Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters"

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Zhao, Gang Yao, Yu Li Liu, and He Yang. "Numerical Simulation on Influence of Clearance and Friction on Wrinkling in Bending of Aluminum Alloy Rectangular Tubes." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.833.

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The clearance and friction have large influence on wrinkling in rotary draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube. In this paper, a three-dimension Al FEM model of rotary draw bending of thin-walled rectangular tube is built under the ABAQUS/ Explicit environment. Based on the model, simulation and analysis of rotary draw bending for aluminum alloy 3A21 thin-walled rectangular tube have been carried out. The results show that the height of wrinkling wave decreases obviously with the decrease of the clearance between mandrel and tube or with the increase of the friction coefficient between wiper die and tube; however, the effect of friction coefficient on wrinkling becomes weaker while increasing the clearance between mandrel and tube. The achievements of this study provide a guideline for determining the process parameters for thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary draw bending process.
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Safdarian, R. "Experimental and numerical investigation of wrinkling and tube ovality in the rotary draw bending process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 16 (May 19, 2019): 5568–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219850857.

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The tube wrinkling, ovality, and fracture are the main defects in the rotary draw bending process, which happen by incorrect selection of process parameters. In the present study, the wrinkling, fracture, and ovality of BS 3059 steel tube in the rotary draw bending were investigated using the experimental tests and the finite element method. The numerical results were verified using the experimental tests for tube ovality prediction. The tube fracture was predicted using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model in the rotary draw bending numerical simulations. The design of experiment based on the response surface method and the finite element method was used to investigate the effects of rotary draw bending parameters such as boosting velocity of pressure die, mandrel position, number of balls, and pressure of pressure die on the wrinkling, fracture, and tube ovality. The experimental and numerical results indicated that the mandrel position was one of the main parameters, which influence the tube ovality. The tube ovality and wrinkling increased with the increase in the mandrel position.
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Lăzărescu, L. "Numerical and experimental study on rotary draw bending of aluminium alloy tubes." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.2.2011.1.5.

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Abstract In this paper a 3D finite element model of the bending process for circular aluminium alloy tube has been built using the explicit code eta/Dynaform and validated by comparing the experiments. The experiments were carried out by using a hand bender with the same bending principle as a rotary draw numerical controlled (NC) bender. The relationship between quality parameters of bent tubes, in terms of cross-section distortion and wall thinning, and the angular position along the bent tube is discussed experimentally in combination with FE simulation. Then, the effects of bending radius (R) are investigated using simulation of the bending process based on the finite element model. The results show that with the increase of bending radius, the cross-section degradation factor (Ψ) and wall thinning degree (ξ) decreases rapidly.
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Xing, Zhong Wen, Zhi Wei Xu, Hong Liang Yang, and Cheng Xi Lei. "Numerical Research on High-Strength Rectangular Section Steel Tube in Rotary-Draw Bending." Key Engineering Materials 620 (August 2014): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.620.417.

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A finite element model of high-strength rectangular section steel tube in rotary-draw bending is established to study the stress and strain in the bending process. Based on control variate method, this paper analyzes the influence laws of three geometric parameters on rotary-draw bending. The results show that bending radius is the most important factor, forming property increases significantly with the increase of bending radius, the trends of cracking and wrinkling are all decreased. The thickness of wall has influence on the strain of inwall, thinner tube may cause crack and wrinkle. Fillet radius has no effect on ektexine, the strain of inwall decreases slightly with the increase of fillet radius.
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Zhu, Xia, Keiji Ogi, and Nagatoshi Okabe. "Study on Wrinkles during Rotary-Draw Bending Forming." Materials Science Forum 943 (January 2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.943.43.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the state inside the material using finite-element analysis and to improve the performance of a rotary-draw bending forming by clarifying the mechanism of wrinkle generation. An analytical model of rotational drawing was made by using the general-purpose nonlinear finite-element analysis software MSC Marc, and the analytical results were compared with experimental results to verify the validity of the model. Furthermore, the mechanism of wrinkle generation was investigated. With the progress of processing, wrinkles occur not in the R part but in the original tube-side straight-tube part. The coefficient of friction between the tube material and the R portion of the bending mold promotes the occurrence of wrinkles and the growth of the generated wrinkles. Because wrinkles occur even if the friction coefficient between the tube material and bending mold R part is ignored, the generation condition of wrinkles also depends on parameters other than the friction coefficient.
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Lai, Yi Nan, Sheng Le Ren, G. Y. Zhang, and Gang Feng Liu. "Study on Forming Quality Control of Bending Tube in Power Station Boiler." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.409.

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A FEM-numerical simulation system is developed to simulate the process of rotary draw bending of tube. The emphasis is to discuss some factors such as tube materials, bending moment of fan-shaped die, pushing force of sliding slot and tube relative bending radius which have an effect on tube bending quality. The quality parameters of ovality, thinning ratio and thickening ratio are the same as the measurement values in the practical production. Some improved methods are put forward to according to the simulation results. The experiment shows that the simulation system can forecast accurately the deformation in the process of tube bending, so the production manufacturing cost decreases greatly.
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Zhao, Gang Yao, Yu Li Liu, Shan Tian, and He Yang. "Side Wrinkling Characteristics in Rotary-Draw Bending Process of Thin-Walled Rectangular 3A21 Tube." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.356.

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Side wrinkling may be produced during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular 3A21 aluminum alloy tube if the process parameters are inappropriate. To study the side wrinkling behavior, a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment. Then, the side wrinkling characteristics of the tube were investigated. The results show that the side wrinkling wave height in the inner edge of the tube is smaller than that in the out edge of the tube, and the side wrinkling wave height in the neutral layer of the tube is minimal. With the bending process, the side wrinkling wave goes through producing, developing and stabilizing three stages in turn. After bending angle reached 30°, the side wrinkling wave height keeps almost unchanged. Furthermore, the number of the half side wrinkling wave increases evenly.
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Safdarian, R., and A. Kord. "Experimental investigation of effective parameters in the tube rotary draw bending process." Materials Research Express 6, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 066531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab0c36.

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Ku, Tae-Wan, Jin-Hyun Cha, Yu-Beom Kim, Ok-Gyu Kwak, Won-Seok Kim, and Beom-Soo Kang. "A study on process parameters for cold U-bending of SUS304L heat transfer tube using rotary draw bending." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 3053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-013-0825-0.

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Sözen, Levent, Mehmet A. Guler, Deniz Bekar, and Erdem Acar. "Investigation and prediction of springback in rotary-draw tube bending process using finite element method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 12 (March 2, 2012): 2967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212440672.

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Rotary-draw tube bending operation is one of the most universal methods used for the tube forming processes. Similar to the other forming methods, some problems such as wall thinning, cross-section distortion, wrinkling, and springback can also be seen on the tubes formed by rotary-draw bending operations. Springback is a very common problem and its prediction plays a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of the tube bending operations and also to overcome the difficulties in the assembly processes. Tube diameter, wall thickness, bend radius, bend angle, and coefficient of friction can be considered as the most effective parameters that cause the variation of springback magnitude. In this study, not a simple one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis, but a thorough investigation of the springback phenomena involving interactions between the geometrical and mechanical parameters is done and surrogate models are developed via the data obtained from finite element analysis using a multi-purpose explicit and implicit finite element software LS-DYNA to analyze the non-linear response of structures. The constructed surrogate models can be utilized to perform fast prediction of springback for a given combination of parameters. Three different surrogate modeling techniques are exploited and it is found that the linear polynomial response surface approximations can provide acceptable accuracy. Finally, experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of surrogate models. It is observed that the cross-validation error predictions are close to the errors observed in the experiments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters"

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Poljak, Peter. "Průzkum a definice mezních parametrů ohybu u stabilizačních tyčí automobilu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230518.

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Submitted master’s thesis deals with rotary draw bending of tubes as a subprocess of automobile’s stabilizer bar production. The main goal of the thesis is to clarify the influence of the process parameters of the bend on the resulting shape and properties of the product. Submitted thesis includes theoretical description of the chosen tube bending technology, description of defects and possibilities of their removal. The description of the bending machine used for stabilizer bars production is done afterwards. Practical part of the thesis includes experiments clarifying influence of parameters on the resulting shape of the stabilizer bar.
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Maleček, Michal. "Limitní parametry technologie ohýbání dílců z trubek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231684.

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Currently, rotary draw bending is frequently used method in industry. Nevertheless, it has been limited for long time by different types of defects. Submitted thesis deals with the study of the influence the bending radius and wall thickness on the quality of bent. Practical part of the thesis includes experimental rotary draw bending of tubes. The work also solves determining actual values of the wall thickness; ovality, bent shapes, the section modulus in bending and the neutral axis of the tube On the basis of evaluation of criteria are then set the parameters of permissible bend
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Brabec, Martin. "Vliv výrobních parametrů na plasticitu konstrukční oceli." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416434.

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The master thesis deals with the influence of heat treatment and storage time on microstructure and mechanical properties of 26MnB5 steel, which is used in the production of tubular components in the quenched and tempered state. The objective was to increase the plasticity of the steel by the definition of new process parameters of the induction heat treatment line. New tempering diagrams of 26MnB5 steel for two various speeds of the heat treatment line were established and used to determine new tempering temperature and speed of the heat treatment line. Observation of the influence of storage time on mechanical properties of the steel did not reveal that it is liable to ageing.
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Köseoğlu, Seda, and Hasan Parlak. "Capacity calculator of rotary draw tube bending." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19807.

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Plastic  deformation of tubes can be achieved in numerous ways. One of the most useful type is CNC tube bending machines which is used in many industries such as aerospace, automotive, HVAC systems and so on. It is important that all components of system should mate properly after producing and because of this bend shaping requires sensitive operation on each components to ensure regularity of production processes with high quality end-product. Thus, the CNC tube bending industry to become widespread. However it brings some troubleshooting like wrinkling, springback, breakage and ovalisation. This failures depends on geometry of the material such as bending radius, tube thickness and also friction factor between dies and the tube. Effects of all parameters should be examined before generating the theory for a best solution. Therefore, prediction of the required moment for the proper bending process with low cost and shortened production time is needed. All of these requirements can be achieved through a C++ form application program.
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Raheem, Hassan Hassan [Verfasser]. "Plasto-Mechanical Model of Tube Bending in Rotary Draw Bending Process / Hassan Raheem Hassan." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178209/34.

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Dere, Fatih. "Experimental And Finite Element Analysis Of Rotary Draw Tube Bending Process." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615433/index.pdf.

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Rotary draw bending, which has very good flexibility and easy tooling, is one of the most preferred bending types for tubular profiles. Cross-section distortion and the spring-back phenomena are commonly faced problems in bending processes. Spring-back is the inevitable problem that is to be solved by manufacturer, generally by overbending. For hollow tubes cross-section distortion is another difficulty since using hollow tubes results in higher strain rates and distortions. During the process the thickness of the hollow tube at the inner surface, which is contacting with the die, increases and the thickness of the tube at the outer surface decreases. Wrinkling is another important defect that occurs at the inner surface of the tube in large diameter thin walled tube bendings. This research compares the experimental results with the finite element analysis of the rotary draw bending process. The aim is to obtain bending characteristics of the two material types, SS304 and St37 and so, to reduce the number of the bending in manufacturing. The main parameters in rotary draw bending process are the bending angle, bend radius, material properties and the geometry of the tube that is to be bent. In this study, to deal with the process, two different materials, three different bending angles and three different tube geometries are used in experiments as well as in finite element analysis. In finite element analysis explicit method is used. It is seen that the experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical results.
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Šrom, Jan. "Analýza procesu ohybu trubky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318754.

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Master thesis analyzes rotary draw bending of the tubes without using a mandrel. Bending process is accompanied by many defects due to large displacement of formed material. One of the major defects is flattering of the cross section also called ovality. In order to decrease ovality comes up a proposal of the changes to the tool design. Modifications of tool’s geometry are numerically analyzed by finite element method in software ANSYS. According to the results of the simulations an optimized pressure die is manufactured. Several experimental tests are accomplished to verify the effect of the optimized tool design. Approximately 100 bends confirm a decrease of ovality using modified pressure die.
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Xue, Xin. "Modelling and control of twist springback in lightweight automotive structures with complex cross-sectional shape." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17766.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica
Este trabalho é dedicado à investigação dos mecanismos / fontes de retorno elástico torsional em estruturas automóveis leves e à identificação de formas de controlar este problema. Em primeiro lugar, para garantir uma correta modelação do retorno elástico torsional, foram utlizados os resultados de vários ensaios do material, incluindo diferentes solicitações de carga/descarga, assim como a utilização de modelos constitutivos adequados. O comportamento mecânico dos materiais submetidos a trajetórias simples e complexas de carga é descrito utilizando leis de encruamento e critérios de plasticidade anisotrópicos. Foi desenvolvido um novo dispositivo de ensaios de corte para os aços DP para realização de ensaios de inversão de carga. Foram realizados testes cíclicos de carga-descarga-carga de tração uniaxial e biaxial assim como testes de dobragem em três pontos em material pré -deformado com vista à determinação da degradação do módulo de elasticidade com o aumento de deformação plástica. O efeito da trajetória de deformação na determinação do valor inicial do módulo de elasticidade e a sua degradação foram registados e analisados. Em segundo lugar, foram selecionados como casos de estudo dois processos clássicos de deformação plástica de metais, nomeadamente embutidura de chapas de aço DP e dobragem por matriz rotativa de tubos de alumínio de parede fina e secção assimétrica, devido ao seu evidente efeito de retorno elástico torsional. Foi proposta uma definição melhorada de retorno elástico torsional baseada nos eixos principais de inércia da secção transversal. A relação entre o momento de torção e ângulo de torção foi introduzida para explicar a ocorrência de retorno elástico torsional. Para melhorar a robustez dos modelos numéricos, foram realizadas várias técnicas de modelação, incluindo a identificação de coeficiente de atrito, a restrição de acoplamento da superfície para mandril flexível utilizando um elemento conector articulado, e a correlação de imagens digitais. O mecanismo de retorno elástico torsional foi analisado tendo em conta a evolução de estado plano de tensão e a trajetória de deformação nos componentes após a enformação por deformação plástica. Em terceiro lugar, foi analisada e discutida a sensibilidade dos modelos constitutivos de materiais no que diz respeito à precisão da previsão do retorno elástico torsional. Além disso, foi investigada a influência dos parâmetros do processo de embutidura profunda (direção de material, “blank-piercing” e lubrificação) e dos parâmetros numéricos do processo de dobragem de tubos (restrição dos limites do mandril flexível e atrito nas zonas de contacto) no retorno elástico torsional. Finalmente, foram propostas duas estratégias de controlo para o processo de embutidura profunda, com base no raio da curvatura da matriz variável e na posição dos freios, para reduzir o retorno elástico torsional de duas peças “Cchannel” e “P-channel”, respetivamente. No caso de dobragem de tubos, o controlo do retorno elástico torsional foi alcançado pela otimização da função do mandril e inclusão de um assistente de impulso de carga. Estas estratégias de controlo, baseadas em FEA, apresentam-se como métodos alternativos para a redução do momento torsor e do retorno elástico torsional em termos de aplicações específicas.
This work is devoted to the investigation of the mechanism/source of twist springback in lightweight automotive structures and to the identification of ways to control this problem. Firstly, to ensure accurate twist springback modelling, a reliable test data of material behaviours under various loading /unloading conditions as well as appropriate constitutive models are necessary. The anisotropic yield criteria and hardening models were adopted to characterize the material behaviours under monotonic and complex strain paths. An enhanced simple shear device was developed to obtain the stress-strain behaviour under reversal loading of DP steels. Uniaxial and biaxial loadingunloading- loading cycle tests and the proposed three-point bend test with prestrained sheets, were conducted to determine the elastic modulus degradation with the increase of plastic strain. A significant effect of the loading strategy on the determination of the initial and the degradation of elastic modulus was observed and discussed. Secondly, two typical metal forming processes, namely deep drawing of DP steel sheets and mandrel rotary draw bending of asymmetric thin-walled aluminium alloy tube, were selected as case studies due to their evident twist springback. A more reasonable definition of twist springback with respect to the principal inertia axes of the cross-sections was proposed. The relationship between torsion moment and twist angle was introduced to explain the occurrence of twist springback. Several key modelling techniques including the friction coefficient identification, surface-based coupling constraint for flexible mandrel using HINGE connector element and digital image correlation were performed for improving the robustness of the numerical models. The mechanism of twist springback was analysed from the evolution of in-plane stress and deformation history in the components after forming. Thirdly, the sensitivities of material constitutive models to the accuracy of twist springback prediction were analysed and discussed. The influence of deep drawing process parameters (material direction, blank piercing and lubrication) and numerical parameters of tube bending (boundary constraint for flexible mandrel and interfacial friction) on twist springback are provided. Finally, two control strategies for deep drawing process, based on variable die radius and partial draw bead design, were proposed to reduce the twist springback of the C-channel and the P-channel, respectively. In case of tube bending, the control of twist springback was reached by the optimization of mandrel nose placement and inclusion of push assistant loading. These FEAbased control strategies appear to be alternative methods to reduce the unbalance torsion moment and the twist springback in terms of particular case.
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Po-JuiChiu and 邱柏叡. "Study on Process Defect Simulation of Tube Rotary Draw Bending with Auxiliary Pushing Device." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kfrny2.

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Varma, N. Siva Prasad. "A Numerical Study Of Localized Necking During Forming Of Aluminium Alloy Tubes Using A Continuum Damage Model." Thesis, 2004. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1238.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters"

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Khodayari, G. "Pre-forming: tube rotary draw bending and pre-flattening/crushing in hydroforming." In Hydroforming for Advanced Manufacturing, 181–201. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845694418.2.181.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tube bending; rotary draw bending; bending parameters"

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Liu, Kuanxin, Shunqi Zheng, and Gang Chen. "The effects of process parameters on forming limit of rectangular tube in rotary draw bending process." In 2016 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmme-16.2016.84.

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Hong, Zhan, Shu Dayu, Yu Maolin, Wu Yang, Chai Shuxin, Wang Yanbin, Li Fei, and Liu Yuli. "Study on the Influence of Process Parameters on Wall Thickness Variation of H96 Waveguide Tube in Rotary Draw Bending." In 2020 3rd World Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing (WCMEIM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcmeim52463.2020.00071.

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Xue, Xin, Juan Liao, Gabriela Vincze, and Jose J. Gracio. "Optimization of an asymmetric thin-walled tube in rotary draw bending process." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850165.

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Mayer, Robert R., Dino Oliveira, and Michael Worswick. "S-Rail Sled Testing of Rotary Draw Bent and Hydroformed Aluminum Tubes." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66516.

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This report provides detailed test results for the aluminum S-rail form & crash project. We considered the effect of rotary draw bending, and rotary draw bending plus hydroforming, and their effect on mean crush force, maximum crush force, and maximum bending moment for aluminum s-rails. The use of our sled test setup resulted in accurate, repeatable test results with no end plate welding. The R/D (center bend radius/tube diameter) used were 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. Tubes were hydroformed from the circular shape into a square tube with rounded corners. Annealed tubes were used to isolate the forming effects to thickness changes alone.
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Johansson, Joel. "A Flexible Design Automation System for Toolsets for the Rotary Draw Bending of Aluminium Tubes." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34310.

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For parts suppliers in the manufacturing industry, the process of preliminary production preparation and the subsequent calculation of offers are critical business activities. A vital part of production preparation is the design of fixtures and tooling necessary for many processes of metal forming. In order for a company to give quick responses to customer enquiries or changes in prior specifications, it would be highly beneficial with a degree of automation in this design process. This implies the development of a computer based system able to capture existing design procedures and associated knowledge for the classes of tooling required for the forming process. In this work, an implementation for the rotary draw bending of aluminum tubing has been done to exemplify how to develop an automated design system. The system is based on heuristic knowledge developed over many years of practical experience, knowledge analytically derived from fundamental theory found in scientific literature, and rules based on empirical data from trial manufacturing. The system applies knowledge to a given specification that a skilled engineer otherwise would do manually. The system output can be used to evaluate whether a tube is producible. The main idea behind the system is to use knowledge objects containing information on inputs, outputs, constraints and what software are used to implement the knowledge pieces. This approach makes the system highly flexible and allows for multiple types of knowledge that might overlap. When an offering calculation is wanted, the system is set to run applicable knowledge objects for presented input data. Other objects are run when an accurate calculation for detailing is wanted for a more detailed set of input data. The system is built on readily available commercial software packages connected with a simple Visual Basic .Net program. When building a system of this kind, it is essential that the knowledge documentation and structure be such that the functions of the system can be easily understood by the users of the system and by future developers. Aspects of user friendliness, transparency and scalability are addressed in the summary of this paper.
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DONG, W. Q., Y. L. LIU, G. Y. ZHAO, and H. YANG. "ESTABLISHMENT OF SPRINGBACK PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE ROTARY-DRAW BENDING OF THIN-WALLED RECTANGULAR TUBE CONSIDERING VARIATION OF YOUNG'S MODULUS." In Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324052_0035.

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Zhang, Shi-hong, Han Xiao, Jin-song Liu, and Ming Cheng. "Numerical and Experimental Research on Warm Tension-Rotation Bending of Extruded AZ31 Profile." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50120.

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Magnesium alloy profiles have attracted more and more attention in automobile and aerospace industries. The rotary draw bending process is suitable to form profiles. A bending test machine is developed to conduct AZ31 profile bending experiment. A 3D elastic-plastic thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model is established and validated by experiment. The effects of process parameters on the geometric dimension of the profile were analyzed by using experimental and numerical methods. The results indicate that the pretension amount is the main parameter which influences the geometric dimension of the bent profile, then the forming temperature, following the bending angle. The dimensional variation of the middle-rib is relatively little, and the dimensional variations of the inside and the outside of the bent profile are large.
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Mayer, Robert R., Scott Webb, Joe McCleary, Ruth Gusko, Dino Oliveira, and Michael Worswick. "S-Rail Sled Testing With Deceleration Sled." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82333.

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This paper considers the effects of rotary draw bending on structural crashworthiness. We impacted tested aluminum alloy tubes in s-rail bending, using either 2.0 mm or 3.5 mm thickness, and bend radius of either 152.4 mm or 191 mm. This report documents and summarizes the test setup using the GM R&D Deceleration Sled to achieve this, with emphasis on later correlation with numerical simulation. Theoretical and numerical analyses were used to help with design setup. Forces and moments found in the tests were very consistent, suggesting good test setup design. We also found that using the longest tube section at the constrained end prevents inboard rotation and contact between the two s-rails.
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