Journal articles: 'Tuberculosis – Addis Ababa – Ethiopia'

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Tadesse, Sebsibe. "Stigma against Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): e0152900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152900.

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Assefa, Demelash, Berhanu Seyoum, and Lemessa Oljira. "Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 10 (July 2017): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s134369.

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Gelaw, M., T. Genebo, A. Dejene, E. Lemma, and G. Eyob. "Attitude and social consequences of tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." East African Medical Journal 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i7.9014.

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Sagbakken, Mette, Jan C. Frich, and Gunnar A. Bjune. "Perception and Management of Tuberculosis Symptoms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Qualitative Health Research 18, no. 10 (October 2008): 1356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732308322596.

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Gimbel, Devon C., and Teklu Bekele Legesse. "Dermatopathology Practice in Ethiopia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0041-ra.

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Context.—Dermatologic diseases are extremely common among the Ethiopian population and are a significant cause of morbidity. However, few studies exist in the literature that describe the incidence and clinical and histologic features of biopsied cutaneous lesions. Objectives.—To categorize the cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at the All African Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to describe the clinical and histologic features of dermatopathologic diagnoses most frequently encountered in this practice setting. Data Sources.—Pathology reports of 2342 cutaneous specimens received at ALERT in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were reviewed to determine the range and frequency of cutaneous diseases and dermatoses diagnosed from January 2007 through December 2010. Conclusions.—The range of cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at ALERT was varied and included inflammatory dermatoses (27%), infectious diseases (24%), and malignant and benign cutaneous neoplasms (22% and 20%, respectively). The most common conditions observed in this study were squamous cell carcinoma (8% of total cases), eczema (6% of total cases), leishmaniasis (6% of total cases), tuberculosis (6% of total cases), and benign nevi (4% of total cases).

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Seid, Getachew, and Marta Ayele. "Undernutrition and Mortality among Adult Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5238010.

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Background. In developing countries, there are several adult tuberculosis (TB) patients suffering from profound undernutrition. Undernutrition is a significant risk factor for developing tuberculosis. In the world, TB is one of the top ten and leading causes of death. To appropriately intervene death of adult TB patients, it is crucial to understand the magnitude of undernutrition and its associated factors among them. The study assessed undernutrition and mortality among adult tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional-based retrospective study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from January 2019 to August 2019. The total sample size of the study was 284. The source populations were TB patients who have followed up for TB treatment at public health facilities of Addis Ababa. The sample size was allocated to the selected health facilities proportional to their size, and study subjects were enrolled to the study during the study period. Data were collected by a structured data sheet from the selected health center registration book. Data were entered into Epi Data software and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistical methods were used to summarize the sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method for all TB patients. Result. A total of 284 study participants were included in the study. It was found that 46.8% of the study population have undernutrition (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) at the time of registration for treatment. Out of undernourished patients, 54 (19.0%) had severe malnutrition and 78 (27.5%) had moderate undernutrition. At the end of the two-month intensive treatment period, the under nutrition prevalence declined to 38.7%. Of the 284 patients, 17 (6.0%) died before completing anti-TB treatment. Three quarters of all forms of TB deaths occurred within 57 days after the start of anti-TB treatment. The proportion of deaths by nutritional status at treatment initiation among normal, moderate acute malnutrition, and severe acute malnutrition TB patients was 3.1%, 8.9%, and 16.3%, respectively. Conclusion. Almost half of the TB patients were undernourished at the start of anti-TB treatment based on BMI. From the malnourished, less than 20% of the participants gained weight and moved to normal weight at the end of the two-month intensive treatment period. The high death rate was reported among severely malnourished tuberculosis patients, but it needs a larger study to further understand predictors. To enhance the increment of nutritional status during treatment, the government should give attention to support nutritional supplements for TB patients.

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Mihret, Adane, Yonas Bekele, Andre G. Loxton, Annemie M. Jordan, Lawrence Yamuah, Abraham Aseffa, Rawleigh Howe, and Gerhard Walzl. "Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates from New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/892079.

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Understanding the genetic diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of TB and could have implications for the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines.M. tuberculosisisolates were characterized using spoligotyping and were compared with the SpoIDB4 database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. A total of 53 different patterns were identified among 192 isolates examined. 169 of the isolates were classified into one of the 33 shared SITs, whereas the remaining 23 corresponded to 20 orphan patterns. 54% of the isolates were ascribed to the T family, a family which has not been well defined to date. Other prominent families were CAS, Haarlem, LAM, Beijing, and Unknown comprising 26%, 13%, 2.6%, 0.5%, and 2.1%, respectively. Among HIV-positive patients, 10 patterns were observed among 25 isolates. The T (38.5%), H (26.9%), and CAS (23.1%) families were the most common among HIV-positive individuals. The diversity of theM. tuberculosisstrains found in this study is very high, and there was no difference in the distribution of families in HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB patients except the H family. Tuberculosis transmission in Addis Ababa is due to only the modernM. tuberculosisfamilies (CAS, LAM, T, Beijing, Haarlem, and U).

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Surafel, Kasaye, Molla Wassie, and Amini Gobena. "Prevalence of camel tuberculosis at Akaki abattoir in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, no. 20 (May 14, 2013): 2184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2012.2339.

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Tadesse, Fikadu. "Risk Factors for Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Universal Journal of Public Health 3, no. 2 (March 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2015.030203.

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Diriba, Getu, Abebaw Kebede, Habteyes Hailu Tola, Ayinalem Alemu, Bazezew Yenew, Shewki Moga, Desalegn Addise, et al. "Mycobacterial Lineages Associated with Drug Resistance in Patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5239529.

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Background. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common causes of illness and death. However, there is limited information available on lineages associated with drug resistance among extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia. In this study, researchers looked into Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages linked to drug resistance in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. On 151 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Spoligotyping was used to characterize mycobacterial lineages, while a phenotypic drug susceptibility test was performed to determine the drug resistance pattern. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results. Among 151 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotyped isolates, four lineages (L1–L4), and Mycobacterium bovis were identified. The predominantly identified lineage was Euro-American (73.5%) followed by East-African-Indian (19.2%). Any drug resistance (RR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis was identified among 16.2% and 7.2% of the Euro-American lineage, respectively, while it was 30.8% and 15.4% among the East-African-Indian lineages. Among all three preextensively drug-resistance (pre-XDR) cases identified, two isolates belong to T3-ETH, and the other one strain was not defined by the database. There was no statistically significant association between any type of drug resistance and either lineage or sublineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion. A higher proportion of any type of drug resistance and MDR was detected among the East-African-Indian lineage compared to others. However, there was no statistically significant association between any type of drug resistance and either lineages or sublineages. Thus, the authors recommend a large-scale study.

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Fiseha, D., H. Kumssa, M. Tefera, A. Tesfaye, E. Klinkenberg, and G. Yimer. "Ambulatory care for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: lessons learned in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Public Health Action 4, no. 3 (December 21, 2014): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0058.

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Gebrekidan, Gezahegn, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, and Negussie Deyessa. "Quality of Tuberculosis Care in Private Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/720432.

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Ensuring provision of good quality tuberculosis (TB) care, especially in private for profit health facilities, is an important component of TB control strategy to reduce poor medical practice which results in multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The aim of this study was to investigate quality of TB care in private health facilities of Addis Ababa. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted based on Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome model of health care quality. Quality of care was determined by adherence to National TB Program guidelines, treatment success rate, and client satisfaction. Exit interview was conducted on 292 patients on the intensive phase of treatment and 384 patient records were reviewed in eight private health facilities. Initial diagnostic AFB test was done for 95.4% of pulmonary TB patients. Most important components of TB care recommended by national guidelines were delivered for a significant proportion of patients. Majority (75%) of the clients were found to be satisfied with each component of TB care. The treatment success rate was 90.9%. The quality of TB care was fairly good. However, only 77.7% of the patients were counseled for HIV testing. Strengthening HIV counseling and testing, tackling shortage of streptomycin and laboratory reagent at private TB clinic is crucial.

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Shimeles, Ezra, Fikre Enquselassie, Abraham Aseffa, Melaku Tilahun, Alemayehu Mekonen, Getachew Wondimagegn, and Tsegaye Hailu. "Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case–control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): e0214235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214235.

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Araya, Shambel, Abebe Edao Negesso, and Zemenu Tamir. "Rifampicin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Patients with Presumptive Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 13 (October 2020): 3451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s263023.

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Ashebir, Nuhamen. "Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 150, suppl_1 (September 21, 2018): S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqy104.324.

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Deribew, Amare, Nebiyu Negussu, Zenebe Melaku, and Kebede Deribe. "Investigation Outcomes of Tuberculosis Suspects in the Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLoS ONE 6, no. 4 (April 19, 2011): e18614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018614.

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Getahun, Belete, Gobena Ameni, Girmay Medhin, and Sibhatu Biadgilign. "Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients under directly observed treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (September 2013): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.12.010.

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Diriba, Getu, Abebaw Kebede, Habteyes Hailu Tola, Bazezew Yenew, Shewki Moga, Desalegn Addise, Ayinalem Alemu, et al. "Molecular characterization and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): e0243493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243493.

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Background Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is important to understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is limited information on molecular characteristics and drug-resistant patterns of MTB in patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB in patients with EPTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This study was conducted on frozen stored isolates of EPTB survey conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A drug susceptibility test was performed using BACTEC-MGIT 960. Species and strain identification were performed using the Geno-Type MTBC and spoligotyping technique, respectively. Data were entered into the MIRU-VNTRplus database to assess the spoligotype patterns of MTB. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 23, and participants’ characteristics were presented by numbers and proportions. Results Of 151 MTB isolates, 29 (19.2%) were resistant to at least one drug. The highest proportion of isolates was resistant to Isoniazid (14.6%) and Pyrazinamide (14.6%). Nine percent of isolates had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and 21.4% of them had pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB). Among the 151 MTB isolates characterized by spoligotyping, 142 (94.6%) had known patterns, while 9 (6.0%) isolates were not matched with the MIRU-VNTRplus spoligotype database. Of the isolates which had known patterns, 2% was M.bovis while 98% M. tuberculosis. Forty-one different spoligotype patterns were identified. The most frequently identified SpolDB4 (SIT) wereSIT149 (21.2%), SIT53 (14.6%) and SIT26 (9.6%). The predominant genotypes identified were T (53.6%), Central Asia Strain (19.2%) and Haarlem (9.9%). Conclusion The present study showed a high proportion of MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB among EPTB patients. The strains were mostly grouped into SIT149, SIT53, and SIT26. The T family lineage was the most prevalent genotype. MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB prevention is required to combat these strains in EPTB. A large scale study is required to describe the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB isolates in EPTB patients.

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Demissie, Kassa, Jirata Shiferaw, Girmay Medhin, Aboma Zewude, Asegedech Sirak, Takele Abayneh, Gezahegne Mamo, and Gobena Ameni. "Prevalence and risk factors of swine tuberculosis in central Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 24, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i2.2.

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There is paucity of information in the epidemiology and pathology of tuberculosis in swine though the endemic occurrence of bovine tuberculosis was elucidated in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed to investigate the epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium avium complex in swine. The study was conducted from September 2016 to December 2017 using single intradermal comparative tuberculin test, gross pathology and histopathology. Tuberculin test was carried out in farmed swine of central Ethiopia while the necropsy at Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia. Of the total 329 heads of swine tuberculin tested by bovine purified protein derivative antigen, an animal level prevalence of 3% (95% CI: 2-6) and a herd level prevalence of 11% (95% CI: 1-49) were observed at a cut-off value of >2mm. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed the protective exposure effect of body condition to tuberculin test positivity in swine (Adjusted OR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.0-1.1; P: 0.055). Swine were predominantly in close proximity with dairy cattle which is an important risk factor for the transmission of bovine tuberculosis from cattle to swine. Necropsy study of tuberculosis-like lesions in 640 heads of swine revealed an overall lesion prevalence of 4.1 % (95 CI: 2.8-6.0). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the occurrence of swine tuberculosis in low prevalence in farmed swine and swine slaughtered atAddis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise in central Ethiopia. Further in-depth study covering larger sample size and wider areas is warranted so as to identify the prevalent species and their zoonotic importance. Keywords: Abattoir; Epidemiology; Ethiopia; Pathology; Swine; Tuberculosis

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Kusheno, Firew Tadesse, Teklehaimanot Mezgebe Nguse, and Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle. "Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Tuberculosis Patients in Direct Observation Therapy Program towards Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6475286.

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Background. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is becoming a major challenge of tuberculosis (TB) control program globally but more serious in developing countries like Ethiopia. In 2013, a survey result showed that in Ethiopia, tuberculosis patients from new cases and retreatment cases had resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin with a significant increase over time. Inadequate knowledge and wrong perception about MDR-TB by patients were detrimental to TB control programs. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude of TB patients of direct observation therapy program towards multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in health centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 health centres of Addis Ababa which were selected by simple random sampling technique. A total of 422 TB patients were included in the study, and participants from each health centres were taken proportional to the number of clients in each health centres. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Association between outcome and independent variables was explored using logistic regression. Results. The level of knowledge of TB patients about MDR-TB was poor and only 55.0% of TB patients attained good overall knowledge. A significant association was found between good knowledge and attending tertiary level of education (AOR=4.3, 95%CI=1.9, 9.8), gender (AOR=1.62, 95%CI=1.1, 2.4), income of respondents’ family (OR=0.4, 95%CI=0.2, 0.9), and sleeping practice (AOR=8.0, 95%CI=4.0, 15.7). Nearly three-fourths (73.5%) of TB patients had a favourable attitude towards MDR-TB. Occupational status (AOR=4.4, 95%CI=2.5, 7.6) and sleeping practices (AOR=2.4, 95%CI=1.2, 5.0) were significantly associated with the attitude of the TB patients. Conclusions. Knowledge of TB patients toward MDR-TB was poor. Although a large proportion of patients had a favourable attitude, it still needs to be improved. Hence, efforts should be made to implementing health education to improve awareness of TB patients about MDR-TB.

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Abate, Dereje, Bineyam Taye, Mohammed Abseno, and Sibhatu Biadgilign. "Epidemiology of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and trends in tuberculosis referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMC Research Notes 5, no. 1 (2012): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-462.

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Zewdie, O., A. Mihret, T. Abebe, A. Kebede, K. Desta, A. Worku, and G. Ameni. "Genotyping and molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis lymphadenitis cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." New Microbes and New Infections 21 (January 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2017.10.009.

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Muluneh, Mikyas Arega, Abayneh Birlie Zeru, Behailu Tariku Derseh, and Abebaw Molla Kebede. "Survival Status and Predictors of Mortality among Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Saint Peter’s Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (September 3, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696199.

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Background. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is tuberculosis that is resistant to at least both rifampicin and isoniazid. The World Health Organization as reported in 2019 revealed that Ethiopia is among the 20 countries with the highest estimated numbers of incident MDR-TB cases. However, supporting evidence is limited in the study area after the Ethiopian national strategic plan for tuberculosis prevention and control is started. Objective. To determine survival status and predictors of mortality among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated in Saint Peter’s Specialized Hospital at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods. An institutional retrospective cohort study was conducted using all MDR-TB patients who were enrolled in Saint. Peter’s Specialized Hospital from January 01, 2015, to December 31, 2017. A pretested data extraction form that had 5 items for sociodemographic and 15 items for the measurement of clinical characteristics of 484 MDR-TB patients was used. STATA software version 14.2 was used for data cleaning and analysis. A variable that fitted in the bivariable Cox proportional hazard model at p value <0.25 was used in the final multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, and independent predictors of time to event were determined at a p value of 0.05. Result. A total of 484 patients were followed up for 5,078 person-months. Among the total patients, nearly half, 238 (48.8%), were males. The median age of patients was 30 years (interquartile range (IQR), 24–39), and 56 (11.6%) were aged between 1 and 19 years. During the follow-up period, 315 (65.1%) patients were cured, 125 (25.8%) completed treatment, 24 (5%) died, and 20 (4.1%) were lost to follow-up. The overall cumulative probability survival of the patients at the end of treatment was 94.85% (95% confidence interval (CI): 92.38%–96.53%). The independent predictors of time to death were being anemic (AHR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.36, 9.79), having clinical complication (AHR = 3; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.5), and being HIV infected (AHR = 5.8; 95% CI: 2.2, 15.7). Conclusions. MDR-TB patients’ survival rate was high in St Peter’s Specialized Hospital. MDR-TB patients with anemia, HIV coinfection, and clinical complications had higher risk of mortality. So, prevention and controlling of anemia, HIV/AIDS, and clinical complications will reduce the mortality of MDR-TB patients.

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Desalegn, Daniel Melese, Kumera Terfa Kitila, Boja Dufera Taddese, Tinsae Kidanemariam Hailu, Tariku Takle Dinku, Kassahun Demisse Asferie, Hanna Mekonnen Balcha, Chalachew Sisay Gebeyehu, and Girmay Medhin. "Sputum Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnostic Dropout Rate in Public Health Facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Pulmonary Medicine 2019 (March 20, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2905615.

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Background. Prolonged laboratory diagnostic process of tuberculosis can lead to failure to complete the diagnosis and increase dropout rate of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases. This implies such dropout patients without completing diagnosis are critical as infected individuals remain untreated in the community, providing more opportunities for transmission of the disease and adversely affecting the epidemic. The aim of this research is to determine the level of smear positive PTB diagnosis dropout rate of spot-morning-spot sputum microscopy diagnosis method in public health facilities, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Retrospective review of patient documents in 13 public health facilities’ TB laboratory in Addis Ababa was conducted from October 2011 to March 2016. Data was computerized using Epi-info software and analysed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Descriptive numerical summaries were used to present the findings. Association between the dropout rate and demographic variables was assessed by Chi-square (X2). Bivariate model using Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated. P-Value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results. Of 41,884 presumptive TB patients registered during the 53 months for laboratory investigation, 5.9% were positive for the first spot sputum smear microscopy. Among these positive cases, 142 (5.8%) and 298 (12.1%) did not come back to the laboratory to submitted early morning and second spot sputum specimens, respectively. The diagnostic dropout for morning sputum specimen in hospitals was 5.6% (58/1039) and in health centres was 5.9% (84/1424). However, higher proportion of dropout for second spot sputum specimen in hospitals was 16.4% (170/1039), compared to the health centres, 8.9% (128/1424). Diagnostic dropout of sputum smear microscopy had no significant association with sociodemographic variable (P value >0.05), while it had significant association with facility type (P value <0.05). Conclusion. In this study smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic dropout rate was high compared to WHO reported for the new strategy shift implying the importance of shifting to same-day approach. Hence, shifting from conventional to same day is crucial to minimize the TB diagnostic dropout rate in the study area and other similar settings. Further research is needed/recommended in the local setting to compare the yield and dropout rates between same-day and conventional sputum smear microscopy approach.

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JE, Shitaye, B. Getahun, T. Alemayehu, M. Skoric, F. Treml, P. Fictum, V. Vrbas, and I. Pavlik. "A prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis by using abattoir meat inspection and tuberculin skin testing data, histopathological and IS6110PCR examination of tissues with tuberculous lesions in cattle inEthiopia." Veterinární Medicína 51, No. 11 (March 27, 2012): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5585-vetmed.

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Post mortem surveillances, for the detection of tuberculous lesions in particular depend on the work load time and the diligence of the inspector conducting the examination. The first aim of the study was to determine the trend of occurrence of tuberculous lesions in two abattoirs in Addis Ababa and Debre-Zeit (Ethiopia). The second aim of the study was to determine prevalence of the tuberculin skin test results in 10 dairy farm areas in Addis Ababa. The third aim was to detect tuberculous lesions and causal agents from tissue samples of the respiratory tract and mesenteric lymph nodes of the slaughtered cattle. The ten year (1996–2005) retrospective analysis of the meat inspection of 2 455 289 slaughtered animals showed that 707 (0.028%) were found with tuberculous lesions in parenchymatous organs of which were 699 (0.052%) of 1 336 266 cattle, 4 (0.001%) of 534 436 sheep, 3 (0.001%) of 573 767 goats and 1 (0.009%) of 10 820 pigs. The tuberculous lesions found in cattle were statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) than in other animals. The bovine tuberculin skin tests were conducted in Addis Ababa in 10 farm areas in 85 dairy farms having 2 098 cattle. Positive reactions were obtained from 9 farm areas in 41 (48%) herds which included 392 (19%) of the animals. In a current study, tuberculous lesions were found in 34 (3.5%) animals by the meat inspection surveillance of 984 cattle. Histopathologically, granulomatous inflammation was evident in 3 (8.8%) animals with tuberculous lesions. A highly sensitive PCR (IS6110) was positive in 4 of 34 (11.8%) animals with tuberculous lesions and in 1 (2.9%) of animal without lesions. The analyzed data and these study findings indicated that tuberculosis in cattle is an existing problem inEthiopia which needs to be solved.

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Tesema, E., F. Wares, A. Bedru, C. Negeri, Y. Molla, D. Gemechu, A. Kassa, F. Tsegaye, and L. Taye. "Experiences of introducing new drugs for drug-resistant TB at the ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017–2019." Public Health Action 11, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.20.0065.

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BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) remains a major public health concern. DR-TB patient data from ALERT (All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, who received bedaquiline (BDQ) and/or delamanid (DLM) containing regimens were analysed.RESULTS: From 2017 to 2019, 51 DR-TB patients were enrolled. Of 33 patients, 31 (93.9%) had culture converted at 6 months. Of those with final outcomes, 77% (n = 10) were cured. Thirty (58.8%) developed adverse events, the most frequent of which were gastrointestinal disorders (70%), haematological disorders (16.7%) and QTc prolongation (16.7%). Twenty patients discontinued the offending drug permanently.CONCLUSION: With close monitoring, introduction of new DR-TB regimens brought good early results, which encouraged wider programmatic implementation in Ethiopia.

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Berhe, Melaku, Meaza Demissie, and Gezahegn Tesfaye. "Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Adherence and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Epidemiology 2014 (July 22, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/230587.

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Tuberculosis coinfected with HIV constitutes a large proportion of patients in Ethiopia. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. However, the level of IPT adherence and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) have not been well explored. This study aimed to assess adherence to IPT and associated factors among PLHIV in Addis Ababa. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted. The study was conducted in 10 health centers and 2 hospitals. Patients were consecutively recruited till the required sample size was obtained. From 406 PLHIV approached, a total of 381 patients on IPT were interviewed. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi-Info version 3.5 and SPSS version 16. The level of adherence to IPT was 89.5%. Patients who have taken isoniazid for ≥5 months were more likely to be adherent than those who took it for 1-2 months [AOR (95%CI) = 5.09 (1.41–18.36)]. Patients whose friends decide for them to start IPT were less likely to be adherent than others [AOR (95%CI) = 0.10 (0.01–0.82)]. The level of adherence to IPT in PLHIV was high. Counseling of patients who are in their first two months of therapy should be more strengthened. Strong Information Education Communication is essential to further enhance adherence.

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BERGGREN PALME, I., B. GUDETTA, H. DEGEFU, L. MUHE, J. BRUCHFELD, and J. GIESECKE. "A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 3 (December 2001): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006215.

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To quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children with tuberculosis (TB) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Children with TB were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. The control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. The crude odds ratio for HIV infection was 8·6 (95% CI 2·2–73). After adjustment for possible confounders in a multivariate regression model, the odds ratio for HIV infection in children with TB was found to be 12·7 (95% CI 2·9–55). Of several independent determinants of TB assessed in the study, this association was the strongest. Until HIV transmission has reached its peak, an increasing burden of dual infection among Ethiopian children is to be expected.

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Zaeh, S., R. Kempker, E. Stenehjem, H. M. Blumberg, O. Temesgen, I. Ofotokun, and A. Tenna. "Improving tuberculosis screening and isoniazid preventive therapy in an HIV clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.13.0315.

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Tenna, Admasu, Edward A. Stenehjem, Lindsay Margoles, Ermias Kacha, Henry M. Blumberg, and Russell R. Kempker. "Infection Control Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Healthcare Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 12 (December 2013): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673979.

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Objective.To better understand hospital infection control practices in Ethiopia.Design.A cross-sectional evaluation of healthcare worker (HCW) knowledge, attitudes, and practices about hand hygiene and tuberculosis (TB) infection control measures.Methods.An anonymous 76-item questionnaire was administered to HCWs at 2 university hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Knowledge items were scored as correct/incorrect. Attitude and practice items were assessed using a Likert scale.Results.In total, 261 surveys were completed by physicians (51%) and nurses (49%). Fifty-one percent of respondents were male; mean age was 30 years. While hand hygiene knowledge was fair, self-reported practice was suboptimal. Physicians reported performing hand hygiene 7% and 48% before and after patient contact, respectively. Barriers for performing hand hygiene included lack of hand hygiene agents (77%), sinks (30%), and proper training (50%) as well as irritation and dryness (67%) caused by hand sanitizer made in accordance with the World Health Organization formulation. TB infection control knowledge was excellent (more than 90% correct). Most HCWs felt that they were at high risk for occupational acquisition of TB (71%) and that proper TB infection control can prevent nosocomial transmission (92%). Only 12% of HCWs regularly wore a mask when caring for TB patients. Only 8% of HCWs reported that masks were regularly available, and 76% cited a lack of infrastructure to isolate suspected/known TB patients.Conclusions.Training HCWs about the importance and proper practice of hand hygiene along with improving hand sanitizer options may improve patient safety. Additionally, enhanced infrastructure is needed to improve TB infection control practices and allay HCW concerns about acquiring TB in the hospital.

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Tolosie, Kabtamu, and M. K. Sharma. "Application of Cox Proportional Hazards Model in Case of Tuberculosis Patients in Selected Addis Ababa Health Centres, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/536976.

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Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease and mainly caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It has been one of the major causes of mortality in Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify factors that affect the survival of the patients with tuberculosis who started treatment for tuberculosis.Methods. This was a retrospective study in six randomly selected health centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The data were obtained from medical records of TB patients registered from September 2012 to August 2013 and treated under directly observed treatment surgery (DOTS) strategy. Kaplan Meier plots, logrank tests, and Wilcoxon tests were used to assess the survival pattern. Cox proportional hazards model for multivariable analysis was discussed.Results. Out of the total 826 registered TB patients, 105 (12.71%) died during the study period and 712 (87.29%) were censored. Based on Kaplan Meier survival curves, logrank test, and Wilcoxon test, it was found that the patients had statistically significant differences in survival experience with respect to age, body weight at initiation of treatment, TB patient category, and HIV status. Multivariable Cox hazards regression analysis revealed that the covariates age, TB patient category, HIV, and age by HIV interaction were significant risk factors associated with death status in TB patients.Conclusion. Deaths of individuals with diseases especially HIV coinfected and nonnew TB cases were high. Therefore, this needs to strengthen the follow-up of patients with TB treatment from the day of anti-TB treatment initiation to completion days.

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Kassa, Haile, Zewdu Girum, Klinkenberg Eveline, and Woldeyohannes Desalegn. "Time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV co-infected tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of AIDS and HIV Research 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jahr2017.0454.

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Deressa, Meseret A., and Meaza Demissie. "Risk Factors of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Matched Case-Control Study." OALib 01, no. 03 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100489.

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Getahun, Belete, and Zethu Zerish Nkosi. "Is directly observed tuberculosis treatment strategy patient-centered? A mixed method study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): e0181205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181205.

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Nugussie, Dinna Abera, Getachew Ali Mohammed, and Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera. "Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul’s Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6325484.

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Background. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. In this study, the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis among presumptive TB cases who visited the hospital was assessed. Method. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) test was performed on samples collected from 200 presumptive TB cases. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Result. Among 200 presumptive TB cases, 10% (20 individuals) (60% were male and 40% were female) were found to be positive for the AFB. Of these AFB positive subjects, 11.2% and 6.3% were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Among 20 AFB positive cases, 45% (9), 45% (9), and 10% (2) were HIV positive, HIV negative, and with HIV status unknown, respectively. The highest AFB positive cases were found within age group between 25 and 44 years (70%) and followed by age above 40 years (30%). It was found out that 75% (15), 15% (3), 5% (1), and 5% (1) were unemployed, government employed, student, and nongovernment employed, accordingly. Conclusion. This study indicated higher level of AFB positive cases within age groups of 25–44 and 65–74 years and also exhibited higher prevalence of TB cases from urban areas.

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Agegnehu, Chilot Desta, and Adugnaw Zeleke Alem. "Exploring spatial variation in BCG vaccination among children 0–35 months in Ethiopia: spatial analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e043565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043565.

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ObjectiveTuberculosis is a major public health problem and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. BCG vaccination is a life-saving and important part of standard tuberculosis control measures, particularly in Ethiopia where tuberculosis is endemic. The End Tuberculosis Strategy targets of 2020 have not been achieved. Exploring spatial variations in BCG vaccination among children is vital to designing and monitoring effective intervention programmes. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the spatial variation in BCG vaccination among children in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study design.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsChildren aged 0–35 months.Primary outcomeBCG vaccination coverage.MethodsData from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey were used and a total of 4453 children aged 0–35 months were included. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, cluster and outlier analysis, hotspot analysis, spatial interpolation, and spatial scan statistics were carried out to identify geographical risk areas for BCG vaccine utilisation. ArcGIS V.10.6 and SaTScan V.9.6 statistical software were employed to explore spatial pattern and significant hotspot areas for BCG vaccination among children.ResultsBCG vaccination was spatially clustered in Ethiopia at the regional level (Global Moran’s I=0.516, p<0.001). A total of 51 most likely clusters of low BCG vaccination were identified in the Somali and Afar regions (log-likelihood ratio=136.58, p<0.001). Significant secondary clusters were also identified in North West Gambela, South Amhara, South West Addis Ababa, North East Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region, and South West Oromia.ConclusionA low probability of receiving BCG vaccination was found among children in the Somali and Afar regions. Therefore, these areas should be given attention when designing effective immunisation strategies to improve BCG vaccination among children in order to reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Ethiopia.

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Kidane, Abraham, Dessalegn Sifer, Mesfin Aklilu, and Mahendra Pal. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Human and Bovine Tuberculosis among High School Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Livestock Research 5, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20150202104134.

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Shimeles, Ezra, Melaku Tilahun, Tsegaye Hailu, Fikre Enquselassie, Abraham Aseffa, Alemayehu Mekonnen, and Getachew Wondimagegn. "Time Interval for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Related Expenditure in Selected Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Public Health 2019 (December 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4705139.

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Background. Tuberculosis (TB) has continued to be a major health problem globally, in spite of the efforts to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It affects millions of people each year and stands as the second cause of death due to infectious disease in the world. Early case finding and timely initiation of treatment is essential to ensure effective control of the disease as late diagnosis and treatment can aggravate the disease and result in poor outcomes and increase chances of transmission. Although TB services are supposed to be provided free of charge, TB affected families incur different types of costs in the process of seeking care, which might include health and nonhealth related costs. TB programs need to identify the underlying factors for delay and related expenditure for TB related services, in order to devise an effective strategy to reduce them. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the time interval between developing TB symptom until patients start anti-TB treatment and associated cost incurred by patients and families. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among pulmonary TB patients who are bacteriologically confirmed, whose age is above 15 years and diagnosed at health centres in Addis Ababa. Results. The median time interval between onset of symptom and commencement of treatment was 4 weeks (IQR: 3, 6). Most patients with TB symptoms visited several health facilities before the final diagnosis was confirmed, the median number of visits being two, and only 48.8% were diagnosed on their first visit. Hence, they spent a lot of their limited resource in search of getting the right diagnosis. The total combined expenditure for all the visits was estimated to be median (IQR) 172.65 birrs (12, 671). Two variables were found to show statistically significant association with higher expenditure. Respondents who have good level of knowledge about TB are less likely to spend more than the median expenditure almost by a fifth compared to those with limited knowledge on TB, (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.2, with 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06, 0.84). Patients who visited public hospitals were almost three times and those who visited private health facilities almost four times more likely to pay more than the median total expenditure, compared to those who visited health centre, AOR (95% CI) = 2.8 (1.53, 5.19) and AOR (CI) of 3.86 (1.06, 14.03), respectively. Conclusion. Patients with TB symptoms visit several health facilities till they are diagnosed, the median duration from onset of symptom till commencement of TB treatment being 4 weeks. It was noted that they face major expenses in the process of navigation to the right care. Two variables had statistically significant association with high pre-diagnosis expenditure, where patients with good level of knowledge about TB are less likely to spend more than the median, while patients who visited public hospitals or private health facilities had very high expenses. Improved public awareness about TB, minimizing service charges and other related fees, and further improvement in increasing access to services could reduce the length of time and expense for TB patients and their families. It is recommended to build capacity of health service providers to update them on programmatic approaches and latest diagnostic algorithm. It is important to strengthen public private partnership for TB services.

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Tola, Habteyes Hailu, Gholamreza Garmaroudi, Davoud Shojaeizadeh, Azar Tol, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Luche Tadesse Ejeta, Abebaw Kebede, and Desta Kassa. "The effect of psychosocial factors and patients’ perception of tuberculosis treatment non-adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 27, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i5.2.

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Alemu, Ayinalem, Aman Yesuf, Betselot Zerihun, Melak Getu, Teshager Worku, and Zebenay Workneh Bitew. "Incidence and determinants of tuberculosis among HIV-positive individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 95 (June 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.053.

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Adenager, Getinet Shewaseged, Fessahaye Alemseged, Henok Asefa, and Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin. "Factors Associated with Treatment Delay among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Public and Private Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5120841.

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Background. Early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and the timely commencement of antituberculosis (anti-TB) treatment are the parts of efficient tuberculosis prevention and control program. Delay in the commencement of anti-TB treatment worsens the prognosis and increases the risk of death and the chance of transmission in the community and among health care workers. Objective. To assess tuberculosis treatment delay and associated factors among pulmonary TB patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 public and 10 private health facilities that provide TB treatment. The data were collected from 425 newly registered pulmonary TB patients using pretested structured questionnaire from April to June 2012. Data were entered in EPI info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Findings. The median durations of a patient, health care system, and total treatment delays were 17, 9, and 35 days, respectively. Overall 179 (42.1%), 233 (54.8%), and 262 (61.6%) of patients experienced patient delay, health care system delay, and total treatment delay, respectively. Distance more than 2.5 km from TB treatment health facility [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.1–2.5)] and the presence of TB-associated stigma [AOR = 2.1, 95% CI (1.3, 3.4)] indicate higher odds of patient delay, whereas, being unemployed, patients with the hemoptysis symptom complain indicated lower odds of health care system delay [AOR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.24, 0.70)] and [AOR = 0.61 (0.39, 0.94)], respectively. Conclusions. A significant proportion of clients experienced patient and health care system delay. Thus, there is a need for designing and implementing appropriate strategies to decrease the delays. Efforts to reduce delays should give focus on integrating prevention programs such as active case detection and expanding access to TB care.

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Sahile, Zekariyas, Robel Tezera, Damen Haile Mariam, Jeffrey Collins, and Jemal Haider Ali. "Nutritional status and TB treatment outcomes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An ambi-directional cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): e0247945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247945.

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Background Remaining underweight during Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is associated with a higher risk of unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes and relapse. Previous studies conducted in Ethiopia found that bodyweight not adjusted for height at the start of treatment is associated with poor treatment outcomes. However, the association of body mass index (BMI) and weight change during treatment with treatment outcomes has not been studied. We aimed to investigate the association of BMI at the time of diagnosis and after two months of treatment and TB treatment outcomes. Methods Using an ambi-directional cohort study design (retrospective and prospective), a total of 456 participants were enrolled among 30 randomly selected public health centers residing within six sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected using medical chart abstraction and face to face interviews. We compared TB treatment outcomes in persons with a body mass index (BMI) <18.5kg/m2 (underweight) versus persons with BMI ≥18.5kg/m2 (normal or overweight) at treatment initiation and after two months of treatment. Treatment was classified as successful in persons who were free of symptoms and had a negative sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli at the end of the 6-month treatment course. We analysed outcomes using univariable and multivariable logistic regression with 95% CI and p value< 0.05. Results Of enrolled study participants, 184 (40.4%) were underweight and 272 (59.6%) were normal or overweight. Body mass index (BMI ≥18.5kg/m2) at the start and second month of treatment were independent predictors for successful treatment outcome (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.39) and (AOR = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.29, 9.73), respectively. The probability of treatment success among patients with BMI≥18.5kg/m2 at the start and second month of treatment was 92.9% and 97.1%, respectively versus 86.5% and 91.7% in patients with BMI<18.5kg/m2. Bodyweight not adjusted for height and change in the bodyweight after the second and sixth months of treatment were not significantly associated with treatment success. Conclusion In persons treated for TB disease, being underweight at baseline and after two months of treatment was a predictor for unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Nutritional assessment, counselling, and management are important components of TB treatment programs with the potential to improve treatment outcomes.

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Habtamu Molla. "Yielding Accuracy of Morning and Spot Sputum Samples for Diagnosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay at EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 6, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2019.61001.

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Background: Tuberculosis is a global health problem and leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Correct diagnosis of tuberculosis is the main challenge for control of tuberculosis. World health organization has prioritized improving diagnostic guidelines and tests for TB diagnosis. Priority has been given for development of new Tuberculosis diagnostic methods. But diagnosis of Tuberculosis highly affected by quality specimen collected which has been given less attention. The aim of this is to assess Yielding accuracy of morning and spot sputum samples for diagnosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Gene Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/Rifampicin Resistance (RIF).Methodology: Cross sectional study was conducted and convenient sampling technique used to select participants. Checklists used to collect the data from April 1 to May 30, 2018 G.C. A total of two hundred twenty two (222) sputum samples from 111 suspected tuberculosis patients were analyzed using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: From 111 TB suspected patients, 55.9% were male and the rest of 44.1% was female. In terms of sample quality, 81.1% morning sputum samples and 79.3% spot sputum samples were had good sample quality. The outcomes of the research show an increase in odds value in sputum quality and sputum consistency for TB diagnosis. But, the relation is not significant associationwith TB positivity.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the diagnosis of TB using spot sputum samples as well as using morning sputum samples is almost similar for detection of MTB by Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay. Physical Quality of sputum sample or consistency is not association with TB positivity using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay. Results: From 111 TB suspected patients, 55.9% were male and the rest of 44.1% was female. In terms of sample quality, 81.1% morning sputum samples and 79.3% spot sputum samples were had good sample quality. The outcomes of the research shows an increase in odds value in sputum quality and sputum consistency for TB diagnosis. But, the relation is not significant association with TB positivity. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the diagnosis of TB using spot sputum samples as well as using morning sputum samples is almost similar for the detection of MTB by Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay. Physical Quality of sputum sample or consistency is not associated with TB positivity using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay.

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Taddese, Boja D., Daniel M. Desalegn, Abay S. Misganaw, Kumera T. Kitila, Tinsae Kidanemariam Hailu, and Abraham T. Bika. "Diagnostic Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay Versus Ziehl-Neelsen Method for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010390.

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Background: Worldwide Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, positioning on top of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) and it is still an eminently serious public health problem. In developing countries, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used diagnostic method in diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). This study was aimed to compare the diagnostic performances of ZN-method with Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of PTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 2016 to June 2017 on a total of 244 sputum samples collected from presumptive TB patients. The L-J sputum culture was used as a gold standard to compare the diagnostic performances of Xpert MTB/RIF assay and ZN-methods. Kappa values were analyzed by using statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software at 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay were calculated against the gold standard. Results: The Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV and NPV of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy were 68.38%, 95.28%, 93.02% and 76.58% respectively, while for Xpert MTB/ RIF assay were 88.89%, 81.89%, 81.89% and 88.89% respectively. The results of the two diagnostic approaches were concordant with the gold standard with a kappa value of ZN 0.650 and 0.743 for Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusion: This study concludes that the sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was better than ZN-stained direct sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Shah, Sarita, Meaza Demissie, Lauren Lambert, Jelaludin Ahmed, Sileshi Leulseged, Tekeste Kebede, Zenebe Melaku, et al. "Intensified Tuberculosis Case Finding Among HIV-Infected Persons From a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50, no. 5 (April 2009): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e318196761c.

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Assefa, Dawit, Eveline Klinkenberg, and Genet Yosef. "Cross Sectional Study Evaluating Routine Contact Investigation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Missed Opportunity to Prevent Tuberculosis in Children." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): e0129135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129135.

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Getachew, Konjit, Tamrat Abebe, Abebaw Kebede, Adane Mihret, and Getachew Melkamu. "Performance of LED Fluorescence Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Positive Individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/794064.

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Background. Despite its lower sensitivity, smear microscopy remains the main diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-limited countries as TB culturing methods like LJ (Lowenstein-Jensen) are expensive to use as a routine base. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of LED-FM for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals.Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Teklehaimanot Health Center HIV/ART clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Each sample was stained with ZN and Auramine O staining and examined with bright-field microscope and LED-FM microscope, respectively. LJ culture was used as a reference.Results. Out of 178 study participants, twenty-four (13.5%) patients were confirmed as positive for MTB with LJ culture. The yield of ZN microscopy and LED-FM in direct and concentrated sample was 3.9%, 8.4%, 6.2%, and 8.4%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of direct ZN microscopy were 29.2%, 100%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively, and of LED-FM microscopy in direct sputum sample were 62.5%, 100%, 100%, and 94.5%, respectively.Conclusion. LED-FM has better sensitivity for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals as compared to conventional ZN microscopy. LED-FM can be used as an alternative to conventional ZN microscopy.

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Mussie, K. "Exploring local realities: Healthcare workers’ perspectives on the management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.244.

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Mathewos, Biniam, Nigatu Kebede, Tesfu Kassa, Adane Mihret, and Muluwork Getahun. "Characterization of mycobacterium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60184-x.

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Taddese, Boja Dufera, and Abay Sisay Misganaw. "Quality of Same-Day Sputum Smears Microscopy and Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients Drop-out at Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 83, no. 1 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.2019.0029.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tuberculosis – Addis Ababa – Ethiopia'

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