins quatre dépôts de backwash de tsunami identifiés au cours des 150 dernières années dans les baies de Tutuila. De plus cette études apporte de nouveaux critères d’identification concernant les dépôts de backwash de tsunami, et plus particulièrement en comparaison avec les dépôts de crues flashsFollowing recent destructive tsunamis, especially the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Tsunami, and their worldwide coverage, there has been a growing interest in tsunami research amongst the scientific community. However, most of the studies dealing with geological evidence of past tsunamis focus on onshore deposits, leaving aside marine deposits despite their potential for recording of the backwash phase. Moreover, the few studies on tsunami marine deposits were carried out in open and dynamic shallow marine environments, which are not favorable for long-time preservation. In this study, we focus on sheltered bays of Tutuila (American Samoa) frequently impacted by tsunamis, supposed to offer ideal preservation potential, to gain knowledge on tsunami backwash deposits. The sediment-fill of Pago Pago Bay was first examined. The internal architecture and sediment facies show that the bay infilling was emplaced during the last 12 000 years through the last sea-level rise and highstand. The upper bay-fill consists of alternations between low-energy and high-energy sediment units, interpreted as stacked tsunami backwash deposits, emplaced during the last millenaries. Within the uppermost meter-thick silty unit, backwash deposits emplaced following the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami and the 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake Tsunami were identified based on geochemical, mineralogical and microstructural signatures. Basal microstructural features give evidence that those tsunami backflows behave as hyperpycnal currents. Finally, backwash deposits of four recent tsunamis were identified in bays located along the north shore of Tutuila, including the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami, the 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake Tsunami or the 1957 Aleutian Islands Tsunami, the 1917 Tonga Trench Tsunami and an older tsunami never reported in American Samoa, most likely the 1868 South American Tsunami. Backwash deposits emplaced by the 1868 South American Tsunami would represent the first marine geological evidence of this tsunami. As a whole, this study shows the great potential of sheltered shallow marine environments for tsunami backwash archiving, with at least four tsunami backwash deposits identified for the last 150 years in the bays of Tutuila. In addition, this work provides new identification criteria for tsunami backwash deposits, particularly in comparison with flash-flood deposits
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Kurawan, Wanrudee. "Analyse comparative du discours médiatique dans les éditoriaux Français et Thaïlandais." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100172.
Full textAbstract:
Notre objectif consiste à développer une analyse descriptive et comparative de la manière dont les équipes rédactionnelles de quatre quotidiens nationaux français et de quatre supports médiatiques thaïlandais symétriques, réactivent ou transgressent, face à un évènement unique – le tsunami de 2004 – les contraintes du contrat médiatique propre au genre éditorial. Il s’agit aussi d’examiner les choix stratégiques qui montrent une conception ou une réaction conforme à un positionnement politico-idéologique face à ce drame. Le cadre de recherche se construit selon deux axes d’analyse concernant les dispositifs scénique et énonciatif du corpus. On étudie d’abord la mise en forme et la mise en page des éditoriaux en question, en explicitant en particulier les caractéristiques de leurs titres. Ensuite, on met en évidence la constitution du sujet énonciatif conforme au genre discursif, dans ces deux types ethnolinguistiques de quotidiens. Au terme de cette double analyse, nous pouvons affirmer que les choix stratégiques individualisants des éditorialistes de nos deux communautés discursives manifestent un usage personnel en adéquation pragmatique avec le contexte social et en rapport étroit avec chacun des lectorats visésWe aim to display a descriptive and contrastive analysis about the ways the redaction teams of four French daily newspapers and four Thai daily newspapers, facing a single event, the 2004 “tsunami”, respect or transgress the contractual constraints peculiar to genre éditorial, and their individualizing choices, in order to show their original identity or reaction towards the tragedy event, in accordance with their political and ideological position. The frame of research was constructed upon the combination of two points of view : the scenic and enunciative devices of the corpus. The first concern was the formatting and the layout of corpus. In addition, we illustrate the characteristic of their headlines. The second, we highlight the constitution of the enunciative subject, in accordance with this genre of discourse, in each ethno-linguistic community. At the end of this double analysis, we can assert the choice of individual strategy of the editorialists of these two discursive communities to show their personal ways and means in accordance with the social context and their readers
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Alimoglu, Murat. "Tsunami Risk Assessment Of Esenkoy Fishery Harbor Breakwater." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1087832/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Within the scope of this thesis, a reliability based risk assessment, based on Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyse the safety levels of Esenköy Fishery Harbor main breakwater, Sea of Marmara, Turkey. In the past, in reliability-based risk assessment methodology in Turkey, the design conditions were only wave characteristics, tidal range, storm surge, wave set-up and the structural system parameters. However in this study, the tsunami risk which was considered as a major design parameter is included in the computations. In this study, development of a structural stability criterion in coastal engineering was suggested to achieve a common definition of reliability including the tsunami risk. The model introduced in this study is a practical technique in the reliability-based risk assessment of breakwaters subject to tsunami risk. In order to determine the occurrence probability of design condition, which is a function of storm waves, tidal range, storm surge and tsunami height, the Monte Carlo simulation, was applied. From the reliability-based risk assessment model applied to Esenkö
y Fishery Harbor as a pilot study in Turkey it was found that, inclusion of the tsunami risk increases the failure risk of the structure, and as lifetime of the structure increases, the impact of tsunami risk on the failure mechanism is more reflected. For Esenkö
y Fishery Harbor main breakwater, tsunami was not the key design parameter when compared to storm waves. However, in regions with great seismic activity, tsunami risk may be very noteworthy depending on the frequency and the magnitude of the tsunami.
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Cheff, Isabelle. "Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment of the Canadian Pacific Coast." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35543.
Full textAbstract:
The North American Pacific coast, located within the Ring of Fire, is at risk of severe subduction tsunamis. This danger has pushed the United States to make a strong push in tsunami research. Recent advancement has resulted in the implementation of a new chapter in the ASCE 7-16 standards focusing on tsunami structural loads and effects. Within the scope of this new standard, the tsunami inundation hazard of the US West coast has been mapped. However, no such work has been completed in Canada, leaving the tsunami hazard and vulnerability for most of the Canadian West coast uncertain.
The life safety vulnerability from the most hazardous source, the Cascadia Subduction Zone, is evaluated in terms of pedestrian evacuation capabilities. Using a static distance-only model, the ability of individuals to evacuate to safety in natural high grounds is computed for all communities in British Columbia and compared by Tsunami Notification Zone. A new variable – the available time – for tsunamis life safety vulnerability assessment is proposed. This variable considers both tsunami arrival time and time to safety, resulting in a life safety threshold value of 0. Zone E has the largest surface area and population within the hazard zone, even though it has the smallest probable run-up range because of the large number of communities in this zone and the low-laying areas of the Lower Mainland. All communities within Zones A, B, D, and E have low life safety vulnerability at the maximum probable run-up of their respective zone, suggesting that pedestrian evacuation should be possible. Zone C has the highest vulnerability of all zones, as it has the lowest available times. With a 9 m run-up and over 25% of its communities lying within the moderate- or high-vulnerability categories, it has an available time of below 30 min and 15 min, respectively. Zone C also has the highest percentage of its surface area inundated at its maximum probable run-up (39.7%). The most vulnerable communities are identified, including 45 First Nation and 5 non-indigenous communities: Tofino, Winter Harbour, Ucluelet, Port Renfrew, and Bamfield. The life-safety threshold is surpassed in Barlett Island 32, Grassy Island 17, Hesquiat 1, and Tofino. Delta and Richmond, in Zone E, also have a minimum available time below the life safety threshold at run-ups between 5 and 7 m, at or above the probable run-up of their zone, as they have large low-lying areas. As the tsunami arrival time is very large here, the merits of vehicle evacuation should be evaluated. Additionally, they are likely to be more vulnerable to landslide tsunamis, as the tsunami arrival time would be much shorter than one from a Cascadia tsunami.
A more detailed vulnerability study using anisotropic path-distance modeling was performed in Tofino. This more complex model found lower available times than the distance-only model. Maximum differences ranging between 14.4 to 29.9 minutes were found for three pedestrian velocities. The minimum available time was found to be -29.0 minutes within the official municipality boundary and -40.1 minutes within one of the beaches. Two vertical evacuation structures are required to reduce the time to safety below the tsunami arrival time of 28.1 minutes for run-ups between 13 and 19 m. Run-ups above 19 m required three vertical evacuation structures. No configuration could be found to sufficiently reduce the time to safety on Frank Island.
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Rahiman, Tariq Iqbal Hamid. "Neotectonics, Seismic and Tsunami Hazards, Viti Levu, Fiji." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1110.
Full textAbstract:
Viti Levu, the main island of Fiji, is located in a seismically active area within the Fiji Platform - a remnant island arc that lies in a diffuse plate boundary zone between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates in the southwest Pacific. The southeast coast of Viti Levu is a highly developed and populated part of Fiji and is vulnerable to the effects of large earthquakes that are expected to occur both onshore and offshore. The structural framework and the origin of seismicity within the Fiji Platform, as well as the seismic and tsunami hazards of central and southeast Viti Levu are investigated. The upper crust of southeast Viti Levu is dissected by several intersecting fault/lineament zones. These are mapped from remote sensing imagery of the surface (topography, radar, and aerial photos) and of the basement (magnetic), and have been subject to rigorous statistical tests of reproducibility and verification with field mapped fault data. Lineaments on the various imagery correlate with faults mapped in the field and show spatial continuity between and beyond mapped faults, thereby providing a fuller coverage of regional structural patterns than previously known. Some fault/lineament zones extend beyond the coastline to the offshore area of southeast Viti Levu. Here high resolution SeaBAT 8160 multibeam bathymetry data and seismic reflection data show that the fault zones occur along, and exert control on the locations of a number of linear submarine canyons. The morpho-structural expression of these canyons are contiguous with fault controlled physiographic features mapped on the nearshore marginal shelf (rectilinear bays and peninsulas, reef passages) and on land (fault valleys, slope and drainage alignments forming lineaments). The canyons are considered to have developed from several cycles of downslope incising and infilling events, whilst their positions were still primarily controlled by zones of weakness created by the fault zones. The principal fault sets in southeast Viti Levu represent generations of regional tectonic faulting that pervaded the Fiji Platform during and after disruption of the proto Fijian arc in the Middle to Late Miocene. These fault sets combine to form a complex network of interlocking faults creating a fault mesh that divides the upper crust into a number of fault blocks ranging from ~2 to 30 km. It is inferred that the fault mesh evolved throughout the Neogene as a response to the anticlockwise rotation of the Fiji Platform through progressive development of different fault sets and intervening crustal block rotations. Regional tectonic deformation is presently accommodated in a distributed manner through the entire fault mesh. Low magnitude earthquakes (
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Tang, Hui. "Forward and Inverse Modeling of Tsunami Sediment Transport." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77439.
Full textAbstract:
Tsunami is one of the most dangerous natural hazards in the coastal zone worldwide. Large tsunamis are relatively infrequent. Deposits are the only concrete evidence in the geological record with which we can determine both tsunami frequency and magnitude. Numerical modeling of sediment transport during a tsunami is important interdisciplinary research to estimate the frequency and magnitude of past events and quantitative prediction of future events. The goal of this dissertation is to develop robust, accurate, and computationally efficient models for sediment transport during a tsunami. There are two different modeling approaches (forward and inverse) to investigate sediment transport. A forward model consists of tsunami source, hydrodynamics, and sediment transport model. In this dissertation, we present one state-of-the-art forward model for Sediment TRansport In Coastal Hazard Events (STRICHE), which couples with GeoClaw and is referred to as GeoClaw-STRICHE. In an inverse model, deposit characteristics, such as grain-size distribution and thickness, are inputs to the model, and flow characteristics are outputs. We also depict one trial-and-error inverse model (TSUFLIND) and one data assimilation inverse model (TSUFLIND-EnKF) in this dissertation. All three models were validated and verified against several theoretical, experimental, and field cases.Ph. D.
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Amouzgar, Reza. "High-performance tsunami modelling with modern GPU technology." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3689.
Full textAbstract:
Earthquake-induced tsunamis commonly propagate in the deep ocean as long waves and develop into sharp-fronted surges moving rapidly coastward, which may be effectively simulated by hydrodynamic models solving the nonlinear shallow water equations (SWEs). Tsunamis can cause substantial economic and human losses, which could be mitigated through early warning systems given efficient and accurate modelling. Most existing tsunami models require long simulation times for real-world applications. This thesis presents a graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated finite volume hydrodynamic model using the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) for computationally efficient tsunami simulations. Compared with a standard PC, the model is able to reduce run-time by a factor of > 40. The validated model is used to reproduce the 2011 Japan tsunami. Two source models were tested, one based on tsunami waveform inversion and another using deep-ocean tsunameters. Vertical sea surface displacement is computed by the Okada model, assuming instantaneous sea-floor deformation. Both source models can reproduce the wave propagation at offshore and nearshore gauges, but the tsunameter-based model better simulates the first wave amplitude. Effects of grid resolutions between 450-3600 m, slope limiters, and numerical accuracy are also investigated for the simulation of the 2011 Japan tsunami. Grid resolutions of 1-2 km perform well with a proper limiter; the Sweby limiter is optimal for coarser resolutions, recovers wave peaks better than minmod, and is more numerically stable than Superbee. One hour of tsunami propagation can be predicted in < 1 minute using 1350 m or coarser resolutions. Run-time is reduced by > 50 times on a regular low-cost PC-hosted GPU, compared to a single CPU. For 450 m resolution on a larger-memory server-hosted GPU, performance increased by ~70 times. Finally, two adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) techniques including simplified dynamic adaptive grids on CPU and a static adaptive grid on GPU are introduced to provide multi-scale simulations. Both can reduce run-time by ~3 times while maintaining acceptable accuracy. The proposed computationally-efficient tsunami model is expected to provide a new practical tool for tsunami modelling for different purposes, including real-time warning, evacuation planning, risk management and city planning.
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Erdurmaz, Muammer Sercan. "Neural Network Prediction Of Tsunami Parameters In The Aegean And Marmara Seas." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605134/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Tsunamis are characterized as shallow water waves, with long periods and wavelengths. They occur by a sudden water volume displacement. Earthquake is one of the main reasons of a tsunami development. Historical data for an observation period of 3500 years starting from 1500 B.C. indicates that approximately 100 tsunamis occurred in the seas neighboring Turkey.
Historical earthquake and tsunami data were collected and used to develop two artificial neural network models to forecast tsunami characteristics for future occurrences and to estimate the tsunami return period. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a system simulating the human brain learning and thinking behavior by experiencing measured or observed data.
A set of artificial neural network is used to estimate the future earthquakes that may create a tsunami and their magnitudes. A second set is designed for the estimation of tsunami inundation with relation with the tsunami intensity, the earthquake depth and the earthquake magnitude that are predicted by the first set of neural networks.
In the case study, Marmara and Aegean regions are taken into consideration for the estimation process. Return periods including the last occurred earthquake in the Turkish seas, which was the izmit (Kocaeli) Earthquake in 1999, were utilized together with the average earthquake depths calculated for Marmara and Aegean regions for the prediction of the earthquake magnitude that may create a tsunami in the stated regions for various return periods of 1-100 years starting from the year of 2004. The obtained earthquake magnitudes were used together with tsunami intensities and earthquake depth to forecast tsunami wave height at the coast.
It is concluded that, Neural Networks predictions were a satisfactory first step to implement earthquake parameters such as depth and magnitude, for the average tsunami height on the shore calculations.
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Mas, Samanez Erick Arturo. "Estructuras de concreto armado Tsunami-sismorresistentes basadas en experiencias de los Tsunamis en el Océano Índigo (2004) y Camaná (2001)." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2009. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2009/mas_se/html/index-frames.html.
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Chow, Tsz-hin Clement, and 周子軒. "Tsunamis: the perception of risk and how to minimize their damage." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50703079.
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Машин, Є. І. "Природа цунамі." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41322.
Full textAbstract:
Наймаштабніші катастрофи геофізичного типу, пов’язані з
великими руйнуваннями і численними жертвами, виникають в
результаті сейсмічної діяльності літосфери. Одним з проявів такої
діяльності літосфери є цунамі.
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Minami, Takuto. "Numerical simulation of the tsunami-induced electromagnetic field using a time-domain finite element method: application to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake tsunami." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188496.
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Marshall, Andrew Robert. "Using The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to Forcast Probable Impacts, and Planning Implications, of a 500-year Tsunami in Cayucos, California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1433.
Full textAbstract:
This report focuses on using the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) to demonstrate the vulnerability of Cayucos to a 500-year tsunami, and using the results to inform specific planning recommendations. By modeling inundation with GIS and analyzing building attributes via the PTVA model, this study has gone beyond any previous vulnerability assessments of Cayucos. Findings include: delineation of the most vulnerable areas, estimates of numbers of lost civic buildings, commercial buildings and houses, as well as estimates of people displaced from tsunami damaged homes. The report goes on to discuss what mitigation measures are in place and what further specific steps could be taken to ensure the long term sustainability of the town and help reduce future tsunami losses.
Cayucos is a small coastal town in San Luis Obispo County, California; popular with tourists and locals for its beach, pier, and downtown. Intense coastal development and low lying topography makes Cayucos among the most tsunami vulnerable communities in the county. Many civic and economically important buildings, as well as homes, are within the 500-year tsunami inundation area.
In the absence of fully developed, and accessible assessment tools like FEMA’s HAZUS tsunami program; local planners have had only basic information to assess the community’s tsunami vulnerability. The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) is a method that uses available tsunami runup estimations and field data collection to produce a detailed assessment of individual building survivability and overall community vulnerability.
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Bressan, Lidia <1981>. "Preliminary studies for the establishment of a tsunami early detection algorithm to be used in the frame of a Tsunami Warning System." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2944/1/Bressan_Lidia_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents and discusses TEDA, an algorithm for the automatic detection in real-time of tsunamis and large amplitude waves on sea level records.
TEDA has been developed in the frame of the Tsunami Research Team of the University of Bologna for coastal tide gauges and it has been calibrated and tested for the tide gauge station of Adak Island, in Alaska.
A preliminary study to apply TEDA to offshore buoys in the Pacific Ocean is also presented.
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Bressan, Lidia <1981>. "Preliminary studies for the establishment of a tsunami early detection algorithm to be used in the frame of a Tsunami Warning System." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2944/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents and discusses TEDA, an algorithm for the automatic detection in real-time of tsunamis and large amplitude waves on sea level records.
TEDA has been developed in the frame of the Tsunami Research Team of the University of Bologna for coastal tide gauges and it has been calibrated and tested for the tide gauge station of Adak Island, in Alaska.
A preliminary study to apply TEDA to offshore buoys in the Pacific Ocean is also presented.
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Raveloson, Andriamiranto [Verfasser]. "Detection of very long period seismic signals and acoustic gravity waves generated by large tsunamis : Application to tsunami warning / Andriamiranto Raveloson." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026265762/34.
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Henderson, David Ronald. "Local Source Tsunami Inundation Modelling for Poverty Bay, Gisborne." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2302.
Full textAbstract:
After the Boxing Day 2004 Sumatran Tsunami, a review of tsunami hazard and risk for New Zealand identified Gisborne as the urban area with the greatest risk. Gisborne could experience gt;500 fatalities and extensive damage to infrastructure during a severe tsunami. The severity of a tsunami is likely to be low for distance sources given the effectiveness of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. However, there is a substantial risk from local sources, as no local warning system of any kind exists. Prompt evacuation is probably the most cost-effective tsunami mitigation strategy available for New Zealand coastal locations, including Gisborne. This requires both knowledge of the extent of tsunami inundation, and sufficient warning of the tsunami arrival. Hence, there are two main objectives for this investigation: 1. Determine the likely extent of tsunami inundation for Gisborne City and surrounding populated coastal locations in Poverty Bay, using a combination of hydrodynamic tsunami modelling and GIS. The modelling will simulate historical events, particularly the largest historical tsunami, the May 1947 local tsunami. Modelling will consider potential events based on the Maximum Credible Earthquake for local sources associated with the Hikurangi Deformation Front. 2. Create inundation maps of Poverty Bay that can be used for future town planning and emergency plans.
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Stocchi, Manuel. "Investigation on calving-tsunami sources in Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23044/.
Full textAbstract:
In questo lavoro è stata testata l'efficacia di diverse sorgenti nel generare la condizione iniziale per simulare, tramite calcolo numerico, la propagazione di uno tsunami generato da un evento di calving. L'evento considerato è uno tsunami avvenuto il 21 agosto 2009 nel ghiacciaio di Jakobshavn Isbræ (nella costa Ovest della Groenlandia), a seguito di un calving ben documentato. La simulazione numerica è stata effettuata utilizzando il codice UBO-TSUFD (creato e mantenuto dal gruppo di ricerca sugli tsunami dell'Università di Bologna), che utilizza uno schema di integrazione leapfrog con la tecnica delle staggered grids. Sono stati presi in esame tre diversi tipi di condizione iniziale: una gaussiana singola asimmetrica dipendente da tre parametri; una gaussiana doppia simmetrica dipendente da tre parametri; e una gaussiana doppia asimmetrica dipendente da quattro parametri. Per ogni sorgente sono state testate diverse combinazioni di valori dei parametri. La qualità delle simulazioni è stata valutata confrontando i mareogrammi virtuali con i dati raccolti da due mareografi situati in prossimità della località del calving. La valutazione è avvenuta principalmente confrontando polarità, ampiezza e tempo d'arrivo della prima perturbazione. Sono inoltre state confrontate le ampiezze spettrali dei dati con quelle delle simulazioni. Da queste analisi si è potuto constatare che le sorgenti a gaussiana doppia (sia simmetrica che asimmetrica) hanno prodotto risultati migliori della sorgente a gaussiana singola asimmetrica. Confrontando i risultati delle due sorgenti a gaussiana doppia non si sono riscontrate differenze significative. Pertanto, si conclude che tra le sorgenti investigate è da preferire la sorgente gaussiana doppia simmetrica, in quanto capace di garantire buoni risultati dipendendo da una minor numero di parametri.
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Burgan, Owen T. S., and burgan@internode on net. "Helping teachers surf the Information and Communication Technology tsunami." Deakin University, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040423.163355.
Full textAbstract:
A range of factors, both internal and external, is creating changes in teaching and
teachers professional lives. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is
just one of the major changes impacting on the teaching profession. As teachers face
intense pressure to adapt to this tsunami, this study aims to investigate ways in which
teachers can be helped. In South Australia, where this study is set, all teachers in
Government schools are expected to be
"ICT Smart", i.e. able to use appropriate
forms of ICT to enhance the teaching and learning environment of their classrooms.
From the researchers involvement for over a decade in professional development for
teachers, and from visits to many schools, it appears that numerous teachers have not
reached this standard. The greatest need is in Reception to Year 7 schools where the
average age of teachers is nearly 50. Because no state-wide data exists, this study is
intended to establish if there is a problem and if there is, to identify specific needs
and offer possible solutions.
The study is comprised of four parts: Part A, the Introduction gives an overview of
the inter-relationships between these parts and the overall Folio. It establishes the
setting and provides a rationale for the study and its focus on Professional
Development in Information and Communication Technology. Part B, the Elective
Research Studies, follows the writers involvement in this field since the 1980s. It
establishes the theme of "Moving best practice in ICT from the few to the many"
which underlies the whole study. Part C, the Dissertation, traces the steps taken to
investigate the need for professional development in ICT. This is achieved by
analysing and commenting on data collected from a state-wide survey and a series of
interviews with leading figures, and by providing a review of the relevant literature
and past and existing models of professional development. Part D, Final Comments,
provides an overview of the whole Folio and a reflection on the research that has
been conducted.
The findings are that there is widespread dissatisfaction with existing models and
that there is an urgent need for professional development in this area, because nearly
20% of teachers either do not use computers or are considered to be novice users.
Another 25% are considered to be below not yet "ICT Smart". Less than 10% of ICT
co-ordinators have a formal qualification in the field but more than 85% of them are
interested in a Masters program.
The study offers solutions in Part B where there is a discussion of a range of
strategies to provide on-going professional development for teachers. Chapter 9
provides an outline of a proposed Masters level program and offers suggestions on
how it could be best delivered. This program would meet the identified needs of ICT
co-ordinators.
The study concludes with a series of recommendations and suggestions for further
research. The Education Department must address these urgent professional
development needs of teachers, particularly those in the more remote country
regions. There needs to be a follow-up survey to establish to what extent teachers in
South Australia are now "ICT Smart
".
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Nelson, Stephanie Caves Wolford Wendy. "Small-scale aid's contribution to long-term tsunami recovery." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1316.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.