Journal articles: 'Tswana'

1

Peters, Pauline E., I. Schapera, and John L. Comaroff. "The Tswana." International Journal of African Historical Studies 27, no. 1 (1994): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220996.

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Volz, Stephen. "Written On Our Hearts: Tswana Christians and the 'Word of God' in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." Journal of Religion in Africa 38, no. 2 (2008): 112–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006608x289657.

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AbstractThe adoption of Christianity by Tswana people in southern Africa during the nineteenth century generally involved being inspired in some way by stories and ideas presented in the Bible, but the role of Christian scripture varied according to local and personal circumstances. Although European missionaries introduced Christianity to the Tswana, they had little control over the different ways that early Tswana converts perceived, adapted and proclaimed the new teaching. This was particularly true among western and northern Tswana in the mid-nineteenth century before the extension of colonial rule into the interior, as many Tswana communities remained largely intact and were able to accommodate Christianity on their own terms. Rather than being simply a European-made tool, the 'lefoko la Modimo' (word of God) was also an expression of Tswana beliefs and aspirations, composed not on passive objects of missionary evangelism, colonial rule or scholarly inquiry 'but on tablets of human hearts'.

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JOHN MAKGALA, CHRISTIAN. "TAXATION IN THE TRIBAL AREAS OF THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1899–1957." Journal of African History 45, no. 2 (July 2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008697.

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This essay examines, through taxation, the relationship between British colonial administrators, Tswana Dikgosi (chiefs) and their subjects in the Bechuanaland Protectorate from 1899 to 1957. It argues that since Bechuanaland became a British territory through negotiations the Tswana rulers were able to protect their interests aggressively but with little risk of being deposed. Moreover, the Tswana succession system by primogeniture worked to their advantage whenever the British sought to replace them. Taxation was one arena where this was demonstrated. Although consultation between the Dikgosi, their subjects and the British was common, subordinate tribes sometimes fared badly under Tswana rule.

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4

Roberts, Simon. "The Tswana polity and ‘Tswana law and custom’ reconsidered." Journal of Southern African Studies 12, no. 1 (October 1985): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057078508708111.

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5

Maree, J. G. "An analysis of some factors that influence Tswana-speaking learners’ achievement in mathematics." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 22, no. 2/3 (September 26, 2003): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v22i2/3.213.

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Inadequate achievement in mathematics is a common phenomenon, especially among black learners where the problem is becoming critical. Tswana learners in the Mafikeng region find themselves in an educational situation that does not always promote the optimal actualisation of their personal potential. An outcome of this situation is inadequate achievement in mathematics. The aim of this study has inter alia been the exploration of the inadequate achievement in mathematics of Tswana learners in the Mafikeng region by administering a Diagnostic Test and a Learner Questionnaire. The cognitive and affective facets of the Tswana learner’s achievement in mathematics were measured. A remedial strategy specifically aimed at the Tswana learner in the Mafikeng region was subsequently devised.

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6

le Roux, J. C. "Demonstratief in Tswana." South African Journal of African Languages 8, no. 2 (January 1988): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1988.10586749.

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7

Snyman, P. H. R. "Die Langeberg-rebellie en die totstandkoming van Olifantshoek." New Contree 20 (July 4, 2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v20i0.737.

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The Northern Cape town of Olifantshoek was established early this century in an area previously inhabited by the Tswana. When Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885 the land of the indigenous inhabitants was limited to a number of reserves. When British Bechuanaland was incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1895, the reserves remained the property of the Tswana and could only be alienated with the consent of the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. Tswana opposition to White colonisation led to the Langeberg Rebellion of 1896-97, and through drastic government action the Tswana lost a further fifth of their land. The permission for this alienation had been easily obtained from the minister concerned. Farms in the confiscated reserves were surveyed and made available to White farmers. In the former Langeberg Reserve, situated in the south-west of Bechuanaland, a need arose from 1910 onwards for a centre to serve the growing farming community. This led to the laying out of lots at Olifantshoek in 1911 and the institution of a village management board in 1917.

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8

Huffman, Thomas N. "Archaeological evidence and conventional explanations of southern Bantu settlement patterns." Africa 56, no. 3 (July 1986): 280–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160685.

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Opening ParagraphThe settlements of Bantu-speaking people in Southern Africa vary widely in size and distribution, ranging from the dispersed homesteads of the Nguni to the large towns of the Tswana. These two extremes have interested Africanists since the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Europeans first encountered the Thlaping at Dithakong near present-day Kuruman. Today the contrast between Tswana and Nguni settlements are most often attributed to differences in social stratification, cultural preference or environmental conditions.These conventional explanations provide a focus for considering the meaning of settlement patterns among the southern Bantu. I first develop a model of political and settlement hierarchies to isolate the essential differences between Nguni and Tswana communities, and then I present archaeological evidence that calls into question the conventional explanations.

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9

Pretorius, Laurette, Biffie Viljoen, Ansu Berg, and Rigardt Pretorius. "Tswana finite state tokenisation." Language Resources and Evaluation 49, no. 4 (December 24, 2014): 831–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-014-9292-1.

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10

Khoza, Katijah, Lebogang Ramma, Munyane Mophosho, and Duduetsang Moroka. "Digit Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Tswana/English Speakers." South African Journal of Communication Disorders 55, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v55i1.766.

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The purpose of this study was to establish whether digit stimuli offer a more accurate measure for Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) testing when assessing first-language Tswana (or Setswana), second-language English speakers, as compared to an English word list (CID W-1) and a Tswana word list. Forty Tswana first language speaking participants (17 males and 23 females) aged between 18 and 25 years, participated in this study. All participants were undergraduate students at a tertiary institution in Johannesburg, Gauteng. This study utilized a quantitative single group correlation design which allowed for a comparison between three SRT scores (CID-SRT, T-SRT, and D-SRT). Participants underwent basic audiological assessment procedures comprising of otoscopy, tympanometry, conventional pure tone audiometry and SRT testing. SRT measures were established using monitored live voice testing. Basic audiometric data were descriptively analyzed to ensure that hearing function was with in normal limits, and PTA-SRT averages and means were calculated. Furthermore, analysis of the SRT-PTA correlation data was conducted through the use of the non-parametric Spearman's correlation co efficient and linear regression. Results from this study were statistically significant (p .05) and indicated that digit-pairs were not the most effective stimuli for establishing SRT, compared to the CIDW-1 and Tswana word lists. On the contrary, findings of the current study revealed that PTA-SRT comparison was best in Tswana (r= 0 .62), followed very closely by CID W-1 (r = 0.61), and lastly digit- pairs (r = 0.60). The results however, confirm the efficacy of using digit pairs as alternative stimuli when more appropriate speech stimuli for the establishment of SRT are unavailable, as the correlation between SRT for digit pairs and PTA was also a strong one (r= 0.60). Linear regression analyses indicated that all three lists were acceptable speech stimuli for the population under investigation with the standard error of estimate being significantly smaller than the 5dB-stepused to collect the data (1.62 for Tswana, 3.56 for CID W-1, and 3.80 for digit-pairs).

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11

Bolowe, Monosi Andries, Ketshephaone Thutwa, Phetogo Ineeleng Monau, Cosmas Malejane, and Patrick Monametsi Kgwatalala. "Production Characteristics and Management Practices of Indigenous Tswana Sheep in Southern Districts of Botswana." Animals 12, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070830.

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The aim of this study was to describe the indigenous Tswana sheep production systems, their management and farmers’ preferred selection traits when selecting breeding rams in four southern districts of Botswana. A total of 105 households; Kgatleng (n = 30), Kweneng (n = 27), southern (n = 24) and south–east (n = 24) districts were interviewed using structured questionnaire. An index-based approach was used to rank farmers’ most preferred traits for their production systems. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The Chi-square test was used to assess the statistical significance among categorical variables. The results indicated that indigenous Tswana sheep are mainly kept by males, single people, aged between 51 and 60 years possessing primary and secondary education. Management practices across the districts include castration, health care and supplementation mostly during the dry season. Superior fitness traits of indigenous Tswana rams over exotic rams were considered more important when selecting breeding rams in Kgatleng, Kweneng and south–east while in the southern district, rams were mainly selected based on body size. Most farmers kept breeding rams while those who did not keep rams depended on communal rams for service. This information is important in designing successful breeding programs and strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of indigenous Tswana sheep genetic resources.

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12

Zerbian, Sabine. "relative clause and its tones in Tswana." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.400.

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The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.

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13

Cole, Desmond T. "Old Tswana and new Latin." South African Journal of African Languages 10, no. 4 (January 1990): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1990.10586868.

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14

MOHR, SUSANNE. "Plural nouns in Tswana English." World Englishes 36, no. 4 (June 23, 2017): 705–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12246.

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15

Pretorius, R., D. P. Wissing, and J. C. Roux. "Front vowel variation in tswana." South African Journal of Linguistics 16, sup36 (December 1998): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.1998.9724404.

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16

Creissels, Denis. "Marques d'accord sans antécédent en tswana." Faits de langues 4, no. 8 (1996): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/flang.1996.1112.

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17

Creissels, Denis. "Auxiliaires et auxiliarisation : l'exemple du tswana." Faits de langues 6, no. 11 (1998): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/flang.1998.1213.

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18

CREISSELS, Denis. "Valence verbale et voix en tswana." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 371–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.97.1.503765.

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19

Schapera, I. "Early European Influences on Tswana Law." Journal of African Law 31, no. 1-2 (1987): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000930x.

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In the closing paragraph of his inaugural lecture Law and Language, Professor Allott referred to what he termed “a daunting obstacle” to the intensive study of African legal systems.That obstacle is the rapid disappearance, before our very eyes, of the traditional systems that we have proposed to study. A generation ago there would not have been that difficulty; but today the traditional tribunals have vanished in many African countries where their place has been taken by statutory local courts. Even where the traditional courts appear to have survived, at least in name, they are usually affected by the impact of western law and institutions and of central government control.Those words were written in 1965. How true and necessary they were is shown by the fact that more than fifty years previously—even more than “a generation ago”—the impact of “western” influences upon the Tswana peoples of the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now the Republic of Botswana) had already led to many changes in the indigenous legal system, although, at that time, the “traditional courts” still survived virtually intact and not merely “in name”.The nature and extent of those changes can be readily ascertained by the fortunate chance that, there are still available the records of approximately 470 cases tried, over a period of six and a half years, in the highest traditional court of the Ngwaketse, a major Tswana chiefdom.

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20

Reid, Andrew, Paul Lane, Alinah Segobye, Lowe Borjeson, Nonofo Mathibidi, and Princess Sekgarametso. "Tswana architecture and responses to colonialism." World Archaeology 28, no. 3 (February 1997): 370–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1997.9980354.

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21

Haram, Liv. "Tswana medicine in interaction with biomedicine." Social Science & Medicine 33, no. 2 (January 1991): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90177-e.

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22

Madibela, O. R., I. Raditedu, T. D. Pelaelo-Grand, J. Macala, and B. M. Mosimanyana. "Performance of Botswana composite breed and indigenous breeds under feedlot and grazing conditions." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011066.

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The Botswana Composite Breed (BCB) was developed by Dept. of Agricultural Research to mitigate problems of small herds that could not sustain crossbreeding programs. The breed has 47.5% Sanga, 22.6% Zebu and 29.9% Bos taurus blood. Indigenous Tswana cattle are 40% of the national herd (Masilo and Podisi 2001), indicating an erosion of local genetic material. Tswana cattle are small framed and are prejudiced by the Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) weight-based pricing system in favour of large-framed cattle. Lack of carcass characterization of indigenous cattle contributes to the above situation. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of BCB and other indigenous breeds under feedlot and grazing conditions in order to promote their attributes.

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23

Schaefer, Ronald P. "Motion in Tswana and its characteristic lexicalization." Studies in African Linguistics 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 58–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v16i1.107508.

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Characteristic patterns for the lexicalization of motion in Tswana, a Southeastern Bantu language, are explored. Examination of constraints governing classes of verb roots referring to motion events reveals two of the typological patterns put forward by Talmy [1984] for the lexicalization of motion in natural language. The distinguishing feature of each pattern lies in the particular semantic elements incorporated in a main clause verb root. The fact of Motion and Manner/Cause are incorporated in the verb root when lexicalizing complex location-motion events. However, when lexicalizing complex motion events of a directional nature, as well as both locational- and directional- motion events of a less complex nature, the verb root incorporates the fact of Motion and the Path which a moving object takes.

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CORLETT, J. T. "Minimum muscular fitness of urban Tswana children." Child: Care, Health and Development 11, no. 1 (January 1985): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1985.tb00448.x.

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25

Zerbian, Sabine. "A guide to tones in Tswana locatives." South African Journal of African Languages 31, no. 2 (January 2011): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2011.10587369.

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Arens, W. "Changing imagery: The Tswana of South Africa." Reviews in Anthropology 14, no. 4 (September 1987): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1987.9977842.

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De Villers, F. P. R. "The Growth Pattern of Adolescent Tswana Schoolchildren." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 33, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/33.3.143.

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28

Khare*, K. B., Loeto D., Wale K., and Salani M. "Seed-borne fungi of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides in Botswana." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.005.

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Seeds of three cowpea cultivars namely Black eye, ER 7 and Tswana obtained from the Department of Agriculture Research, Gaborone were tested for the presence of seed-borne fungi, and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides. Four hundred fifty seeds of each cultivar of cowpea were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and washed three times with sterile distilled water before placing them in PDA plates (5 seeds/9 cm Petri plate), incubated at 22±2o C for 12 hour each under continuous light and dark. A total of eight fungi were detected from seeds of cowpea. These were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium equisiti, F. oxyaporum, Penicillium chyrosogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus and R. stolonifer. Rhizopus spp. were dominant fungi recovered from seeds, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon. The fungi detected resulted in decay and rotting of seeds, and thereby reducing percentage germination of seeds (22%, 37% and 63 % seed germination in Black eye, ER7 and Tswana varieties of cowpea respectively). Out of four fungicides tested, benlate, captan, dithane M 45 and chlorothalanil. Dithane M45 effectively controlled seed-borne fungi, and enhanced seed germination to an average of 86% (93% germination with no fungi detected in Tswana variety) as compared to chlorothalonile (79%), benlate and captan (77%) and un-treated seeds (45%). The fungal incidence was reduced to 2.3%, 4.3%, 5.3% and 5.3% when seeds were treated with dithane M-45, chlorothalonil, benlate and captan respectively as compared to 62% in non-treated seeds.

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29

Mpofu, Ntombizakhe. "Conservation of the Tswana cattle breed in Botswana." Animal Genetic Resources Information 20 (April 1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000845.

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SummaryThe Tswana cattle breed is indigenous to Botswana. Its popularity and numbers in the national herd is declining due to crossbreeding. This paper presents results of work done so far to characterise the breed for milk and beef production and describes the current breed conservation program. Suggestions on more characterisation work and improvement on the conservation program are given.

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30

Kololo, Peggy, and Ethelbert E. Kari. "Politeness in Language Use in Tswana Kgotla Meetings." Studies in Linguistics 59 (April 30, 2021): 215–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..59.202104.215.

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31

Monau, P. I., C. Visser, S. J. Nsoso, and E. Van Marle-Köster. "Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous Tswana goats." South African Journal of Animal Science 48, no. 5 (January 10, 2019): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v48i5.12.

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32

Creissels, Denis. "Prépositions issues de déictiques locatifs : l'exemple du tswana." Faits de langues 5, no. 9 (1997): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/flang.1997.1142.

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33

Parpart, Jane L., and Kevin Shillington. "The Colonisation of the Southern Tswana, 1870-1900." American Historical Review 92, no. 3 (June 1987): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1870026.

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34

Creissels, Denis. "L'emploi asubjectal de formes verbales passives en tswana." L Information Grammaticale 62, no. 1 (1994): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.1994.3096.

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35

Gulbrandsen, ORNULF. "Missionaries and Northern Tswana Rulers: Who Used Whom?" Journal of Religion in Africa 23, no. 1-4 (1993): 44–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006693x00030.

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36

Krüger, C. J. H. "Notes on morphology with special reference to Tswana." South African Journal of African Languages 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1994.10587025.

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37

Pretorius, Rigardt, Biffie Viljoen, and Laurette Pretorius. "A finite-state morphological analysis of Tswana nouns." South African Journal of African Languages 25, no. 1 (January 2005): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2005.10587248.

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TURRELL, ROB. "The Colonisation of the Southern Tswana 1870-1900." African Affairs 85, no. 341 (October 1986): 633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097836.

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Wissing, Daan, and Rigardt Pretorius. "Voiceless plosives of tswana: An acoustic–perceptual investigation." South African Journal of Linguistics 14, sup34 (December 1996): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.1996.9724095.

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van Rooy, Bertus, Daan Wissing, and Manie van den Heever. "The Perception of the Vowels Of Tswana-English." South African Journal of Linguistics 18, sup38 (December 2000): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.2000.9724566.

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Kgari-Masondo, Maserole C. "Sotho-Tswana mythic animals: Stratagem for environmental conservation." New Contree 71 (December 30, 2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v71i0.195.

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This article argues that pre-colonial indigenous knowledge placed restrictions on the use of certain animals and perceived them as sacred. This policy was often successful as several species of wildlife are to be found “in many black African areas” today. Communities with chiefs worked together to ensure preservation of sacred animals. Such sacred animals had mythological connotations attached to them – with the purpose of preservation of such fauna. The article deals with the mythic animals among the indigenous Sotho- Tswana group of South Africa and expounds their roles and how they were perceived by the community under study throughout history in a dynamic manner. The article proposes the defiance of some colonial-time interpretations of mythic animals as “superstitious” and “a belief in magic”. It contends that journeying back to the colonial and apartheid era by retelling, reinterpreting and redefining mythic animals showing the history in a changing historical manner will be a step towards a dynamic study of socio-environmental history of sacred animals. The approach of the article is multi-disciplinary drawing from religion, environment, history, linguistics, philosophy, psychology and Africanist genre to show that, mythic animalistic history is not a closed official document as received in the frontier but is dynamic.

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42

Snyman, P. H. R. "The colonisation of the Southern Tswana 1870-1900." New Contree 20 (July 4, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v20i0.731.

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Nsoso, S. J., S. Mosweu, L. Malela, and B. Podisi. "A survey on population, distribution, management and utilisation of indigenous Tswana pigs in Southern Botswana." Animal Genetic Resources Information 34 (April 2004): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001760.

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SummaryIndigenous Tswana pigs are mostly found in Southern Botswana. There is concern that the breed may become extinct due to the low usage of the breed and the lack of implementation of a comprehensive conservation strategy. The objectives of this study were to identify places where indigenous Tswana pigs are kept in Gaborone Agricultural Region and document the numbers, distribution, management and utilisation of these pigs. A formal questionnaire was administered to all indigenous pig farmers who could be identified. The data was analysed using procedure frequency in Statistical System Analysis. A total of 51 indigenous pig farmers were interviewed, of these 71%, 16% and 14% were in Southeast, Kgatleng and Kweneng districts respectively. Only one farmer kept crossbreeds with the majority keeping pure indigenous Tswana. A total of 124 sows, 23 boars, 32 castrates and 211 piglets were counted in this region. All the pigs were kept under the communal system. None of the farmers surveyed kept records and they exhibited limited knowledge of pig farming and improved management. Pigs were kept for home consumption with very few sold, given out as gifts or loaned out. Pig fat was used as a by-product to make soap and a lubricant in traditional leather rope making. The farmers’ perception of indigenous pigs is good; they claim that the pigs posses traits of economic importance such as high heat and drought tolerance, which are of great significance in the harsh climatic conditions of Botswana. There is a need to undertake conservation efforts for this breed given that it survives and reproduces under harsh climatic conditions and sub-standard management. More research and further action is required to increase the production of this breed.

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James, Deborah, and Geoffrey Nkadimeng. "‘A Sentimental Attachment to the Neighbourhood’: African Christians and Land Claims in South Africa." Itinerario 27, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300020854.

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As part of its attempt to understand ‘an apartheid of souls’, this volume is concerned to show how mission activity, particularly that of European-based churches with close links to the expansion of Dutch/Calvinist influence, may have nurtured the local construction of race or ethnic difference in Indonesian and South African society. One well-known account of Christianity in South Africa shows how the interaction between mission and missionised produced a sharply dichotomised sense - experienced by the Tshidi Tswana as the contrast between setsivana and segoa - of difference between indigenous and imported culture. While this shows how processes devoted to undermining it may paradoxically strengthen a sense of cultural identity, what it does not yield is a sense of how Christianity, appropriated within Tswana and other African societies, furnished a means of marking internal distinctions of social class, dovetailing in unexpected ways with ethnic difference. It is such divisions - potently fusing class with ethnicity and having crucial implications for the ownership, reclaiming, and use of land - with which the present paper is concerned.

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Senyatso, E. K., and B. S. Masilo. "ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA." Animal Genetic Resources Information 17 (April 1996): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000572.

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RESUMECet article fait le point sur l'état des ressources génétiques animales du Botswana, notamment après plusieurs années de sécheresse. Sont également présentés les résultats de comparaison des performances des principales races locales entre elles, avec des races importées et avec des animaux croisés. Grâce à leur grande adaptation aux conditions locales, les animaux de race Tswana restent les plus productifs.

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46

Creissels, Denis. "Tswana locatives and their status in the inversion construction." Africana Linguistica 17, no. 1 (2011): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2011.993.

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47

Krüger, C. J. H. "Non-structural (anaphoric) semantic relations with reference to Tswana." South African Journal of African Languages 6, no. 4 (January 1986): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1986.10586668.

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48

Louw, J. A., and Rosalie Finlayson. "Southern Bantu origins as represented by Xhosa and Tswana." South African Journal of African Languages 10, no. 4 (January 1990): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1990.10586873.

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49

Mosaka, Naledi M. "Stress assignment in syllabic structures in Xhosa and Tswana." South African Journal of African Languages 20, no. 2 (January 2000): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2000.10587424.

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50

Pauw, B. A. "Widows and ritual danger in Sotho and Tswana communities." African Studies 49, no. 2 (January 1990): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020189008707728.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tswana'

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