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1
Elbanna, Ahmed, Mohamed Abdelmeguid, Xiao Ma, Faisal Amlani, Harsha S. Bhat, Costas Synolakis, and Ares J. Rosakis. "Anatomy of strike-slip fault tsunami genesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 19 (May 3, 2021): e2025632118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025632118.
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Tsunami generation from earthquake-induced seafloor deformations has long been recognized as a major hazard to coastal areas. Strike-slip faulting has generally been considered insufficient for triggering large tsunamis, except through the generation of submarine landslides. Herein, we demonstrate that ground motions due to strike-slip earthquakes can contribute to the generation of large tsunamis (>1 m), under rather generic conditions. To this end, we developed a computational framework that integrates models for earthquake rupture dynamics with models of tsunami generation and propagation. The three-dimensional time-dependent vertical and horizontal ground motions from spontaneous dynamic rupture models are used to drive boundary motions in the tsunami model. Our results suggest that supershear ruptures propagating along strike-slip faults, traversing narrow and shallow bays, are prime candidates for tsunami generation. We show that dynamic focusing and the large horizontal displacements, characteristic of strike-slip earthquakes on long faults, are critical drivers for the tsunami hazard. These findings point to intrinsic mechanisms for sizable tsunami generation by strike-slip faulting, which do not require complex seismic sources, landslides, or complicated bathymetry. Furthermore, our model identifies three distinct phases in the tsunamic motion, an instantaneous dynamic phase, a lagging coseismic phase, and a postseismic phase, each of which may affect coastal areas differently. We conclude that near-source tsunami hazards and risk from strike-slip faulting need to be re-evaluated.
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Lahcene, Elisa, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ryan Paulik, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Frederic Bouchette, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2313–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021.
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Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak–Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi–Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak–Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak–Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically damaged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the IOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.
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Dermadi, Yedi, and Yoanes Bandung. "Tsunami Impact Prediction System Based on TsunAWI Inundation Data." Journal of ICT Research and Applications 15, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2021.15.1.2.
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It is very important for tsunami early warning systems to provide inundation predictions within a short period of time. Inundation is one of the factors that directly cause destruction and damage from tsunamis. This research proposes a tsunami impact prediction system based on inundation data analysis. The inundation data used in this analysis were obtained from the tsunami modeling called TsunAWI. The inundation data analysis refers to the coastal forecast zones for each city/regency that are currently used in the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS). The data analysis process comprises data collection, data transformation, data analysis (through GIS analysis, predictive analysis, and simple statistical analysis), and data integration, ultimately producing a pre-calculated inundation database for inundation prediction and tsunami impact prediction. As the outcome, the tsunami impact prediction system provides estimations of the flow depth and inundation distance for each city/regency incorporated into generated tsunami warning bulletins and impact predictions based on the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012). In addition, the system provides automatic sea level anomaly detection from tide gauge sensors by applying a tsunami detection algorithm. Finally, the contribution of this research is expected to bring enhancements to the tsunami warning products of InaTEWS.
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Mohamed E.,, Syed, and Pon Selvam C. "Computational Analysis of Tsunami Wave Behaviour for Three Historical Tsunami Events using T-Impulse Model." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (December 31, 2023): 1357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.122.
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Natural catastrophes pose a serious threat to both human life and the environment because they are unpredictable. One of the most devastating natural disasters is a tsunami, and forecasting models are essential to preventing catastrophic damage to the environment and people along the coast. In the Impulse model, the generation of a tsunami depends on the impulse force generated during the event. Understanding tsunamis begins with simulating the tsunami generation process. This process involves simulating both the motion of the seafloor and the subsequent motion of the water above for tsunamis caused by underwater earthquakes. This modeling strategy can mimic all three stages of a tsunami: generation, propagation, and run-up. Three separate earthquake tsunami events—the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake are each investigated in this research. To demonstrate its relevance to current events and various ocean locations, the results of these events are compared and confirmed with the observed data. Analyzing the parameters used in this modeling study and identifying the parameter that has the most influence will demonstrate their significance in tsunami generation. The seabed displacement profile, seawater deformation, changes in tsunami characteristics during propagation, the tsunami’s travel time, earliest arrival time, the tsunami wave height at the coast, and inundation distance are the anticipated findings from this study. The major objective of this study is to obtain the maximum and most accurate result possible using the fewest parameters possible.
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Winckler, Patricio, Ignacio Sepúlveda, Felipe Aron, and Manuel Contreras-López. "TIDE-TSUNAMI INTERACTION IN A HIGHLY ENERGETIC CHANNEL. A CASE STUDY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.83.
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Tsunami–tide interaction can be assessed using different approaches with increasing levels of complexity. The simplest is to compute the sea level through a linear superposition of the tide and the tsunami computed independently (composite model). Recent studies have found that composite models provide inaccurate results in shallow waters (e.g. Kowalik et al, 2010). A more realistic analysis is achieved by computing the tsunami and the tide together (full model). This approach is appropriate where nonlinear effects may be important due to strong tides or shallow bathymetries. This work is intended to improve the physical understanding of tide-tsunami interaction in Canal Chacao, a highly energetic channel sited in Chile. This channel is dominated by currents of up to 6 [m/s] during spring tide and is located in a region prone to tsunamis. The fundamental question is to assess under which conditions tides and tsunamis can be linearly superposed and in which they interact nonlinearly, thus enhancing or reducing the surface elevation and associated currents.
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Cheng, An-Chi, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Characteristics of consecutive tsunamis and resulting tsunami behaviors in southern Taiwan induced by the Hengchun earthquake doublet on 26 December 2006." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 447–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-447-2023.
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Abstract. Consecutive ML 7.0 submarine earthquakes occurred offshore of the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan, on 26 December 2006. A small tsunami was generated and recorded at tide gauge stations. This important event attracted public interest, as it was generated by an earthquake doublet and produced a tsunami risk for Taiwan. This study analyzed tide gauge tsunami waveforms and numerical simulations to understand the source characteristics and resulting behaviors of tsunamis. The maximum wave heights at the three nearest stations were 0.08 m (Kaohsiung), 0.12 m (Dongkung), and 0.3 m (Houbihu), and only Houbihu recorded the first wave crest as the largest. The tsunami duration was 3.9 h at Dongkung and over 6 h at Kaohsiung and Houbihu. Spectral analyses detected dominant periodic components of spectral peaks on the tsunami waveforms. The period band from 13.6–23.1 min was identified as the tsunami source spectrum, and the approximate fault area for the consecutive tsunamis was estimated to be 800 km2, with central fault depths of 20 km (first earthquake, Mw 7.0) and 33 km (second earthquake, Mw 6.9). The focal mechanisms of the first earthquake, with a strike of 319∘, dip of 69∘, and rake of −102∘, and the second earthquake, with a strike of 151∘, dip of 48∘, and rake of 0∘, could successfully reproduce the observed tsunami waveforms. Numerical simulations suggested that the tsunami waves were coastally trapped on the south coast of Taiwan during the tsunami's passage. The trapped waves propagated along the coast as edge waves, which repeatedly reflected and refracted among the shelves, interfered with incoming incident wave, and resonated with the fundamental modes of the shelves, amplifying and continuing the tsunami wave oscillation. These results elucidated the generation and consequential behaviors of the 2006 tsunami in southern Taiwan, contributing essential information for tsunami warning and coastal emergency response in Taiwan to reduce disaster risk.
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Song, Min-Jong, and Yong-Sik Cho. "Modeling Maximum Tsunami Heights Using Bayesian Neural Networks." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111266.
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Tsunamis are distinguished from ordinary waves and currents owing to their characteristic longer wavelengths. Although the occurrence frequency of tsunamis is low, it can contribute to the loss of a large number of human lives as well as property damage. To date, tsunami research has concentrated on developing numerical models to predict tsunami heights and run-up heights with improved accuracy because hydraulic experiments are associated with high costs for laboratory installation and maintenance. Recently, artificial intelligence has been developed and has revealed outstanding performance in science and engineering fields. In this study, we estimated the maximum tsunami heights for virtual tsunamis. Tsunami numerical simulation was performed to obtain tsunami height profiles for historical tsunamis and virtual tsunamis. Subsequently, Bayesian neural networks were employed to predict maximum tsunami heights for virtual tsunamis.
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Fan, Tingting, Yuchen Wang, Zhiguo Xu, Lining Sun, Peitao Wang, and Jingming Hou. "A Review of Historical Volcanic Tsunamis: A New Scheme for a Volcanic Tsunami Monitoring System." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2024): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020278.
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Tsunami monitoring and early warning systems are mainly established to deal with seismogenic tsunamis generated by sudden seafloor fault displacement. However, a global tsunami triggered by the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption promoted the need for tsunami early warning and hazard mitigation of non-seismogenic tsunamis in coastal countries. This paper studied the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of historical volcanic tsunamis and summarized high-risk areas of volcanic tsunamis. The circum southwestern Pacific volcanic zone, including the Sunda volcanic belt and the Indo-Australian plate, is a concentrated area of active volcanoes and major volcanic tsunamis. In addition, the challenges associated with adapting seismogenic tsunami techniques for use in the context of volcanic tsunamis were elucidated. At the same time, based on historical records and post-disaster surveys, typical historical volcanic tsunami events and involved mechanisms were summarized. The results show that a majority of volcanic tsunamis may involve multiple generation mechanisms, and some mechanisms show geographical distribution characteristics. The complexity of volcanic tsunami mechanisms poses challenges to tsunami early warning by measuring tsunami sources to evaluate the possible extent of impact, or using numerical modeling to simulate the process of a tsunami. Therefore, a concise overview of the lessons learned and the current status of early warning systems for volcanic tsunamis was provided. Finally, a conceptual scheme of monitoring systems for volcanic tsunamis based on historical volcanoes, real-time volcanic eruption information and sea level data, as well as remote sensing images, was presented.
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Ibtihaj, I., M. R. Septyandy, and S. Supriyanto. "Indonesia paleotsunami database: Concept and design." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 846, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/846/1/012019.
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Abstract Indonesia’s tectonic conditions are one of the regions in the world with the most active tectonic activity. As a result of these conditions, Indonesia is prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis are the most violent movements of ocean waves. The mechanism for tsunamis formation is through processes that generate shock waves, such as underwater earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic activity, and asteroid impacts. Indonesia has experienced a series of tsunami events that have caused thousands of casualties. Tsunami events are not fully recorded in human historical records. Unrecorded tsunami or paleotsunami events can be studied through the characteristics of paleotsunami deposits or related archaeological information about tsunamis. Knowing the history of tsunami events is essential to understand tsunamis frequency and intensity in the present. This study aims to conceptualize and design a historical database of tsunami occurrences in Indonesia. The database will be based on WebGIS. Tsunami event data is sourced from literature related to tsunami events, such as published books, journals, reports, final projects, and others. The results of database processing are 326 data on tsunami events in Indonesia. The WebGIS is an update for tsunami information media in Indonesia to be more comprehensive and informative.
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Ibtihaj, I., M. R. Septyandy, and S. Supriyanto. "Indonesia paleotsunami database: Concept and design." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 846, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/846/1/012019.
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Abstract Indonesia’s tectonic conditions are one of the regions in the world with the most active tectonic activity. As a result of these conditions, Indonesia is prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis are the most violent movements of ocean waves. The mechanism for tsunamis formation is through processes that generate shock waves, such as underwater earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic activity, and asteroid impacts. Indonesia has experienced a series of tsunami events that have caused thousands of casualties. Tsunami events are not fully recorded in human historical records. Unrecorded tsunami or paleotsunami events can be studied through the characteristics of paleotsunami deposits or related archaeological information about tsunamis. Knowing the history of tsunami events is essential to understand tsunamis frequency and intensity in the present. This study aims to conceptualize and design a historical database of tsunami occurrences in Indonesia. The database will be based on WebGIS. Tsunami event data is sourced from literature related to tsunami events, such as published books, journals, reports, final projects, and others. The results of database processing are 326 data on tsunami events in Indonesia. The WebGIS is an update for tsunami information media in Indonesia to be more comprehensive and informative.
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Dawson, Alastair, and Iain Stewart. "Tsunami geoscience." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 6 (December 2007): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307087083.
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Research in tsunami geoscience has accelerated markedly ever since the tragedy of the Indian Ocean tsunami of Boxing Day 2004. Yet, for many decades and centuries, scholars have been describing a multiplicity of tsunami events. Thus the Royal Society devoted a whole volume to the effects of the Great Lisbon earthquake and tsunami of November AD 1755 while in the early nineteenth century Charles Darwin was describing the great tsunami at Valdivia, Chile, in his account of the Voyage of the Beagle. Today, research in tsunami geoscience is still finding its feet. Thus, whereas there has been a wealth of publications on the reconstruction of Late Quaternary and Holocene tsunamis, the literature describing evidence for tsunamis in the geological record are rare. In this paper, we describe how our understanding of tsunamis has changed over time and we try also to identify areas of tsunami geoscience worthy of future study.
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Ibtihaj, Ihda, Supriyanto Suparno, Muhammad Rizqy Septyandy, Gamma Abdul Jabbar, and Tri Rani Puji Astuti. "Indonesia paleotsunami database as an effort to reduce the tsunami disasters in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 340 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234001001.
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Indonesia’s tectonic activity is one of the most active in the world. These conditions make Indonesia prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis are large ocean waves that are formed through several processes such as underwater earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic activity, and asteroid impacts. Indonesia has been hit by various tsunami events. However, not all characteristic tsunami events are well known and recorded. Knowing the characteristics of a tsunami occurrence is very important to understand the frequency and intensity of tsunamis in the present. This research create a WebGIS database for paleotsunami in Indonesia. Tsunami incident data comes from literature related to tsunami events such as books, journals, reports, final projects, and others. Making WebGIS in this study will be developed using website programming, namely HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The research results obtained 302 tsunami data. The period of tsunami in this research is from Late Miocene to the last tsunami in 2018. The WebGIS created presents a database of tsunami events in Indonesia, a dashboard of Indonesian tsunami statistics, and a tsunami learning educational feature. It is hoped that the results of this database will serve as a means of information for future paleotsunami research needs and as a means of education regarding the potential for tsunamis in Indonesia.
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Tanioka, Yuichiro, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Kei Ioki, and Yugo Nakamura. "Real-Time Tsunami Inundation Forecast for a Recurrence of 17thCentury Great Hokkaido Earthquake in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0358.
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Paleotsunami studies have shown that several large tsunamis hit the Pacific coast. Many tsunami deposit data were available for the 17thcentury tsunami. The most recent tsunami deposit study in 2013 indicated that the large slip of about 25 m along the plate interface near the Kurile trench would be necessary and the seismic moment of this 17thcentury earthquake was 1.7 × 1022Nm. If a great earthquake like the 17thcentury earthquake occurs off the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, the devastating disaster along the coast is expected. To minimize the tsunami disaster, a development of the real-time forecast of a tsunami inundation area is necessary. Estimating a tsunami inundation area requires tsunami numerical simulation with a very fine grid system of less than 1 arcsecond. There is not enough time to compute the tsunami inundation area after a large earthquake occurs. In this study, we develop a real-time tsunami inundation forecast method using a database including many tsunami inundation areas previously computed using various fault models. After great earthquakes, tsunamis are computed using linear long-wave equations for fault models estimated in real time. Simulating such tsunamis takes only 1-3 minutes on a typical PC, so it is potentially useful for forecasting tsunamis. Tsunami inundation areas computed numerically using various fault models and tsunami waveforms at several locations near the inundation area are stored in a database. Those computed tsunami waveforms are used to choose the most appropriate tsunami inundation area by comparing them to the tsunami waveforms computed in real time. This method is tested at Kushiro, a city in Hokkaido. We found that the method worked well enough to forecast the Kushiro’s tsunami inundation area.
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Wickramaratne, Sanjeewa, S. Chan Wirasinghe, and Janaka Ruwanpura. "An update of proposed Sri Lanka warning system for east and west coast tsunamis." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2019-0052.
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Purpose Based on the existing provisions/operations of tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean, authors observed that detection as well as arrival time estimations of regional tsunami service providers (RTSPs) could be improved. In particular, the detection mechanisms have been eccentrically focussed on Sunda and Makran tsunamis, although tsunamis from Carlsberg ridge and Chagos archipelago could generate devastating tsunamis for which inadequate provisions exist for detection and arrival time/wave height estimation. RTSPs resort to assess estimated arrival time/wave heights from a scenario-based, pre-simulated database. These estimations in terms of Sri Lanka have been found inconsistent. In addition, current warning mechanism poorly manages non-seismic tsunamis. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate these drawbacks and attempt to carve out a series of suggestions to improve them. Design/methodology/approach The work initiated with data retrieved from global earthquake and tsunami databases, followed by an estimation of probabilities of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean with particular emphasis on Carlsberg and Chagos tsunamis. Second, probabilities of tsunami detection in each sub-region have been estimated with the use of available tide gauge and tsunami buoy data. Third, the difficulties in tsunami detection in the Indian Ocean are critically assessed with case studies, followed by recommendations to improve the detection and warning. Findings Probabilistic estimates show that given the occurrence of a significant earthquake, both Makran and Carlsberg/Chagos regions possess higher probabilities to harbour a tsunami than the Sunda subduction zone. Meanwhile, reliability figures of tsunami buoys have been declined from 79-92 to 68-91 per cent over the past eight years. In addition, a Chagos tsunami is left to be detected by only one tide gauge prior to it reaching Sri Lankan coasts. Research limitations/implications The study uses an averaged tsunami speed of 882 km/h based on 2004 Asian tsunami. However, using exact bathymetric data, Tsunamis could be simulated to derive speeds and arrival times more accurately. Yet, such refinements do not change the main derivations and conclusions of this study. Practical implications Tsunami detection and warning in the Indian Ocean region have shown room for improvement, based on the inadequate detection levels for Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis, and inconsistent warnings of regional tsunami service providers. The authors attempted to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a series of suggestions, including a deployment of a new tsunami buoy south of Maldives, revival of offline buoys, real-time tsunami simulations and a strategy to deal with landslide tsunamis, etc. Social implications Indian Ocean is prone to mega tsunamis as witnessed in 2004. However, more than 50 per cent of people in the Indian Ocean rim countries dwell near the coast. This is verified with deaths of 227,898 people in 14 countries during the 2004 tsunami event. Thus, it is of paramount importance that sufficient detection levels are maintained throughout the Indian Ocean without being overly biased towards Sunda tsunamis. With respect to Sri Lanka, Makran, Carlesberg or Chagos tsunamis could directly hit the most populated west coast and bring about far worse repercussions than a Sunda tsunami. Originality/value This is the first instance where the threats from Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis to Sri Lanka are discussed, probabilities of tsunamis are quantified and their detection levels assessed. In addition, reliability levels of tsunami buoys and tide gauges in the Indian Ocean are recomputed after eight years to discover that there is a drop in reliability of the buoy data. The work also proposes a unique approach to handle inconsistencies in the bulletins of regional tsunami service providers, and to uphold and improve dwindling interest on tsunami buoys.
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Shuto, Nobuo. "Message from the Winner." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0567.
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After the 1960 Great Chilean Tsunami, coastal dikes were remodeled and new ones constructed in Japan. In 1968, immediately after the completion of those construction and remodeling works, the Tokachi-Oki Earthquake struck, but fortunately the structures involved sustained very little damage. This led to a general feeling that it was possible to protect against the tsunamis completely by simply building coastal dikes and other defense structures. Japan did not see an increase in the number of tsunami researchers, but things were worse in the U.S. The National Science Foundation allocated its tsunami-related budget only to the NOAA, which issues tsunami forecasts, and allocated the rest of the budget entirely to ocean development. This situation continued until the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu Earthquake Tsunami struck. In 1992, there was a tsunami earthquake off the coast of Nicaragua. Following that, research was conducted based on international cooperation through fax communications. Then cooperative international research continued to be done on tsunamis such as the 1992 Flores Tsunami, the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami, and the 1996 Irian Jaya Tsunami. However, their findings were provided only through Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium every two years, and most of the findings were limited to factual information about tsunamis. Requests for information on tsunamis rapidly increased after the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami, information not only on the tsunami itself but also on tsunami countermeasures. It was when JDR made its appearance. The JDR disseminated the latest information for practical use. It also benefitted those who were the sources of information, as they no longer had to deal with the frustration of having to wait for conferences held only every two years. In addition, the JDR reviews submissions much more quickly than do other journals. Tsunamis, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami and the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake Tsunami, continue to strike. As a platform for sharing knowledge related to reconstruction and countermeasures, as well as to tsunamis themselves, the importance the JDR is growing. This is why you are encouraged to contribute to the JDR.
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Kholifah, Ivo Nur, and Tjipto Prastowo. "ANALISIS RELASI ANTARA MAGNITUDO TSUNAMI DAN AMPLITUDO MAKSIMUM TSUNAMI." Inovasi Fisika Indonesia 10, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v10n2.p17-24.
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Abstrak
Gempa tektonik dan tsunami adalah dua bencana geologi yang saling berhubungan dalam konteks gempa tektonik bisa memicu tsunami. Upaya mitigasi perlu dilakukan dengan mempelajari relasi antara parameter gempa tektonik dan parameter tsunami. Parameter gempa tektonik dikaji melalui magnitudo gempa bernilai tunggal yang tidak bergantung pada jarak pengamatan dari sumber dan dinyatakan dalam skala . Parameter tsunami dikaji melalui magnitudo tsunami dan elevasi muka laut atau dikenal sebagai amplitudo maksimum tsunami . Fokus penelitian ini adalah relasi antara dan di laut lepas serta kesesuaian estimasi terhadap . Data penelitian ini meliputi tsunami lintas samudera, yaitu 18 kasus trans-Pasifik dan 7 kasus tsunami Indonesia yang diakses bebas melalui laman http://ngdc.noaa.gov dan https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html. Semua kasus tsunami adalah yang dipicu oleh gempa tektonik besar dengan magnitudo > 7,5, di mana epicentral distance ditentukan oleh 3000 km (far-field tsunami observations). Hasil-hasil penelitian ini berupa persamaan empiris relasi antara dan untuk kasus tsunami lintas Samudera Pasifik, sedangkan untuk kasus tsunami Indonesia, . Perbedaan persamaan empiris untuk kasus trans-Pasifik dan tsunami Indonesia karena perbedaan batimetri dan topografi antara Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera Hindia selain faktor tsunami directivity dan keterbatasan instrumen pemantau tsunami untuk kawasan Samudera Hindia. Untuk seluruh kasus, penyimpangan estimasi terhadap adalah . Berdasarkan kedua persamaan empiris tersebut, magnitudo tsunami merupakan fungsi logaritmik amplitudo maksimum tsunami sesuai dengan temuan terdahulu. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pemahaman tentang karakteristik gelombang tsunami di Indonesia dalam konteks upaya mitigasi bencana.
Kata Kunci: magnitudo tsunami, amplitudo maksimum tsunami, magnitudo momen gempa
Abstract
Tectonic earthquake and tsunami are geological disasters that are linked, where the earthquake can possibly induce a tsunami. Efforts in mitigation study are necessary to carry out by studying the relationship of earthquake and tsunami parameters. Earthquake parameter was examined using scale, independent of observational distance from the source. Tsunami parameter was evaluated by tsunami magnitude and associated tsunami maximum amplitude η. This study focused on the relationship of and η in the open ocean and compared estimates with the corresponding values referenced. The data included trans-oceanic tsunamis containing 18 trans-Pacific tsunamis and 7 Indonesian cases, accessed from http://ngdc.noaa.gov and https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html. The tsunamis discussed were generated by large earthquakes with , where the distance was limited to 3000 km (far-field observations). The results are given in empirical relationships of and η for the trans-Pacific, and for the Indonesian tsunamis, . The difference in the equations is owing to differences in complex topography and bathymetri between the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as tsunami directivity and limited monitoring instrument in the Indian Ocean tsunami case. For all cases, the estimates deviated from the reference values, measured to be . Based on the equations, tsunami magnitude is a function of the logarithmic scale of maximum tsunami amplitude , consistent with previous work. The results are expected to increase understanding of the characteristics of Indonesian tsunamis in the context of hazard mitigation study.
Keywords: tsunami magnitude, tsunami maximum amplitude, earthquake moment magnitude
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Otake, Takuro, Constance Ting Chua, Anawat Suppasri, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Justification of Possible Casualty-Reduction Countermeasures Based on Global Tsunami Hazard Assessment for Tsunami-Prone Regions over the Past 400 Years." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 4 (June 1, 2020): 490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0490.
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Tsunami hazards can be considered as multiregional in their impacts, as transoceanic waves can propagate beyond local areas, as evidenced in recent tsunami events, e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Great East Japan tsunamis. However, in a single event, the characteristics of a tsunami (wave amplitude and arrival time) can differ from location to location, due to a myriad of reasons including distance from the source, bathymetry of the seafloor, and local effects. Tsunami countermeasures cannot be similarly applied globally. It is prudent to investigate tsunami hazard characteristics at a regional scale in order to evaluate suitable tsunami countermeasures. On this basis, approximately 300 major historical tsunamis have been reproduced in this study based on seismic records over the last 400 years. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to reproduce tsunami waveforms at each global tidal station, and numerical results were verified by comparing them with the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami record data. Non-structural tsunami countermeasures were proposed and selected for each region based on two main criteria – wave amplitudes and arrival times. Evaluation of selected countermeasures indicate that planning for evacuation processes (such as evacuation route mapping, signage and evacuation drills) are important in all situations. For local large tsunamis, evacuation drills are essential to ensure a community is well prepared for self-evacuation due to the short amount of time available for evacuation. Early warning systems were most effective where tsunamis are of large and distant origins. On the other hand, it would be more appropriate to invest in public alert systems for tsunamis of smaller magnitudes. Using these selection criteria, combinations of countermeasures were proposed for each region to focus their attention on, based on the simulated results of the historical tsunami events. The end-goal of this study is to inform decision-making processes and regional planning of tsunami disaster management.
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Toriyama, Takuya, and Nobuo Ishida. "A METHOD FOR EVALUATING TSUNAMI LOADING ON SEAWALLS DURING OVERFLOW." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.61.
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Seawall constructions are one of the main ways of protecting coasts against tsunamis. The estimation of tsunami loading on a structure is important for evaluating the fragility of seawalls. In this study, hydraulic flume tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of tsunami loading when tsunamis flow over seawalls. Correlations between the loading on seawalls and the specific energy of the flow are investigated. A method for evaluating the maximum tsunami loading on the seawall is proposed. The approach can evaluate the maximum tsunami loading, even when tsunamis flow over seawalls.
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Adiprabowo, Tjahjo, Dani Ramdani, Pamungkas Daud, Andriana Andriana, Erfansyah Ali, Nanang Nasrullah, and Zulkarnain Zulkarnain. "Radar-Based Tsunami Detection: A Comprehensive Review." Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence Journal 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2024): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/iota.v4i2.727.
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A tsunami is a large sea wave caused by an earthquake or underwater landslide. Timely detection of tsunamis is critical to saving lives and minimizing damage to infrastructure. Radar has proven to be an effective tool for tsunami detection. This comprehensive review discusses the use of radar for tsunami detection. The two types of radar discussed are HF (High Frequency) radar and DART (Deep ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) radar. HF radar can detect tsunamis from long distances in real-time. However, HF radar is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. The DART radar is specifically designed for deep sea tsunami detection. This radar provides real-time information about tsunami waves. However, the DART radar requires expensive marine infrastructure to install and operate. This review concludes that HF radar and DART radar have their respective advantages and disadvantages. The combination of both types of radar can provide a more comprehensive solution for tsunami detection. Further research is needed to improve the reliability of radar-based tsunami detection systems.
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Lee, Eunju, and Sungwon Shin. "Analysis of the tsunami amplification effect by resonance in Yeongil Bay." Korea Society of Coastal Disaster Prevention 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20481/kscdp.2021.8.4.315.
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Predicting tsunami hazards based on the tsunami source, propagation, runup patterns is critical to protect humans and property. Potential tsunami zone, as well as the historical tsunamis in 1983 and 1993, can be a threat to the east coast of South Korea. The Korea Meteorological Administration established a tsunami forecast warning system to reduce damage from tsunamis, but it does not consider tsunami amplification in the bay due to resonance. In this study, the Numerical model, Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami model, was used to investigate natural frequency in the bay due to coastal geometry. The study area is Yeongill bay in Pohang, southeast of South Korea, because this area is a natural bay and includes three harbors where resonance significantly occurs. This study generated a Gaussian-shaped tsunami, propagated it into the Yeongill bay, and compared numerical modeling results with data from tide gauge located in Yeongill bay during several storms through spectral analysis. It was found that both energies of tsunamis and storms were amplified at the same frequencies, and maximum tsunami wave height was amplified about 3.12 times. The results in this study can contribute to quantifying the amplification of tsunami heights in the bay.
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Cox, Daniel T., Hyoungsu Park, Mohammed S. Alam, and Andre R. Barbosa. "PROBABILISTIC TSUNAMI HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DAMAGE ESTIMATION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: APPLICATION TO THE CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE AND SEASIDE, OREGON." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.94.
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Risk-based damage estimation to the built environment from future tsunamis is fundamental for developing mitigation and evacuation plans. One of the challenging problems in the evaluation of damage from future tsunamis is that the uncertainty from the nature of tsunami itself (e.g. Magnitude, Epicenter, Fault slip distributions) and the lack of accumulated sufficient observed data for probabilistic studies due to the relatively small frequency of tsunami historical events. Even though tsunami modeling has matured over the past several decades and provides reliable estimation of tsunami hazards such as flow depth, velocity, arrival time, etc., questions remain on how to predict future tsunami hazards and how to estimate tsunami damage, especially for the engineers who want to design shelter-in-plate options or coastal planners who want to estimate the possible damage from future tsunami events on the built environment at community and regional scales. As a case study, we evaluate the probabilistic damage states of an urban coastal city, Seaside, Oregon from future tsunamis generated on the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). The methodology and the results are separated into two parts: (1) Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (Park et al., 2017) and (2) Probabilistic building damage assessment from the tsunamis hazards with a community scale.
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Hu, Youshuang, Aggeliki Barberopoulou, and Magaly Koch. "Tracing the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami’s Impact on Palu, Indonesia: A Remote Sensing Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2025): 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010178.
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The 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami serves as a backdrop for this work, which employs simple and straightforward remote sensing techniques to determine the extent of the destruction and indirectly evaluate the region’s vulnerability to such catastrophic events. Documenting damage from tsunamis is only meaningful shortly after the disaster has occurred because governmental agencies clean up debris and start the recovery process within a few hours after the destruction has occurred, deeming impact estimates unreliable. Sentinel-2 and Maxar WorldView-3 satellite images were used to calculate well-known environmental indices to delineate the tsunami-affected areas in Palu, Indonesia. The use of NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI indices has allowed for a quantifiable measure of the changes in vegetation, soil moisture, and water bodies, providing a clear demarcation of the tsunami’s impact on land cover. The final tsunami inundation map indicates that the areas most affected by the tsunami are found in the urban center, low-lying regions, and along the coast. This work charts the aftermath of one of Indonesia’s recent tsunamis but may also lay the groundwork for an easy, handy, and low-cost approach to quickly identify tsunami-affected zones. While previous studies have used high-resolution remote sensing methods such as LiDAR or SAR, our study emphasizes accessibility and simplicity, making it more feasible for resource-constrained regions or rapid disaster response. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of widely used environmental indices (dNDVI, dNDWI, and dNDSI) with threshold-based Decision Tree classification to delineate tsunami-affected areas. Unlike many studies that rely on advanced or proprietary tools, we demonstrate that comparable results can be achieved with cost-effective open-source data and straightforward methodologies. Additionally, we address the challenge of differentiating tsunami impacts from other phenomena (et, liquefaction) through index-based thresholds and propose a framework that is adaptable to other vulnerable coastal regions.
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Hou, Jingming, Yi Gao, Tingting Fan, Peitao Wang, Yuchen Wang, Juncheng Wang, and Wei Lu. "Tsunami Risk Change Analysis for Qidong County of China Based on Land Use Classification." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020379.
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Tsunamis can cause high numbers of casualties, as well as direct and indirect economic losses to coastal regions. The huge destructiveness of tsunamis requires us to study tsunami risk and its temporal change. We adopt the tsunami scenarios of the Ryukyu Trench as an example to analyze the temporal change in tsunami risk. According to the tsunami numerical model results, the tsunami inundation in the worst tsunami scenario covered an area of 82.83 km2. Satellite data including Landsat 8 images from July 2013 and Landsat 9 images from March 2022 were used with the random forest (RF) method to analyze land use and tsunami vulnerability in 2013 and 2022. The tsunami risk and its temporal change were analyzed by integrating tsunami hazard and tsunami vulnerability. The tsunami risk change analysis results show that the area of tsunami risk level 1 increased by 4.57 km2, and the area of tsunami risk level 4 decreased by 7.31 km2. By analyzing changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and tsunami risk, we concluded that the expansion of constructed land and the increase in coastal population were responsible for the increase in tsunami risk. The results of tsunami risk change analysis will help us understand the current tsunami risk and predict possible future risk change. In addition, it is necessary to prepare tsunami prevention measures in advance and produce tsunami emergency response plans for Qidong County and other regions under potential tsunami threat.
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Kakinuma, Taro. "A Numerical Study on Distant Tsunami Propagation Considering the Strong Nonlinearity and Strong Dispersion of Waves, or the Plate Elasticity and Mantle Fluidity of Earth." Fluids 7, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7050150.
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Numerical simulations were generated to investigate the propagation processes of distant tsunamis, using a set of wave equations based on the variational principle considering both the strong nonlinearity and strong dispersion of waves. First, we proposed estimate formulae for the time variations of the tsunami height and wavelength of the first distant tsunami, by assuming that the initial tsunami profile was a long crest in a uniform bathymetry. Second, we considered the plate elasticity and upper-mantle fluidity of Earth, to examine their effects on the distant tsunami propagation. When the plate and upper mantle meet certain conditions with both a large depth and moderately large density of the upper mantle, the internal-mode tsunamis with a significant tsunami height propagated slower than the tsunamis in the corresponding one-layer problems, leading to the delay of the arrival time observed in distant tsunamis from that evaluated by the one-layer calculation.
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Kakinuma, Taro. "A Numerical Study on Distant Tsunami Propagation Considering the Strong Nonlinearity and Strong Dispersion of Waves, or the Plate Elasticity and Mantle Fluidity of Earth." Fluids 7, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7050150.
Full textAbstract:
Numerical simulations were generated to investigate the propagation processes of distant tsunamis, using a set of wave equations based on the variational principle considering both the strong nonlinearity and strong dispersion of waves. First, we proposed estimate formulae for the time variations of the tsunami height and wavelength of the first distant tsunami, by assuming that the initial tsunami profile was a long crest in a uniform bathymetry. Second, we considered the plate elasticity and upper-mantle fluidity of Earth, to examine their effects on the distant tsunami propagation. When the plate and upper mantle meet certain conditions with both a large depth and moderately large density of the upper mantle, the internal-mode tsunamis with a significant tsunami height propagated slower than the tsunamis in the corresponding one-layer problems, leading to the delay of the arrival time observed in distant tsunamis from that evaluated by the one-layer calculation.
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Pribadi, Sugeng, Widjo Kongko, Nurkhalis Rahili, Fauzi Fauzi, Hadi Suntoko, Sapto Nugroho, Sunarko Sunarko, Telly Kurniawan, and Euis Etty Alhakim. "Assessing the potential tsunami source of the Manila trench at the Bengkayang nuclear power plant site in Kalimantan using topographical details." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 13, no. 1 (December 6, 2023): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2024.57967.
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Tsunamis pose a significant threat to the construction of Nuclear Power Plants. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study regarding the potential threat of tsunamis and mitigation measures using detailed data at prospective locations. This assessment is a prerequisite for effective environmental impact planning and analysis. To determine the suitability of a prospective location, careful consideration of natural factors, including earthquakes as triggers for tsunamis, is essential. The main objective of this tsunami research is to assess the level of safety of potential locations against tsunami hazards and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. This research uses the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) tsunami modeling technique. This modeling approach utilizes topographic and bathymetric data obtained through extensive field surveys. In addition, this research aims to determine the maximum tsunami height in the inundation area and identify potential tsunami hazards arising from various scenarios related to the active tectonic potential of the Philippine Manila Trench. The Bengkayang Gosong Beach area and West Kalimantan are among the candidate locations that may be affected with the estimated tsunami height being between 0.48 meters and 0.62 meters. The tsunami arrival time was between 9 hours 10 minutes to 9 hours 24 minutes. These findings play an important role in conducting comprehensive risk assessments for nuclear power plant development, ensuring that necessary steps are taken to reduce potential hazards associated with tsunamis.
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Bakri, Abu, Ping Astony Angmalisang, Kurniati Kemer, Wilhelmina Patty, Revols Dolfi CH Pamikiran, and Nurmeilita Taher. "Comcot 1.7 Modeling To Estimate The Maximum Height And Arrival Time Of The Tsunami In Tombariri Sub-District." Jurnal Ilmiah Platax 13, no. 1 (January 29, 2025): 45–49. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.v13i1.57487.
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Tombariri Sub-District is located on the North Coast of the Minahasa Peninsula, directly opposite the North Sulawesi Subduction. North Sulawesi subduction has the potential for earthquakes with a targeted magnitude of M8.5 that can generate tsunamis. In addition, Tombariri Sub-District has a fairly large population density and is located on the coast. This causes the Tombariri Sub-District to be highly vulnerable to tsunami hazards. This study aims to determine the tsunami's estimated maximum height and arrival time. The modeling method in this study is through the Comcot 1.7 application with the worst-case scenario of North Sulawesi Subduction M8.5. The results of this study showed that the maximum height of the tsunami reached 6.17 m. The estimated time of tsunami arrival in Tombariri District ranges from 5-10 minutes. The results of this study can be used as a means of mitigating tsunami disasters. Keywords: Comcot, Tsunami Modeling, Inundation, Numeric Simulation Abstrak Kecamatan Tombariri terletak di wilayah Pesisir Utara Semenanjung Minahasa yang berhadapan langsung dengan Subduksi Sulawesi Utara. Subduksi Sulawesi Utara memiliki potensi gempabumi dengan magnitudo tertarget M8.5 yang dapat membangkitkan tsunami. Selain itu, Kecamatan Tombariri memiliki kepadatan penduduk yang cukup besar dan berada di wilayah pesisir. Hal ini menyebabkan Kecamatan Tombariri memiliki tingkat kerawanan terhadap bahaya tsunami yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui estimasi ketinggian maksimum dan waktu tiba tsunami. Metode pemodelan dalam penelitian ini melalui aplikasi Comcot 1.7 dengan skenario terburuk Subduksi Sulawesi Utara M8,5. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunukkan bahwa tinggi maksimum tsunami mencapai 6,17 m. Estimasi waktu tiba tsunami di Kecamatan tombariri berkisar antara 5 - 10 menit. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai sarana mitigasi bencana tsunami. Kata Kunci : Comcot, Pemodelan tsunami, Simulasi Numerik.
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Otero, L. J., J. C. Restrepo, and M. Gonzalez. "Tsunami hazard assessment in the southern Colombian Pacific Basin and a proposal to regenerate a previous barrier island as protection." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 2 (April 11, 2013): 1173–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-1173-2013.
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Abstract. In this study, the tsunami hazard posed to 120 000 inhabitants of Tumaco (Colombia) is assessed, and an evaluation and analysis of regenerating the previous El Guano Island for tsunami protection is conducted. El Guano Island was a sandy barrier island in front of the city of Tumaco until its disappearance during the tsunami of 1979; the island is believed to have played a protective role, substantially reducing the scale of the disaster. The analysis is conducted by identifying seismotectonic parameters and focal mechanisms of tsunami generation in the area, determining seven potential generation sources, applying a numerical model for tsunami generation and propagation, and evaluating the effect of tsunamis on Tumaco. The results show that in the current situation, this area is vulnerable to impact and flooding by tsunamis originating nearby. El Guano Island was found to markedly reduce flood levels and the energy flux of tsunami waves in Tumaco during the 1979 tsunami. To reduce the risk of flooding due to tsunamis, the regeneration and morphological modification of El Guano Island would help to protect Tumaco.
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Otero, L. J., J. C. Restrepo, and M. Gonzalez. "Tsunami hazard assessment in the southern Colombian Pacific basin and a proposal to regenerate a previous barrier island as protection." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 5 (May 19, 2014): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1155-2014.
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Abstract. In this study, the tsunami hazard posed to 120 000 inhabitants of Tumaco (Colombia) is assessed, and an evaluation and analysis of regenerating the previous El Guano Island for tsunami protection is conducted. El Guano Island was a sandy barrier island in front of the city of Tumaco until its disappearance during the tsunami of 1979; the island is believed to have played a protective role, substantially reducing the scale of the disaster. The analysis is conducted by identifying seismotectonic parameters and focal mechanisms of tsunami generation in the area, determining seven potential generation sources, applying a numerical model for tsunami generation and propagation, and evaluating the effect of tsunamis on Tumaco. The results show that in the current situation, this area is vulnerable to impact and flooding by tsunamis originating nearby. El Guano Island was found to markedly reduce flood levels and the energy flux of tsunami waves in Tumaco during the 1979 tsunami. By reducing the risk of flooding due to tsunamis, the regeneration and morphological modification of El Guano Island would help to protect Tumaco.
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Tomita, Takashi, Taro Arikawa, and Tadashi Asai. "Damage in Ports due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0594.
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The tsunami following the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake devastated ports in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan. Even Iwate Prefecture in Tohoku, which had experienced many tsunami disasters and prepared tsunami disaster mitigation measures, incurred great devastation because the tsunami was both higher than any historically recorded tsunamis and than any estimated tsunamis for disaster management. The tsunami-induced inundation destroyed many of wooden houses widely found in the area. Many ships and boats at sea were displaced by the tsunami, with some vessels colliding with others and port facilities such as cargo handling equipment and quay walls being damaged. Much debris was generated and disrupted rescue and restoration activities in the disaster aftermath. Port devastation caused stagnation in logistics and industrial operations, negatively impacting on residents’ lives and industrial activities in the disaster aftermath. There was a positive lesson that breakwaters and seawalls damaged by the tsunami reduced tsunami impacts behind them. Ports should be robust and resilient against possible tsunami hazards, considering measures for worst-case earthquake and tsunami scenarios.
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De Martini, P. M., M. S. Barbano, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, C. Pirrotta, P. Del Carlo, and S. Pinzi. "Geological evidence for paleotsunamis along eastern Sicily (Italy): an overview." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2012): 2569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2569-2012.
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Abstract. We present geological evidence for paleotsunamis along the ~230 km-long coast of eastern Sicily (Italy); combining this information with historical data, we reconstruct a unique history of tsunami inundations. We integrate data on 38 paleotsunami deposits (from fine sand layers to boulders) collected at 11 sites (one offshore). The geological data record traces of large tsunamis which have occurred during the past 4 millennia. Chronological constrains include 14C, 210Pb and 137Cs, OSL and tephrochronology. When compatible, the age of the paleotsunami deposits is associated to historical events, but it is also used to highlight unknown tsunamis. Average tsunami recurrence interval (between 320 and 840 yr) and minimum inland tsunami ingressions (often greater than the historical ones) were estimated at several sites. On the basis of this work, the tsunami catalogue is implemented by two unknown tsunamis which occurred during the first millennium BC and by one unknown regional tsunami, which occurred in 650–770 AD. By including this latter event in the eastern Sicily catalogue, we estimate an average recurrence interval for strong tsunamis of ca. 385 yr. Comparison and merging of historical and geological data can definitely contribute to a better understanding of regional and local tsunami potential and provides robust parameters to be used in tsunami hazard estimates.
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Mazinani, Iman, Zubaidah Binti Ismail, and Ahmad Mustafa Hashim. "An Overview of Tsunami Wave Force on Coastal Bridge and Open Challenges." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 09, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431115500062.
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Hundreds of bridges were washed away or heavily damaged by tsunami waves during the two tragic tsunamis that devastated the west coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, in 2004 and North East Japan in 2011. This vast damage was a clear warning for scientists to pay more attention and investigate, assess and mitigate the effect of tsunami loads on various structures including bridges. This multidisciplinary research presents a review of the literature and comprehensive evaluation on previous research concerning the effect of tsunamis on bridges. It begins with the basic evaluation of tsunami loads on bridges through to the current tsunamis. The experimental, numerical and survey reports on tsunami loads on bridges are reviewed and discussed. Tsunami mitigation systems on bridges are examined and classified in this paper. In addition, the open issues and challenges are outlined for future studies to help evaluate new research concerning the assessment, design and mitigation of tsunami loads on bridges.
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Zanker, Marek, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, František Babič, Vladimír Bureš, Pavel Čech, Martina Husáková, Peter Mikulecký, et al. "Connecting Soft and Hard: An Integrating Role of Systems Dynamics in Tsunami Modeling and Simulation." Sci 6, no. 3 (July 11, 2024): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci6030039.
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Modeling and simulation have been used to study tsunamis for several decades. We created a review to identify the software and methods used in the last decade of tsunami research. The systematic review was based on the PRISMA methodology. We analyzed 105 articles and identified 27 unique software and 45 unique methods. The reviewed articles can be divided into the following basic categories: exploring historical tsunamis based on tsunami deposits, modeling tsunamis in 3D space, identifying tsunami impacts, exploring relevant variables for tsunamis, creating tsunami impact maps, and comparing simulation results with real data. Based on the outcomes of this review, this study suggests and exemplifies the possibilities of system dynamics as a unifying methodology that can integrate modeling and simulation of most identified phenomena. Hence, it contributes to the development of tsunami modeling as a scientific discipline that can offer new ideas and highlight limitations or a building block for further research in the field of natural disasters.
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Omira, R., D. Vales, C. Marreiros, and F. Carrilho. "Large submarine earthquakes that occurred worldwide in a 1-year period (June 2013 to June 2014) – a contribution to the understanding of tsunamigenic potential." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 7, 2015): 2183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2183-2015.
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Abstract. This paper is a contribution to a better understanding of the tsunamigenic potential of large submarine earthquakes. Here, we analyze the tsunamigenic potential of large earthquakes which have occurred worldwide with magnitudes around Mw = 7.0 and greater during a period of 1 year, from June 2013 to June 2014. The analysis involves earthquake model evaluation, tsunami numerical modeling, and sensors' records analysis in order to confirm the generation of a tsunami (or lack thereof) following the occurrence of an earthquake. We also investigate and discuss the sensitivity of tsunami generation to the earthquake parameters recognized to control tsunami occurrence, including the earthquake location, magnitude, focal mechanism and fault rupture depth. Through this analysis, we attempt to understand why some earthquakes trigger tsunamis and others do not, and how the earthquake source parameters are related to the potential of tsunami generation. We further discuss the performance of tsunami warning systems in detecting tsunamis and disseminating the alerts. A total of 23 events, with magnitudes ranging from Mw = 6.7 to Mw = 8.1, have been analyzed. This study shows that about 39 % of the analyzed earthquakes caused tsunamis that were recorded by different sensors with wave amplitudes varying from a few centimeters to about 2 m. Tsunami numerical modeling shows good agreement between simulated waveforms and recorded waveforms, for some events. On the other hand, simulations of tsunami generation predict that some of the events, considered as non-tsunamigenic, caused small tsunamis. We find that most generated tsunamis were caused by shallow earthquakes (depth < 30 km) and thrust faults that took place on/near the subduction zones. The results of this study can help the development of modified and improved versions of tsunami decision matrixes for various oceanic domains.
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Tappin, D. R., P. Watts, and S. T. Grilli. "The Papua New Guinea tsunami of 17 July 1998: anatomy of a catastrophic event." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 26, 2008): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-243-2008.
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Abstract. The Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami of July 1998 was a seminal event because it demonstrated that relatively small and relatively deepwater Submarine Mass Failures (SMFs) can cause devastating local tsunamis that strike without warning. There is a comprehensive data set that proves this event was caused by a submarine slump. Yet, the source of the tsunami has remained controversial. This controversy is attributed to several causes. Before the PNG event, it was questionable as to whether SMFs could cause devastating tsunamis. As a result, only limited modelling of SMFs as tsunami sources had been undertaken, and these excluded slumps. The results of these models were that SMFs in general were not considered to be a potential source of catastrophic tsunamis. To effectively model a SMF requires fairly detailed geological data, and these too had been lacking. In addition, qualitative data, such as evidence from survivors, tended to be disregarded in assessing alternative tsunami sources. The use of marine geological data to identify areas of recent submarine failure was not widely applied. The disastrous loss of life caused by the PNG tsunami resulted in a major investigation into the area offshore of the devastated coastline, with five marine expeditions taking place. This was the first time that a focussed, large-scale, international programme of marine surveying had taken place so soon after a major tsunami. It was also the first time that such a comprehensive data set became the basis for tsunami simulations. The use of marine mapping subsequently led to a larger involvement of marine geologists in the study of tsunamis, expanding the knowledge base of those studying the threat from SMF hazards. This paper provides an overview of the PNG tsunami and its impact on tsunami science. It presents revised interpretations of the slump architecture based on new seabed relief images and, using these, the most comprehensive tsunami simulation of the PNG event to date. Simulation results explain the measured runups to a high degree. The PNG tsunami has made a major impact on tsunami science. It is one of the most studied SMF tsunamis, yet it remains the only one known of its type: a slump.
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Sriyanto, Sesar Prabu Dwi, Ping Astony Angmalisang, Lusia Manu, Joshian N. W. Schaduw, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Rose O. S. E. Mantiri, Alfret Luasunaung, and Deiske A. Sumilat. "Automatic tsunami arrival detection algorithm for sea level observation system." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 9, no. 4 (June 17, 2021): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.2021.14009.
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The automatic tsunami detection algorithm needs to be put in the sea level observation system to give society a quick warning when a tsunami happens. This study designs an automatic tsunami detection algorithm consisting of three sub-algorithm: spike elimination, gap data filling, and tsunami detection. Spike elimination and gap data filling are used to improve the sea level data, which is often disturbed by spikes and gap data due to electronic factors. This algorithm was tested using time-series tide gauge data that contain tsunami waveforms in Indonesia from 2007 to 2019. About 54.52 % of 409 spikes have been eliminated while the gap data were successfully filled. Furthermore, tsunami detection, which uses DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) and TEDA (Tsunami Early Detection Algorithm) methods, can detect 7 of 10 tsunami waveforms. However, there are three undetected tsunamis and one false detection. This algorithm has an average delay of 7.7 minutes in detection time.
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Chen, Guan-Yu, Chin-Chih Liu, Janaka J. Wijetunge, and Yi-Fung Wang. "Reciprocal Green's functions and the quick forecast of submarine landslide tsunamis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-771-2020.
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Abstract. Although tsunamis generated by submarine mass failure are not as common as those induced by submarine earthquakes, sometimes the generated tsunamis are higher than a seismic tsunami in the area close to the tsunami source, and the forecast is much more difficult. In the present study, reciprocal Green's functions (RGFs) are proposed as a useful tool in the forecast of submarine landslide tsunamis. The forcing in the continuity equation due to depth change in a landslide is represented by the temporal derivative of the water depth. After a convolution with reciprocal Green's function, the tsunami waveform can be obtained promptly. Thus, various tsunami scenarios can be considered once a submarine landslide happens, and a useful forecast can be formulated. When a submarine landslide occurs, the various possibilities for tsunami generation can be analyzed and a useful forecast can be devised.
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Godin, O. A., V. G. Irisov, R. R. Leben, B. D. Hamlington, and G. A. Wick. "Variations in sea surface roughness induced by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 16, 2009): 1135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1135-2009.
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Abstract. Observations of tsunamis away from shore are critically important for improving early warning systems and understanding of tsunami generation and propagation. Tsunamis are difficult to detect and measure in the open ocean because the wave amplitude there is much smaller than it is close to shore. Currently, tsunami observations in deep water rely on measurements of variations in the sea surface height or bottom pressure. Here we demonstrate that there exists a different observable, specifically, ocean surface roughness, which can be used to reveal tsunamis away from shore. The first detailed measurements of the tsunami effect on sea surface height and radar backscattering strength in the open ocean were obtained from satellite altimeters during passage of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami. Through statistical analyses of satellite altimeter observations, we show that the Sumatra-Andaman tsunami effected distinct, detectable changes in sea surface roughness. The magnitude and spatial structure of the observed variations in radar backscattering strength are consistent with hydrodynamic models predicting variations in the near-surface wind across the tsunami wave front. Tsunami-induced changes in sea surface roughness can be potentially used for early tsunami detection by orbiting microwave radars and radiometers, which have broad surface coverage across the satellite ground track.
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Pakoksung, Kwanchai, Anawat Suppasri, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis of Inundated Buildings Following a Subaqueous Volcanic Explosion Based on the 1716 Tsunami Scenario in Taal Lake, Philippines." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020092.
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A probabilistic hazard analysis of a tsunami generated by a subaqueous volcanic explosion was performed for Taal Lake in the Philippines. The Taal volcano at Taal Lake is an active volcano on Luzon Island in the Philippines, and its eruption would potentially generate tsunamis in the lake. This study aimed to analyze a probabilistic tsunami hazard of inundated buildings for tsunami mitigation in future scenarios. To determine the probabilistic tsunami hazard, different explosion diameters were used to generate tsunamis of different magnitudes in the TUNAMI-N2 model. The initial water level in the tsunami model was estimated based on the explosion energy. The tsunami-induced inundation from the TUNAMI-N2 model was overlaid on the distribution of buildings. The tsunami hazard analysis of inundated buildings was performed by using the maximum inundation depth in each explosion case. These products were used to calculate the probability of the inundated building given the occurrence of a subaqueous explosion. The results from this study can be used for future tsunami mitigation if a tsunami is generated by a subaqueous volcanic explosion.
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Dohi, Yuji, Hiromitsu Nakamura, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara. "Development of the Japan Tsunami Hazard Information Station (J-THIS)." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0934.
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To promote effective disaster countermeasures against possible tsunamis in the future, an effective application of tsunami hazard information is important. However, there were insufficient systems available for utilizing and applying various tsunami hazard information. Based on this situation, we developed and have been improving the Japan Tsunami Hazard Information Station (J-THIS), an open Web system available as a public portal for providing tsunami hazard information based on the probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA). It provides tsunami hazard information through the following services: map services, data download services, and Web application programming interface (API) services. Based on the PTHA along the Nankai Trough, the J-THIS provides distributions of exceedance probability of tsunami heights for 30 years, tsunami hazard curves, earthquake fault models, tsunami heights for each earthquake fault model, and bathymetric charts. To illustrate the use of the J-THIS, understanding how existing coastal structures will protect us against tsunamis while enabling the local governments to set investment priorities in disaster risk reduction and resilience is key.
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Mano, Akira, Hitoshi Tanaka, and Keiko Udo. "DESTRUCTION MECHANISM OF COASTAL LEVEES ON THE SENDAI BAY COAST HIT BY THE 2011 TSUNAMI." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 9, 2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.14.
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A mega tsunami hit the Sendai Bay Coast on March 11, 2011, overtopped coastal levees and intruded into far inland while sweeping houses, people and others away. Eighty percent of the levees which rimmed the coast to protect the land from storm surges together with the wind waves were broken in various degrees of damage by the tsunami. The national and local governments decided to rebuild the levees to be durable even for mega tsunamis. This requirement motivates us to find the destruction mechanism of the coastal levees. We conducted field investigations and collected the tsunami records, aerial photos and tsunami videos. Especially, the video taken from the helicopter "Michinokugo" which flew along the Sendai Coast to the south during the attack of the tsunami’s leading wave enables us to see the breaking process. Integrated analysis leads to two step mechanisms of the destruction: the first step of breaking the upper structure of the levees by the surging bore of the leading wave and the second step of expanding erosion by the return flow concentration.
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Börner, T., M. Galletti, N. P. Marquart, and G. Krieger. "Concept study of radar sensors for near-field tsunami early warning." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2010): 1957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1957-2010.
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Abstract. Off-shore detection of tsunami waves is a critical component of an effective tsunami early warning system (TEWS). Even more critical is the off-shore detection of local tsunamis, namely tsunamis that strike coastal areas within minutes after generation. In this paper we propose new concepts for near-field tsunami early detection, based on innovative and up-to-date microwave remote sensing techniques. We particularly introduce the NESTRAD (NEar-Space Tsunami RADar) concept, which consists of a real aperture radar accommodated inside a stationary stratospheric airship providing continuous monitoring of tsunamigenic oceanic trenches.
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Bernard, Eddie, and Vasily Titov. "Improving Tsunami Forecast Skill Using Deep Ocean Observations." Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353223.
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Tsunamis are an ever-present threat to lives and property along the coasts of most of the world's oceans. The Sumatra tsunami of 26 December 2004, which killed over 230,000 people, compels us to be more proactive in developing ways to reduce tsunami impact on our global society. Since 1997, the United States has used a joint state/federal partnership to reduce tsunami hazards along US coastlines—the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. By integrating hazard assessment, warning guidance and mitigation activities, the program has created a roadmap and a set of tools to make communities more resilient to local and distant tsunamis. Among the tools are forecasting, educational programs, and design guidance for communities to become tsunami resilient. This article focuses on the technology required to produce accurate, reliable tsunami forecasts.
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Selva, J., A. Amato, A. Armigliato, R. Basili, F. Bernardi, B. Brizuela, M. Cerminara, et al. "Tsunami risk management for crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources in Italy." La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 44, no. 2 (February 2021): 69–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40766-021-00016-9.
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AbstractDestructive tsunamis are most often generated by large earthquakes occurring at subduction interfaces, but also other “atypical” sources—defined as crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources altogether—may cause significant tsunami threats. Tsunamis may indeed be generated by different sources, such as earthquakes, submarine or coastal landslides, volcano-related phenomena, and atmospheric perturbations. The consideration of atypical sources is important worldwide, but it is especially prominent in complex tectonic settings such as the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, or the Indonesian archipelago. The recent disasters in Indonesia in 2018, caused by the Palu-Sulawesi magnitude Mw 7.5 crustal earthquake and by the collapse of the Anak-Krakatau volcano, recall the importance of such sources. Dealing with atypical sources represents a scientific, technical, and computational challenge, which depends on the capability of quantifying and managing uncertainty efficiently and of reducing it with accurate physical modelling. Here, we first introduce the general framework in which tsunami threats are treated, and then we review the current status and the expected future development of tsunami hazard quantifications and of the tsunami warning systems in Italy, with a specific focus on the treatment of atypical sources. In Italy, where the memory of historical atypical events like the 1908 Messina earthquake or the relatively recent 2002 Stromboli tsunami is still vivid, specific attention has been indeed dedicated to the progressive development of innovative strategies to deal with such atypical sources. More specifically, we review the (national) hazard analyses and their application for coastal planning, as well as the two operating tsunami warning systems: the national warning system for seismically generated tsunamis (SiAM), whose upstream component—the CAT-INGV—is also a Tsunami Service Provider of the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning System (NEAMTWS) coordinated by the Intergovernmental Coordination Group established by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, and the local warning system for tsunamis generated by volcanic slides along the Sciara del Fuoco of Stromboli volcano. Finally, we review the state of knowledge about other potential tsunami sources that may generate significant tsunamis for the Italian coasts, but that are not presently considered in existing tsunami warning systems. This may be considered the first step towards their inclusion in the national tsunami hazard and warning programs.
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Rakowsky, N., A. Androsov, A. Fuchs, S. Harig, A. Immerz, S. Danilov, W. Hiller, and J. Schröter. "Operational tsunami modelling with TsunAWI – recent developments and applications." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 22, 2013): 1629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1629-2013.
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Abstract. In this article, the tsunami model TsunAWI (Alfred Wegener Institute) and its application for hindcasts, inundation studies, and the operation of the tsunami scenario repository for the Indonesian tsunami early warning system are presented. TsunAWI was developed in the framework of the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) and simulates all stages of a tsunami from the origin and the propagation in the ocean to the arrival at the coast and the inundation on land. It solves the non-linear shallow water equations on an unstructured finite element grid that allows to change the resolution seamlessly between a coarse grid in the deep ocean and a fine representation of coastal structures. During the GITEWS project and the following maintenance phase, TsunAWI and a framework of pre- and postprocessing routines was developed step by step to provide fast computation of enhanced model physics and to deliver high quality results.
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Sitinjak, King Princes Happy, Agiel Malik Ibrahim, Gusti Mahendra Putra, Teuku Mahlil, Nurul Fajar Januriyadi, and Teuku Muhammad Rasyif. "Probabilistic Analysis of the Tsunami Disaster on the Vulnerability Level of Buildings in Painan City, West Sumatra based on the Earthquake Ratio with the Logic Tree Method." E3S Web of Conferences 447 (2023): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344701010.
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Indonesia is an archipelagic country stretching from Sabang to Merauke and is located at the convergence of the most complex and active tectonic plates in the world, namely Eurasia, Indo-Australia, and the Pacific. One of the regions with a high probability of earthquakes and high tsunamis is the island of Sumatra, which lies between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates. Painan city is located in West Sumatra Province, where it is surrounded by three megathrust zones: the Nias-Simeulue segment, Mentawai-Siberut segment, and Mentawai-Pagai segment. These three megathrust zones, namely Nias-Simeulue with an estimated earthquake magnitude of 8.7 Mw, Mentawai-Siberut with an earthquake magnitude of 8.9 Mw, and Mentawai-Pagai with an earthquake magnitude of 8.9 Mw, can potentially cause tsunamis that may reach Painan city. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of seismic activity level variables and the ratio between large and small earthquakes on tsunami wave height using the logic tree method, assess the tsunami hazard potential using Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA), and evaluate the vulnerability of existing buildings in Painan city. Tsunami simulations in this study were conducted using the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) program, which applies the Shallow Water Equation (SWE). Additionally, the Building Tsunami Vulnerability (BTV) equation was used to calculate the vulnerability index of buildings based on their conditions and tsunami wave heights. The calculation of the BTV value for the tsunami height parameter was modified using fragility curves that depict the relationship between force and the probability of tsunami wave damage. From the simulation results, the tsunami height was obtained, which in turn determines the probability of tsunami hazard on buildings with return periods of 1000 and 4000 years. After the simulations, the Building Tsunami Vulnerability (BTV) calculation was performed to determine the vulnerability level of buildings to tsunamis.
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Tsushima, Hiroaki, and Yusaku Ohta. "Review on Near-Field Tsunami Forecasting from Offshore Tsunami Data and Onshore GNSS Data for Tsunami Early Warning." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0339.
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This paper reviews recent studies on methods of realtime forecasting for near-field tsunamis that use either offshore tsunami data or onshore global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data. Tsunami early warning systems for near-field coastal communities are vital because evacuation time before tsunami arrival is usually very short. We focus on forecasting between the occurrence of a tsunamigenic earthquake and the arrival of the first tsunami at a near-field coast – typically a few tens of minutes or less after the earthquake. Offshore tsunami measurement that provides coastal communities with direct information on impending tsunamis is very effective in providing reliable tsunami predictions. Crustal deformation due to coseismic slips at an earthquake fault detected by real-time GNSS analysis is quite useful in estimating fault expansion and the amount of slip, which in turn contributes to timely tsunami warnings, e.g., within 10 minutes, even for huge interplate earthquakes. Our review encompasses methods on the leading edge of research and those already in the process of being applied practically. We also discuss an effective combination of methods developed for mitigating tsunami disasters.
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Imamura, Fumihiko, and Ikuo Abe. "History and Challenge of Tsunami Warning Systems in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0267.
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History of development of Tsunami Warning System in Japan started in 1952 after the tsunami warning/forecast system formulated at Sanriku is introduced. The system estimated the earthquake epicenter and magnitude, and issued the forecast by referring to the tsunami forecast maps. In 1999, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has introduced the computer-aided simulation system for quantitative tsunami forecasting, in which tsunami arrival times and heights are simulated and stored in the database for forecasting tsunamis. The JMA has been further updating the system and now can issue the forecast 2 to 3 minutes after occurrence of an earthquake. By reviewing the response of the people for past tsunamis forecasting and information in an example case of the 2006 Kurile Earthquake tsunami, we discuss the issues such as accuracy, detail and canceling in order to improve the system.
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Lee, Juh-Whan, Jennifer L. Irish, and Robert Weiss. "NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON A TSUNAMI RUN-UP RESPONSE FUNCTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.currents.5.
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Since near-field-generated tsunamis can arrive within a few minutes to coastal communities and cause immense damage to life and property, tsunami forecasting systems should provide not only accurate but also rapid tsunami run-up estimates. For this reason, most of the tsunami forecasting systems rely on pre-computed databases, which can forecast tsunamis rapidly by selecting the most closely matched scenario from the databases. However, earthquakes not included in the database can occur, and the resulting error in the tsunami forecast may be large for these earthquakes. In this study, we present a new method that can forecast near-field tsunami run-up estimates for any combination of earthquake fault parameters on a real topography in near real-time, hereafter called the Tsunami Run-up Response Function (TRRF).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/tw1D29dDxmY
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Lee, Jun-Whan, Sun-Cheon Park, Duk Kee Lee, and Jong Ho Lee. "Tsunami arrival time detection system applicable to discontinuous time series data with outliers." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 9, 2016): 2603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2603-2016.
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Abstract. Timely detection of tsunamis with water level records is a critical but logistically challenging task because of outliers and gaps. Since tsunami detection algorithms require several hours of past data, outliers could cause false alarms, and gaps can stop the tsunami detection algorithm even after the recording is restarted. In order to avoid such false alarms and time delays, we propose the Tsunami Arrival time Detection System (TADS), which can be applied to discontinuous time series data with outliers. TADS consists of three algorithms, outlier removal, gap filling, and tsunami detection, which are designed to update whenever new data are acquired. After calibrating the thresholds and parameters for the Ulleung-do surge gauge located in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), Korea, the performance of TADS was discussed based on a 1-year dataset with historical tsunamis and synthetic tsunamis. The results show that the overall performance of TADS is effective in detecting a tsunami signal superimposed on both outliers and gaps.