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Сміянов, Владислав Анатолійович, Владислав Анатольевич Смиянов, Vladyslav Anatoliiovych Smiianov, Світлана Володимирівна Павличева, Светлана Владимировна Павлычева, Svitlana Volodymyrivna Pavlycheva, Ольга Іванівна Сміянова, Ольга Ивановна Смиянова, Olha Ivanivna Smiianova, and A. V. Kovchun. "History of tuberculosis." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27490.
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Al-Mouaiad, Al-Azem Assaad. "Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Manitoba, 1992-1997." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0002/MQ45018.pdf.
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Knowling, William Ronald. "Ignorant, dirty, and poor, the perception of tuberculosis in Newfoundland, 1908-1912." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23151.pdf.
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Dunsford, Deborah. "Seeking the prize of eradication : a social history of tuberculosis in New Zealand from World War Two to the 1970s /." e-Thesis University of Auckland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2932.
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Mohatli, Matema Constance. "Determination of heteroresistant mychobacterim tubeculosis strains and their association with patients tuberculosis treatment history in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1568.
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Thesis (M. Sc. (Medical Sciences)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015Tuberculosis (TB) patients may have mixed infections with both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains. This phenomenon termed heteroresistance presents a challenge TB management and is considered a preliminary stage to full resistance. Heteroresistance is more likely to occur in high TB incidence areas and in chronic patients as they have more opportunity to become infected with various strains of TB and has been proven to occur in new cases, treatment failure and relapse. Methods: Sputum samples were collected from new consulting and hospitalised patients who were on treatment for MDR TB. A total of 231 samples were run on MTBDRplus to determine heteroresistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid and rifampicin. To determine heteroresistance to second-line drugs, 91 samples were run on MTBDRsl. Nineteen (19) samples that were heteroresistant to 2nd line drugs were subjected to spoligotyping to determine the families/lineages they belonged to. Results: A total of 66 were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by the line probe assays. Out of the 66 MTBC, rifampicin resistance was found in 22 (10%) and 44 (19%) were reported susceptible. Isoniazid resistance was found in 39 (17%) and 27 (12%) were reported susceptible. Of the 66 MTBC positive samples, moxifloxacin resistance was found in 33 (16%) and 14 (7%) were reported susceptible. Kanamycin resistance was found in 17 (8%) and 30 (14%) were reported susceptible. Ethambutol resistance was found in 25 (12%) and 22 (10%) were reported susceptible. Heteroresistance was evident in 22 (10%) samples for the first-line and in 23 (11%) for the second-line drugs. Results of a total of 19 heteroresistant samples subjected to spoligotyping when compared to those in the international spolDB4 database indicated that 4 of them matched existing shared spoligotype international types, 15 were unknown (orphans). Eighteen (18) of 19 heteroresistant samples subjected to spoligotyping were also MDR. Fourteen of the samples that were resistant to both RIF and INH were orphans. Of the 14 MDR, 3 samples belonged to clades T1, T-H37RvV817 and LAM 3 with SITs: 879, 568 and 2301, respectively. One sample with SIT 1196 had an unknown clade was resistant to RIF but susceptible to INH. Conclusion: This study has shown that heteroresistance remains an important phenomenon in clinical tuberculosis, especially in highly endemic areas. According to the current study, heteroresistance was associated more with recurrent cases who are on initiation or continuation phase than new cases and a larger percentage of heteroresistance was reported in second-line drugs than there is in first-line drugs. The T1 genotype was found to be predominant amongst recurrent cases. The LAM3 and T-H37RvV817 lineages were found amongst the new cases. In the present study there was no significant association between heteroresistance and the patient’s treatment history as indicated by a P-value of 0.473 and between heteroresistance and spoligotype families (P-value, 0.991). The predominance of orphan SITs and unknown clades followed by non-Beijing strains in the study may be due to the migration of carriers from the neighboring countries as the Limpopo Province is flanked by Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Further studies with larger numbers of patients should focus on the prevalence to associate heteroresistance with patients‟ treatment history and establish the contributing MTBC strain lineages.
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Gallagher, John. "The Natural History of Spontaneous Tuberculosis in Wild badgers." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522203.
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Cronje, Gillian Charles. "Pulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1851-1910." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338487.
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Muller, Romy. "Tuberculosis throughout history : ancient DNA analyses on European skeletal and dental remains." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tuberculosis-throughout-history-ancient-dna-analyses-on-european-skeletal-and-dental-remains(15084f13-8e8d-4f5f-9806-dc9c99ad2dac).html.
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Tuberculosis (TB) has killed millions of people throughout history and still isone of the leading causes of death. Since the early 1990s, ancient DNA(aDNA) research has made considerable contributions to the study of thisinfectious disease in the past. While early studies used polymerase chainreactions (PCRs) solely to identify the TB-causing organisms, namely theMycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), later approaches extended thefocus to assign the actual disease-causing species or strains of the MTBCbut were either directed at single or few individuals or only provided few data. This research project has screened a large set of European skeletaland dental samples from individuals of the 1st–19th centuries AD for IS6110,an insertion sequence believed to be specific to the MTBC, and has identifieda number of individuals that may indeed have suffered from TB. Reports ofIS6110-like elements in other mycobacteria, however, challenge thesuitability of IS6110 for detecting MTBC. Two sequences similar but notidentical to IS6110 were revealed from several of the samples analysed,supporting the proposal that IS6110 should not serve as the sole target foridentifying MTBC from archaeological material. It cannot be establishedwhere these sequences derive from, but application of a MycobacteriumspecificPCR and targeting of genomic regions of the MTBC that containsingle nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) indicate that at least some of thesamples contain a range of unknown, most likely environmental, bacterialand/or mycobacterial species. Yet, screening for IS6110 together with thedetection of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) and SNPs in othergenomic regions has identified eight individuals to unambiguously containMycobacterium tuberculosis aDNA. Apart from one individual which wasrecovered from Northern France, these skeletons derived from Britisharchaeological excavation sites. The SNP and LSP results enabled theallocation of infecting MTBC strains into various classification systemsreported in clinical literature and revealed that M. tuberculosis strains variedthroughout different time periods, thereby mainly confirming evolutionarypathways suggested in previous studies. Additionally, it was found thatdistinct strains co-existed temporally, and maybe even spatially, in Britainand that at least one individual harboured two different MTBC strains,suggesting a mixed infection. Application of next generation sequencingenabled one of the 19th century strains from Britain to be characterised ineven more detail, revealing closest similarity to a M. tuberculosis strainisolated at the beginning of the 20th century in North America.
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Richner, Sharon M. "The measurement of genetic diversity in mycobacterium tuberculosis using random amplified polymorphic DNA profiling." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004068.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis has caused a resurgence in pulmonary disease in both developed and developing countries in recent times, particularly amongst people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The disease has assumed epidemic proportions in South Africa and in the Eastern Cape Province in particular. Of further concern is the isolation of increasing numbers of multiply drug resistant strains. Knowledge of the genetic capability of this organism is essential for the successful development of novel antibiotics and vaccines in an attempt to bring the global pandemic under control. Measurement of the genetic diversity of the organism may significantly contribute to such knowledge, and is of vital importance in monitoring epidemics and in improving treatment and control of the disease. This will entail answering a number of questions related to the degree of genetic diversity amongst strains, to the difference between urban and rural strains, and between drug resistant and drug sensitive strains, and to the geographical distribution of strains. In order to establish such baseline information, RAPD profiling of a large population of isolates from the western and central regions of the Eastern Cape Province was undertaken. A smaller number of drug resistant strains from a small area of KwaZulu-Natal were also analysed, with a view to establishing the genetic difference between strains from the two provinces. Cluster analysis, analysis of molecular variance and Geographical Information Systems technology were used to analyse the RAPD profiles generated. An unexpectedly high degree of genetic diversity was detected in strains from both provinces. While no correlation was seen between genetic diversity and either urban-rural situation or geographical location, a small degree of population structure could be correlated with drug resistance in the Eastern Cape. Furthermore, a significant degree of population structure was detected between strains from the two provinces, although this was still within the parameters for conspecific populations. Future work is necessary to further characterise strains from rural areas of both provinces, as well as from the eastern region of the Eastern Cape in an attempt to pinpoint the cause of the separation of the provincial populations.
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McFarlane, Neil Munro. "Tuberculosis in Scotland, 1870-1960." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2041/.
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Magill, Isabel. "A social history of tuberculosis in Belfast and its environs 1850-1950." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386069.
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Côté, Louise. ""En garde!" : les représentations de la tuberculose au Québec dans la première moitié du XXe siècle : maladie, culture et identité." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25229.pdf.
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Bryder, Linda. "The problem of tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1900-1950." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670406.
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Towers, Bridget A. "The politics of tuberculosis in Western Europe 1914-40 : a study in the sociology of policymaking." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310476.
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Espinoza, Julio Néstor Núñez. "Idéias e práticas Médicas: luta contra a tuberculose nas cidades de Lima e Rio de Janeiro, 1882-1919." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2008. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/3996.
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Previous issue date: 2008A presente investigação tenta identificar adinâmica de recepção e recriação do combate à tuberculose em dois contextos médicos e sociaisque guardam semelhanças e diferenças. Daremos especial atenção ao discurso dos médicosperuanos e brasileiros que abordaram a tuberculose por meio da análise das teorias epráticas médicas associadas aos modelos sanatorial, hospitalar e dispensarial executadosnas cidades de Lima e no Rio de Janeiro entre os anos 1882-1919 .
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Loehrer, Gudrun. "Cinematic governmentality : a cultural history of tuberculosis and malaria health films in the United States of the 1940s." Thesis, University of East London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532919.
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Machado, Sylvia Pinto. "As ações do Serviço Sanitário e da Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose no combate à tísica em São Paulo (1892-1917)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-17082016-120317/.
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Estre trabalho estuda as primeiras políticas públicas e privadas para o combate à tuberculose no estado de São Paulo, entre 1892 e 1917. Influenciados pelo movimento europeu do final do século XIX, membros da comunidade médica paulista iniciaram uma campanha antituberculose no estado de São Paulo através de ações promovidas pelo Serviço Sanitário, órgão de saúde pública paulista organizado em 1892, e pela Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, entidade filantrópica criada em 1899. O estudo procura mostrar como a campanha foi organizada e exercida por cada órgão, na capital paulista e em outras cidades do estado, ao longo das décadas. Também mostra como ocorreu a relação entre os órgãos, compara suas propostas de combate à tuberculose e as respectivas ações promovidas por eles, observando como estas se complementaram ou provocaram atritos.The present study focuses on the first public and private policies towards the combat against tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo between 1892 and 1917. Influenced by the European movement at the end of the XIX century, members of São Paulos medical community launched an antituberculosis campaign in the state. Actions were implemented by the Serviço Sanitário, public health agency of the State of São Paulo created in 1892, and by the Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, a philanthropic entity created in 1899. This study intends to demonstrate how the campaign was organized and executed during several decades by these agencies in the São Paulo capital city and in other towns of the state. The relations between Serviço Sanitário and Liga Paulista were also documented, comparing their proposals and actions against Tuberculosis, and observing whether those were complementary or conflicting.
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Serrano, Elisa. "Understanding the spatial elements at the tuberculosis sanatoria in Sweden: 1887-1942 : Cartography and spatial interpretation through geography information systems (GIS)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448049.
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This project aspires to understand the tuberculosis sanatoria in Sweden from the perspective of their location in space and the interpretation of the characteristics of their landscapes. The study has sorted the areas of analysis in the following categories: [i] distribution, [ii] altitude, [iii] orientation, [iv] proximity to the sea, [v] proximity to lakes or rivers, [vi] proximity to train stations, [vii] proximity to forests, [viii] proximity to towns or hospitals, [ix] proximity to industries. The spatial analysis will rely on observation and on GIS technology. Two different software have been used, Qgis and ArcGis, but mainly the first due to its disposition as free software and therefore available for all and easily accessible. Thereafter, the results of these analyses have been interpreted in the light of hermeneutical philosophy, seeking the understanding of each of the parts before understanding the whole, and interpreting the spatial results in the light of the information about the anti-tuberculosis movement. Tuberculosis sanatoria cannot be interpreted without the support of medical theories existing during tuberculosis crisis' times. Sanatoria spatial interpretation is also executed under the premises of Corner’s essential points across any spatial analysis: [i] the primacy of perception and [ii] the role of tradition. Considering the primacy of perception, some of the buildings and their surroundings have been visited “in situ” or studied through photos and images. This supported the understanding of the spatial elements of the sanatoria. The weight of tradition existing in the sanatoria is strong. The sanatorium’s environment as an element of the treatment for the patient roots in the 19th century and its hygienic theories. This influenced the organic architecture movement that encouraged a return to nature in search of health, fresh air, and well-being during the industrial revolution. The results proved that many Swedish sanatoria aimed to find good environmental conditions that supported the fresh-air treatment, in harmony with the medical theories of the times but also in areas where they were more needed for the working force. They were hardly ever isolated or placed on high altitudes. Supplies like water and heating were generally nearby to provide the sanatoria with the necessary resources, while other needs could be covered by the proximity to train stations or towns. Other sanatoria were placed within cities, in search of better facilities and services, but they gave up the benefits attributed to the clean and fresh air in the patients. This study shows that spatial analysis has achieved a great understanding of Swedish sanatoria from a new perspective never developed in Sweden. It has demonstrated a relationship between the social workforce and health care, and it could have been the start of a strong investment in popular care in Sweden that has not stopped since.
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Medeiros, João Gabriel Toledo. "A tuberculose em Porto Alegre, 1896 a 1924: um estudo de mortalidade." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5192.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto de estudo a tuberculose em Porto Alegre no período que vai de 1896 a 1924, a partir de uma história da saúde e das doenças. O período é marcado pela ideologia positivista que norteava os políticos que governavam o Estado e por consequência o município. Por conseguinte, analisamos a posição estatal em relação à doença, bem como os seus esforços em combatê-la, além de estabelecer por método quantitativo o perfil dos indivíduos que morriam por tuberculose no período, bem como também os tratamentos utilizados. Foram utilizados neste trabalho relatórios da Diretoria de Higiene e do Presidente da Província e do Estado, livros de registros de óbitos da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre e do Cemitério da Tristeza, Relatórios dos Provedores da Santa Casa e jornais da época.
This master thesis has as object of study tuberculosis in Porto Alegre in the period from 1896 to 1924, through a history of health and disease view. The period is marked by the positivist ideology that guided the politicians who ruled the State and consequently the municipality. Therefore, we analyze the state position regarding the disease and its efforts to combat it, besides establishing, through a quantitative method, the profile of individuals who died from tuberculosis in the period, and also the treatments. They were used in this work Board reports of Hygiene and President of the Province and the state, books of death records of the Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Cemitério da Tristeza, reports by the providers of Santa Casa and newspapers of the time.
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Chishala, Chishala. "The prevalence, determinants, natural history and impact of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in patients with tuberculosis pericarditis - insights from the IMPI trial." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20517.
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Tuberculosis is the most common cause of pericarditis in Africa. The dual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-tuberculosis epidemics are major contributors to the burden of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, including tuberculous pericarditis. Mortality rates remain unacceptably high. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. It is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, as well as complications related to thromboembolic disease and haemodynamic instability. Similarly, atrial flutter (AFL) is a common macro-reentry arrhythmia, often associated with AF and its complications. While there is a recognized association between atrial fibrillation and / or atrial flutter (AF/AFL) and tuberculous pericarditis, there are limited data regarding the prevalence, determinants, natural history, and outcomes of AF/AFL in tuberculous pericarditis. Hypothesis: In patients with tuberculous pericarditis, AF/AFL is common, and when compared to tuberculous pericarditis patients that are in sinus rhythm, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Aims In participants with tuberculous pericarditis enrolled into the Investigation of the Management of Pericarditis (IMPI) trial, we intend to: 1. Estimate the prevalence of AF/AFL 2. Describe the natural history of AF/AFL 3. Identify clinical, biochemical and, echocardiographic predictors of AF/AFL 4. Determine the clinical impact of AF/AFL.
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Miralles, Celia. "La tuberculose dans l’espace social barcelonais 1929-1936." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20044/document.
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L’ancienne phtisie pulmonaire, maladie sociale excellence au XIXème siècle, est encore, au début du XXème siècle, empreinte d’un fort imaginaire commun associé à la misère sociale. Cette thèse analyse l’inscription de cette maladie dans l’espace social barcelonais des années 1930, et pour ce faire, elle cherche à prendre en compte les multiples acceptions de la tuberculose, mêlant discours des médecins et vécu des patients.Avec la découverte du bacille de Koch en 1882, le microbe apparait comme l’unique cause de la tuberculose, ce qui suppose une redéfinition de la lutte antituberculeuse, désormais concentrée sur l’élimination de l’agent contagieux. Bien plus qu’auparavant, la tuberculose est alors associée aux recoins poussiéreux et à l’environnement insalubre comme à la promiscuité. A Barcelone entre 1929 et 1936, les autorités catalanes se concentrent sur la mise en place d’une lutte préventive qui vise à extirper le microbe de certains logements précisément identifiés dans la ville.La tuberculose est également une maladie sociale qui caractérise un groupe d’individus et l’isole du reste de la société. Outre une réflexion sur la construction sociale d’une catégorie homogène autour du dénominateur commun que constitue le microbe, cette thèse a pour but de prendre en compte la réalité vécue des individus malades soignés dans les dispensaires, hôpitaux et sanatoria gratuits et de comprendre leur intégration dans le panorama social barcelonais à cette époque. Il apparait dès lors que ces tuberculeux sont souvent des actifs avec une position sociale précaire liée à une moindre intégration dans la ville, sans être pour autant complètement « isolés » socialement. C’est la déclaration de la maladie qui les fait « basculer » dans un groupe d’exclus sociaux pris en charge médicalement.Mais plus qu’un identifiant commun, la tuberculose est surtout un vécu personnel. Le malade est un acteur essentiel de sa maladie comme de sa guérison et son parcours met au jour une pratique de la lutte qui permet de redéfinir par le bas les structures de soins, et la logique médicale moderne telle qu’elle est évoquée dans les discours. Enfin, ces parcours individuels de malades dans la capitale catalane brouillent surtout la catégorie unifiée et homogène mettant en avant des préoccupations personnelles qui dépassent l’exigence de santé et l’absolue nécessité de se prémunir contre le microbe, laissant apparaitre des visions divergentes de la lutte contre la maladie à la même époque« Consumption », a major concern of the late 19th century, was still a disease associated with misery in the collective imagination of the early 20th century. The present dissertation focuses on consumption in the Barcelonian social space of the 1930s: it seeks to circumscribe the multiple meanings of tuberculosis which emerge from medical discourse as well as from the patients’ experience.The discovery of the Koch bacillus in 1882 entailed a redefinition of the fight against tuberculosis, as the bacillus came to be seen as the single cause of the disease. Since priority was given to the eradication of the contagious agent, tuberculosis was more than before associated with dust, unsanitary and crowded environments. From 1929 to 1936, the Catalan authorities in Barcelona concentrated on preventive action, which consisted in the extirpation of the Koch bacillus from housing in some areas that were precisely identified.Besides the analysis of tuberculosis as a homogeneous social construct, the present dissertation takes the patients’ points of view into account. Tuberculosis is a social disease that characterises a group of individuals and isolates them from the rest of society. A focus on individuals who were treated in a network of free dispensaries, hospitals and sanatoriums helps us understand their position in the social landscape of Barcelona at that time : prior to being diagnosed with tuberculosis, the patients had been working and were often marginally integrated to the city’s life without being altogether socially isolated. Contracting the disease is what downgraded them to the category of medically treated paupers.More than a common status though, tuberculosis was a personal experience for the individuals struggling against the disease and getting cured. The latter’s clinical files provide a bottom-up perspective on medical institutions and on the logics of modern medical discourse. The patients’ individual trajectories in the capital of Catalonia further blur the unified and homogeneous reference to tuberculosis, as they give priority to personal concerns over health requirements and over the absolute necessity of the fight against the bacillus, thus revealing diverging contemporary understandings of the fight against tuberculosis
La antes denominada tisis pulmonar, enfermedad social por excelencia del siglo XIX, sigue siendo, aun en el siglo XX, empreñada de un fuerte imaginario común asociado a la miseria social. Esa tesis doctoral pretende analizar la inscripción de esta enfermedad en el espacio social barcelonés de los años 1930 y con este fin toma en cuenta las múltiples acepciones de la tuberculosis, entremezclando discursos de los médicos y vivencias de los pacientes.Con el descubrimiento del bacilo de Koch en 1882, el microbio se convierte en la única causa de la enfermedad lo cual supone una redefinición de la lucha antituberculosa, ahora directamente orientada hacia la eliminación del agente contagioso. Aun más que antes, la tuberculosis es entonces asociada al rincón polvoriento, al ambiente insalubre y el hacinamiento. En Barcelona entre 1929 y 1936 las autoridades catalanas se concentran en el establecimiento de una lucha preventiva que aspira a extirpar el germen de ciertas viviendas precisamente identificadas en la ciudad.La tuberculosis también es una enfermedad social que caracteriza a un grupo de individuos aislándolo del resto de la sociedad. Además de una reflexión sobre la construcción social de una categoría homogénea alrededor del denominador común que constituye el microbio, esa tesis tiene como objetivo realzar la realidad vivida por los individuos enfermos curados en los dispensarios, hospitales y sanatorios gratuitos, así como entender sus maneras de desenvolverse en el panorama social barcelonés en esa época. Así aparece que los tuberculosos suelen ser unos activos con una posición social precaria, vinculada a una menor integración en la ciudad, sin ser por lo tanto completamente aislados socialmente. Es la declaración de la enfermedad la que les hace “bascular” en un grupo de excluidos sociales asumidos como tales por las autoridades médicas.Pero, más que un identificador común, la tuberculosis es sobre todo una vivencia personal. El enfermo es un actor esencial de su enfermedad tanto como de su curación, y su recorrido muestra una práctica de la lucha que permite redefinir desde abajo las estructuras asistenciales y la lógica médica moderna tal como es evocada en los discursos. Por fin, los recorridos individuales de enfermos en Barcelona nublan sobre todo la percepción de una categoría unificada y homogénea, realzando las preocupaciones personales que se sobreponen a la exigencia de salud, o a la absoluta necesidad de prevenirse frente al germen, dejando ver visiones discrepantes de la lucha contra la enfermedad
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Nichols, Carol Anne. "The Influence of Heterogeneous Landscapes on Banded Mongoose (Mungos mungo) Behavior in Northern Botswana: Inferences about Infectious Disease Transmission." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95936.
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Infectious disease transmission is driven by a complex suite of drivers with behavior and landscape dynamics contributing to epidemics across host-pathogen systems. However, our understanding of the interaction between landscape, behavior, and infectious disease remains limited. In the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), a novel tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium mungi, has emerged in Northern Botswana that is transmitted through olfactory communication behaviors. Using this host-pathogen system, this thesis explores the influence of various land use areas along the human-wildlife interface on animal behavior, and ultimately, pathogen transmission potential. Using behavior data from remote sensing camera traps, a generalized linear mixed model identified vigilance behavior, land use, and their interaction as important factors in predicting olfactory behavior. Cluster and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis of active den sites (n= 308, across 23 troops) identified the important characteristics of dens across land use areas. In human-modified environments, man-made den sites persisted longer than did natural dens which became unsuitable through environmental processes (e.g., collapse). We also document the occurrence of nighttime activity for this species, perceived to be strictly diurnal. These data provide information critical to the development of robust computational models and underscore the importance of both landscape and behavior in accurately predicting and managing infectious disease outbreaks.M. S.
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Silva, Antonio Carlos Oliveira da. "Diversão e sobrevivência: sociabilidades em São José dos Campos (1930-1940)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13180.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-16Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation has as its main objective the study of the language used by the press, the government papers and local memorialists on the behavior and sociabilities of the residents of the city of São Jose dos Campos, especially the poor and their circulation in public spaces, during the sanatorial period between 1930 and 1940. The residents in search of amusement still organized themselves in their own traditional ways. Due to new laws and public policies that were being implemented in the thirties, the local inhabitants found themselves coerced by the new political, economic and medical policies which tried to submit the poor of rural origins to new more civic and healthier behavior. The small town of São Jose survived of agriculture and raising of livestock. These local productions promoted intense trade between country and city. The merchants and business men along with local authorities tried to build an alternative urban way of life. They adopted strict orders against the popular places were the poor used to meet for drinking and gambling, considering these places dangerous and prone to violence and crimes. In this research we documented the tense relations between authorities and local people that stood up and resisted changes on their daily habits
Esta dissertação tem, como objetivo central, o estudo acerca das falas e propostas veiculadas na imprensa, documentos governamentais e obras de memórias sobre os comportamentos e sociabilidades dos moradores de São José dos Campos, presentes nos espaços públicos, especialmente os das camadas mais modestas, no chamado Período Sanatorial, entre os anos de 1930 e 1940. Propõe-se que as sociabilidades dos moradores joseenses, especialmente em busca de diversão fossem se organizando na própria dinâmica de constituição de suas relações econômicas e sociais. Devido às novas configurações e propostas sociais que foram se estabelecendo na década de 1930, os moradores locais ficaram sob olhares de governantes, poderes econômicos, saberes médicos e análise da cultura letrada, que procuraram construir conhecimentos sobre suas dinâmicas, estabelecendo visões e julgamentos sobre seus comportamentos e, por conseguinte, sobre os próprios joseenses que os usufruíam. Essas instituições promoveram também propostas de intervenção sobre esses mesmos sujeitos e os espaços urbanos em que conviviam. Na presente dissertação procurou-se apresentar como São José dos Campos, uma pequena cidade, sobrevivia da agricultura e pecuária. Essas produções econômicas promoveram intensas trocas comerciais entre o campo e a cidade. Ao mesmo tempo, os governantes, comerciantes e empresários urbanos buscavam alternativas para a economia da cidade, em torno das concepções de cidade moderna, industrial e sanatorial. Estuda-se como os jogos de azar, principalmente de víspora e de bicho foram tratados pela imprensa e pelos relatórios institucionais. Também traçou-se a constituição dos bares como locais de sociabilidade dos grupos populares, porém considerados, pelas autoridades municipais, como lugares onde a embriaguez perturbava a ordem pública da cidade e a moral de famílias, além de ser palco de atos de violência e criminalidade. Reflete sobre a maneira como, na década de 1930, as instituições governamentais concebiam os papéis sociais da família, das crianças e do trabalhador. Os desejos e limites desse projeto de cidade sanatorial serviram de motivação para a produção desta dissertação; tendo em vista os comportamentos e sociabilidades dos moradores locais, nas ruas, em entrelaçamento com as propostas sanitárias de intervenção urbana, procurou-se analisar como se estabeleceram tensões nas vias e praças públicas em São José do Campos nesse período
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Vandersommers, Daniel A. "Laboratories, Lyceums, Lords: The National Zoological Park and the Transformation of Humanism in Nineteenth-Century America." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399640141.
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Room, Sebastian. "Arvika förening mot tuberkulos : Ideella aktörer i folkhälsans tjänst 1907 - 1912." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70902.
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Tuberkulosens härjningar i världen har drabbat miljontals människor genom åren. Bland denna statistikkan även Sverige kring 1800- och 1900-talet ses ha drabbats hårt. samhällsförändringar utifrånindustrialisering och urbanisering skapade nya förutsättningar för spridning av sjukdomen, detta blevmärkbart ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv. Krafttag mot tuberkulosens framfart i Sverige inleddes i början av1900-talet och flertalet av de krafter som stod bakom detta arbete var ideella organisationer. I Värmlandslän sammanträdde Arvika förening mot tuberkulos officiellt första gången 1907. Då med målet attbekämpa tuberkulosen i Arvika både ur ett direkt och ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Det direkta perspektivetvar en preventiv implementering där dispensärverksamhet var den främsta insatsen. Det långsiktigaperspektivet som fanns inom föreningen var byggandet av någon typ av tuberkuloshem – vilket islutändan resulterar i uppförandet av ett sanatorium i Arvika 1912, då i samarbete med officiellamyndigheter och organ. Uppsatsen avser att belysa föreningens framväxt och hur ett ökandefolkhälsoperspektiv påverkade hur vård och omsorg diskuterades och sågs på under tidsperioden. Undersökningen ämnar lyfta fram Arvika förening mot tuberkulos ideella arbete kring sjukdomenmellan åren 1907 – 1912. Hur har Arvika förening mot tuberkulos agerat som en aktör i kampen mottuberkulos i Arvika?Tuberculosis ravages in the world have affected millions of people over the years. Among thesestatistics, Sweden can also be seen to have been hit hard during the 1800s and 1900s. Societal changesbased on industrialization and urbanization created new conditions for the spread of the disease, thisbecame noticeable from a public health perspective. Force action against the profess of tuberculosis inSweden began en masse during the early 1900s and a big part of the work was conducted by non-profitorganizations. In the county of Värmland, Arvika förening mot tuberkulos [Arvika organization againsttuberculosis] officially met for the first time in 1907. Then with the aim of combating the tuberculosisdisease in Arvika both from a direct and a long-term perspective. The direct perspective was apreventive implementation, where dispensary activities were the foremost effort. The long-termperspective that existed within the organization was the construction of some type of tuberculosis home– which ultimately resulted in the construction of a sanatorium in Arvika in 1912, then in cooperationwith official authorities. This essay aims to highlight the organizations growth and how an increasingpublic health perspective affected how care and treatment were discussed and looked at during theperiod. The study aims to highlight Arvika förening mot tuberkulos non-profit work concerning the diseasebetween the years 1907 – 1912. How did Arvika förening mot tuberkulos act as an agent in the fightagainst tuberculosis in Arvika?
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Dellplain, Laura. "Yellow, in Peril: How public health discourse on tuberculosis (TB) reveals, refines, and reinforces the racial stigmatization of Asian Americans." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1339100153.
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Werlang, Isabel Cristina Ribas. "Rv3852, uma nova proteína Histone-Like de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17330.
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A tuberculose permanece sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo devido a um único agente infeccioso, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O surgimento de cepas multi- e extensivamente-resistentes tem aumentado a perspectiva de uma futura epidemia de casos de tuberculose sem tratamento. Faz-se cada vez mais urgente a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas drogas e vacinas, tanto para encurtar o prazo de tratamento, como para combater as cepas resistentes e o processo de latência que é estabelecido pelo bacilo. Os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais esta micobactéria estabelece infecção e latência ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. O estudo de proteínas associadas ao nucleóide tem sido um tema bastante promissor para o entendimento de mecanismos de invasão e persistência em vários microorganismos patogênicos, podendo auxiliar, também, no esclarecimento do metabolismo do bacilo para estas atividades. Neste estudo, descrevemos a caracterização inicial de uma fase de leitura identificada para uma proteína H-NS putativa de M. tuberculosis. A H-NS é uma das proteínas associadas ao nucleóide mais bem caracterizadas. O gene foi clonado, expresso, e seu produto foi, então, purificado até sua homogeneidade. Ensaios de ligação a DNA qualitativo, utilizando o EMSA, e quantitativo, por meio de ressonância plasmônica de superfície, foram realizados para a comprovação de sua atividade, tendo sido proposto um mecanismo de ligação ao DNA. Além disso, estudos de complementação realizados com a utilização de uma cepa de Escherichia coli mutante para hns sugerem que esta proteína pertence a uma nova classe de proteínas associadas ao nucleóide presentes em Mycobacterium.Tuberculosis remains the major cause of mortality due to a bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The emergence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant strains have raised the bleak prospect of a future epidemic of virtually untreatable TB. More effective antimycobacterial agents, besides new vaccines or vaccination strategies, are thus needed to improve the treatment of resistant strains, to shorten the treatment course, and to provide more effective treatment of latent infection. The molecular mechanisms by which the bacillus establishes infection and persistence have not been completely elucidated. Studies involving nucleoid-associated proteins, which have been related to the control and influence of virulence genes in pathogenic bacteria, can help unveil the virulence process of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we describe the initial characterization of an open reading frame for the M. tuberculosis putative H-NS. This protein is one of the most studied members of the nucleoid-associated proteins family. The gene was cloned, expressed and its product purified to homogeneity. A qualitative protein-DNA binding assay was carried out by gel-retardation and the protein affinity for specific DNA sequences was assessed quantitatively by surface plasmon resonance. A protein-DNA binding mechanism is proposed. In addition, functional complementation studies of an E. coli hns mutant reinforce the likelihood that Rv3852 protein represents a novel nucleoid-associated protein in M. tuberculosis.
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Barbier, Maxime. "Histoire évolutive et propagation de la tuberculose à échelle planétaire : vers une approche intégrée combinant la génomique des populations et le typage multi-locus." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP051/document.
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D’après un rapport de l’OMS, la tuberculose reste en 2015 l’une des 10 premières causes de décès à l’échelle mondiale. De ce fait, en matière de santé, éradiquer la maladie à l’horizon 2030 est un des objectifs majeurs fixés par les Nations Unies. La bactérie responsable de cette infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, est un pathogène obligatoire dont l’origine et l’évolution sont intrinsèquement liées à celles de son hôte principal, Homo sapiens. En effet, les souches actuelles de tuberculose présentent, tout comme l’homme, une forte structure phylogénétique, trace de leur origine géographique. Les pays pauvres et en développement sont les plus touchés par l’épidémie globale, favorisée par des systèmes de santé défaillants et une haute prévalence du VIH. Les pays occidentaux ne sont pas épargnés, menacés par l’émergence de souches de plus en plus résistantes aux antibiotiques provenant en grande partie de l’ex URSS. Au cours de cette thèse, j’analyse l’histoire évolutive, la propagation et l’acquisition de résistances aux antibiotiques de plusieurs épidémies de tuberculose en me basant sur des données génétiques et génomiques. Dans un premier temps je m’intéresse aux effets d’une campagne nationale de traitements en Asie Centrale sur le développement de souches multi-résistantes et met également en lumière le rôle clef de certaines mutations dans le succès des clones présentés. Ainsi cette campagne a été partiellement mise en échec par la présence de souches pré-résistantes, grâce à la survenue de mutations avant même la mise en place des traitements antibiotiques. Par la suite je me suis focalisé sur un clade particulier de souches multi-résistantes, le clone Russe W148. Je présente sa dispersion géographique et temporelle à travers l’Eurasie et démontre l’importance des mutations compensatoires dans son succès épidémique. De plus, la tuberculose ne touche pas seulement les hommes mais infecte également plusieurs autres mammifères. Afin d’appréhender les contraintes adaptatives accompagnants ces changements d’hôtes, j’ai effectué divers tests de sélection dans le but d’identifier les gènes impliqués. Pour finir, nous avons développé un indice souche spécifique, permettant de mesurer le succès épidémique de celles-ci à un niveau individuel. Dans le cadre d’études épidémiologiques, cette mesure peut être croisée avec des informations sur le patient, la souche ou même socio-économiquesAccording to a 2015 WHO report, tuberculosis remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Despite considerable efforts by the United Nations to eradicate the disease by 2030, a global TB epidemic still persists. Its causative agent, the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an obligate pathogen, has been plaguing humanity since it originated, and has coevolved with its main host, Homo sapiens, over thousands of years. Contemporary tuberculosis strains exhibit a structured phylogeographic pattern, carrying the genetic print of their geographic origin. The Koch bacillus infects and kills in large numbers, in poor and developing countries, where fragile health care systems, combined with high HIV prevalence, facilitate epidemic spread. In western countries, the major current threats are the multiplication and propagation of antibiotic resistant strains (MDR/XDR) coming predominantly from former Soviet republics. In this thesis, I unravel the evolutionary history, propagation, and acquisition of drug resistance-conferring mutations in different settings, by implementing multiple genetic and genomic data sets. First, focusing on Central Asia, using whole genome sequencing and Bayesian statistics, I assess the effects of a treatment campaign on the development of MDR strains and highlight key mutations in successful strains. More importantly, the success of DOTs campaigns was compromised by the genetic make-up of these outbreak clades (pre-treatment low frequency resistance SNPs). Special attention was also given to a particular outbreak of MDR strains, i.e. the Russian W148 clone. I present its westward spatial and temporal propagation at a continental scale during the last century, and underline the key contribution of compensatory mutations in its epidemic success. However, tuberculosis does not only infect humans, but also has experienced successive mammalian host jumps. To decipher the adaptive constraints accompanying such secondary events, a systemic gene screen with selection signature-detecting algorithms was implemented to identify putative targets during diversifying selection. Finally, novel mathematical tools and indices that reflect the epidemicity of a strain were developed, jumping from a population-driven approach to a strain specific one, with broader epidemiological applications. This allows us to correlate strain fitness with patient, lineage, and socio-economic information
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Rosemberg, Ana Margarida Furtado Arruda. "Guerra à peste branca: Clemente Ferreira e a Liga Paulista contra a tuberculose 1899 -1947." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13055.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-05The objective of this research is to show the war against Tuberculosis in São Paulo city from 1899 to 1947; the life and work of Clemente Ferreira, pioneer in the fight against Tuberculosis in Brazil, and, also the importance of this disease in popular language and in the minds of those working in this field at this time. Its describes the setting up and work of the Liga Paulista against Tuberculosis, a charitable organization founded in 1899 by Clemente Ferreira and collaborators, pointing out its main weapons: dispensary, prevention institution, sanatorium and hospital. Also included is the functioning of the model Clemente Ferreira Dispensary, the first of its kind in the struggle against Tuberculosis in São Paulo city in the first 30 years of the 20th century. Furthermore the role of the journal Defesa contra a Tísica the official organ of Liga Paulista in making the population and law makers aware of the importance of relating the seriousness of Tuberculosis and the necessity of the government to take responsibility and support the fight. This work also analyzes those involved in this area in popular language and in what they thought. It shows the importance of charitable associations at the beginning of the 20th century to make the control of Tuberculosis in Brazil and, specifically, in São Paulo city, a matter of interest and responsibility of the state
Esta pesquisa se propõe a mostrar a guerra travada contra a tísica, na capital paulista, de 1899 a 1947; a vida e a obra de Clemente Ferreira, pioneiro da luta contra a tuberculose no Brasil e as representações da tuberculose nas linguagens sociais e no imaginário dos tisiólogos, no mesmo período. Descreve a criação e a atuação da Liga Paulista contra a Tuberculose, uma sociedade beneficente fundada, em 1899, por Clemente Ferreira e colaboradores, destacando os seus armamentos: dispensário, preventório, sanatório e hospital. Evidencia a ação do Dispensário-Modêlo Clemente Ferreira , baluarte da luta contra a tuberculose na capital de São Paulo, nos primeiros 30 anos do século XX. Mostra, ainda, a importância da revista Defesa Contra a Tísica , órgão oficial da Liga Paulista, na conscientização da população e dos governantes em relação à gravidade da tuberculose e a necessidade do governo assumir e apoiar a luta. Este trabalho, também, analisa as representações da tuberculose nas linguagens sociais e no imaginário dos tisiólogos. Evidencia, enfim, a importância das associações filantrópicas no começo do século XX, para tornar o controle da tuberculose, no Brasil e, em particular, em São Paulo, uma questão de interesse e responsabilidade do Estado
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Bernard, Christine. "Résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux fluoroquinolones : histoire naturelle et diagnostic de la résistance." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066462.
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La résistance aux fluoroquinolones (FQ) est le principal facteur d'aggravation du pronostic de la tuberculose multi-résistante. Il apparait donc essentiel de mieux comprendre le développement de la résistance aux FQ afin d'améliorer les outils permettant une détection précoce de cette résistance. Nous avons (i) évalué les performances du séquençage des gènes gyrA et gyrB dans la détection de la résistance aux FQ grâce à une étude prospective menée au CNR-MyRMA ; (ii) étudié l'histoire naturelle de l'émergence de la résistance aux FQ in vivo dans un modèle murin de tuberculose et (iii) identifié de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux FQ par génomique comparative. Nous avons montré que la méthode des proportions, désignée comme méthode de référence, n'est pas performante pour la détection des bas niveaux de résistance aux FQ et que ni les méthodes génotypiques ni les méthodes phénotypiques, ne permettent le diagnostic de la résistance hétérogène aux FQ. Une stratégie combinée reposant sur une détection phénotypique d'une proportion anormale de bactéries résistantes et une caractérisation génotypique de ces bactéries résistantes permettrait d'améliorer la détection de cette résistance hétérogène. Nous avons identifié des pistes pour de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux FQ. Il pourrait s'agir de mécanismes responsables d'une résistance de bas niveau facilitant la sélection d'une résistance de haut niveau due à une mutation dans les gènes codant l'ADN gyrase dans un deuxième temps. Cependant, leur implication dans la résistance aux FQ, ainsi que notre hypothèse quant au processus de sélection, reste à démontrerFluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is the main factor of worsened prognosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Therefore to better understand the development of FQ resistance is essential in order to improve the tools for early detection of this resistance. We have (i) evaluated the performance of gyrA and gyrB sequencing in the detection of FQ resistance through a prospective study; (ii) studied the natural history of the emergence of FQ resistance in vivo using a murine model of tuberculosis; and (iii) identified tracks for new mechanisms of resistance to FQ by comparative genomics. We showed that the proportion method, designated as the reference method, is not effective in detecting low levels of FQ resistance and that, neither genotypic methods nor phenotypic methods, allow the diagnosis of FQ heterogeneous resistance. A combined strategy based on phenotypic detection of an abnormal proportion of resistant bacteria and genotypic characterization of these resistant bacteria would improve the detection of this heterogeneous resistance. We have identified hypotheses for new FQ resistance mechanisms. These new mechanisms could be responsible of a low-level resistance facilitating the selection of a high-level resistance due to mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase in a second time. However, their involvement in FQ resistance and our assumption about the selection process remain to be demonstrated
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Núñez, Espinoza Julio Néstor. "Un episodio en la historia de la tuberculosis en el Perú (Tamboraque, 1895)." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121858.
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El presente artículo expone las principales ideas de la polémica sostenida en 1895 entre los médicos Francisco Almenara e Ignacio La Puente con respecto a la construcción de un sanatorio para tísicos en el cerro Tamboraque, en la provincia de Huarochirí. Con la finalidad de entender este debate, se hace primero una revisión histórica del surgimiento de la teoría del contagio de la tuberculosis. El objeto de este estudio es poner en evidencia el periodo de transición por el que atravesaba la medicina peruana a fines del siglo XIX de una concepción neohipocrática o incluso miasmática de la enfermedad hacia otra basada en la teoría del contagio. Asimismo, el debate permite apreciar el poderoso influjo que ejerció la medicina francesa en el Perú en desmedro de otras escuelas, como la alemana.
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Rosas, Magallanes Vania Deborah. "Identification, caractérisation fonctionnelle et histoire évolutive de gènes de virulence chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077001.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) tue environ 1,5 millions de personnes chaque année dans le monde. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de virulence de TB pourrait permettre de proposer de nouvelles stratégies d'intervention, dont de nouveaux antibiotiques ou des candidats vaccins. La virulence mycobactérienne se manifeste d'abord par la capacité du bacille à parasiter les macrophages. Afin d'identifier des facteurs de virulence de M. Tuberculosis impliqués dans ce processus, nous avons utilisé une banque de mutants de M. Tuberculosis générée par la technique de STM (signature-transposon fagged mutagenesis; Camacho et al. , 1999) que nous avons criblée dans des macrophages humains. Nous avons ainsi identifié 24 mutants atténués. En particulier nous avons caractérisé un opéron codant un transporteur ABC impliqué dans l'attachement et l'entrée de M. Tuberculosis dans des cellules eukaryotes. Cet opéron est spécifique du complexe Tuberculosis et des espèces ancestrales de Mycobacterium prototuberculosis. Nous avons montré qu'il a été acquis latéralement par l'ancêtre du complexe M. Tuberculosis à partir de v-protéobactéries de l'environnementMycobacterium tuberculosis kills approximately 1,5 million people in the world every year and it is estimated that one third of the world population is carrying the bacillus. A better comprehension of the mechanisms of M. Tuberculosis virulence should make possible to understand thé interactions between the bacillus and the immune System of the infected host, and to develop new vaccine candidates, including attenuated M. Tuberculosis or modified BCG strains. Mycobacterial virulence includes the ability of the bacillus to parasitize host macrophages and to multiply within these cells. In order to identify the mycobacterial virulence factors involved in this process, we have used a library of M. Tuberculosis mutants generated by the STM (signature-transposon tagged mutagenesis; Camacho et al. , 1999) technology and we have screened it in human macrophages. We have identified 24 mutants attenuated in virulence. Among these genes, the ABC transporter-encoding operon Rv0986-8 was further characterized as playing an important role in mycobacterial binding to eukaryotic cells in vitro and in virulence in vivo. Among actinobacteria, this operon is specific to the M. Tuberculosis complex and to ancestral Mycobacterium prototuberculosis species. Study of the evolutionary history of this operon provided strong evidence for a lateral acquisition by the M. Tuberculosis ancestor from a g-proteobacterium donor species
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Bernard, Christine. "Résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux fluoroquinolones : histoire naturelle et diagnostic de la résistance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066462.
Full textAbstract:
La résistance aux fluoroquinolones (FQ) est le principal facteur d'aggravation du pronostic de la tuberculose multi-résistante. Il apparait donc essentiel de mieux comprendre le développement de la résistance aux FQ afin d'améliorer les outils permettant une détection précoce de cette résistance. Nous avons (i) évalué les performances du séquençage des gènes gyrA et gyrB dans la détection de la résistance aux FQ grâce à une étude prospective menée au CNR-MyRMA ; (ii) étudié l'histoire naturelle de l'émergence de la résistance aux FQ in vivo dans un modèle murin de tuberculose et (iii) identifié de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux FQ par génomique comparative. Nous avons montré que la méthode des proportions, désignée comme méthode de référence, n'est pas performante pour la détection des bas niveaux de résistance aux FQ et que ni les méthodes génotypiques ni les méthodes phénotypiques, ne permettent le diagnostic de la résistance hétérogène aux FQ. Une stratégie combinée reposant sur une détection phénotypique d'une proportion anormale de bactéries résistantes et une caractérisation génotypique de ces bactéries résistantes permettrait d'améliorer la détection de cette résistance hétérogène. Nous avons identifié des pistes pour de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux FQ. Il pourrait s'agir de mécanismes responsables d'une résistance de bas niveau facilitant la sélection d'une résistance de haut niveau due à une mutation dans les gènes codant l'ADN gyrase dans un deuxième temps. Cependant, leur implication dans la résistance aux FQ, ainsi que notre hypothèse quant au processus de sélection, reste à démontrerFluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is the main factor of worsened prognosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Therefore to better understand the development of FQ resistance is essential in order to improve the tools for early detection of this resistance. We have (i) evaluated the performance of gyrA and gyrB sequencing in the detection of FQ resistance through a prospective study; (ii) studied the natural history of the emergence of FQ resistance in vivo using a murine model of tuberculosis; and (iii) identified tracks for new mechanisms of resistance to FQ by comparative genomics. We showed that the proportion method, designated as the reference method, is not effective in detecting low levels of FQ resistance and that, neither genotypic methods nor phenotypic methods, allow the diagnosis of FQ heterogeneous resistance. A combined strategy based on phenotypic detection of an abnormal proportion of resistant bacteria and genotypic characterization of these resistant bacteria would improve the detection of this heterogeneous resistance. We have identified hypotheses for new FQ resistance mechanisms. These new mechanisms could be responsible of a low-level resistance facilitating the selection of a high-level resistance due to mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase in a second time. However, their involvement in FQ resistance and our assumption about the selection process remain to be demonstrated
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Almeida, Valéria Zanetti de. "Cidade e identidade: São José dos Campos, do peito e dos ares." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13073.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-20Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The present work has tried to tackle a common speech among São José dos Campos' s residents: the city's lack of identity. As the speech is something that is culturally and historically built, the understanding strictly demands an analysis of the past of the city. The mechanisms that had supposedly affected the identification supports of the residents were researched. The first idea was that if the speech wants a production of proposition, the city is able to hold the space of such production. Therefore, we have proposed to read the speeches that the city produced historically in order to sustain identities. We read about its spaces, its symbols and signs, its architecture, its photographs, printed sources and forms used to endorse representations. We have evidenced a text with a redundant language. Even though São José dos Campos's residents think it is difficult to identify marks linked to the city's memory, the space has created conditions for the residents to certify their industrial vocation. The power of this reference slowly erases, amidst the urban scenery, the elements of past references, more precisely of a time when São José dos Campos's economy was linked to a sanative past. The fading of the identification marks connected to the past has weakend the memory and mutilated the identity. The fact is that identities are not built without memories
O presente trabalho procurou entender um discurso comum aos moradores de São José dos Campos: a falta de identidade da cidade. Como o discurso é algo construído social e historicamente, o entendimento exige obrigatoriamente uma análise do passado da cidade. Tratou-se de buscar no tempo os dispositivos que supostamente teriam abalado os suportes de identificação dos habitantes. Partimos do princípio que, se o discurso enseja uma produção de enunciado, a cidade comporta o espaço dessa produção. Propomos, portanto, ler os discursos que a cidade produziu historicamente para sustentar identidades. Lemos seus espaços, seus símbolos e signos, sua arquitetura, suas fotografias, suas fontes impressas, formas utilizadas para endossar representações. Evidenciamos um texto comportando uma linguagem redundante. Embora os joseenses tenham dificuldade em identificar marcas ligadas a memória da cidade, o espaço criou condições para que o joseense se certificasse da vocação industrial da cidade. A força dessa referência vai apagando aos poucos, na paisagem urbana, os elementos de alusões passadas, mais precisamente de um tempo em que a economia de São José dos Campos esteve vinculada a um passado sanatorial. O apagamento das marcas de identificação ligadas ao passado, enfraqueceu a memória e mutilou a identidade. O fato é que não se constrói identidades sem memória
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Koch, Joseph. "La tuberculose depuis la découverte du bacille de Koch (1882) : un siècle de thérapeutique et de prophylaxie." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR1M091.
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NAUDIN, PASCALE. "La tuberculose pulmonaire de bichat a nos jours." Limoges, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIMO0169.
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LODOVICHETTI, PERTON PASCALE. "Histoire de la tuberculose dans le doubs aux 19eme et 20eme siecles." Besançon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BESA3035.
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Laboissiere, Marcia Michelin. "Imagens do mal : a tuberculose em cinquenta anos de historia de Belo Horizonte." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279639.
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Orientador: Italo Arnaldo TroncaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Mestrado
Mestre em História
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LELOUP, HUGUES. "Essai a propos de l'histoire des traitements de la tuberculose pulmonaire : apport du traitement medical." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF13065.
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JORET, PUILLANDRE CHANTAL. "Histoire des dispensaires antituberculeux en ille-et-vilaine." Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN1M141.
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Lugo, Márquez Sara. "Ciencia, industria e ideología desde la Cataluña del siglo XX. La heterodoxia incluyente del Instituto Ravetllat-Pla (1919-1936)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/79126.
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A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, después del descubrimiento del bacilo de Koch, la concepción social de la tuberculosis fue siendo remplazada por la tuberculosis de laboratorio. En este contexto, el veterinario Joaquin Ravetllat i Estech (1872-1923) desarrolló en Cataluña una teoría alternativa sobre la variabilidad del bacilo tuberculoso. Sus ideas, junto con el soporte científico y económico del médico Ramón Plá i Armengol (1880-1958), permitieron la fundación del Instituto Ravetllat-Pla, así como la fabricación de dos productos antituberculosos: El Suero Ravetllat-Pla y la Hemo-antitoxina Ravetllat-Pla.
Después de la muerte de Joaquim Ravetllat, Ramon Pla i Armengol, continuó el desarrollo científico de la teoría Ravetllat-Pla. Sin embargo, siempre compaginó su militancia política con su actividad científico comercial. La ideología política de Ramon Pla se configuró desde un catalanismo socialista hacía un catalanismo más internacionalista, razón por la cual militó en diferentes partidos, siendo finalmente elegido diputado como miembro de la Unión Socialista Catalana en 1936. Su ideología política permeó sus teorías científicas; la teoría bacteriológica de Ravetllat, le permitió alejarse de la concepción social de la tuberculosis, reconceptualizar la enfermedad y proponer una terapéutica específica incluyente y efectiva: sus productos farmacéuticos.
La teoría Ravetllat-Pla fue definida como heterodoxa cuando las instituciones médicas de la época decidieron por unanimidad que no era verificable. Tanto por la militancia política de su fundador, como por la heterodoxia de la teoría que difundía, el Instituto Ravetllat-Pla se consolidó como una empresa privada excluida de la comunidad médica catalana. Aprovechando la identidad de heterodoxos y como reacción a dicha exclusión social la estrategia de legitimación de la teoría científica Ravetllat-Pla se fundamentó en la expansión comercial del Instituto en Latinoamérica, donde se difundió la teoría a través de las publicaciones del Instituto y de su publicidad. El Instituto Ravetllat-Pla configuró una red científico-comercial a través de la cual transitó conocimiento científico entre veintisiete países. A través de dicha red, el instituto mantenía relaciones horizontales con médicos a nivel mundial e incorporaba en la definición de sus medicamentos el concepto social de enfermedad de cada contexto local. Este trabajo de investigación fuera de contribuir al entendimiento de la historia de la medicina, y particularmente de la industria farmacéutica catalana, aporta una nueva perspectiva a la hora de abordar la historia de los medicamentos: la consideración de estos productos comerciales como una estrategia de legitimación científica.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after the discovery the Koch’s bacillus, the social notion of tuberculosis was being replaced by laboratory tuberculosis. In this context, the veterinarian Joaquin Ravetllat i Estech (1872-1923) developed in Catalonia an alternative theory regarding the variability of the tuberculosis bacillus. His ideas, together with the scientific and economic support of the physician Ramon Pla i Armengol (1880-1958), led to the founding of the Institute Ravetllat-Pla, and also to the manufacturing and commercialization of two anti-tuberculosis products: the Suero Ravetllat-Pla and the Hemo-antitoxina Ravetllat-Pla. After Joaquim Ravetllat’s death, Ramon Pla continued the scientific development of the Ravetllat-Pla theory. However, he always combined his political activism with his commercial and scientific activities. Ramon Pla’s political ideology switched in time from a socialist catalanism to an internationalist catalanism, and thus he was a member of different political parties, to be finally elected as representative for the Catalan Socialist Union in 1936. Interestingly, Ramon Pla’s political ideology permeated his scientific theories; Ravetllat’s bacteriological theory allowed him to move away from the social conception of tuberculosis, to re-conceptualize the disease and, in the end, to propose an inclusive therapy through specific pharmaceutical products. The Ravetllat-Pla theory was defined as heterodox when medical institutions unanimously defined it as not verifiable. Both Ramon Pla’s political activism and the heterodoxy of the theory led to the consolidation of the Ravetllat-Pla Institute as a private company excluded from the Catalan medical community. Taking advantage of this heterodox identity and as a reaction to the subsequent social exclusion, Ramon Pla’s legitimation strategy for the Ravetllat-Pla scientific theory was based on the Institute's expansion in Latin America, where the theory was widely spread through the Institute's publications and advertising. Pla configured a commercial-scientific network for the Institute that allowed the circulation of scientific knowledge in twenty-seven countries. By using this network, the Institute maintained horizontal relationships with doctors throughout the world, while including the social concept of the disease of each local context in the definition of its medical products. Apart from the contribution to the understanding of the history of medicine and, in particular, of the Catalan pharmaceutical industry, this research provides a new perspective to study the history of drugs: the consideration of these commercial products as a scientific legitimation strategy.
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Poilleux, Francine. "La fédération girondine de lutte contre les maladies respiratoires : adaptation d'une structure à l'évolution de la pathologie respiratoire." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M222.
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Vaghetti, Helena Heidtmann. "Ações de saúde na tuberculose em Rio Grande na década de 40 :: a história contada /." Florianópolis, SC, 1999. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/80844.
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Moraes, Mirtes de. "Imagens e ações: representações e práticas médicas na luta contra a tuberculose - São Paulo - 1899-1930." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2000. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13118.
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Previous issue date: 2000-11-30Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem como proposta investigar as práticas médicas e as representações sociais que se constituíram na luta contra a tuberculose em São Paulo no período de 1899 a 1930. Nessa época, a cidade de São Paulo passava por um intenso processo de transformações: industrialização, instalação da rede de transporte ferroviário e urbano, desenvolvimento do comércio, fluxos migratórios de várias procedências, crescimento rápido do número de trabalhadores urbanos, etc. E como conseqüência de todo esse quadro transformativo, a precarização da vida social urbana, gerou, entre vários outros malefícios, a propagação de doenças endêmicas. É nesse contexto social fervilhante que surge a tuberculose, doença responsável por altos índices de mortalidade no período. Entre os fatores que contribuíram para o seu surgimento, pode-se sem dúvida ressaltar as péssimas condições de vida da população mais pobre da cidade. Alimentação e habitação precárias eram fatores bastante propícios à disseminação de doenças em geral e da tuberculose em especial. A melhoria dessas condições precárias da vida urbana teria sido, certamente, bastante proveitosa na eliminação da doença. Porém, como isso encontrava resistências econômicas e políticas várias, optou-se por medidas que podiam apenas amenizar o problema. . Como centro de preocupações sociais significativas, a tuberculose acabou gerando múltiplas representações. Seja na poesia, no romance, nas, formas de representação imagética, ou na fala médica, diversos tipos de discurso procuravam expressar simbolicamente a tuberculose, tecendo um vasto imaginário social referente à doença. Será intenção deste trabalho, portanto, vasculhar e analisar esse campo amplo de representações, sem, contudo, pretender esgotar a questão
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Berdah, Delphine. "Innovation biologique, expertise et crise sanitaro-agricole : la lutte contre la tuberculose bovine et la fièvre aphteuse en France et en Grance-Bretagne, du milieu du dix-neuvième aux années mille neuf cent soixante." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0163.
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Cette thèse montre comment les vétérinaires français ont mobilisé leurs savoirs bactériologiques pour reproblématiser la question de la contagion - humaine et animale - devenant des experts pour le compte de l'État et des collaborateurs de l'industrie pharmaceutique, dont le rôle dans le développement professionnel vétérinaire est analysé. Ensuite, elle s'inscrit en porte-à-faux de l'historiographie tendant à présenter la France comme un pays extrêmement centralisé, s'opposant à un Royaume-Uni extrêmement libéral, favorisant le «laisser-faire » des marchés par une politique non-interventionniste. Analysant comment sur le long terme, les intérêts et pratiques se transforment dans le contenu des politiques de lutte contre les maladies contagieuses des animaux, cette thèse montre comment malgré l'adoption de législations similaires, la France et la Grande Bretagne ont mis en place des normes secondaires d'application de ces législations reposant sur des formes d’expertise hétérogènes, fonction des savoirs vétérinaires et médicaux locaux, mais aussi des formes d'expérience de la maladie. Enfin en suivant les trajectoires d'innovation des sérums et vaccins vétérinaires, elle met en évidence les circulations de savoirs, techniques, souches, personnels et modèles entre les frontières propres à la médecine et à l'agriculture. Elle montre également comment les interactions entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans la lutte contre les maladies animales, définissant en France un véritable complexe biomédical vétérinaire, ont contribué à transformer ces normes de contrôle pour faire de la vaccination une alternative à l'abattageThree main axes are followed in this thesis 1) The double comparison of the research, production and utilization processes of vaccines against two diseases: bovine tuberculosis and foot-and-mouth disease, in two countries, France and Great Britain. This thesis shows the circulations –of strains techniques, protocols, knowledge, researchers -between the spheres of human and veterinary processes in the two countries. 2) The professionalization process of French veterinarians: focusing on the gradual transformation of their knowledge from the late eighteenth century, this thesis shows the major role of bacteriology (creating new tools to diagnose and control contagion) in the recognition of a veterinary expertise over the control of contagion. 3) The analysis of the construction of the legislation and its secondary norms of application to control animal contagious diseases. This thesis shows how the two countries established the same legislations in the late nineteenth century to control animal diseases but analyses how practically, the control of the diseases varied according to the nature of diseases, local situations, as well as expertises and experiences of the various actors involved in the control of animal diseases. This thesis proposes an explanation of the experimental uses of vaccines in Great-Britain, as well as of the abandon of the BCG vaccine against bovine tuberculosis in France, while at the same period, a 'veterinary biomedical complex' associating pharmaceutical companies, veterinarians and farmers associations managed to make foot-and-mouth disease vaccination compulsory in France in 1961
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Rossiter, Nicholas A. "Non-European tuberculosis in South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15188.
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Coscolla, M., S. Gagneux, F. Menardo, C. Loiseau, P. Ruiz-Rodriguez, S. Borrell, I. D. Otchere, et al. "Phylogenomics of Mycobacterium africanum reveals a new lineage and a complex evolutionary history." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18527.
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yesHuman tuberculosis (TB) is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The MTBC comprises several human-adapted lineages known as M. tuberculosis sensu stricto, as well as two lineages (L5 and L6) traditionally referred to as Mycobacterium africanum. Strains of L5 and L6 are largely limited to West Africa for reasons unknown, and little is known of their genomic diversity, phylogeography and evolution. Here, we analysed the genomes of 350 L5 and 320 L6 strains, isolated from patients from 21 African countries, plus 5 related genomes that had not been classified into any of the known MTBC lineages. Our population genomic and phylogeographical analyses showed that the unclassified genomes belonged to a new group that we propose to name MTBC lineage 9 (L9). While the most likely ancestral distribution of L9 was predicted to be East Africa, the most likely ancestral distribution for both L5 and L6 was the Eastern part of West Africa. Moreover, we found important differences between L5 and L6 strains with respect to their phylogeographical substructure and genetic diversity. Finally, we could not confirm the previous association of drug-resistance markers with lineage and sublineages. Instead, our results indicate that the association of drug resistance with lineage is most likely driven by sample bias or geography. In conclusion, our study sheds new light onto the genomic diversity and evolutionary history of M. africanum, and highlights the need to consider the particularities of each MTBC lineage for understanding the ecology and epidemiology of TB in Africa and globally.
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"Drop dead gorgeous: The feminization and idealization of tuberculosis in England, 1780-1850." Tulane University, 2010.
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This study discusses the social space occupied by tuberculosis during the late eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century, as well as its reciprocal impact on both the individual and the social body. It focuses on the radical changes in the perception of the disease between 1780 and 1850 and how they fit with the shifting concepts of disease causation. These changes allowed tuberculosis to become tightly bound with contemporary concepts of beauty, which were prominent in the fashions of the day. The rise of 'civilized' nervous diseases and the elevation of sensibility were entwined with hereditary explanations of consumption to advance it as a disease signifying sophistication in the upper reaches of society. Consequently, there was an explanative split along class lines. Tuberculosis was seen as a product of vice and filth among the lower classes of society and as a sign of refinement and attractiveness among the middle and upper classes. The mythology surrounding the disease continued to draw on earlier notions that associated tuberculosis with a good and easy death, but these concepts were refashioned with the aid of evangelical Christianity, Romantic rhetoric, and sentimental doctrine. As a result of this co-mingling, consumption provided an avenue for the elevation of the respectable woman both spiritually and aesthetically. The physical manifestations of tuberculosis, its chronic nature, and the widespread belief in its incurability also contributed to linking the disease to contemporary concepts of beauty. Through a detailed analysis of social trends, medical advice, and fashionable culture---revealed in medical works, periodicals, literature, and personal papers---I reveal the intimate relationships between fashionable women's clothing, female roles, beauty, and illness in Britain in this periodacase@tulane.edu
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Davis, Diana Kay. "Architectures of pestilence: Smallpox, tuberculosis, and the spatial control of epidemic disease." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/17163.
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By examining the spatial dialogue that arose to reconcile the opposing figures of smallpox and tuberculosis, it has been possible to trace a spatial or architectural transformation in which methods for protecting the body from disease have evolved into methods for protecting disease from the body. However, given that the threat of pestilence has always inspired defensive strategies based on redundancy, this transformation may be traced not only as it was unfolded at the scale of the individual body, but at the scale of the building, the city, the international network, and the natural order, as well. In separation out the products of these various scales of defense and allows them to read independently, it has been possible to show how solutions follow from the representation of the threat: the problem of pestilence having always been, however, that there was, at any time, more than one representation.
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"Tuberculosis, Social Inequality, and the Hospital in Nineteenth-Century Scotland." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.20950.
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abstract: Medical practice surrounding tuberculosis (TB) treatment in two nineteenth-century Scottish charitable hospitals reveals that in developing empirically-positioned constructs of this and related diseases, medical practitioners drew upon social assumptions about women and the working classes, thus reinforcing rather than shedding cultural notions of who becomes ill and why. TB is a social disease, its distribution determined by relationships among human groups; primary among these is the patient-practitioner relationship, owing to the social role of medical treatment in restoring the ill to both health and society. To clarify the influence of cultural context upon the evolution of medical constructs of TB, I examined Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI) and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE) ward journals, admissions registers, and institution management records from 1794 through 1905. Medical practice at the turn of the nineteenth century was dominated by observation and questioning of the patient, concordant with conceptions of physicians' labor as mental rather than physical. This changed with the introduction of the stethoscope in the 1820s, which together with the dissection of the poor allowed by the 1832 Anatomy Act ushered in disease concepts emphasizing pathological anatomy. Relationships between patient and practitioner also altered at this time, exhibiting distrust and medical dominance. The mid-Victorian era was notable for clinicians' increasing interest in immorality's contributions to ill health, absent in earlier practice and linked to conceptions of women and the working classes as inherently pathological. In 1882, discovery of the tubercle bacillus challenged existing nutritional, hereditary, and environmental explanations for TB. Although practitioners utilized bacteriological methods, this discovery did not revolutionize diagnosis or treatment. Rather, these older models were incorporated with perceived behavioral, environmental, and biological degradation of the working classes, rendering marginalized groups "soil" prepared for the "seeds" of disease -- at risk, but also to blame. This framework, in which marginalized groups contribute to their increased risk for disease through refusal to accord with hegemonically-established "healthy" behavior, persists. As a result, meaningful change in TB rates will need to address these longstanding contributions of social inequality to Western medical treatment.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Anthropology 2013