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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tuberculosis in bovine species

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Academic literature on the topic 'Tuberculosis in bovine species'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

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Pandey, G., S. Dhakal, A. Sadaula, G. KC, S. Subedi, KR Pandey, and IP Dhakal. "Status of tuberculosis in bovine animals raised by tuberculosis infected patients in Western Chitwan, Nepal." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 1, no. 2 (January 20, 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v1i2.7407.

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INTRODUCTION: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important public health concern worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the status of bTB in animals raised by tuberculosis patients in Western Chitwan, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August, 2011 to January, 2012. A total of 100 bovines (cattle and buffalo) raised in 60 farms of tuberculosis patients were tested with single intradermal tuberculin test considering various animal factors. Well designed questionnaire survey was taken with 70 tuberculosis patients of same 60 families focusing knowledge, awareness and various practices related to bovine tuberculosis. RESULTS: Overall 15% bovines were positive for tuberculosis (13.6% cattle and 15.4% buffaloes). Age of animal was significantly associated with tuberculosis (p<0.05) while sex and species were not. 24% tuberculosis patients had raw milk consuming habit while very few of them (9%) were aware of zoonotic aspect of bovine tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: There is high chance of tuberculosis transmission form animals to humans or vice versa. Further detailed study is needed in large scale with stronger intersectoral collaboration of medical and veterinary health sector to determine the scale of problem and find out prevention and control strategies against zoonotic tuberculosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v1i2.7407 Int J Infect Microbiol 2012;1(1):49-53

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Ahmady, Ebrahim B. "Some Aspects about the Bovine Tuberculosis." Journal of Zoo Biology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/zoobiol.001.01.1004.

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Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease, which is produced by different species of bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium. It has been characterized by the presence in different species of animals, including very important, its impact on the man who, in the same time he has chronic and has been affected in different organs or systems of species. The lesion has classically described the formation of tuber in different sizes; in general, the most affected organ is the respiratory apparatus and particularly the lungs. The existence of the disease is global and its impact on social and economic life is extremely important. Tuberculosis has taken its toll on most of the animals and humans.

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Wadhwa, Ashutosh, Graham J. Hickling, and Shigetoshi Eda. "Opportunities for Improved Serodiagnosis of Human Tuberculosis, Bovine Tuberculosis, and Paratuberculosis." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/674238.

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Mycobacterial infections—tuberculosis (TB), bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and Johne’s disease (JD)—are major infectious diseases of both human and animals. Methods presently in use for diagnosis of mycobacterial infections include bacterial culture, nucleic acid amplification, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γassay, and serology. Serological tests have several advantages over other methods, including short turn-around time, relatively simple procedures, and low cost. However, current serodiagnostic methods for TB, bTB and JD exhibit low sensitivity and/or specificity. Recent studies that have aimed to develop improved serodiagnostic tests have mostly focused on identifying useful species-specific protein antigens. A review of recent attempts to improve diagnostic test performance indicates that the use of multiple antigens can improve the accuracy of serodiagnosis of these mycobacterial diseases. Mycobacteria also produce a variety of species-specific nonprotein molecules; however, only a few such molecules (e.g., cord factor and lipoarabinomannan) have so far been evaluated for their effectiveness as diagnostic antigens. For TB and bTB, there has been recent progress in developing laboratory-free diagnostic methods. New technologies such as microfluidics and “Lab-on-Chip” are examples of promising new technologies that can underpin development of laboratory-free diagnostic devices for these mycobacterial infections.

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Barrett, David C. "Cattle Review." Livestock 25, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.2.76.

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Introduction: In this Cattle Review we consider three open access papers on the association between antimicrobial class selection for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease and the development of antimicrobial resistance, between- and within-species transmission of bovine tuberculosis, and digital dermatitis in grazing dairy herds.

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Korniienko, L. Y., A. V. Pyskun, V. V. Ukhovskyi, M. S. Karpulenko, O. A. Moroz, O. O. Pyskun, T. M. Tsarenko, and G. B. Aliekseieva. "Retrospective analysis of the control and prevention of tuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine in the period 1994–2020." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (May 8, 2021): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022140.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) – is a chronic infectious disease, the causative agent of which affects many species of mammals. It is a zoonosis caused by various types of mycobacteria in the complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis family Mycobacteriaceae. The most important etiological agent of bTB in cattle is M. bovis, which has been isolated from tuberculosis infected cattle for centuries. Livestock and species of the Bovidae family are the most susceptible to this pathogen and are the main reservoir species for animals and humans. In Ukraine, the main methods of diagnosing tuberculosis in animal husbandry are lifetime (clinical examination, allergic intradermal test with tuberculin), and postmortem techniques (pathological changes, bacteriological investigation). The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine for the period 1994–2020 and conducted a critical assessment of the work done to prevent and control this disease. In total, over the last 27 years, 219 088 head of cattle with tuberculosis and 933 affected locations have been identified in Ukraine. The results of this work showed that in our country the epizootic situation of bovine tuberculosis on farms of various forms of ownership is fully controlled. The most active fight against tuberculosis was carried out during 1995–2015. In 1994–1997, the largest number of affected locations was registered, from 90 to 144, respectively, and the largest number of animals with tuberculosis – 21 395–33 474. In 1994–1995, the largest number of sick animals per one affected point was registered (371.9 and 471.7 head, respectively). Currently, official statistics show that many farms, especially in Vinnytska, Cherkaska and Kyivska regions, continue to show positive allergic reactions to tuberculin (46 898 reactions for the last 12 years). Applying diagnostic methods of research in complex (bacteriological, bioassay, molecular), excludes affection of cattle by pathogenic mycobacteria. This study showed that for the last 5 years no farms with confirmed pathological diagnosis by bacteriological methods have been registered and no culture of the pathogen from animals has been detected. Besides the scurpulous work of the veterinary service, in our opinion, the catastrophic decline in the number of cattle in Ukraine also had a significant impact on improving the epizootic situation regarding tuberculosis.

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McCallan, Lyanne, David Corbett, Peter L. Andersen, Claus Aagaard, David McMurray, Claire Barry, Suzan Thompson, Samuel Strain, and Jim McNair. "A New Experimental Infection Model in Ferrets Based on AerosolisedMycobacterium bovis." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/981410.

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There is significant interest in developing vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis, especially in wildlife species where this disease continues to persist in reservoir species such as the European Badger (Meles meles). However, gaining access to populations of badgers (protected under UK law) is problematic and not always possible. In this study, a new infection model has been developed in ferrets (Mustela furo), a species which is closely related to the badger. Groups of ferrets were infected using a Madison infection chamber and were examined postmortem for the presence of tuberculous lesions and to provide tissue samples for confirmation ofMycobacterium bovisby culture. An infectious dose was defined, that establishes infection within the lungs and associated lymph nodes with subsequent spread to the mesentery lymph nodes. This model, which emphasises respiratory tract infection, will be used to evaluate vaccines for the control of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife species.

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CLIFFORD, D. L., R. R. KAZWALA, H. SADIKI, A. ROUG, E. A. MUSE, P. C. COPPOLILLO, and J. A. K. MAZET. "Tuberculosis infection in wildlife from the Ruaha ecosystem Tanzania: implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and human health." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (April 22, 2013): 1371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000836.

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SUMMARYMycobacterium bovis, a pathogen of conservation, livestock, and public health concern, was detected in eight species of wildlife inhabiting protected areas bordering endemic livestock grazing lands. We tested tissues from 179 opportunistically sampled hunter-killed, depredation, road-killed, and live-captured wild animals, representing 30 species, in and adjacent to Ruaha National Park in south-central Tanzania. Tissue culture and PCR were used to detect 12 (8·1%)M. bovis-infected animals and 15 (10·1%) animals infected with non-tuberculosis complex mycobacteria. Kirk's dik-dik, vervet monkey, and yellow baboon were confirmed infected for the first time. TheM. bovisspoligotype isolated from infected wildlife was identical to local livestock, providing evidence for livestock–wildlife pathogen transmission. Thus we advocate an ecosystem-based approach for bovine tuberculosis management that improves critical ecological functions in protected areas and grazing lands, reduces focal population density build-up along the edges of protected areas, and minimizes ecological stressors that increase animals’ susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis.

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RENWICK, A. R., P. C. L. WHITE, and R. G. BENGIS. "Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host–pathogen system." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 4 (September 7, 2006): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007205.

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SUMMARYThis review examines the current situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southern African savannah systems, and uses theory on multi-species host–pathogen systems to suggest possible options for future research and management. In southern Africa, the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Kafue lechwe [Marsh antelope] (Kobus leche) have been found to be maintenance hosts for this disease, but the importance of other host species is becoming apparent. The role of other host species in the maintenance and spread of the disease varies, depending on the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of the species, disease susceptibility, transmission modes and the ecology of both host(s) and vector(s). Future research needs to identify the pathogenicity of bTB in each of the host species, and the mechanisms and rates of inter- and intra-specific transmission among different species, in order to develop multi-host models to understand the development and spread of the disease.

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Green, Lawrence R., Cynthia C. Jones, Anne L. Sherwood, Inna V. Garkavi, Gerard A. Cangelosi, Tyler C. Thacker, Mitchell V. Palmer, W. Ray Waters, and Chris V. Rathe. "Single-Antigen Serological Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 9 (July 15, 2009): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00028-09.

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ABSTRACT Antibody responses are useful indicators of Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Tests for such responses often use multiple M. bovis antigens as detection probes. This is recommended because responses to single antigens may be too variable for consistent diagnosis. However, the use of multiple antigens increases costs and the risk of false-positive results. As an alternative, the SeraLyte-Mbv system detects responses to a single M. bovis antigen, MPB83, by using a chemiluminescent testing platform with a high degree of analytical sensitivity. Testing with the SeraLyte-Mbv system was conducted in a blinded fashion with sera from experimentally infected and control cattle. To assess the species specificity of the single-antigen test, the sample included sera from animals infected with M. bovis (n = 27), M. kansasii (n = 4), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 11), M. avium subsp. avium (n = 12), and uninfected animals (n = 15). Upon unblinding of the results, the sensitivity of the SeraLyte-Mbv system relative to the results for animals with known M. bovis infection was 89%. Consistent with the conservation of MPB83 sequences within the genus Mycobacterium, all 4 M. kansasii-infected animals tested positive with the SeraLyte-Mbv system and all 23 M. avium-infected animals tested negative. Blinded analysis of 30 serum samples collected from nine animals at various time points postinfection indicated 100% sensitivity after ≥3 months postinfection. All 15 uninfected samples in the blinded sample set tested negative with the SeraLyte-Mbv system. Unblinded analysis of sera from an additional 895 animals in 10 accredited bovine tuberculosis-free states revealed 98% specificity overall. The results support the feasibility of single-antigen testing for bovine tuberculosis with the SeraLyte-Mbv system.

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Beechler, Brianna R., Kate S. Boersma, Peter E. Buss, Courtney A. C. Coon, Erin E. Gorsich, Brian S. Henrichs, Adam M. Siepielski, et al. "Bovine tuberculosis disturbs parasite functional trait composition in African buffalo." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 29 (July 1, 2019): 14645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903674116.

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Novel parasites can have wide-ranging impacts, not only on host populations, but also on the resident parasite community. Historically, impacts of novel parasites have been assessed by examining pairwise interactions between parasite species. However, parasite communities are complex networks of interacting species. Here we used multivariate taxonomic and trait-based approaches to determine how parasite community composition changed when African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) acquired an emerging disease, bovine tuberculosis (BTB). Both taxonomic and functional parasite richness increased significantly in animals that acquired BTB than in those that did not. Thus, the presence of BTB seems to catalyze extraordinary shifts in community composition. There were no differences in overall parasite taxonomic composition between infected and uninfected individuals, however. The trait-based analysis revealed an increase in direct-transmitted, quickly replicating parasites following BTB infection. This study demonstrates that trait-based approaches provide insight into parasite community dynamics in the context of emerging infections.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

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Taylor, Stephanie Jemma. "The role of protozoa and nematodes in the survival of Mycobacterium bovis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/802/.

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Nugent, Graham. "The role of wild deer in the epidemiology and management of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2005. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070212.130927/.

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The eco-epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in wild deer (mainly red deer Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand was investigated. Bovine Tb is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Specific aims were to clarify the likely routes of infection in deer, and to determine the status of deer as hosts of Tb, the likely rates and routes of inter- and intra-species transmission between deer and other wildlife hosts, the role of deer in spreading Tb, and the likely utility of deer as sentinels of Tb presence in wildlife. As the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the main wildlife host of Tb, the research also included some investigation of transmission routes in possums. Patterns of infection were measured in 994 deer killed between 1993 and 2003. Tb prevalence varied between areas (range 836%). Few deer had generalised infection, with 2168% of infected deer having no visible lesions, depending on the area. The retropharyngeal lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils were commonly infected. No dependent fawns less than 0.75 years old were infected, indicating intra-species transmission is rare in wild deer. Where possums were not controlled, the net (cumulative) force of infection in young (14 y) deer was 0.100.24 per year in males and 0.090.12 per year in females, but much lower in older deer (less than 0.05 per year). Possum control reduced the net force of infection quickly, and eventually to zero. However, Tb persisted in possum-controlled areas through immigration of infected deer and, for almost a decade, through the survival of resident deer infected before possum control. Tb was lost from infected deer at an exponential rate of 0.13 per year, mostly as a result of deer recovering from infection rather than dying from it. Wild deer do die of Tb, but there was no discernible effect on age structure. The occurrence of infection in deer was not linked to the local deer or possum density at their kill sites (i.e. in their home range), but the area-wide prevalence of Tb in deer was closely correlated with Tb levels in possums, which were in turn correlated with area-wide measures of possum density. For wild deer in New Zealand, Tb is a persistent but usually inconsequential disease of the lymphatic system. It is acquired mainly by young independent deer, usually orally via the tonsils, and probably as a result of licking infected possums. Many species fed on deer carrion, including possums. Most possums encountering carrion did not feed on it, but a few fed for long periods. Other scavengers such ferrets (Mustela furo), hawks (Circus approximans), and weka (a hen-sized flightless native bird; Gallirallus australis) fed in a way that probably increased the infectivity of carrion to possums. Commercial deer hunting may have facilitated the historical establishment of Tb in possums. Scavenging (including cannibalism) and interactions with dead and dying possums are identified for the first time as potentially important routes for transmission of Tb to possums, and I develop new hypotheses involving peri- and post-mortem transmission in possums that explain many of the epidemiological patterns that are characteristic of the disease in possum. In continuous native forest, deer home range size averaged 250 hectares for six young females, and over twice that for two males. Over 90% of infected deer are likely to die within 2 km (females) or 6 km (males) of where they acquired Tb, but deer could occasionally carry Tb up to 30 km. Deer will be useful as sentinels, but only where other sentinels are rare, because the force of infection for a deer with a single infected possum in its home range is only 0.004 per year, compared to greater than 0.2 per year for deliberately released pigs. Deer are occasionally capable of initiating new cycles of infection in wildlife, but deer control is not essential to eradicate Tb from wildlife.

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McIlroy, Samuel George. "The epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484278.

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Cassidy, Joseph Paul. "Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268149.

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Kazwala, Rudovick Reuben. "Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30335.

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A study on molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in man and cattle in Tanzania was carried out with two components. The first component was based on field investigation of tuberculosis in cattle and man in Arusha region, in the north and in the Usangu Plains in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The second component involved laboratory analysis of strains acquired from field study by both conventional and molecular biology techniques. The IS986 and mtp40 multiplex PCR developed in the course of this study was able to different M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. DNA fingerprinting of all the strains cultured was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping techniques. Strains of M. bovis from man from Arusha gave similar DNA fingerprints to those from cattle, while the human M. bovis, strains from other places gave different fingerprints from those from cattle. M. tuberculosis strains were found to belong to three clusters, with one cluster containing over 60% of the strains. Intersegment PCR, a molecular typing technique developed in the current study was able to differentiate strains but the results were influenced by the concentration of template DNA. A fragment of RAPD PCR found only in M. bovis and absent in M. tuberculosis and other atypical mycobacteria was cloned and sequenced. The DNA sequence of the cloned fragment was found to match a M. tuberculosis cosmid, which also matched rfbE gene of Yersinia enterocolitica. Specificity testing revealed hybridization to M. tuberculosis as well. The findings of the above studies have shown the existence of M. bovis infection in man and cattle in Tanzania. The study has also shown the zoonotic importance of infection in the two populations which necessitates a veterinary/medical approach to the control of the disease in Tanzania. Furthermore, it has been shown that molecular biology techniques are better epidemiological tools in studies of zoonotic conditions such as tuberculosis. The study was unable to find a specific DNA element for M. bovis. This observation concurs with others which have found 100% homogeneity between species of the M. tuberculosis complex.

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Modise, Boitumelo Magret. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific antigens for use in serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25169.

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Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic disease that affects domestic and wild animals, and humans. It is caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and has a wide host range. The effective control of BTB is of paramount importance and this can be achieved through the use of accurate and comprehensive diagnostic tests. The most widely used methods to detect BTB are the skin test and in vitro gamma interferon assay which do not detect anergic animals, but serological tests such as ELISA and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) have been found promising in ancilliary tuberculosis diagnosis. The overall aim was to study M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) protein, mycobacterial protein bovis 70 (MPB70) as a target for serological assays in the detection of antibodies to bovine tuberculosis. The MPB70 protein was expressed, purified and labeled with fluorescein (FITC). The mpb70 gene was fragmented into three regions without disrupting predicted epitopes. The resulting protein Fragments were expressed as fusion proteins with the monster green fluorescent protein (MGFP). The recombinant MPB70 (rMPB70) and the expressed gene fragments 2&3 were tested in immunoblots and ELISAs. The rMPB70 and fragment 2-MGFP reacted with chicken antibodies raised against rMPB70 and immune sera from BTB infected buffaloes. MPB70 peptides were synthesized as an approach to identify even smaller antigenic regions. The peptides BT1G (residues 31-45) and BT51L (residues 81-95) were recognised by anti-MPB70 chicken antibodies in the ELISA and fall within fragment 1 and 2, respectively. The tracers (rMPB70-FITC, fragment 2-MGFP fusion and peptides BT1G&BT51L) were tested in the FPA, but the results failed to distinguish between immune sera from chickens immunized with rMPB70 and negative control sera. Even though the FPA was not successful, the MPB70 fragment 2-MGFP fusion protein, which was recognized by sera from BTB infected buffaloes, was tested in an ELISA using panels of sera from uninfected and naturally M. bovis infected buffaloes and cattle. The diagnostic performance of the ELISA was, however, overall unsatisfactory and hence of very limited use as a serological test to detect antibody responses to BTB as a stand-alone assay. Sera from some of the animals gave false positive reactions indicating that MPB70 was not sufficiently specific for serodiagnosis of M. tuberculosis complex infections.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Smyth, Allister John. "#gamma##delta# T cell responses in bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301058.

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Tsairidou, Smaragda. "Genetics of disease resistance : application to bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25397.

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Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of significant economic importance, being one of the most persistent animal health problems in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and increasingly constituting a public health concern especially for the developing world. Limitations of the currently available diagnostic and control methods, along with our incomplete understanding of bTB transmission, prevent successful eradication. This Thesis addresses the development of a complementary control strategy which will be based on animal genetics and will allow us to identify animals genetically predisposed to be more resistant to disease. Specifically, the aim of my PhD project is to investigate the genetic architecture of resistance to bTB and demonstrate the feasibility of whole genome prediction for the control of bTB in cattle. Genomic selection for disease resistance in livestock populations will assist with the reduction of the in herd-level incidence and the severity of potential outbreaks. The first objective was to explore the estimation of breeding values for bTB resistance in UK dairy cattle, and test these genomic predictions for situations when disease phenotypes are not available on selection candidates. Through using dense SNP chip data the results of Chapter 2 demonstrate that genomic selection for bTB resistance is feasible (h2 = 0.23(SE = 0.06)) and bTB resistance can be predicted using genetic markers with an estimate of prediction accuracy of r(g, ĝ) = 0.33 in this data. It was shown that genotypes help to predict disease state (AUC ≈ 0.58) and animals lacking bTB phenotypes can be selected based on their genotypes. In Chapter 3, a novel approach is presented to identify loci displaying heterozygote (dis)advantage associated with resistance to M. bovis, hypothesising underlying non-additive genetic variation, and these results are compared with those obtained from standard genome scans. A marker was identified suggesting an association between locus heterozygosity and increased susceptibility to bTB i.e. a heterozygote disadvantage, with the heterozygotes being significantly more in the cases than in the controls (x2 = 11.50, p < 0.001). Secondly, this thesis focused on conducting a meta-analysis on two dairy cattle populations with bTB phenotypes and SNP chip genotypes, identifying genomic regions underlying bTB resistance and testing genomic predictions by means of cross-validation. In Chapter 4, exploration of the genetic architecture of the trait revealed that bTB resistance is a moderately polygenic, complex trait with clusters of causal variants spread across a few major chromosomes collectively controlling the trait. A region was identified on chromosome 6, putatively associated with bTB resistance and this chromosome as a whole was shown to contribute a major proportion (hc 2= 0.051) of the observed variation in this dataset. Genomic prediction for bTB was shown to be feasible even when only distantly related populations are combined (r(g,ĝ)=0.33 (SE = 0.05)), with the chromosomal heritability results suggesting that the accuracy arises from the SNPs capturing linkage disequilibrium between markers and QTL, as well as additive relationships between animals (~80% of estimated genomic h2 is due to relatedness). To extend the analysis, in Chapter 5, high density genotypes were inferred by means of genotype imputation, anticipating that these analyses will allow the identification of genomic regions associated with bTB resistance more closely, and that would increase the prediction accuracy. Genotype imputation was successful, however, using all imputed genotypes added little information. The limiting factor was found to be the number of animals and the trait definitions rather than the density of genotypes. Thirdly, a quantitative genetic analysis of actual Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Test (SICCT) values collected during bTB herd testing was conducted aiming to investigate if selection for bTB resistance is likely to have an impact on the SICCT diagnostic test. This analysis demonstrated that the SICCT has a negligibly low heritability (h2=0.0104 (SE = 0.0032)) and any effect on the responsiveness to the test is likely to be small. In conclusion, breeding for disease resistance in livestock is feasible and we can predict the risk of bTB in cattle using genomic information. Further, putative QTLs associated with bTB resistance were identified, and exploration of the genetic architecture of bTB resistance revealed a moderately polygenic trait. These results suggest that given that larger datasets with more phenotyped and genotyped animals will be available, we can breed for bTB resistance and implement the genomic selection technology in breeding programmes aiming to improve the disease status and overall health of the livestock population. Using the genomics this can be continued as the epidemic declines.

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Li, Siben. "Evaluating surveillance strategies for bovine tuberculosis in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31083.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the most complex, persistent and controversial problems facing the British cattle industry. It is also potentially zoonotic and so has public health implications. The incidence of the disease has been increasing in Great Britain for more than 20 years and is now endemic in southwest regions of the country and occurs sporadically elsewhere. Scotland records very few incidences of bTB and was declared as an Officially bTB free (OTF) region in 2009 for the purposes of cattle trading. However, in order to retain its OTF status Scotland must continue to demonstrate the ability to report low level of disease prevalence whilst maintaining its vigilance to potential new outbreaks. This thesis uses a variety of epidemiological and statistical models to evaluate the ongoing control strategies for bTB in Scottish cattle herds and highlight potential limitations to the current surveillance programmes. In the absence of an established wildlife reservoir, livestock movements are considered the primary mechanism for introduction of bTB into cattle herds. I use movement and bTB data to estimate the within-herd incidence rate for each infected farm in Scotland. The results suggest that this rate varies across farms, and is dependent on the herd size and length of disease exposure. These incidence rates are then used to parameterise a multi-herd dynamic model using stochastic simulations that incorporate multiple disease transmission pathways. With this approach I evaluate the impact of different routine test protocols on the overall simulated epidemics. Based on the model outcome, abattoir surveillance alone is not sufficient to maintain infection at a low constant level. Whilst adapting to more frequent routine testing regime can reduce disease incidence, the sensitivity of the surveillance methods can also have a big impact on the long term stability of the disease prevalence and can act as the main barrier to eradicating the disease from low incidence regions. The single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test used in the current routine herd surveillance relies on stimulating an immune response and observing delayed hypersensitivity reactions in infected animals. The test suffers highly variable, and often poor, sensitivity with current estimates ranging from 50% to 80%. The lower sensitivities may be associated with early stages of infection, concurrent illness, and farm management conditions as well as the presence of sub-clinically infected carriers that can potentially escape detection. In addition, there was evidence that physiological stress can have a marked effect on the immune responses in animals affected with bTB. I conducted two different types of case-control analyses to investigate the potential effect of stress related events on the outcome of the SICCT test. In the first analysis, a matched design is implemented to examine the effect of recent calving on reactivity to the SICCT. SICCT test positive cattle (cases) were matched with test negative (control) animals within the same farm. By selecting herd-mates (i.e. animals within the same herd at the same time), the study aims to control for space and time. Furthermore, animal age and breed were used as additional selection criteria to control for previous exposure period and potential genetic variation to the reaction of SICCT test outcome. Results from a conditional logistic regression model indicated that animals calved within 60 days prior to test were less likely to respond to the SICCT test in comparison to non-recently calved animals, and that this effect was strongest in the first 2 weeks of the post-partum period. In the second analysis, animals identified with gross pathology at post-mortem (TB-like lesion and/or bacteria culture) and that were SICCT test negative within 60 days prior to slaughter (representing false negative) were compared with confirmed test positives (true positives). Results from multivariable logistic regression model suggested that the probability of missed infection by SICCT test increases with age and male cattle have higher odds of being a false negative compared to females. Repeated skin tests within 60 and 120 days, as well as recent movement and parturition, were all statistically associated with false negative test outcome. Under future surveillance systems, these results could be used to adjust the timings of testing relative to calving, movements and previous test occasions in order to minimise the risks of false negative test results. Alternatively, increasing the threshold for reactor definition in animals under these categories could be considered to complement the poor test sensitivity.

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Dube, Muzi Mzwandile. "Molecular characterization of bovine tuberculosis strains in Swaziland." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31139.

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The aim of the study was to gain knowledge on molecular techniques (spoligotyping and VNTR typing) in analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and characterize M. bovis isolates available in Swaziland.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
MSc
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Books on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

1

Chambers, M., S. Gordon, F. Olea-Popelka, and P. Barrow, eds. Bovine tuberculosis. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391520.0000.

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Great Britain. Agriculture Committee. Fifth special report: Reply by the government to the fifth report from the Agriculture Committee, session 1998-99, "Badgers and bovine tuberculosis"(HC 233). London: Stationery Office Books, 1999.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFFPublications, 1985.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1993.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1986.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1987.

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Ministry, of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1988.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1989.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1996.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Bovine tuberculosis in badgers. London: MAFF Publications, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

1

Cadmus, Simeon I. B., and F. Olalekan Ayanwale. "Bovine tuberculosis." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 149–58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch12.

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Harrington, Noel, Krista Howden, and Claude Turcotte. "Canada's bovine tuberculosis eradication program." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 287–90. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch25.

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Boschiroli, María Laura, and Jean-Jacques Bénet. "Bovine tuberculosis eradication in France." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 341–47. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch29.

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Amin, Aziza. "Bovine Tuberculosis in Egypt." In Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 305–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_13.

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Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy, and Adwoa Asante-Poku. "Bovine Tuberculosis in Ghana." In Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 339–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_15.

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Habarugira, Gervais, Joseph Rukelibuga, and Manassé Nzayirambaho. "Bovine Tuberculosis in Rwanda." In Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 379–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_18.

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Malama, Sydney, Musso Munyeme, and John B. Muma. "Bovine Tuberculosis in Zambia." In Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 445–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_23.

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Mwinyelle, Gregory Banayah, and Andy Alhassan. "Overview of bovine tuberculosis in Ghana." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 175–80. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch14.

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Ortiz, Alejandro Perera, José Alfredo Gutiérrez-Reyes, Estela Flores Velázquez, Guillermo Agustín Reyes Escalona, and Eli Tonatiuh Selva Hernández. "Bovine tuberculosis eradication program in Mexico." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 291–308. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch26.

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Naugle, Alecia Larew, Mark Schoenbaum, C. William Hench, Owen L. Henderson, and Jack Shere. "Bovine tuberculosis eradication in the United States." In Zoonotic Tuberculosis, 235–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118474310.ch21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

1

Anguelov, R., H. Kojouharov, Michail D. Todorov, and Christo I. Christov. "Continuous Age-Structured Model for Bovine Tuberculosis in African buffalo." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3265359.

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Yang-Turner, Fan, Denis Volk, Tim Peto, Tony Roberts, Juan Herreros, and Richard Ellis. "ViewBovine: A Microservices-Powered Web Application to Support Interactive Investigation of Bovine Tuberculosis Infection Pathways." In 2020 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/services48979.2020.00014.

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3

Tran, Phat L., Valerie M. Merkle, Tracy DeCook, Marcus Hutchinson, Jawaad Sheriff, Danny Bluestein, and Marvin J. Slepian. "Platelet Activity State in Human, Bovine, and Ovine Species Under Constant Shear Stress: A Comparative Study." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14825.

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Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, such as the total artificial heart and ventricular assist devices, are employed as bridge-to-transplant or destination therapies for advanced heart failure.[1] Recipients of these life-saving MCS devices have to endure life-long antiplatelet regimens to counteract thromboembolic events resulting from exposure of platelets to high shear stress. Often, large animal models, i.e. bovine and ovine, have been utilized to evaluate the performance and blood compatibility of these cardiovascular devices. Therefore, understanding and correlating the interspecies differences of platelet reactivity is crucial in optimizing the design of MCS devices.

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4

Alapati, Raghava, Michael Stout, Robert A. Godke, and Ram V. Devireddy. "Comparative Freezing Response of Ejaculated and Epididymal Bovine Spermatozoa." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192329.

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In the present study, we report the effects of cooling ejaculated and epididymal bovine sperm from the same animals with and without a cryoprotective agent, glycerol. Water transport data during freezing of ejaculated and epididymal bovine sperm cell suspensions were obtained at a cooling rate of 20 °C/min under two different conditions: i) in the absence of cryoprotective agents, CPAs; and ii) in the presence of 0.7 M glycerol. Using previously published values, the bovine sperm cell was modeled as a cylinder of length 39.8 μm and a radius of 0.4 μm with an osmotically inactive cell volume, Vb, of 0.61Vo, where Vo is the isotonic cell volume. The subzero water transport response is analyzed to determine the variables governing the rate of water loss during cooling of bovine spermatozoa, i.e. the membrane permeability parameters (reference membrane permeability, Lpg and activation energy, ELp). The predicted best-fit permeability parameters ranged from, Lpg = 0.021 to 0.038 μm/min-atm and ELp = 27.8 to 41.1 kcal/mol. The subzero water transport response and consequently the subzero water transport parameters are not significantly different between the ejaculated and epididymal bovine spermatozoa under corresponding cooling conditions. If this observation is found to be more generally valid for other mammalian species as well, then the sperm extracted from the testicles of an animal during post-mortem can also be optimally cryopreseved using procedures similar to those derived for ejaculated sperm.

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Frojmovic, Mony M., Truman Wong, Jane Wylie, and J. G. White. "PLATELET EXTERNAL SURFACE MEMBRANE IS OSMOTICALLY DOUBLED IRRESPECTIVE OF SIZE OR SPECIES (HUMAN/BOVINE): DYNAMICS AND MEMBRANE SOURCES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643905.

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Osmotic swelling can double the external plasma membrane surface area of human platelets independently of size, proposed to recruit the open surface-connected canalicular system ((SCCS) (Thrombos. Res. Suppl. VI: 119, 1986). As bovine (B) platelets have been reported to lack SCCS, we compared osmotic swelling for B and human (H) cells. Addition of water to piatelet-rich-plasma (10-90% v/v) caused sequential shape change and osmotic spherocyte (OS) formation, analyzed for size and surface area changes from time-dependent phase-contrast videomicroscopic images. Selected samples were fixed and stained with tannic acid prior to osmic acid fixation for visualization of open SCCS by transmission electron microscopy. B platelets required 3-4x less water dilution of PRP than H platelets, with significant OS forming at 20% water addition. Continued water dilution converted 50% of platelets to OS, with maximally stable swelling and no significant lysis for bovine OS up to 60% dilution. Electron micrographs of unactivated discocytes (D) and of optimally-swollen OS showed open SCCS in human D not detectable in any of the swollen platelets, though granules, mitochondria and a small number of vesicles and vacuoles persisted; no evidence for any open SCCS was found for bovine D or OS, though the OS otherwise appeared similar to H-0S. Geometric measurements of D and nonlysed OS showed a stable, maximal 2.1±0.1 fold increase in external plasma membrane surface area with osmotic swelling, identical for different-sized H platelets (mean volume = 2.8-6.8 f1) or for B platelets (3.6 f1 ). B platelets show equal or greater sensitivity for ADP-induced activation as H platelets, with 2-fold slower maximal rates of recruitment in early aggregation. As osmotic swelling appears to primarily externalize SCCS in H platelets, the identical relative amounts of internal membrane externalized for B platelets is hypothesized to arise from an osmotically more labile, “closed”, and structurally simpler SCCS or from a distinct membrane source tnan in H platelets.

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Kitchen, S., R. G. Malia, M. Greaves, and F. E. Preston. "DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATED FACTOR VII BY BOVINE AND RABBIT THROMBOPLASTINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643284.

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Thromboplastins from different animal species vary in their relative sensitivity to non-activated VII and activated VII (Vila) in plasma and this has formed the basis of Vila determinations using bovine and human thromboplastins. Since the use of human thromboplastin is now being discontinued we have re-evaluated the assessment of Vila using bovine and rabbit thromboplastins (BT and RT respectively). Citrated plasma was prepared from four normal individuals and maintained at 4°C in glass containers for 24 hours to promote the formation of Vila. Each plasma was subsampled at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours and factor VII assays performed using BT and two different rabbit preparations viz, (a) Manchester Reagent (RTmr, ISI = 1.16) and (b) Diagen phenolised (RT diagenlSI = 1.4). Results were expressed as the ratio BT/RT. With all thromboplastins factor VII activity increased with time. The changes were most marked using BT with much smaller increments occurring using the rabbit preparatrions. RTmr was less sensitive to Vila than RT diagen. The ratio BT/RTmr thus provides an index of Vila.Using this method we determined Vila in plasma samples from 29 normal subjects. Results obtained were x = 1 ,00;s.d. = 0.126; normal range 0.72 - 1.25 The method was applied to 29 plasma samples from 19 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation giving BT/RTmr = 1.71 (range 0.92 - 3.38). We conclude that the ratio of Factor VII measured by bovine and rabbit thromboplastins respectively provides an index of Factor VII activation in plasma.

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7

Monroe, D. M., D. W. Deerfield, D. L. Olson, T. N. Stewart, H. R. Roberts, R. G. Hiskey, and L. G. Pedersen. "BINDING OF CALCIUM TO HUMAN AND BOVINE FACTOR X." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643835.

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Human and bovine factor X contain 11 and 12 glutamyl residues respectively within the first forty amino terminal residues that are posttranslationally modified to y-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues. Calcium binding to these Gla residues and at other sites is critical for activity in factor X. We have measured calcium binding to human factor X by equilibrium dialysis for the first time. We have also re-examined calcium binding to bovine factor X in order to compare the two species. Factor X (10 μM) was incubated with 45Ca in 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl in a half cell separated by a 12-14000 molecular weight fast-equilib-rium disk membrane at 25°C for 24 hours. Four aliquots (100 μL each) were removed from each side of the cell and counted. Data were analyzed with a variety of models that allow for more than one class of binding site and for cooperativity among binding sites. Calcium binding to bovine factor X was best simulated by a model that assumes 1 very tight site, 3 cooperative tight sites, and 18 equivalent, non-interacting sites. Based on data from des(Gla)factor X, the first site is probably a high affinity non-Gla binding site. Our results differ from two previously published reports that indicated either 1 tight and 39 loose noncooperative sites (R.H. Yue & M.M. Gertler (1978) Thrombos. Haemostas. (Stuttg.) 40, 350) or 20 calcium binding sites with the first 4 being cooperative (M.J. Lindhout & H.C. Hemker (1978) Biochimica Biophysica Acta 533, 318). Our data on human factor X fit the same model as used for bovine factor X; however, coop-erativity is less in the 3 cooperative sites. Shown below are the first six thermodynamic equilibrium constants derived from a Scatchard analysis of binding data (values are M−1).Both proteins demonstrate the same total number of binding sites and essentially the same value for the first, tight binding site. Bovine factor X exhibits cooperativity, whereas human factor X has reduced cooperativity.

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8

Hulme, Paul, Simon Chi, Dominic Young, John Matyas, and Neil A. Duncan. "Enzymatic Digestion Technique Influences Regulatory Volume Decrease of Isolated Bovine Chondrocytes." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32671.

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Cell volume regulation has been observed in almost all cell types examined to date. When cells are exposed to hypotonic solutions a quick increase in volume is followed by a more gradual return, termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The mechanism associated with RVD depends upon cell type and species, but in bovine chondrocytes the non-selective osmolyte channels are mainly responsible [1]. In a chondrocyte, volume control is critical for the maintenance of metabolism, and biosynthesis. Volume fluctuations can be due to changes in hydrostatic pressure, fluid flows, deformation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) hydration. Alterations in hydration can occur during static loading of articular cartilage or during the early stages of osteoarthritis [1], which have been correlated with changes in cellular metabolism. The swelling behaviour of chondrocytes, and the mechanism by which they sense and respond to changes in their physico-chemical environment, are not well understood [1]. To investigate the effects of osmotic environment on chondrocyte behaviour it is often beneficial to isolate cells from the ECM, which can be achieved by a variety of techniques. To investigate the effect of isolation technique on the swelling behaviour of bovine chondrocytes, two enzymatic digestion techniques were chosen for this study.

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9

Gracheva, Alexandra, Anna Panova, Anatoliy Vinokurov, Galina Pay, Olga Lovacheva, Grigory Kaminskiy, and Irina Vasilyeva. "Secondary pulmonary mycoses etiology agent species diversity in patients with tuberculosis and in patients with HIV infection." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2074.

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Kuo, Be-Sheng, Maciej Dryjski, and Thorir D. Bjornsson. "EFFECTS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE ON THE SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR FROM BOVINE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644657.

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While cigarette smoking has beenimplicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases, it has been reported to increase fibrinolytic activity in vivo. However, no data is available regarding the underlying mechanism of action. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, on the seretion of plasminogen activator (PA) and PA inhibitor (PAI) by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. PA activity was determined by the fibrin plate method, and individual molecular species with PA and PAI activities were separated and visualized using SDS-PAGE with zymography and reverse fibrin autography. Both nicotine and cotinine increased PA secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A maximum stimulation in PA secretion after 24-hour incubation was observed for nicotine at 10-8 M and for cotinine at 10-7> M, which corresponded to 2.5- and 2.7-foldincreases over control, respectively. These concentrations are in the range observed after cigarette smoking. The pharmacological stimulation of PA activity required both RNA and protein synthesis, as evidencedby its inhibition by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Both control cells and cells treated with nicotine and cotinine produced multiple forms of PA and a single form of PAI. The PAI was mainly of the latent form as no quenching effect was observed on standard tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (UK) after they were mixed with the conditioned culture medium. The PAs werefound to consist of both tPA and UK,and the corresponding complexes with PAI, however, the UK bands were wider than the tPA bands. Both species were enhanced by nicotine and cotinine. Although activities of all species of PA were enhanced by nicotine and cotinine, these compounds had no apparent quantitative or qualitative effects on the release ofPAI. These results thus suggest that the mechanism underlying the enhanced fibrinolytic activity after cigarette smoking may be due to nicotine- and cotinine-induced stimulation of PA synthesis and subsequent release.

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Reports on the topic "Tuberculosis in bovine species"

1

CHITATE, F., G. FOSGATE, and A. BOSHOFF. Namibia’s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2019.nf.3014.

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Smith, S., L. Danganan, L. Tammero, B. Vitalis, R. Lenhoff, P. Naraghi-arani, and B. Hindson. Development and Characterization of A Multiplexed RT-PCR Species Specific Assay for Bovine and one for Porcine Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Rule-Out. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973852.

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Smith, S., L. Danganan, L. Tammero, R. Lenhoff, P. Naraghi-arani, and B. Hindson. Development and Characterization of a Multiplexed RT-PCR Species Specific Assay for Bovine and one for Porcine Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Rule-Out Supplemental Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973853.

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