Journal articles: 'Tuberculosis in cattle'

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MENZIES, F. D., and S. D. NEILL. "Cattle-to-Cattle Transmission of Bovine Tuberculosis." Veterinary Journal 160, no. 2 (September 2000): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2000.0482.

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MENZIES, F., and S. NEILL. "Cattle-to-Cattle Transmission of Bovine Tuberculosis." Veterinary Journal 160, no. 2 (September 2000): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(00)90482-9.

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Kamalieva, Yu R., D. N. Mingaleev, and R. Kh Ravilov. "Identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria isolated from cattle in the Republic of Tatarstan." Agrarian science 354, no. 11-12 (January 10, 2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-354-11-12-32-35.

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The purpose of this work was to identify non-tuberculosism ycobacteria isolated from cattle in the Republic of Tatarstan. The article presents the results of identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in samples of pathological material received from cattle reacting to tuberculin by polymerase chain reaction in real time and with electrophoretic detection. In the result of our research it is determined that in 43% of the explored samples of pathological material received from reacting to tuberculin cattle nontuberculous mycobacteria were identified.

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Mwelaisha, Kalenga, Rosemary Likwa, and Humphrey Simukoko. "Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in the Kafue Basin of Zambia." American Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 17, 2024): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajnhs.20240502.11.

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Worldwide, bovine tuberculosis is most common in agricultural regions of Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa and South-Western Asia. Bovine tuberculosis was reported to be endemic in the Zambian traditional cattle sector with a high herd prevalence of 49.8% recorded from areas within, and adjacent to the Kafue Basin as far back as 1995. An analytical cross sectional study design was applied to a sample size of 384 selected cattle owners in the Kafue Basin. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the cattle owners who were randomly selected. The data was analyzed using STATA Version 15 Software. The results from the study showed that 54% of the cattle owners experienced bovine tuberculosis among their cattle while 46% did not experience bovine tuberculosis. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle was higher among the male cattle owners (76%) compared to female cattle owners (24%). There was a significant relationship of p value < 0.029 between level of knowledge of cattle owners and the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. Unemployed cattle owners had higher odds of experiencing bovine tuberculosis among their cattle (OR 3.488; 95% CI 1.341-9.067) and the relationship was statistically significant at p value < 0.010. There was equally a significant relationship of p value < 0.042 between vaccination status of animals and the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis. The study showed that the majority of cattle owners lacked awareness and had a lower level of understanding of the disease and its public health significance. Therefore, the implications of the study suggest the creation of disease control programs that will ensure regular herd testing for bovine tuberculosis, routine vaccinations of animals, deliberate quarantine of infected animals as well as community health education about transmission, control and prevention of the disease.

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Hancox, M. "Confusion over cattle tuberculosis." Letters in Applied Microbiology 43, no. 2 (August 2006): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01959.x.

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Tuggle, Christopher K., and W. Ray Waters. "Tuberculosis-resistant transgenic cattle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 13 (March 17, 2015): 3854–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502972112.

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Lysenko, A. P., A. E. Vysotsky, A. N. Pritychenko, M. V. Kuchvalski, E. I. Yakobson, and E. L. Krasnikova. "LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN CATTLE." Epizootology Immunobiology Pharmacology Sanitation, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2224-168x-2022-1-11-21.

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The genome of mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) was detected in the milk of cows from conditionally tuberculosis-free herds that did not react and gave an uncertain reaction to tuberculin in 53.3 % 66.7 % of cases, specific antibodies in 40.7 % and 57.1 %, MBT antigens in 25 % and 22.2 % of samples, and non-acid-fast forms of MBT were detected from 92.3 % and 66.7 % of the studied milk samples heated at 98 oC. Taking into account the absence of signs of active disease, this indicated a latent tuberculosis infection in some cows that did not respond to tuberculin and that the tuberculin test did not reflect the real situation in the herd. To eliminate tuberculosis infection, it is necessary to use alternative methods for determining direct and indirect markers of tuberculosis infection and the development of a new system of anti-tuberculosis measures that take into account the high probability of transmission of modified forms of MBT through the placenta and with milk.

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Wilesmith, J. W., R. Bode, D. G. Pritchard, F. A. Stuart, and P. E. Sayers. "Tuberculosis in East Sussex. I. Outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964–1984)." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064305.

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SUMMARYThe history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in East Sussex are described. Since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. The epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. There was no evidence of endemic Mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in East Sussex in recent years, but a low risk of infection for cattle on the South Downs, from badgers, was apparent.

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Lawan, F. A., E. F. Ejeh, A. Waziri, C. N. Kwanashie, K. B. Kadima, and H. M. Kazeem. "Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Maiduguri Central ‎Abattoir, Nigeria." Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v17i3.167.

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Bovine tuberculosis is an important public health and economic disease in Nigeria. This study reports the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at the central abattoir in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Post mortem examination of 664 cattle carcasses was done at the abattoir for 6 months. The lesions collected were processed by using NALC-NaOH and subjected to acid-fast staining and microscopy. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis based on gross tubercle lesions in cattle slaughtered at Maiduguri abattoir was 62 (9.3%). Female cattle 43 (16.7%) had significantly (p = 0.0001) higher prevalence of tubercle lesions than male cattle 19 (4.7%). Cattle with thin body condition had 44 (21.2%), optimal body condition 16 (5.8%) and overweight cattle 2 (1.1%). There was significant (p = 0.0001) difference between body condition and occurrence of tubercle lesions. Prevalence of tubercle lesions in adult cattle was 29 (17.7%), young adults (25 (7.8%) and calves 8 (4.3%). Tubercle lesions were most common in thoracic lymph node and lungs than other organs. The prevalence of tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy was 6.2% (41/664). There was significant (p=0.0001) differences in the prevalence of tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy and demographic variable except for breeds. Tubercle lesion is endemic in cattle slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir. One Health approach is recommended to prevent zoonotic transmission to humans and economic losses among farmers and butchers.

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Barrett, David C. "Cattle Review." Livestock 26, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.2.77.

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Introduction: In this Cattle Review we consider papers on the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in various wildlife species, breed susceptibility to psoroptic mange in cattle and the possible aetiology of udder cleft dermatitis

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Hancox, M. "The infectiveness of bovine tuberculosis." Animal Welfare 4, no. 2 (May 1995): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017747.

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Sir, I must make a brief response to Tumbull's suggestion (1995 Animal Welfare 3: 340) that I am misinformed in my belief that cattle are infectious immediately after exposure to the tuberculosis organism. There seem to be two schools of thought on this issue, and yet it is one of critical importance in tackling the final stages of tuberculosis eradication schemes. On the one hand it is claimed that only cattle with gross visible lesions at abattoir inspection are capable of passing on tuberculosis (TB) to other cattle (Gallagher 1980; Dunnet et al 1986; Tumbull 1994; Wilesmith & Williams 1986). On the other hand this view is not substantiated by other studies on the aetiology and pathogenesis of cattle TB. For most adult cattle, tuberculosis seems to start as a lung infection following inhalation of infected aerosolised sputum or dust. Primary lesions may heal, but more usually they remain open, and may persist as the subclinically latent condition, or progress slowly or rapidly to chronic, or fatal and acute bronchopneumonia. And even where an apparent sealed tubercle develops, it would seem that intracanalicular bronchiolar spread continues, such that intermittent or continuous bacterial shedding occurs in the sputum. Therefore cattle with micro-lesions that would be missed at gross abattoir inspection could be infectious to other cattle despite being non-visibly-lesioned in the lungs or visibly-lesioned only in bronchomediastinal lymph nodes. Such cattle may also be producing infectious faeces via swallowed sputum (Blood et al 1979; Francis 1947; Jubb & Kennedy 1970; Neill et al 1994; Richards 1972).

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12

Collins, J. D. "Tuberculosis in cattle: new perspectives." Tuberculosis 81, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/tube.2000.0262.

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Neill, S. D., D. G. Bryson, and J. M. Pollock. "Pathogenesis of tuberculosis in cattle." Tuberculosis 81, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/tube.2000.0279.

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Turnbull, Andrew. "Tuberculosis in cattle and badgers." Animal Welfare 3, no. 4 (November 1994): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017243.

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15

Whipple, Diana L., Carole A. Bolin, and Janice M. Miller. "Distribution of Lesions in Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium Bovis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800312.

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Detailed postmortem examinations were conducted on 30 cattle from a dairy herd with bovine tuberculosis to determine the distribution of lesions in Mycobacterium bovid-infected cattle. Twenty-four different tissue specimens from each animal were examined for gross lesions and collected for bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination. Tuberculosis was confirmed in 15 cattle with evidence of infection in 1 or more of the following tissues: medial retropharyngeal, parotid, tracheobronchial, mediastinal, caudal deep cervical, and subiliac lymph nodes; palatine tonsil; and lung. Gross and histologic lesions were present most frequently in lymph nodes of the thoracic region. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 3 cattle that had no gross lesions of tuberculosis. One animal had lesions only in the subiliac lymph node, which is not routinely examined during slaughter surveillance. Results of this study indicate that not all cattle infected with M. bovis have visible lesions of tuberculosis in sites that are routinely inspected. These findings are important because detection of gross lesions of tuberculosis during inspection of carcasses at slaughter is the primary method for detection of tuberculous cattle and herds in the United States.

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Barrett, David C. "Cattle Review." Livestock 25, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.2.76.

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Introduction: In this Cattle Review we consider three open access papers on the association between antimicrobial class selection for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease and the development of antimicrobial resistance, between- and within-species transmission of bovine tuberculosis, and digital dermatitis in grazing dairy herds.

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Yasmin, A., M. Z. Hossain, U. K. Rima, T. Ruba, and M. A. H. N. A. Khan. "DETECTION OF SPECIFIC CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE DAIRY CATTLE OF BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BY SEQUENCING AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15, no. 1 (September 20, 2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i1.34049.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of man and animal. In this study intradermal tuberculin test, necropsy, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing techniques were used to diagnose specific cause of TB in dairy cattle of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Intradermal tuberculin tests were carried out on randomly selected 100 dairy cattle. Tuberculin test positive cattle (N=05) were examined at necropsy and granulomas in lungs was seen in three cattle. Caseous necrosis and swelling of lymphnodes was seen in prescapular (N=01) and mesenteric (N=02) lymphnodes. In a case nodular lesion was seen in lungs and mesenteric lymphnodes. Portion of infected lungs and lymphnodes were snap frozen, extracted genomic DNA and PCR protocols was adapted targeting MPB83 gene. Result of PCR showed amplification of 600bp fragments in five cases. The MPB83 gene although specific for M. Bovis, the gene is less abundantly expressed by M. tuberculosis. To differentiate infectivity due to M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis, two more PCR were adapted targeting pncA and oxyR genes. Out of five cattle tested in PCR all samples generated pncA specific 185bp and oxyR gene specific 270bp amplicons. The sequencing of MPB83, pncA and oxyR genes were carried out. Results of sequencing did not show mutation in MPB83 gene. Sequencing of pncA gene showed replacement of nucleic acid base (guanine to cytosin) in position 169 in cattle no. 5. Similarly, sequence analysis of oxyR gene (n=05) showed replacement of nucleic acid base (adenine to guanine) in position 285 in cattle no. 5. The cattle no. 5 was confirmedly infected with M. Tuberculosis and rest of the cattle were infected with M. Bovis. The tuberculin tests, necropsy, histopathology and PCR amplification of MPB83 gene may not contribute species specific detection of Mycobacterial infectivity in cattle. Sequencing and sequence analysis of pncA and oxyR genes found to differentiate infectivity in cattle due to M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis. Both of the bacterial species are extremely zoonotic and dairy cattle of Bangladesh Agricultural University were infected with both M. Bovis and M. Tuberculosis. It needs to tests all the dairy cattle twice in a year with tuberculin tests and dispose test reactors in order to minimize zoonotic risk.

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Ntivuguruzwa, Jean Bosco, Anita Michel, Francis Babaman Kolo, Ivan Emil Mwikarago, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, and Henriette van Heerden. "Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and characterization of the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from slaughtered cattle in Rwanda." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0009964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009964.

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Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an endemic disease in Rwanda, but little is known about its prevalence and causative mycobacterial species. The disease causes tremendous losses in livestock and wildlife and remains a significant threat to public health. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study employing a systematic random sampling of cattle (n = 300) with the collection of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and tonsils (n = 300) irrespective of granulomatous lesions was carried out in six abattoirs to investigate the prevalence and identify mycobacterial species using culture, acid-fast bacteria staining, polymerase chain reaction, and GeneXpert assay. Individual risk factors and the origin of samples were analysed for association with the prevalence. Findings Of the 300 sample pools, six were collected with visible TB-like lesions. Our findings demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in 1.7% (5/300) of sampled slaughtered cattle. M. bovis was isolated from 1.3% (4/300) animals while one case was caused by a rifampicin-resistance (RR) M. tuberculosis. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria were identified in 12.0% (36/300) of the sampled cattle. There were no significant associations between the prevalence and abattoir category, age, sex, and breeds of slaughtered cattle. Conclusions This study is the first in Rwanda to isolate both M. bovis and RR M. tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle indicating that bTB is present in Rwanda with a low prevalence. The isolation of RR M. tuberculosis from cattle indicates possible zooanthroponotic transmission of M. tuberculosis and close human-cattle contact. To protect humans against occupational zoonotic diseases, it is essential to control bTB in cattle and raise the awareness among all occupational groups as well as reinforce biosafety at the farm level and in the abattoirs.

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Zavgorodniy, A. I., V. V. Bilushko, M. V. Kalashnyk, N. V. Kalashnyk, S. A. Pozmogova, A. V. Kiptenko, and L. M. Steshenko. "Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in free from tuberculosis farms of Ukraine." Veterinary Medicine: inter-departmental subject scientific collection, no. 106 (November 30, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/vm-2020-106-9.

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The article presents the results of studies of cattle in five free from tuberculosis livestock farms during 2016–2020. Samples of biological material were collected and studied in the Laboratory for Tuberculosis Study of NSC “IECVM”. The causes of allergic reactions to mycobacterial allergens were established by a comprehensive method. The aim of the study was to conduct epizootological monitoring and to determine the causes of positive tuberculin skin test in cattle in five farms, which are free from tuberculosis. These farms are located in different regions of Ukraine. Epizootological, clinical, allergical, pathoanatomical, bacteriological and biological methods were used including a pathological examination of biological material samples (lymph nodes and internal organs), Ziehl-Nielsen staining of smears during bacterioscopy. Samples of biological material were preliminary treated with a 6.0% solution of sulfuric acid and inoculated on selective nutrient medium for mycobacteria cultivation. As a result of conducted study 15 cultures of nontuberculous mycobacteria were isolated from samples of biological material from cattle. It was found that these isolates were represented by five mycobacterial species from four husbandry farms. There were M. fortuitum, M. phlei, M. gordonae, M. smegmatis and M. scrofulaceum. In addition, two cultures of M. bovis were isolated from one herd. The causes of allergic reactions to mycobacterial allergens were established by a complex method using systematic simultaneous-allergic studies in cattle herds. In addition, appropriate measures were taken to prevent the spread of tuberculosis infection in one livestock farm. A control over the welfare of cattle herds where sensitization to tuberculin is caused by atypical mycobacteria should be carried out using a tuberculin (PPD) for mammals and an allergen from atypical mycobacteria. It is necessary to conduct preventive wet disinfection of places where animals are kept by using disinfectants that ensure the devitalization of mycobacteria in the environment

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Schiller, Irene, H. Martin Vordermeier, W. Ray Waters, Mitchell Palmer, Tyler Thacker, Adam Whelan, Roland Hardegger, Beatrice Marg-Haufe, Alex Raeber, and Bruno Oesch. "Assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis OmpATb as a Novel Antigen for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 9 (July 8, 2009): 1314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00151-09.

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ABSTRACT In the search for better tools to control bovine tuberculosis, the development of diagnostic tests with improved specificity and sensitivity has a high priority. We chose to search for novel immunodiagnostic reagents. In this study, Rv0899 (outer membrane protein A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [OmpATb]) was evaluated as a stimulation antigen in a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay to diagnose bovine tuberculosis. OmpATb induced IFN-γ responses in cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis as early and as persistently as ESAT-6 and CFP-10, the current lead diagnostic antigens. In naturally infected cattle, OmpATb stimulated IFN-γ production in 22 of 26 animals (85%). Importantly, OmpATb detected a portion of M. bovis-infected cattle which did not respond to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (five of six cattle). The combined diagnostic sensitivity of OmpATb, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 for a preselected group consisting of naturally infected cattle with an overrepresentation of ESAT-6/CFP-10 nonresponders was 96% (25 of 26 animals). The specificity of OmpATb for uninfected cattle was 100% (27 cattle were tested; 12 of them gave false-positive results with tuberculins). In summary, our results indicate that OmpATb has the potential to enhance the sensitivity of previously described diagnostic tests based on ESAT-6 and CFP-10 and that the combined use of OmpATb, ESAT-6, CFP-10, and other proteins may achieve at least equal sensitivity to that obtained with purified protein derivative, but at a higher specificity. Further studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of OmpATb in combination with other proteins are ongoing.

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Silveira, Aline M., Eduardo M. Nascimento, Guilherme Konradt, Eldinê G. Miranda Neto, David Driemeier, Glauco José N. Galiza, Antonio F. M. Dantas, and Franklin Riet-Correa. "Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in cattle in Paraíba, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 2092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5976.

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ABSTRACT: This paper describes six cases of tuberculosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle in the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. We reviewed the autopsy reports of 851 bovine necropsies performed from 2003 to 2016. Seventy-three (8.6%) cattle were diagnosed with tuberculosis and six showed lesions in the CNS. Three cases affected cattle up to two-year-old and other three affected adults. Three cattle presented exclusively nervous signs, two had respiratory signs and weight loss and one did not present any clinical signs. At necropsy, five cattle had thickening of the leptomeninges of the cerebellum, pons, obex, spinal cord and cortex, mainly, in the region near the brain basilar Willis´ circle. Another animal, presented a single focal lesion in the cerebellum. Microscopically we observed moderate to severe granulomatous meningitis and encephalitis. Five cattle presented lesions in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes and three of them had disseminated lesions in other organs. In all cattle acid-fast bacilli were observed in the lesions and marked positive for immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibody anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is concluded that bovine tuberculosis of central nervous system occurs sporadically in Paraíba, in cattle of different ages, most of them with disseminate lesions in other organs. The location of the lesions suggests that the agent invaded the brain by hematogenous route through the circle of Willis.

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Liu, Y. H., Q. Kang, B. Yang, F. Li, X. Q. Li, L. Zhang, and L. Zhao. "Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Aksu Region of Xinjiang, China, between 1985 and 2016." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, no. 2 (April 2019): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10550.

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ABSTRACT Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle in Aksu Prefecture determined by intradermal tuberculin skin test (TST), between 1985 and 2016. Cattle were analyzed according to region, feeding pattern, herds and age. A total of 890,009 cattle were tested, with overall bovine tuberculosis prevalence of 0.13% (1172/890009). Statistically significant difference was found in feeding pattern and herds. Prevalence in cows (0.19%, 615/327022) was higher than that in beeves (P< 0.01, OR= 1.903, 95% CI = 1.696 to 2.134). Significant difference (P< 0.01; OR= 2.238, 95%; CI= 1.937 to 2.585) was evident for rates for bovine tuberculosis in the peasant household (0.12%, 942/802343) and farm groups (0.26%, 230/87666). The overall prevalence of bTB was decreased in the Aksu Prefecture, especially the positive rate was under 0.1% in 2010s. We concluded that the control measures forbovine tuberculosis in the Aksu region cattle herds are effective.

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ATKINS, P. J., and P. A. ROBINSON. "Bovine tuberculosis and badgers in Britain: relevance of the past." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (January 25, 2013): 1437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881200297x.

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SUMMARYThe European badger (Meles meles) has been identified as a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis and a source of transmission to cattle in Britain and Ireland. Both behavioural ecology and statistical ecological modelling have indicated the long-term persistence of the disease in some badger communities, and this is postulated to account for the high incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle across large tracts of England and Wales. This paper questions this consensus by using historical cartographic evidence to show that tuberculosis in cattle had a very different spatial distribution before 1960 to the present day. Since few of the badgers collected in road traffic accidents between 1972 and 1990 had tuberculosis in counties such as Cheshire, where the disease had until shortly before that been rife in the cattle population, the role of badgers as reservoirs in spreading disease in similar counties outside the south-west of England has to be questioned.

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Korniienko, L. Y., A. V. Pyskun, V. V. Ukhovskyi, M. S. Karpulenko, O. A. Moroz, O. O. Pyskun, T. M. Tsarenko, and G. B. Aliekseieva. "Retrospective analysis of the control and prevention of tuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine in the period 1994–2020." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (May 8, 2021): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022140.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) – is a chronic infectious disease, the causative agent of which affects many species of mammals. It is a zoonosis caused by various types of mycobacteria in the complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis family Mycobacteriaceae. The most important etiological agent of bTB in cattle is M. bovis, which has been isolated from tuberculosis infected cattle for centuries. Livestock and species of the Bovidae family are the most susceptible to this pathogen and are the main reservoir species for animals and humans. In Ukraine, the main methods of diagnosing tuberculosis in animal husbandry are lifetime (clinical examination, allergic intradermal test with tuberculin), and postmortem techniques (pathological changes, bacteriological investigation). The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis among cattle in Ukraine for the period 1994–2020 and conducted a critical assessment of the work done to prevent and control this disease. In total, over the last 27 years, 219 088 head of cattle with tuberculosis and 933 affected locations have been identified in Ukraine. The results of this work showed that in our country the epizootic situation of bovine tuberculosis on farms of various forms of ownership is fully controlled. The most active fight against tuberculosis was carried out during 1995–2015. In 1994–1997, the largest number of affected locations was registered, from 90 to 144, respectively, and the largest number of animals with tuberculosis – 21 395–33 474. In 1994–1995, the largest number of sick animals per one affected point was registered (371.9 and 471.7 head, respectively). Currently, official statistics show that many farms, especially in Vinnytska, Cherkaska and Kyivska regions, continue to show positive allergic reactions to tuberculin (46 898 reactions for the last 12 years). Applying diagnostic methods of research in complex (bacteriological, bioassay, molecular), excludes affection of cattle by pathogenic mycobacteria. This study showed that for the last 5 years no farms with confirmed pathological diagnosis by bacteriological methods have been registered and no culture of the pathogen from animals has been detected. Besides the scurpulous work of the veterinary service, in our opinion, the catastrophic decline in the number of cattle in Ukraine also had a significant impact on improving the epizootic situation regarding tuberculosis.

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Rhodes, Shelley G., Jason Sawyer, Adam O. Whelan, Gillian S. Dean, Michael Coad, Katie J. Ewer, Andreas S. Waldvogel, et al. "Is Interleukin-4δ3 Splice Variant Expression in Bovine Tuberculosis a Marker of Protective Immunity?" Infection and Immunity 75, no. 6 (March 26, 2007): 3006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01932-06.

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ABSTRACT Splice variants of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokine gene have been described for humans, mice, and cattle. IL-4 splice variants have been shown to inhibit IL-4-mediated cellular responses and thus act as IL-4 antagonists. Recent work has highlighted the possibility of a correlation between IL-4 splice variants and protection against clinical tuberculosis. In this study we investigated the potential role of IL-4 splice variants IL-4δ2 and IL-4δ3 in cattle with bovine tuberculosis, using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. For this analysis we used naturally exposed tuberculin skin test-positive field reactor cattle, uninfected control cattle, and cattle from two experimental models of protective immunity against Mycobacterium bovis: (i) vaccination with M. bovis BCG and challenge with virulent M. bovis and (ii) infection with M. bovis and treatment with isoniazid (INH) prior to rechallenge. The cytokine levels of field reactor cattle were compared to the levels of uninfected controls, while in kinetic studies of BCG vaccination and INH treatment we compared pre-experimental values with sequential samples for each individual animal. The data revealed a significant increase in IL-4δ3 mRNA expression in field reactor cattle, which had no visible pathology compared to cattle with gross pathology typical of bovine tuberculosis. Increased IL-4δ3 expression in both cattle models of protective immunity (BCG vaccination and INH treatment) was transient over time, reaching significance in the INH treatment model. Our results support the hypothesis that IL-4δ3 is involved in protective immunity against M. bovis infection in cattle and are in accordance with clinical studies that have suggested a role for IL-4 splice variants in protective immunity in tuberculosis.

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Krajewska-Wędzina, Monika, Monika Kozińska, Blanka Orłowska, Marcin Weiner, Krzysztof Szulowski, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć, Krzysztof Anusz, and Noel H. Smith. "Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated in Poland." Veterinary Record 182, no. 10 (December 6, 2017): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104363.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB, bTB) is caused by bovine bacilli: Mycobacterium bovis and M caprae. The studies conducted in Poland, in the National Bovine Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in the Department of Microbiology of the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, show that animal tuberculosis in Poland is also caused by M caprae. We here describe the identification and genotypic assessment of 52 isolates of M caprae obtained from Polish cattle and wild animals over the last five years. We show that strains isolated from bison have significant genotypic diversity and are distinct compared with the genotypes of strains isolated from cattle. Similarly, isolates from cattle herds can be highly genotypically variable. Formal designation of the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is controversial in Poland; there is a gap in veterinary legislation with regard to bTB and no explicit mention of M caprae causing tuberculosis in animal.

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Barrett, David. "Cattle Review." Livestock 28, no. 5 (September 2, 2023): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2023.28.5.216.

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Introduction: In this Cattle Review we consider three open access papers looking at bovine tuberculosis, Leptospira and a study of how veterinarian–farmer nonverbal communication can influence interactions.

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Pavlik, I., I. Trcka, I. Parmova, J. Svobodova, I. Melicharek, G. Nagy, Z. Cvetnic, M. Ocepek, M. Pate, and M. Lipiec. "Detection of bovine and human tuberculosis in cattle and other animals in six Central European countries during the years 2000–2004." Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 7 (March 28, 2012): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5626-vetmed.

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During a five year period (2000–2004), the incidence of bovine and human tuberculosis in cattle and other animals from six Central European countries was evaluated: Croatia (HRV), the Czech Republic (CZE), Hungary (HUN), Poland (POL), Slovakia (SVK), and Slovenia (SVN). These countries, lying between the Baltic and the Adriatic seas, cover an area of 610 402 km2 and had more than 68 million inhabitants and 9 330 264 cattle in 2003. Successful national control programmes against bovine tuberculosis in cattle were carried out up until 1980: HRV (1953–1966), CZE (1959–1968), HUN (1962–1980), POL (1959–1975) SVK (1959–1968), and SVN (1962–1973). During the entire monitored period skin testing with bovine tuberculin in all cattle older than two years was carried out regularly either once a year or every second year. Five of these countries (CZE, HUN, POL, SVK, and SVN) joined the EC on May 1st, 2004. CZE and SVK were officially declared free of bovine tuberculosis in cattle on March 31st, 2004 (Commission Decision No. 2004/320/EC) and March 4th, 2005 (Commission Decision No. 2005/179/EC), respectively. Bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in a total of 188 cattle herds in the study area: 145 (77.1%) outbreaks in small herds (< 10 cows) and 43 (22.9%) outbreaks in large herds (≥ 10 cows). The last cases of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in SVK and in the CZE were diagnosed in 1993 and 1995, respectively. During the monitored period, bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in animal species other than cattle found in zoological gardens: in two Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) in the CZK, in one Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris f. altaica) in HUN, in one bison (Bison bison) and one eland (Taurotragus oryx) in POL, and in one dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) and two bison in SVN. In wild animals, bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in HUN (n = 14) and HRV (n = 1), in six red deer (Cervus elaphus) in HUN, in 14 European bison (Bison bonasus f. bonasus) and two roe deer (Capreolus capreolus f. capreolus) in POL. Infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis were also diagnosed in four cattle and two pigs in POL, in one cattle in SVN, in one dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris) in the CZE and in one dog in HUN. M. africanum was diagnosed in one hyrax (Procaria habessinica) in a zoological garden in HRV.

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Awah Ndukum, J., A. Caleb Kudi, G. Bradley, I. N. Ane-Anyangwe, S. Fon-Tebug, and J. Tchoumboue. "Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Abattoirs of the Littoral and Western Highland Regions of Cameroon: A Cause for Public Health Concern." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/495015.

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Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is widespread but poorly controlled in Africa andM. bovisis posing threats to human health. The risk of cattle handlers toM. bovisprevalence and public health significance of BTB in Cameroon were assessed. Slaughter inspection records from major cities revealed that BTB detection rates in cattle from 0.18% to 4.25% and BTB lesions were most common. Analyses of tissues and sera confirmed BTB in 31% (Ziehl-Neelsen), 51% (culture), and 60% (antibody detection) of test cattle. Among cattle handlers, 81.9% were aware of BTB, 67.9% knew that BTB is zoonotic, and 53.8% knew one mode of transmission but over 27% consumed raw meat and/or drank unpasteurized milk. Respondents who had encountered tuberculosis cases were more informed about zoonotic BTB(P<.05). Tuberculosis is prevalent in cattle destined for human consumption in Cameroon with serious public health implications. Targeted monitoring of infected animal populations and concerted veterinary/medical efforts are essential for control.

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Santos, Igor R., Luan C. Henker, Marcele B. Bandinelli, Matheus V. Bianchi, Andréia Vielmo, Paula A. Taunde, Claiton I. Schwertz, et al. "Pathology of Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis in Cattle." Journal of Comparative Pathology 184 (April 2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.01.008.

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Hancox, M. "Cattle tuberculosis schemes: control or eradication?" Letters in Applied Microbiology 31, no. 1 (July 2000): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00787.x.

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Michel, Anita L. "Vaccines to control tuberculosis in cattle." Science 383, no. 6690 (March 29, 2024): 1410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ado4333.

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Ameni, Gobena, Abraham Aseffa, Howard Engers, Douglas Young, Glyn Hewinson, and Martin Vordermeier. "Cattle Husbandry in Ethiopia Is a Predominant Factor Affecting the Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis and Gamma Interferon Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2006): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00134-06.

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ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic problem and a potential public health risk. Improved diagnostics like the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test with ESAT6 and/or CFP10 could contribute to the control program. We assessed IFN-γ responses in zebu (Ethiopian Arsi breed) and Holstein cattle kept indoors or in a pasture to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and an ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail. Furthermore, the intensity and distribution of pathology of bovine tuberculosis were compared between the two breeds. Our data demonstrated significantly (all P < 0.02) higher IFN-γ responses to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail in Holstein than in zebu cattle, while lesion severities in infected animals and tuberculin skin test responses did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two breeds. Holstein cattle that were kept indoors produced significantly (all P < 0.01) higher IFN-γ levels in response to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail than did Holstein cattle kept in a pasture. Moreover, lesion severity was significantly higher in Holstein cattle kept indoors (P = 0.001) than in those kept in the pasture. Lesions were localized predominantly in the digestive tract in cattle kept in a pasture, while they were localized in the respiratory tract in cattle kept indoors. In conclusion, in Holstein cattle, husbandry was a dominant factor influencing the severity of tuberculosis lesions and IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial antigens compared to breed. A difference in the cellular immune response between zebu and Holstein cattle was observed, while tuberculosis lesion severities were identical in the two breeds, when both were kept in a pasture.

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Flores-Villalva, S., F. Suárez-Güemes, C. Espitia, A. O. Whelan, M. Vordermeier, and J. A. Gutiérrez-Pabello. "Specificity of the Tuberculin Skin Test Is Modified by Use of a Protein Cocktail Containing ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in Cattle Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 5 (March 14, 2012): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05668-11.

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ABSTRACTThe mycobacterial immunodominant ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens are strongly recognizable in tuberculosis-infected cattle, and they do not elicit a response in cattle without infection. In addition, they are absent in most environmental mycobacterial species, and therefore, their use can be an alternative to purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin in the development of a more specific skin diagnostic test in cattle. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential of an ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (E6-C10) protein cocktail in a skin test format in naturally tuberculosis-infected and paratuberculosis-infected cattle. We also included MPB83 as a third component in one of the protein cocktail preparations. The protein cocktail was tested at different dose concentrations (5, 10, and 15 μg per protein). The best skin response to the E6-C10 protein cocktail was obtained with 10 μg. Subsequently, this concentration was tested in 2 herds with high and low bovine tuberculosis prevalence, the latter with paratuberculosis coinfection. Our data show that the E6-C10 cocktail allows identification of an important proportion of animals that PPDB is not able to recognize, especially in low-prevalence herds. The protein cocktail did not induce reactions in tuberculosis-free cattle or in paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Addition of MPB83 to the protein cocktail did not make any difference in the skin reaction.

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R. TIWARI, R. SINGH, D.S. MEENA, N.K. JEPH, SANDEEP K. SHARMA, and B. RATHORE. "PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE OF JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, INDIA." Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences 25, no. 04 (2023): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/ajmbes.2023.v25i04.023.

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Tuberculosis in cattle is a chronic debilitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, an intracellular acid-fast bacterium. The diseases have become prevalent infection in most of the developing countries and causes considerable economic losses to producers of livestock, particularly in dairy cows. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle in Jaipur. A total of 200 serum samples were collected from cattle of a gaushala in Jaipur and subjected to ELISA and single intradermal tuberculin test. overall prevalence obtained was 1.5% in cattle. Individual test wise, 6 (3%) and 9 (4.5%) animals were found positive to SITT and ELISA, respectively. Higher prevalence was observed in age group above 5 years as 3.65% and 5.11% by SITT and ELISA, respectively. Also, the prevalence was found higher in crossbred cattle as 3.45 and 6.89 by SITT and ELISA, respectively. Comparison of results for SITT and ELISA tests was found statistically non-significant (p> 0.05) with respect to age and breed. The kappa value to know the agreement between SITT and ELISA test was 0.38. It shows a poor agreement between both the tests for tuberculosis in cattle. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in milch animals signifies potential health risk for human and animals. The findings are required further confirmation with large scale surveillance of all susceptible animals

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Willgert, Katriina, Susie da Silva, Ruoran Li, Premanshu Dandapat, Maroudam Veerasami, Hindol Maity, Mohan Papanna, et al. "Is bovine density and ownership associated with human tuberculosis in India?" PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): e0283357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283357.

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Zoonotic tuberculosis in humans is caused by infection with bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex acquired from animals, most commonly cattle. India has the highest burden of human tuberculosis in the world and any zoonotic risk posed by tuberculosis in bovines needs to be managed at the source of infection as a part of efforts to end human tuberculosis. Zoonotic tuberculosis in humans can be severe and is clinically indistinguishable from non-zoonotic tuberculosis. As a consequence, zoonotic tuberculosis remains under-recognised and the significance of its contribution to human tuberculosis is poorly understood. This study aimed to explore any association between bovine density, bovine ownership, and human tuberculosis reporting in India using self-reported tuberculosis data in households and officially reported tuberculosis cases while controlling for common confounders for human tuberculosis. We find an association between human tuberculosis reporting, bovine density and bovine ownership in India. Buffalo density was significantly associated with an increased risk of self-reported tuberculosis in households (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23 (95% credible interval (CI): 1.10–1.39) at household level; incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.04–1.33) at district level), while cattle density (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.71–0.89; IRR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70–0.87) and ownership of bovines in households (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.9–0.99; IRR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.57–0.79) had a protective association with tuberculosis reporting. It is unclear whether this relates to differences in tuberculosis transmission dynamics, or perhaps an association between bovines and other unexplored confounders for tuberculosis reporting in humans. Our study highlights a need for structured surveillance to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes, characterisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species present in bovines and transmission analyses at the human-animal interface to better assess the burden and risk pathways of zoonotic tuberculosis in India.

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KOMİLİ, Katriye, and Yağmur BAHAR. "HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS." JOURNAL OF INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL RESEARCHES 7, no. 28 (September 28, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31623/iksad072807.

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The history of tuberculosis disease dates back to very ancient times. Information from these ages shed light on today's tuberculosis disease. Tuberculosis has been one of the most important diseases that have negatively affected people's lives since ancient times and caused their death. The introduction of tuberculosis by humans occurred when cattle joined their daily habitats. Cattle meat , milk was used to spread the disease rapidly. The only common thing about tuberculosis, which has been referred to by different names throughout the ages, is that its consequences intersect somewhere. Most of the disease is caused by myobacterium Tuberculosis Bacillus. Bacillus was introduced to the world in 1882 through Robert Koach. Tuberculosis causes the most outbreaks in the world after Aids. Past medical history and radiological examinations are of great importance in the diagnosis of the disease. Drug treatment of patients continues for 6 to 8 months, but progress is blocked in the first two to three weeks. The aim of this study is to give general information about the progress of the disease throughout history. Key words: Bacillus , Epidemic, Tuberculosis

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Shareef, Jalal Majeed, Rizgar Raheem Sulaiman, and Ihsan Kadir Zangana. "The Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among the Cattle in Sulaimani Districts." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 8, no. 1 (February 21, 2005): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10138.

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Khairullah, Aswin, Ikechukwu Moses, Muhammad Kusala, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Siti Ayuti, Fedik Rantam, Ima Fauziah, et al. "Unveiling insights into bovine tuberculosis: A comprehensive review." Open Veterinary Journal 14, no. 6 (2024): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i6.2.

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The frequent zoonotic disease known as "bovine tuberculosis" is brought on by the Mycobacterium bovis bacteria, which can infect both people and animals. The aim of this review article is to provide an explanation of the etiology, history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of bovine tuberculosis. Primarily, bovine tuberculosis affects cattle, but other animals may also be affected. Bovine tuberculosis is present throughout the world, with the exception of Antarctica. Cattle that contract bovine tuberculosis might suffer from a persistent, crippling illness. In the early stages of the disease, there are no symptoms. The tuberculin test is the primary method for detecting bovine tuberculosis in cows. Depending on its localized site in the infected animal, M. bovis can be found in respiratory secretions, milk, urine, faeces, vaginal secretions, semen, feces, and exudates from lesions (such as lymph node drainage and some skin lesions). This illness generally lowers cattle productivity and could have a negative financial impact on the livestock business, particularly the dairy industry. The most effective first-line anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy consists of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin. Second line drugs used against bovine tuberculosis include ethionamide, capreomycin, thioacetazone, and cycloserine. To successfully control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, developed nations have implemented routine testing and culling of infected animals under national mandatory programs.

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Barrett, David C. "Cattle Review." Livestock 24, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.6.298.

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Introduction: The first edition of Cattle Review, then called Cattle News was written by me in January 1999, meaning that this edition at the end of 2019 marks 21 continuous years! At times progress in veterinary medicine seems to be slow, however, here we consider important papers on the effectiveness of the badger cull in the control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among dairy calves, and how we might better communicate with farmers to encourage them to take up veterinary advice.

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Donchenko, A. S., N. A. Donchenko, A. S. Zhumash, A. K. Shaymbetova, A. В. Turgumbekov, and A. К. Ilimbayeva. "Prevention of tuberculosis of cattle imported from abroad." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 6 (January 29, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-6-6.

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When importing cattle from Hungary, Germany, Holland and Australia, many violations of veterinary rules for cattle management for the purpose of its reproduction, rearing and sale were noted. Pathogens of a number of infectious diseases penetrate livestock farms with the cattle purchased. Cases of infection of imported pedigree cattle with tuberculosis were noted. Scientists, together with practical experts of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, conducted a series of surveys of livestock farms, where pedigree cattle was imported from abroad. The imortance of the veterinary-sanitary treatment of premises prior to the delivery of breeding livestock was highlighted. Feeding regime of such animals in the summer and winter periods was taken into account. Particular attention was paid to preventive diagnostic studies of imported livestock and local animals in contact with them. For more effective diagnosis, several diagnostic tests were used – from the usual intradermal tuberculin test with PPD tuberculin for mammals – to the palpebral and intravenous tuberculin tests as well as the “booster effect” method. In the diagnosis of tuberculosis, a special role was assigned to the results of autopsy and laboratory studies of biomaterial taken from animals killed for diagnostic purposes. In the complex of diagnostic studies for a final decision on the animal tuberculosis and a general epizootic assessment of the herd for animal tuberculosis, a diagnostic assessment of the intradermal fold of 5 mm and over was proposed. Comprehensive intravital diagnostic measures, post-mortem diagnostics of animals reacting to tuberculin, proper veterinary and sanitary measures in livestock buildings were carried out, contact of animals brought from abroad with local cattle and other domestic animals, as well as poultry, was excluded. Comprehensive measures can reliably prevent and diagnose cases of tuberculosis both in imported and local livestock when placing it in specially prepared livestock buildings.

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HONE, J. "Diminishing returns in bovine tuberculosis control." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (April 30, 2013): 1382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000927.

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SUMMARYMycobacterium bovis causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in many mammals including cattle, deer and brushtail possum. The aim of this study was to estimate the strength of association, using model selection (AICc) regression analyses, between the proportion of cattle and farmed deer herds with bTB in New Zealand and annual costs of TB control, namely disease control in livestock, in wildlife or in a combination of the two. There was more support for curved (concave up) than linear models which related the proportion of cattle and farmed deer herds with bTB to the annual control costs. The curved, concave-up, best-fitting relationships showed diminishing returns with no positive asymptote and implied TB eradication is feasible in New Zealand.

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Ejeh, E. F., M. A. Raji, M. Bello, F. A. Lawan, M. I. Francis, A. C. Kudi, and S. I. B. Cadmus. "Prevalence and Direct Economic Losses from Bovine Tuberculosis in Makurdi, Nigeria." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/904861.

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A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and direct economic losses (DEL) from tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Makurdi abattoirs from 2008 to 2012, using abattoir records obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Out of 61654 cattle slaughtered during the study period 1172 (1.90%) were positive for tuberculosis lesions. The annual prevalence of bovine tuberculosis ranges from 0.90% in 2008 to 4.04% in 2012. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in annual prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. It was also observed that there was no seasonal difference in the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. A total of 1935 affected organs by BTB weighing 3046.50 kg, amounting to 2.91 × 106 Naira (1.82 × 104 USD), were condemned within the study period. Seasonal variation in organ condemnation due to bovine tuberculosis was significantly different (Mann-WhitneyUstatistics = 774 × 103,P=0.034). It was concluded that bovine tuberculosis is prevalent in Makurdi and accounts for heavy economic losses due to condemnation of edible organs.

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Biswas, Prokash, Md Bahanur Rahman, Sayra Tasnin Sharmy, Md Ferdousur Rahman Khan, Md Mizanur Rahman, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Md Emtiaj Alam, and Md Siddiqur Rahman. "Cross sectional study of bovine and avian tuberculosis in Bangladesh Livestock Reasearch Institute (BLRI) cattle farm." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 3 (November 28, 2017): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i3.34525.

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The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis in cattle by using bovine and avian PPDs at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) Cattle Farm, Savar, Dhaka. Cattle of different breeds, ages and sexes (n=183) were tested using bovine and avian PPDs. In caudal Fold Tuberculin (CFT) test, 16 (8.74%) cases were showed positive reaction among 183 sample. The overall percentages of positive reactors to Comparative cervical tuberculin (CCT) test of bovine and avian tuberculosis were 7.10% and 1.64% respectively. An insignificant variation (P>0.05) on prevalence of bovine tuberculosis on different age group of cattle was observed. Age group >7 years showed a higher prevalence (10.91%) than those of other age groups. In CCT test, 7.55% and 4.17% positive reactors were found in female and male cattle respectively. The association between different breeds of the animal was found significant (P<0.05). The local breed showed higher prevalence (9.77%) than those of Red Chittagong and cross breed. The highest percentage (10.45%) of positive reactors in CCT test was recorded in milking cows than in dry cows (2.32%), heifer (9.52%) and calf (5.77%) were observed. Mixed infection (bovine and avian type of tuberculosis) was recorded 1.64%.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2017, 3(3): 352-356

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Rahman, Md Fashiur, Md Jahangir Alam, Md Abu Sayeed Sarker, Md Jalal Uddin, Shamim Ara Nipa, Md Abdul Alim, Yoshitsugu Matsumoto, and Md Bahanur Rahman. "Leishmaniasis and Tuberculosis Concurrent Infection in Humans and Animals in Kala-azar Endemic Areas of Bangladesh." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 14, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v14i2.45882.

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Introduction: Co-infection of parasitic disease and pulmonary tuberculosis are increasing public health problem especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. More than 81% of cases and deaths from TB are in developing countries and is aggravated by concurrency with parasitic diseases, where in Bangladesh suffer a substantial no of Kala-azar cases in each year. Cattle are found to have bovine tuberculosis but at the same areas of Kala-azar endemicity, whether this animal found to be positive. Objectives: To findout the concurrent infection in humans and animals in Kala-azar endemic areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Surya Kanto Hospital, Mymensingh and four Kala-azar endemic Upazilla of Mymensingh, Tangail and Pabna District. A total of 300 highly suspected tuberculosis patients reported from Kala-azar endemic areas and 170 cattle’s blood sample, 110 cattle spleen samples were included in this study. Cattle blood and spleen samples were investigated for both TB and Kalaazar and all the TB cases were investigated for Kala-azar. Buffy coat from venous blood was taken for ELISA and PCR. Spleen samples were sonicated and then were examined by PCR. All patients’ blood was tested with ICT (rK39) for Visceral Leishmaniasis. ICT positive patient’s splenic aspiration was examined by smear microscopy with 10x 100 magnifications. After that, all these samples were tested by ELISA and PCR. Results: Out of total 300 patients 162(54%) were found positive for TB. Blood sample of 180 patients was tested with ICT rK39 and 12(7%) patients were found positive for leishmaniasis who suffered from Tuberculosis. These 12(7%) patient’s splenic smear were examined of which 11(92%) of them were found positive for leishmania. But using ELISA all 12(100%) patient smears were found positive. Out of 170 cattle blood 12(7.1%) were ICT positive indicating prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and of these 170 cattle blood 20(11.8%) were found positive for antileishmania antibody. With PCR of these 20, no one was found positive for Leishmania. Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis coinfection have drawn attention clinically. This study found the presence of leishmaniasis and tuberculosis concurrently in humans in Kala-azar endemic areas, wherein bTB antibody was detected in cattle. Though concurrently leishmania antibody was found in cattle but was not proved by PCR which requires further studies. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 91-96

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KAO, R. R., and M. G. ROBERTS. "A comparison of wildlife control and cattle vaccination as methods for the control of bovine tuberculosis." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 3 (June 1999): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002472.

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The Australian brushtail possum is the major source of infection for new cases of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in New Zealand. Using hypothetical values for the cost of putative cattle and possum Tb vaccines, the relative efforts required to eradicate Tb in cattle using possum culling, possum vaccination or cattle vaccination are compared. For realistic assumed costs for 1080 poison bait, possum culling is found to be a cost-effective strategy compared to cattle vaccination if the required control area is below 13 ha per cattle herd, while possum vaccination is cost-effective for control areas of less than 3 ha per herd. Examination of other considerations such as the possible roles of possum migration and heterogeneities in possum population density suggest that each control strategy may be superior under different field conditions. Finally, the roles of the possum in New Zealand, and the Eurasian badger in Great Britain and Ireland in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to cattle are compared.

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Wu, Haibo, Yongsheng Wang, Yan Zhang, Mingqi Yang, Jiaxing Lv, Jun Liu, and Yong Zhang. "TALE nickase-mediatedSP110knockin endows cattle with increased resistance to tuberculosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 13 (March 2, 2015): E1530—E1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421587112.

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Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated genome modification has been applied successfully to create transgenic animals in various species, such as mouse, pig, and even monkey. However, transgenic cattle with gene knockin have yet to be created using TALENs. Here, we report site-specific knockin of the transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nickase-mediated SP110 nuclear body protein gene (SP110) via homologous recombination to produce tuberculosis-resistant cattle. In vitro and in vivo challenge and transmission experiments proved that the transgenic cattle are able to control the growth and multiplication ofMycobacterium bovis, turn on the apoptotic pathway of cell death instead of necrosis after infection, and efficiently resist the low dose ofM.bovistransmitted from tuberculous cattle in nature. In this study, we developed TALE nickases to modify the genome of Holstein–Friesian cattle, thereby engineering a heritable genome modification that facilitates resistance to tuberculosis.

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Mondal, MAH, MS Parvin, SC Sarker, AKMA Rahman, and MT Islam. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Mymensingh Sadar." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21283.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of zoonotic importance as well as high priority all over the world. Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in cattle are not well investigated in Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the associated risk factors for bTB along with determination of prevalence in cattle of Mymensingh Sadar. A cross-sectional study was carried out to elucidate on 101 cattle from 56 households during January to May 2012. The direct interview using a questionnaire and physical examination of cattle was performed to collect farm and animal level data. Besides data collection, blood samples were collected from study cattle and subjected to immunochromatographic assay (ICGA) by using Anigen Rapid Bovine TB Ab test kit for the diagnosis of bTB. Risk factors analysis was done using bivariable followed by multiple logistic regression with stepwise backward elimination method. The results of the study revealed an overall tuberculosis prevalence of 5.9%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant association of bovine tuberculosis with herd size (more than 4) (Odds Ratio, OR = 5.9, p = 0.03) and history of coughing (OR = 8.9, p = 0.005). The effect of herd size (more than 4) could be minimized by maintaining the cattle in a herd with adequate floor space and better ventilation facilities as it would not be practicable to keep the herd size minimum. Further study should be done to find out more associated risk factors for the occurrence of bTB.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21283 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 179-183

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Mingaleev, Danil N., Almaz G. Hisamutdinov, Marina A. Efimova, Anatoly I. Trubkin, and Julia R. Kamalieva. "Cartographic assay of nozoareal bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Tatarstan." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700115.

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The paper presents the results of studying the dynamics of the number of cattle unsuccessful for tuberculosis in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period from 2000 to 2018. As a result of the analysis of this cartogram, we found that the unsuccessful points for tuberculosis are geographically confined to a certain area: i.e. settled mainly in the south, and scattered (in small groups – “foci”) in the central part of the republic. A steady decline in the incidence of cattle with tuberculosis has been observed since 2016. By the end of 2018, no new foci of tuberculosis in the territory of the republic were identified, systematically conducted anti-epizootic measures ensure stabilization of the epizootic situation.

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Skuce, Robin A., Adrian R. Allen, and Stanley W. J. McDowell. "Herd-Level Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis: A Literature Review." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/621210.

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Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium bovis, is one of the most challenging endemic diseases currently facing government, the veterinary profession, and the farming industry in the United Kingdom and Ireland and in several other countries. The disease has a notoriously complex epidemiology; the scientific evidence supports both cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle transmission routes. To produce more effective ways of reducing such transmission, it is important to understand those risk factors which influence the presence or absence of bovine TB in cattle herds. Here we review the literature on herd-level risk factor studies. Whilst risk factors operate at different scales and may vary across regions, epidemiological studies have identified a number of risk factors associated with bovine TB herd breakdowns, including the purchase of cattle, the occurrence of bovine TB in contiguous herds, and/or the surrounding area as well as herd size. Other factors identified in some studies include farm and herd management practices, such as, the spreading of slurry, the use of certain housing types, farms having multiple premises, and the use of silage clamps. In general, the most consistently identified risk factors are biologically plausible and consistent with known transmission routes involving cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle pathways.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tuberculosis in cattle'

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