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Journal articles on the topic 'Tubing movement'
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1
Yohana, E., and Indra Sakti Rahyang. "Tubing Movement Analysis in Completion Process at Well X." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 05, no. 10 (2022): 2706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i10-21.
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The completion process in oil and gas production is one of the most important steps and affects to the final result of the entire process. In actual conditions, many things must be considered in the completion process. One of the most important things is about tubing movement. Tubing movement is the movement of tubing caused by differences in pressure and temperature in the well. Tubing movement can cause deformation of the tubing structure, and if the selection of tubing and packer is not appropriate, it can cause damage to the tubing or well structure. Calculating tubing movement can be done by calculating the total movement and force generated by this four tubing movement effects, which is: temperature effect, ballooning effect, buckling effect, and piston effect. The case study analyzed in this proposal is horizontal well X, and has a total tubing movement of 13,48 in elongation, or produces a force of 47.864,36 lbs. Because the value is positive, the force that applies is the compression force. By knowing the total force and displacement generated by the tubing movement, the engineer can design what type of packer will be used. For the case study in this report, it can be concluded that a force of 47.864,36 lbs can still be resisted by tubing which has a body yield strength specification of 361.000 lbs. Therefore, the tubing can be design to use a no slip packer where there is no movement between the tubing and the packer.
2
E., Yohana, Sakti Rahyang Indra, Naufal Fajar Pramudya dan, Bahar Shofwan, and Syaiful. "Tubing Movement Analysis in Completion Process at Well X." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 05, no. 10 (2022): 2706–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7185117.
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The completion process in oil and gas production is one of the most important steps and affects to the final result of the entire process. In actual conditions, many things must be considered in the completion process. One of the most important things is about tubing movement. Tubing movement is the movement of tubing caused by differences in pressure and temperature in the well. Tubing movement can cause deformation of the tubing structure, and if the selection of tubing and packer is not appropriate, it can cause damage to the tubing or well structure. Calculating tubing movement can be done by calculating the total movement and force generated by this four tubing movement effects, which is: temperature effect, ballooning effect, buckling effect, and piston effect. The case study analyzed in this proposal is horizontal well X, and has a total tubing movement of 13,48 in elongation, or produces a force of 47.864,36 lbs. Because the value is positive, the force that applies is the compression force. By knowing the total force and displacement generated by the tubing movement, the engineer can design what type of packer will be used. For the case study in this report, it can be concluded that a force of 47.864,36 lbs can still be resisted by tubing which has a body yield strength specification of 361.000 lbs. Therefore, the tubing can be design to use a no slip packer where there is no movement between the tubing and the packer.
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Sun, Wei, Guo Xiang Meng, Qian Ye, and Wen Hua Xie. "Modeling and Simulation of Pneumatic Impactor for Tubing Plugging." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2174.
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Tubing plugging often occurs and brings some difficulties to industrial production. This paper proposes a simple pneumatic impactor which can instantaneously generate great acceleration by a reservoir to shock and smash calcium monohydrate bonding in the tubing inwall. The working principle and the mathematical model of the impactor are introduced in detail. In order to obtain its dynamic characteristic, the simulation is performed. The results show that during the movement of the piston back pressure occurs due to the outlet chamber squeezed by the piston with a high speed, and with inlet pressure increasing positions of the piston with different peak velocities are almost the same. This impactor can be used to unplug tubings in oil or gas well.
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Wang, Lei, Zheng Chu, Jiang He, Yujia Zhai, Junming Huang, and Haonan Yang. "Numerical Simulation Study of the Optimization on Tubing-to-Sediment Surface Distance in Small-Spacing Dual-Well (SSDW) Salt Caverns." Processes 13, no. 2 (2025): 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020322.
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The small-spacing dual-well (SSDW) technique plays a crucial role in the establishment of underground salt cavern gas storage reservoirs. However, during the cavity dissolution and brine discharge processes, insoluble sediment is prone to being carried into the discharge tubing with the brine, leading to tubing blockages or clogging, which disrupts injection and withdrawal operations and severely affects both project efficiency and the safety of the gas storage facility. This study systematically analyzes the influence of the gap between the injection and discharge tubing and the surface of the sediment-on-sediment movement, deposition, and tubing safety in SSDW salt caverns. Through numerical simulations, this study investigates the influence of tubing layout on the internal flow field distribution of the cavern and the suspension behavior of sediment, revealing the changing trend of the risk of sediment entering the tubing at different distances. The results show that a rational tubing distance can significantly lower the risk of sediment backflow and tubing entry, while maintaining high brine discharge efficiency. Based on the simulation results, an optimized tubing layout design suitable for SSDW salt caverns is proposed, offering technical direction to guarantee the safe and effective functioning of underground salt cavern gas storage sites.
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Makarenko, V. D., A. V. Liashenko, and О. Yu Vytyaz. "The technology of cleaning tubing from hydrate-resin-paraffin deposits." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(36) (December 29, 2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2021-2(36)-80-87.
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During the operation of oil and gas wells there is a constant decline in production. The reason may be various factors, such as the reduction of the internal space of the tubing due to the deposition of hydrate-paraffins, asphaltenes, resins and mineral salts. To prevent and clean these deposits, various control methods are used: the use of special coatings on the inner surface of the pipes, the introduction into the pumped stream of various chemical reagents, sonication, magnetic treatment, mechanical methods, etc. However, some of them are considered inefficient, economically unprofitable or quickly fail.That is why an improved design of a device for cleaning the inner surface of tubings of oil and gas wells was proposed. The device refers to the equipment of the oil and gas industry, namely as a mechanism for restoring the internal space of well pumps. Calculations for the design of cleaning devices for different diameters of tubing are given. Kinetic calculations of the movement of the cleaning mill in tubing pipes under the action of hydraulic forces were performed. Based on the obtained equations, in the process of design development, the dimensions and shapes of the working (main) and additional (reverse) cutters were calculated, the masses and strength characteristics of structural elements (pins, traverse, cable, bolted joints, etc.) were selected. Provided the necessary rigidity and reliability of the entire cleaning device. Thus, the proposed design developments in combination with the previously known will allow to obtain a new positive effect, which is to improve the quality of cleaning of tubing. Industrial tests of the developed design on objects showed significant advantages in comparison with domestic and foreign analogs.
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Karlik, John F., J. Ole Becker, and Ursula K. Schuch. "022 Delivery of Gases to the Soil Matrix via Buried Drip Irrigation Tubing." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 444E—445. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.444e.
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The impending worldwide restrictions on the use of methyl bromide (MeBr) as a soil fumigant have prompted an intensive search for more-effective methods for delivering MeBr or replacement compounds. Although the majority of agrochemicals are applied in the solid phase or the liquid phase at ambient pressure and temperature, some chemicals, including certain soil fumigants such as MeBr, are gases under normal field conditions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate use of two types of commercial drip irrigation tubing to deliver gases to nontarped planting beds. Air moved through each tubing type immediately after burial; water was not necessary for inflation. Air was also able to move through 40 m of buried rigid drip tubing and through 90 m of buried flat tape that had been used for subsurface drip irrigation for more than 1 year. Mixtures of known ratios of propane and air were introduced into the buried tubing over several time intervals to evaluate gas movement from buried drip tubing into the surrounding soil matrix. Samples were collected from sets of three soil gas sampling tubes placed 15, 30, and 45 cm to the side of the buried tubing and at regular intervals along the length of the tubing, and propane concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography. Tubing lengths and run times affected the magnitudes and uniformity of propane concentrations. Results suggest gas-phase chemicals can be delivered via buried drip-irrigation tubing, but effective distances from the point of introduction will be limited by the low densities and viscosities of gases, and corresponding high rates of escape through tubing emitters.
7
Ishmuratov, Timur A., Rif G. Sultanov, and Milyausha N. Khusnutdinova. "Diagnostics of the location of damage to tubing oil well pipes." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 5, no. 4 (2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2019-5-4-115-128.
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The study is devoted to the mathematical description of the process of oil outflow in places of leakage of the tubing string, which allows a computer to locate a leakage in the tubing. The authors propose methodology for identifying defects in the tubing and determining the location of the leak. The uniqueness of this methodology lies in quick determination of the place of leakage without the use of specialists, sophisticated and specialized equipment. Mathematical modeling of oil flow in the tubing requires the apparatus of continuum mechanics. It is a general belief that the movement of oil in the pipe flows at low speeds due to its outflow from the hole. Using the general equations of mass and energy balance, the authors have obtained differential equations of fluid motion in a vertical pipe in the process of its outflow from the tubing and in the process of injection. Analytical expressions are the solution to these equations, as they can help in estimating the degree of damage and its location, as well as the feasibility of its eliminating. The results show that an increase in the leakage and injection times leads to improving accuracy of locating damage. Thus, when conducting various geological and technical measures (GTM) at the well, it is possible to assess the presence of leakage and its intensity when deciding on the repair of tubing.
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Shishlyannikov, Dmitry I., Vadim K. Kartavtsev, Dmitry A. Sitnikov, Yuri G. Korotkov, and Anna A. Ivanchenko. "Increasing the operating time of pumping units of water-reducing wells through the use of self-cleaning filters." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 11 (2024): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/11/4619.
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Relevance. At enterprises engaged in open-pit mining, water-reducing wells equipped with submersible installations of electric submersible pumps are widely used in drainage systems. A significant content of particles of mechanical impurities in the pumped-out well fluid causes intense hydro-abrasive wear of the working stages of the electric submersible pumps. Among the existing methods of combating hydro-abrasive wear of submersible pumps in water-reducing wells, the simplest, most economical and effective is the use of filters of various designs. An urgent task is to increase the operating time of submersible electric submersible pumps while reducing the time and costs for cleaning or replacing filters. Aim. Justification of the designs and operating parameters of a self-cleaning filter and tubing string extension included in the electric submersible pump assembly of a dewatering well. Methods. Static calculations of deformation of the tubing column and the tubing column extension under the influence of overpressure. Results and conclusions. The authors have carried out the analysis of an electric submersible pump functioning in the dewatering wells of quarries during the development of mineral deposits by the open method. It was revealed that the main reason for the failure of the electric submersible pumps is the hydro-abrasive wear of the working stages of the submersible pump. The authors propose a method to increase the operating time of the electric submersible pumps in dewatering wells complicated by intensive removal of particles of mechanical impurities by using a self-cleaning filter of the original design. It is noted that a promising direction of development of the drive for self-cleaning filters is the use of deformation of the tubing column. Based on the calculations carried out, it was concluded that the small depths of dewatering wells cause an insufficient amount of deformation of the tubing string to clean the filter element. To increase the length of the reciprocating movement of the electric submersible pumps relative to the production string of a dewatering well, it is proposed to use a tubing string extension of an original design. The operating parameters of the tubing string extension were calculated, which showed the possibility of providing the required amount of controlled reciprocating movement of the electric submersible pumps in the well to restore the throughput of a self-cleaning filter.
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Shaheed, Luay Hameed. "Analysis and Mitigation of High-Pressure and High-Temperature Well Completion Design of Elkin/Franklin Fields in the North Sea." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 1(Suppl.) (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1(suppl.).617.
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The development of High-Pressure and High-Temperature (HP/HT) wells is accompanied by high risk, and still represents one of the greatest technological challenges for the oil and gas industry related to the equipments used and their ability to sustain these conditions. The results analysis of data is key to investigating reasons for bad performances and failures of well completion design and detecting at an early stage potential downhole events.This paper applies machine learning to the results of real data analysis of deep and deviated well in the HP/HT environment. It presents techniques used to analyze design limits for the tubing string of the well with different rates of production and water injection, and predict pressure and temperature when multiple operations are applied to the tubular string during the well's lifetime. It also analyzes the most important parameters that impact the tubular string, such as temperature effect, safety factors, and tubing length change. A simulation model for a well has been developed to accomplish the objective of this work by using WellcatTM software modules (Prod & Tube) based on real data from the Elgin/Franklin fields in the North Sea. Two designs of tubular string were used to analyze design limits; the first included a tubing size of 4 ½ in and a latched permanent packer, and the second was identical to the first one but included an expansion joint tool to allow free movement of the tubing, and it was used to mitigate the first well completion design failure. Based on the results of this paper, three load cases (produce-6 months, tubing leak, and water injection) failed in the first design when the rates of oil production and water injection were increased to 12000 bbl/d and 5000 bbl/d respectively, whilst all load cases fell into the triaxial envelope and met the axial criteria in the second design. Furthermore, the predicted results of pressure and temperature for the tubing and surroundings indicate the tubular string could be exposed to buckling problems and serious thermal expansion in the annulus. As well, tubing length can be changed (elongated or shortage) owing to thermal effects during multiple load cases.
10
Kondrat, R. М., О. R. Kondrat, L. І. Khaidarova, and N. М. Hedzyk. "The Influence of Determining Factors on the Parameters of Gas-lift Operation of Flooded Gas Wells." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 1(74) (March 31, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-1(74)-72-81.
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The development of gas deposits at the final stage is usually complicated by watering production wells. With the advent of water in the formation product, the gas production rate decreases due to the decrease in the gas-saturated thickness of the reservoirs and the increase in pressure loss during movement of the liquid-gas mixture in the wellbore and flow lines as compared to the movement of gas only. Well operation is gradually becoming unstable, periodic with the subsequent cessation of natural flowing. The methods of operation of flooded wells are characterized. The use of the gas-lift method for the operation of flooded gas wells in depleted gas fields is justified. The effect of tubing diameter, wellhead pressure and water factor on the parameters of gas-lift operation of flooded wells is investigated. The research is carried out using the improved technique proposed by the authors and the PipeSim program for hypothetical (simulated) well conditions. The studies performed are presented in the form of graphical dependences of the production rate of reservoir gas, the minimum required gas production rate for the liquid to be taken from the bottom of the well to the surface, lift gas flow rate and bottomhole pressure on wellhead pressure, diameter of tubing and water factor. The research results indicate a significant coincidence of the values of the calculated parameters of the gas-lift operation of the watered well according to the proposed methods and the PipeSim program. Using the research results, it is possible to select the optimal diameter of the tubing string and evaluate the value of formation gas flow rate and gas-lift flow rates for various values of water factor and wellhead pressure.
11
Kramer, Richard P., and Norman J. Snow. "Technical Considerations for Transporting Patients, by Air Ambulance, with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 18, no. 2 (1986): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/1986182145.
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An increasing demand for the conveyance of patients with acute cardiac decompensation to tertiary cardiovascular centers in our service area prompted investigation of a method for utilizing the intra-aortic balloon pump on helicopters and fixed wing aircraft of the Metro Life Flight system. Mounting a DatascopeR System 84 transport balloon console onto an aluminum helicopter litter allowed convenient loading and cabin configuration. Carbon dioxide CO2 was the driving gas, and no recognizable altitude effects occurred. Reliance on on-board electrical power minimized CO2 usage and maintained adequate reserves for complementary ground transportation. Compressor start-up can create a power drain which trips inverter circuit breakers. This can be avoided by connecting the tubing from the compressor to the console after it is running. Lengthening of the pressure tubing to the slave chamber facilitated patient movement. Special attention to CO2 tank position and ground support preparation (personnel and equipment) have assured safe, expeditious transportation for eight patients with cardiogenic shock (seven) or refractory angina pectoris (one).
12
Chistyakova, T. G., V. P. Karpunina, and S. G. Chulkin. "Accelerated life tests of domestic prototypes of elastomeric seals for subsea oil and gas production systems." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 1 (2021): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-s-i-341-342.
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This work was performed with the aim of confirming the competence of Russian industrial enterprises in the development of subsea production system facilities and applies to elastomeric seals of Christmas tree and tubing hanger, and is intended to confirm the service life of elastomeric seals. The essence of the method is to test the cyclic effect of pressure, temperature and several cycles of axial movement on not aged (new) seals and on aged (at the end of the warranty period of storage and operation) seals.
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Mamulaishvili, Nora, Gaioz Partskhaladze, Gocha Chavleshvili, Tea Khitarishvili, and Nigar Salimova. "A Technological Nanofluid for Washing Off Oil Deposits and Increasing Oil Recovery." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 4 (2023): 11058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5904.
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The productivity of wells in the late stage of oil production is directly related to oil deposits, which gradually form blockages, fill the pipeline, and interfere with the free movement of the flow of produced oil. Based on chemical composition, oil deposits are difficult to remove and require the selection of process fluids. An extractive method is proposed for the removal of oil deposits with the participation of process fluids, including nanofluids. The proposed nanofluid was prepared on the basis of low-viscosity petroleum oil with the addition of an organic solvent, a mixture of various classes of surface-active substances (surfactants), and alkali metal salts. The nanofluid contains a nanosolution based on alkali metal salts, with concentrations of Na3PO4=13700ppm, KCl=950ppm, and CaCl2=241ppm, which were determined by the readings of an ICPE-9820 spectrometer. It was found that the tested process fluid reduces the viscosity of deposits and interfacial tension and leads to an increase in fluid movement in the pipeline. The experiments were carried out in the direction of reducing the interfacial tension at the interface with the solvent. It was shown that the process of sediment reduction depends on the composition of the ARPD, the surfactant, the composition of the solvent, and the salinity of the nanosolution. It is advisable to flush oil deposits from the surface of the tubing using the process fluid when creating a circular circulation in a closed annular space - tubing – annulus circuit.
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Xuan, Li, Zhu Jin, Huang Qi, and Zhou Xiaojun. "The structural design and simulation of the tubing handling manipulator." Vibroengineering Procedia 50 (September 21, 2023): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2023.23523.
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The size of the oil pipes in the factory is relatively large, making them inconvenient to handle. There are few existing oil pipe handling devices, and a 2P2R four degree of freedom manipulator device has been innovatively designed to complete the oil pipe handling work. First, the three-dimensional model of the manipulator was established using SolidWorks software, and then the improved D-H method was used to carry out the kinematics modeling of the manipulator system, and the forward and Inverse kinematics equations were derived. Then, the MATLAB software was used to carry out the kinematics analysis of the manipulator, and the manipulator workspace was calculated. The movement trajectory, as well as the displacement, speed, and acceleration curves under the trajectory were obtained using the fifth order Polynomial interpolation method, Finally, the 3D model was imported into Adams software, and an Adams virtual prototype was established for dynamic analysis. The force and torque curves of each joint were obtained, laying the foundation for further design and research in the future.
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Khabibullin, M. Ya, and I. G. Arslanov. "Parameters of unsteady movement of injected fluid in tubing string during operation of pulsing devices." Oil and Gas Business, no. 1 (February 2014): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2014-1-148-165.
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Timashev, Eduard. "Method of calculating pneumatic compensators for plunger pumps with submersible drive." Journal of Mining Institute 245 (December 2, 2020): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.5.10.
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One of the most promising ways to improve the efficiency of mechanized oil production is a plunger pump with a submersible drive, which allows obtaining harmonic reciprocating movement of the plunger. In the pumping process of well products by plunger pumps, oscillations in the velocity and pressure of the liquid in the lifting pipes occur, which lead to an increase in cyclic variable loads on the plunger, a decrease in the drive life period and the efficiency of the pumping unit. 
 To eliminate the pulsation characteristics of the plunger pump and increase the reliability indicators of the pumping unit (in particular, the overhaul period), pneumatic compensators can be used. A method for calculating the optimal technological parameters of a system of deep pneumatic compensators for plunger pumping units with a submersible drive, based on mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic processes in pipes, has been developed.
 Calculations of the forming flow velocity and pressure in the lifting pipes of submersible plunger units equipped with pneumatic compensators (PC) have been carried out. Influence of the PC technological parameters on the efficiency of smoothing the oscillations of velocity and pressure in the pipes has been analyzed. Non-linear influence of the charging pressure and PC total volume on the efficiency of their work has been established. Optimal pressure of PC charging, corresponding to the minimum pressure in the tubing during the pumping cycle for the considered section of the tubing, is substantiated. 
 Two ultimate options of PC system placement along the lifting pipes are considered. In the first option, PC are placed sequentially directly at the outlet of the plunger pump, in the second - evenly along the lift. It is shown that the first option provides the minimum amplitude of pressure oscillations at the lower end of the tubing and, accordingly, variable loads on the pump plunger. Nature of the pressure and flow velocity oscillations in the tubing at the wellhead for both options of PC placement has similar values.
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Korotchenko, Andrey N., and Anatoliy A. Kislitsin. "Mathematical model of killing an oil horizontal well." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 9, no. 2 (2023): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2023-9-2-39-58.
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The physical picture of the killing fluid and the formation fluid movement in the process of killing a horizontal oil well has been described, a physical and mathematical model of the process has been developed and the limits of the model applicability have been indicated. It is recommended to conduct the killing process in two stages, separated by a technological break. During the first stage, the injected killing fluid fills the tubing, the annulus and the part of the horizontal wellbore. For the duration of the technological break, the denser tubing slowly displaces the formation fluid from the horizontal wellbore into the annulus where the formation fluid floats to the surface in the form of droplets. For the period of the second stage, the remaining amount of tubing is pumped into the well. The model is based on the well-known hydraulic equations for laminar flow of liquids, the solution of the flooded jet problem, as well as the model of one-dimensional vertical inertialess flow of a two-phase medium with incompressible phases. A closed system of equations has been formed taking into account the viscous friction losses on the walls of the horizontal pipe and at the interface between the formation fluid and the killing fluid flows. The solution of this system has been obtained and the values of the main process parameters have been found: velocities and flows of liquid gas and liquid coolant and time of complete replacement of liquid coolant by the killing fluid depending on the inclination angle of the horizontal pipe. It is shown that the character of the movement of the formation fluid drops in the pipe space depends on their volume fraction φ in the mixture with the killing fluid. With the value φ < 1/3 the jelly drops float up with a constant speed, while the jelly droplet radius and the speed of their floating up are unambiguously determined by the jelly stream size, density and viscosity of jelly and liquid hydrocarbon. The graphs of dependence of these parameters on the value of the formation fluid flow have been presented. On the basis of the research the recommendations for the process of killing horizontal oil wells have been formulated.
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Ивженко, С. П., А. С. Вдовин, В. В. Печенкин, and В. Л. Ракчеев. "Prediction of coiled tubing material residual life based on the kinetic theory of fatigue." МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 11, no. 1(40) (2023): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26102/2310-6018/2023.40.1.017.
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Технологии колтюбинга активно применяются в процессе бурения скважин и производстве внутрискважинных работ. Во время эксплуатации колтюбинговой установки необходимо в режиме реального времени получать оценку остаточного ресурса оборудования установки, в частности, остаточного ресурса гибкой насосно-компрессорной трубы. К основным повреждающим факторам гибкой трубы можно отнести сгибающие нагрузки, действия внутреннего давления, осевые воздействия, воздействия агрессивных сред. Важнейшей задачей прогнозирования состояния гибкой насосно-компрессорной трубы является построение математической модели, позволяющей наиболее точно описать процесс накопления усталостных повреждений в условиях малоцикловых нагрузок. Анализ доступных к изучению литературных источников показал, что в данный момент времени является актуальной задача разработки методов и алгоритмов, позволяющих оценить наколенную усталость материала гибкой насосно-компрессорной трубы на сложной траектории движения, где труба подвергается изгибающим нагрузкам с различной интенсивностью. Решение данной задачи обосновывает разработку математической модели, связывающей расчет поврежденности в области малоцикловых деформаций с учетом наколенных ранее повреждений. Целью настоящей работы является разработка методов и алгоритмов построения прогнозной модели текущего состояния материала гибкой насосно-компрессорной трубы, с учетом накопленных повреждений на основе полуэмпирических моделей в рамках кинетической теории усталости. В исследовании проведен анализ серии опытов с изгибной деформацией образцов гибких труб. На основе методов построения алгоритмов обработки данных малоцикловых испытаний в рамках кинетической теории усталости и математических моделей для оценки остаточного ресурса испытуемого образца в статье предложено решение, позволяющее рассчитать параметр поврежденности образца в случае накапливания повреждений на различных участках траектории движения гибкой насосно-компрессорной трубы. Материалы статьи представляют практическую ценность для исследователей, занимающихся проблемами расчета остаточного ресурса гибких труб в условиях их циклического деформирования. Coiled tubing technologies are actively used in the process of well drilling and well intervention. During the operation of a coiled tubing unit, it is necessary to obtain a real-time assessment of the residual life of the installation equipment, in particular, the residuallife of the coiled tubing. The main damaging factors of a flexible pipe include bending loads, internal pressure effects, axial impacts, exposure to aggressive media. The most important task of predicting the state of a coiled tubing is the construction of a mathematical model that allows the most accurate description of the process of fatigue damage accumulation under low-cycle loads. An analysis of the literature sources available for study showed that nowadays it is essential to develop methods and algorithms that enable assessing the knee fatigue of the flexible tubing material on a complex trajectory of movement where the pipe is subjected to bending loads with different intensities. The solution to this problem substantiates the development of a mathematical model that relates the calculation of damage in the area of low-cycle deformations, taking into account damage that has been previously kneeled. The purpose of this research is to develop methods and algorithms for constructing a predictive model of the current state of the coiled tubing material considering the accumulated damage based on semi-empirical models as part of the kinetic theory of fatigue. By means of the methods for constructing algorithms for processing data from low-cycle tests as part of the kinetic theory of fatigue and mathematical models for estimating the residual life of the test sample, the article proposes a solution that helps to calculate the damage parameter of the sample in the event of damage accumulation in various sections of the coiled tubing trajectory. The materials of the article are of practical value for researchers dealing with the problems of calculating the residual life of flexible pipes under the conditions of their cyclic deformation.
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Haldorsen, Jakob B. U., Espen Stensrud, Ioan-Alexandru Merciu, and Douglas E. Miller. "Characterizing borehole plumbing using full-waveform ultrasonic data: Application to data from a North Sea well." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 6 (2016): B189—B199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0546.1.
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We have analyzed ultrasonic flexural data acquired in a North Sea well using a commercial tool optimized for generating such data, and found how one might separate refractions along successive layers of casings, and from these separated refractions, characterize successive pipes and annuli. From the timing of refracted events, we determined the shape of a pipe, and by examining the amplitudes of these refracted events — a measure of the conductance of a pipe wall to transverse movement — we characterized the material in the annuli around a pipe. Data from two separate depth intervals were analyzed, demonstrating that a well plan might not give a sufficiently accurate description of the well. In the deeper interval in which the inner pipe was supposed to be free, we found that the annulus was most likely filled with sedimentation and debris. We could also see that the inner 7 in tubing was touching, or nearly touching, the outer 9⅝ in casing over the entire interval. For the shallower interval, below a certain depth, we saw that the 7 in tubing appeared to be touching the 9⅝ in casing approximately every 7–8 m. From measurements inside the 7 in tubing, we estimated the deformation of the outer 9⅝ in casing to be up to a maximum of nearly 5 cm, meaning that the minimum inner diameter of the outer pipe was close to the outer diameter of the inner pipe. Whereas some features revealed by the analyses were “good-to-know” — such as minor pipe deficiencies and deformations — other features might be critical for planned overhaul, or for operations related to abandonment, e.g., touching points were potential sticking points. Knowing where they were may be critical in determining the best depth to cut a pipe before pulling.
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Jung, Dohee, Chunghwi Yi, Woochol Joseph Choi, and Joshua Sung H. You. "Effect of dynamic guidance-tubing short foot gait exercise on muscle activity and navicular movement in people with flexible flatfeet." NeuroRehabilitation 47, no. 2 (2020): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-203106.
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BACKGROUND: Navicular drop is a common plantar deformity which makes the plantar medial longitudinal arch (MLA) collapse and leads to other deformities in lower extremities. Active structures are from intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activities such as abductor hallucis (AbdH), tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis during dynamic situations. As AbdH plays a role as a dynamic elevator of MLA, the importance of AbdH has been emphasized and the proper recruitment of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle is crucial for stabilization of MLA during dynamic weight bearing condition. Because the short foot (SF) exercise is difficult to perform and tends to activate the intrinsic muscles concentrically rather than a natural coordination of concentric-isometric-eccentric activation, we have developed the guidance-tubing SF gait (GFG) exercise. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of GFG exercise on muscle activity, AbdH:TA activity ratio, MLA angle, and foot pressure distribution during walking compared to SF gait (SFG) exercise. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects with flexible flat feet were divided into two groups and performed SFG exercise with (GFG) and without guidance-tubing (SFG) for seven serial days. RESULTS: AbdH muscle activity significantly increased from foot flat to heel rise in the GFG group (p = 0.006). The AbdH:TA activity ratio significantly increased in both the SFG (p = 0.015) group and GFG group (p = 0.006). MLA angles significantly decreased in both the SFG group (p = 0.001) and GFG group (p = 0.000), and the decrement was significantly higher in the GFG group (p = 0.001). The foot pressure distribution did not show any statistically significant change. CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study provides a clinical implication for training MLA supporter muscles in individuals with flat feet. The overactive muscle must be inhibited first, then facilitation and strengthening are followed respectively.
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Matsko, A. V., V. T. Lukyanov, and V. Yu Bliznyukov. "DEFINING OF FRICTION FORCES WHEN A PIPE’S MOVEMENT THROUGH THE WELLHEAD HERMETIZER IN A COILED TUBING RIG." Construction of Oil and Gas Wells on Land and Sea, no. 10 (2018): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30713/0130-3872-2018-10-13-15.
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Furui, K., R. C. C. Burton, D. W. W. Burkhead, et al. "A Comprehensive Model of High-Rate Matrix-Acid Stimulation for Long Horizontal Wells in Carbonate Reservoirs: Part II—Wellbore/Reservoir Coupled-Flow Modeling and Field Application." SPE Journal 17, no. 01 (2011): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155497-pa.
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Summary Successful acid stimulation of long-horizontal-well intervals in carbonate reservoirs requires effective acid distribution along the entire reservoir length. Such treatments also require large volumes of acid and seawater/brine injection at sufficiently high injection rates to drive the acid wormholes deep into the reservoir. Under these flowing conditions, significantly large tubing friction loss is anticipated unless optimal friction reducer performance in the tubing is maintained throughout the pumping operation. Because prediction of wormhole penetration and corresponding skin factor depends on analysis of downhole-injection pressures at the reservoir face, it is crucial to properly account for these hydrostatic and friction changes prior to evaluation of wormhole length and skin factor. In this study, an integrated flow model has been developed to predict the wellbore-pressure profile and wormhole distribution by tracking the movement of the acid in the wellbore and the formation. The wellbore-flow model is based on steady-state, 1D, pressure-based nodal method. The segmented wellbore in the reservoir interval is then coupled with analytical transient reservoir-flow models. The wormhole propagation in the formation is calculated based on the modified Buijse-Glasbergen correlation and upscaling model developed in our earlier work. The resultant wormholing skin factor is calculated by simulating and updating the changing well injectivity along the entire injection interval at every timestep. The model developed in this work is applicable for both fully completed wells (i.e., radial flow) and selectively completed perforation-cluster wells (i.e., spherical flow) typically employed in carbonate reservoirs. Analysis of injection rates and pressures during acid treatment provides engineers with a way to determine the varying injectivity and tubing friction as stimulation proceeds. The model presented here can be used as a forward model for analyzing real-time treatment rate and pressure histories and can also be used to review past treatments to improve future treatment designs. Using actual field-stimulation data, we also discuss key elements to successful stimulation planning and the diagnosis of matrix-acid treatments to achieve effective wormhole coverage for horizontal completions in carbonate formations.
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Hull, Garret J., Nancy L. Moureau, and Shramik Sengupta. "Quantitative assessment of reflux in commercially available needle-free IV connectors." Journal of Vascular Access 19, no. 1 (2018): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000781.
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Introduction: Blood reflux is caused by changes in pressure within intravascular catheters upon connection or disconnection of a syringe or intravenous tubing from a needle-free connector (NFC). Changes in pressure, differing with each brand of NFC, may result in fluid movement and blood reflux that can contribute to intraluminal catheter occlusions and increase the potential for central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Methods: In this study, 14 NFC brands representing each of the four market-categories of NFCs were selected for evaluation of fluid movement occurring during connection and disconnection of a syringe. Study objectives were to 1) theoretically estimate amount of blood reflux volume in microliters (μL) permitted by each NFC based on exact component measurements, and 2) experimentally measure NFC volume of fluid movement for disconnection reflux of negative, neutral and anti-reflux NFC and fluid movement for connection reflux of positive displacement NFC. Results: The results demonstrated fluid movement/reflux volumes of 9.73 μL to 50.34 μL for negative displacement, 3.60 μL to 10.80 μL for neutral displacement, and 0.02 μL to 1.73 μL for pressure-activated anti-reflux NFC. Separate experiment was performed measuring connection reflux of 18.23 μL to 38.83 μL for positive displacement NFC connectors. Conclusions: This study revealed significant differences in reflux volumes for fluid displacement based on NFC design. While more research is needed on effects of blood reflux in catheters and NFCs, results highlight the need to consider NFCs based on performance of individual connector designs, rather than manufacturer designation of positive, negative and neutral marketing categories for NFCs without anti-reflux mechanisms.
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Shevchenko, Nataliya, Oleksandr Shudryk, Kostiantyn Luchaninov, and Viktoriia Andriievska. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESEARCH IN THE FLEXIBLE PIPES OF COIL TUBING INSTALLATIONS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE RHEOLOGY OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL FLUID." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Hydraulic machines and hydraulic units, no. 2 (June 4, 2023): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2411-3441.2022.2.06.
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The current direction of the country's economic development is an intensive increase in hydrocarbon production on the territory of Ukraine, the introduction of new modern technologies and an increase in the efficiency of power equipment. One of the modern directions used in the oil and gas industry is the use of specialized equipment for coiled tubing units. Also, with the development of well drilling and oil production intensification technologies, modern multicomponent flushing (process) waters appear. The need for polymers is based on their ability to influence the properties of aqueous and hydrocarbon systems and form gels of different density, viscosity and rheology. Polymer systems are widely used due to their high cleaning, transporting and holding properties. Widely known polymer systems of technological solutions based on Xanthan Gum. Generalized information about the rheological parameters of fluids used to intensify the work of oil and gas wells is considered. The main rheological indicators of the studied liquid are the shear stress and the strain rate of the medium. These indicators are determined using an OFITE 900 rotational viscometer. The results of experimental studies of the properties of an aqueous solution with different concentrations of Xanthan gum from 0.6 to 8 g/l are presented. The study showed that an aqueous solution of gum creates a non-Newtonian behavior of the liquid. The coefficients of the rheological model of the solution were obtained by approximation of laboratory data. To simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a polymer system, a nonlinear viscous fluid model and a model with the introduction of effective viscosity are used. The results of studies of rheology indicators are used to determine the fluid flow regime, predict the hydraulic resistance coefficients in pipes and the energy characteristics of pumping equipment for supplying process fluid to the well. Experimental and calculated dependences of the influence of polymer additives on the resistance to the movement of liquids in coiled tubing of a coiled tubing unit are presented. The analysis of experimental and numerous hydrodynamic studies has been carried out. For numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics of non-Newtonian behavior of fluid in pipes, the open integrated platform OpenFOAM is used.
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Ilushin, Pavel, Kirill Vyatkin, and Alexander Menshikov. "Development of a Methodology and Software Package for Predicting the Formation of Organic Deposits Based on the Results of Laboratory Studies." Fluids 6, no. 12 (2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6120446.
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One of the main problems in the oil industry is the fallout of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) during oil production and transportation. The formation of organic deposits leads to reduced equipment life and reduced production. Currently, there is no single methodology for the numerical simulation of the ARPD dropout process. The aim of our work was to obtain a correlation dependence characterizing the rate of wax growth over time for oils in the Perm Krai, depending on temperature, pressure, and speed conditions. Experimental data for 20 oil samples were obtained using a Wax Flow Loop installation that simulates fluid movement in tubing. The developed correlation was tested in 154 wells. The results of numerical modeling of the paraffin precipitation process made it possible to correct the inter-treatment period of scraping for 109 wells (71%), indicating the high accuracy of the developed approach.
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Green, David M., and Katharine T. Yagi. "Ready for bed: pre-hibernation movements and habitat use by Fowler’s Toads (Anaxyrus fowleri)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 132, no. 1 (2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i1.2023.
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We used radio-tracking to investigate movement patterns and habitat use of Fowler’s Toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) during late summer and early fall in a relatively undisturbed lakeshore dune and beach habitat at Long Point, Ontario. Small radio transmitters were fitted to 11 adult toads with an external harness made from fine surgical plastic tubing wrapped around the body behind the front limbs. We located radio-tagged toads morning and evening, for a maximum of 9 days, recording their locations using Global Positioning System units. Initially, the toads were located on the upper beach or in the fore-dunes during the day, either dug in under the sand or hiding beneath debris; in the evening, they were generally active on the lower beach close to the water line. After a storm and the onset of cooler autumn weather, the toads tended to move further from the water line. They also curtailed their nightly activity and retreated deeper into the sand. As this sort of behaviour was not observed during the summer, we interpret it as pre-hibernation movement to more stable sites away from the beach where the animals can burrow deeply into the sand to lie dormant during the winter.
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Engelhard, Herbert H., Lamar Mair, Indira Kondapally, Abhinav Sannidhi, and Tolou Shokuhfar. "163 Noninvasive Nanoparticle - Based Patency Assessment and Clearance of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts." Neurosurgery 71, Supplement_1 (2025): 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000003360_163.
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INTRODUCTION: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting continues to be the predominant treatment for both pediatric and adult hydrocephalus. While new techniques for assessing VP shunt patency (and flow) have recently been developed, an improved method for diagnosing VP shunt obstruction and clearing it noninvasively, would be welcomed. Obstruction of properly-positioned shunts can occur for reasons including bleeding, tissue ingrowth, elevated CSF protein, and/or accumulation of cells and debris. METHODS: Iron oxide-based nanoparticles were created in the lab, or purchased commercially. Magnetized nanoparticle clusters were used alone, or in combination with bound/unbound therapeutic agents (such as t-PA or etoposide), and guided at a distance using a rotating permanent magnet or electromagnetic coils. Nanoparticles were conveyed through shunt tubes of different lengths/compositions. Shunt obstructions were created using elevated protein levels, blood, fibroblasts, and tumor cells. Assessment methods included the use of microscopy, video recordings, MRI, and/or ultrasound. A shunt reservoir was devised to harbor nanoparticles until needed for diagnostic or therapeutic use. RESULTS: Magnetic nanoparticle clusters could be propelled through shunt tubing despite elevated protein content, or blood. Nanoparticle velocity in artificial CSF was typically 1 cm/sec depending on positioning of the magnet. An air bubble would obstruct nanoparticle movement. Nanoparticles adhered to cells, and therefore could deliver cytotoxic agents. Over short working distances, nanoparticles could be moved using magnetic attraction alone. Over greater distances (20 cm), the clusters would counter-rotate in response to the rotating magnetic field, and walk along the surface of the tubing. MRI was most sensitive for imaging the particles. The mechanism of action for clearing obstruction was mainly mechanical. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic nanoparticles hold promise for the noninvasive assessment of VP shunt patency, and shunt clearance.
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Zhan, Lang, Fikri Kuchuk, Ali M. Al-Shahri, et al. "Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneity Through Fluid Movement Monitoring With Deep Electromagnetic and Pressure Measurements." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 13, no. 03 (2010): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/116328-pa.
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Summary This paper presents a novel technique to characterize detailed formation heterogeneity for a carbonate reservoir using measurements from electrode resistivity array (ERA), a wireline formation tester, and a permanent downhole pressure sensor. The ERA was installed on tubing in a barefoot well rather than permanently cemented outside the casing as in previous applications. This notable difference provided flexibility for device installation and operation but also introduced particular issues in the ERA data acquisition and interpretation. Furthermore, the ERA measurements were carried out in conjunction with low-salinity water injection and oil and water production in the same well. The primary finding presented in this paper is that the time-lapse ERA voltages near a source electrode showed unique characteristics that represented local formation heterogeneity. This localized sensitivity of ERA data allows detailed characterization of the formation heterogeneity within the length of the ERA string in the vertical direction and about 100 ft laterally around the wellbore. The scale size of the investigated formation heterogeneity is comparable to typical grid sizes used in current reservoir simulations. Models were developed to identify stratified permeability heterogeneities from the time-lapse ERA voltages. The stratified heterogeneity estimated from the ERA measurements was compared to and verified by openhole logs and core analyses data. The final heterogeneous reservoir model from the ERA was subsequently applied to a numerical simulation that integrated the dynamic fluid flow, salt transport, and electrode array responses for monitoring water-front movement and estimating multiphase formation properties. The history matching of the time-lapse ERA data confirmed the first pass estimates of the identified heterogeneities.
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Shevchenko, Nataliya, Vladyslav Kaliuzhnyi, and Viktoriia Andriievska. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PROCESS FLUID FLOW IN THE PIPES OF A COILED TUBING INSTALLATION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Hydraulic machines and hydraulic units, no. 1 (October 10, 2023): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2411-3441.2023.1.10.
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Today, one of the modern trends is the use of coiled tubing technologies and improvement of the composition of washing agents (liquids). The features of coiled tubing technological sections are considered – spiral pipe laying, the ratio of the main dimensions of flexible pipes, drum and guide sector. The presence of a pipe conveyor gives special responsibility for ensuring the movement of a string of flexible pipes within a given load range. The length of the pipes reaches 5000 m. The radial dimensions of the well are 150 mm. The stages of determining the main parameters of a pumping unit for supplying process fluid to a well are listed. When carrying out technological operations, the pump must overcome the hydrodynamic losses of direct and reverse fluid supply into the well. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of misalignment of cylindrical pipes. To carry out technological operations to intensify oil production, multicomponent process fluids are used. The presence of chemical and polymer additives in liquids has a significant impact on the properties of aqueous and hydrocarbon systems and forms gels of varying density, viscosity and rheology. It is known that even a small content of polymer additives in the solution (6–30 g/l) leads to non-Newtonian behavior of the washing fluid in the well pipes. The work uses experimental data obtained by Region LLC of Ukraine. For numerical modeling of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a process fluid, linear and nonlinear models of a viscous fluid are used. In all cases, steady flow was considered. Due to the fact that the work uses the academic version of the ANSYS CFD package with limited capabilities in terms of the number of cells, the computational areas were selected using simplified schemes. The following schemes are considered: spiral – guide – straight pipe, only the spiral part of winding the pipe on a drum, an annular space between cylindrical pipes with possible eccentricity. The results of numerous studies are used to predict hydraulic resistance coefficients in pipes and the characteristics of pumping equipment for supplying process fluid to a well. The results can also be used for verification strength calculations of flexible pipe columns for hazardous sections.
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Blanchette, Andreanne, Helene Moffet, Jean-Sébastien Roy, and Laurent J. Bouyer. "Effects of repeated walking in a perturbing environment: a 4-day locomotor learning study." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 1 (2012): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01098.2011.
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Previous studies have shown that when subjects repeatedly walk in a perturbing environment, initial movement error becomes smaller, suggesting that retention of the adapted locomotor program occurred (learning). It has been proposed that the newly learned locomotor program may be stored separately from the baseline program. However, how locomotor performance evolves with repeated sessions of walking with the perturbation is not yet known. To address this question, 10 healthy subjects walked on a treadmill on 4 consecutive days. Each day, locomotor performance was measured using kinematics and surface electromyography (EMGs), before, during, and after exposure to a perturbation, produced by an elastic tubing that pulled the foot forward and up during swing, inducing a foot velocity error in the first strides. Initial movement error decreased significantly between days 1 and 2 and then remained stable. Associated changes in medial hamstring EMG activity stabilized only on day 3, however. Aftereffects were present after perturbation removal, suggesting that daily adaptation involved central command recalibration of the baseline program. Aftereffects gradually decreased across days but were still visible on day 4. Separation between the newly learned and baseline programs may take longer than suggested by the daily improvement in initial performance in the perturbing environment or may never be complete. These results therefore suggest that reaching optimal performance in a perturbing environment should not be used as the main indicator of a completed learning process, as central reorganization of the motor commands continues days after initial performance has stabilized.
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Zuniga, M. Geraldine, Viktor Schell, Jakob Cramer, Thomas Lenarz, and Thomas S. Rau. "Reliability of start and stop control of hydraulic actuation for the insertion of electrode arrays." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (2021): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2028.
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Abstract Atraumatic insertions of electrode arrays (EA) into the cochlea aim to preserve natural structures and residual hearing. However, there is a limit as to how smooth and slow a surgeon can insert an EA. As a potential solution, we recently presented a tool (cochlea hydro drive, CHD) that makes use of an infusion pump to prompt and control the desired, continuous and very slow (< 1 mm/s) forward movement for such insertions. The present work further describes the onset, delay and cessation of the hydraulic actuation in response to different start and stop mechanisms, to better understand the safety of its application for cochlear implant surgery. Methods: Our previously designed tool was used to perform insertions of an EA into an artificial scala tympani model. The prototype is designed to hold an EA, which is then actuated by a standard infusion pump programmed to operate at 0.4 mm/ and 0.1 mm/s. A tubing system between the CHD and the pump includes a three-way valve. Ten insertions were operated using the functions of the pump and ten using the valve. Results: From the programmed start to the actual movement, we observed a larger average delay using the pump’s start function (5 s at 0.4 mm/s; 17 s at 0.1 mm/s) vs. opening the valve (< 0.7 s for both velocities). Moreover, the average cessation of movement with the valve closure was almost immediate (0.7 s for both velocities; this corresponds to < 0.1 mm with the slower tested velocity), as opposed to 60- 80 s delay when using the pump’s stop function. Conclusion: The use of a 3-way valve facilitates motion cessation to the high accuracy level required for cochlear implant surgery. These promising findings support future clinical translation of our tool.
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Loudon, Catherine, Elizabeth C. Davis-Berg, and Jason T. Botz. "A laboratory exercise using a physical model for demonstrating countercurrent heat exchange." Advances in Physiology Education 36, no. 1 (2012): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00094.2011.
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A physical model was used in a laboratory exercise to teach students about countercurrent exchange mechanisms. Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flowing in opposite directions). Greater exchange of heat or chemicals between the fluids occurs when the flows are in opposite directions (countercurrent) than in the same direction (concurrent). When a vessel loops back on itself, countercurrent exchange can occur between the two arms of the loop, minimizing loss or uptake at the bend of the loop. Comprehension of the physical principles underlying countercurrent exchange helps students to understand how kidneys work and how modifications of a circulatory system can influence the movement of heat or chemicals to promote or minimize exchange and reinforces the concept that heat and chemicals move down their temperature or concentration gradients, respectively. One example of a well-documented countercurrent exchanger is the close arrangement of veins and arteries inside bird legs; therefore, the setup was arranged to mimic blood vessels inside a bird leg, using water flowing inside tubing as a physical proxy for blood flow within blood vessels.
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Murphy, Ricardo, and Joseph K. E. Ortega. "Research Note: Calibration of micropipettes for pressure-probe studies." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 8 (1998): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98084.
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In order to determine cell water-relation parameters with the pressure probe, the ratio of inner to outer pipette diameters (α = Di/Do) must be estimated. Four different methods for estimating a were compared. I: measurement of the volume of oil expelled from a pipette and the corresponding movement of an oil/water meniscus within the pipette; II: measurement of Di and Do on fractured pipettes; III: measurement of Di and Do on intact pipettes; IV: measurement of Di and Do on capillary tubing. Methods I and II gave mean values for α (± SE) that were in excellent agreement [0.587 ± 0.004 (n = 12), and 0.593 ± 0.003 (n = 14), respectively]. Method III gave variable results for Do < 80µm; for Do > 80 µm a mean value α = 0.624 ±0.007 (n = 4) was obtained. Method IV gave a mean value α = 0.544 ± 0.001 (n = 5). It is suggested that any method for calibrating micropipettes should be checked against an independent method (e.g. Method I) that allows the determination of α for Do < 100 µm. In the present study, Method II gave the best combination of accuracy and convenience.
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N, Mamulaishvili, Batumi Partskhaladze G, Chavleshvili G, and Janelidze O. "Composition of a Mixture for Breaking and Washing off, Oil Deposits (arpd). Stimulation of Residual Oil Inflow Using Process Fluids." Petroleum and Chemical Industry International 5, no. 3 (2022): 162–63. https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.05.03.05.
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In order to increase the efficiency of residual oil production, which is characterized by an increased content of asphaltenes, paraffins and resins, the role of using chemical methods to remove asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) from oilfield equipment, wells and bottom hole formation zone. The article discusses the conditions for the formation of deposits of paraffin deposits in equipment, during oil production (tubing) and also during the storage of transit oil in stationary tanks. An extractive method is proposed, which ensures the removal of deposits of paraffin deposits with the participation of composite washing liquid. In order to search for effective and cheap hydrocarbon raw materials, we chose secondary, regenerated petroleum oils from among the renewable resources of oil refining. The proposed process fluid was prepared on the basis of low-viscosity, used, and then purified petroleum oil with the addition of an organic solvent, a mixture of different classes of surfactants and a dispersant. The composition of the composition mixture of the washing liquid was chosen according to its functional purpose. The process of ASPO dissolution was controlled by the gravimetric method and by the refractometry method. The experiments were carried out in the conditions of the educational laboratory of the university together with the laboratory of the Batumi oil terminal. As a result of the tests, it was found that the tested process fluid reduces the viscosity of deposits and the interfacial tension between the walls of the pipeline and and ARPD. and leads to an increase in the movement of fluid in the pipeline (tubing). It has been established that the process of washing off deposits depends on the composition of the ARPD, on the composition of the washing liquid composite, on the dosage of the solvent, on the contact time and temperature. The optimal mode and prescription composition of the washing liquid has been selected. The effectiveness of washing off the studied liquid in comparison with other means is shown, while it should be noted that this liquid has a simple component composition and is much cheaper than other means
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Darmawan, Ganesha R. "Wellhead Growth Evaluation and Analysis with Stiffness Method; an Onshore Gas Well Case Study." PETRO:Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Perminyakan 9, no. 3 (2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/petro.v9i3.7740.
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One of the challenges in designing a production or an injector well is the potential of wellhead growth primarily because of casings thermal stress that are connected to the wellhead. Well integrity issue could occur if this movement was not addressed correctly. Casing thermal stress was created by temperature change in production or injection gas or fluids. That temperature change induces uncontrolled heat transfer from tubing to the casing strings in form of casing thermal stress.One of gas field in Indonesia was producing gas with formation water. One well was showing significant wellhead growth during production. The hazard noticed was the stiffness of the surface flowline equipment, as the wellhead moving upward, but the flowline is not free to move. The flange connection between the Christmases tree manifold to the flowline was the weak point, causing the well has to be shut in for further investigations.Well constructions data collection continued with analysis was performed with stiffness method in multistring well thermal growth model as explained and developed by Q. Jim Liang[1] to calculate casing thermal stress and wellhead growth. Thermal growth is sensitive to the length of free moving casing sections, as the heat transfer laterally to the casing strings. This paper will evaluate and analyze the cause of wellhead growth on gas production well with stiffness method in multistring casing, and estimating the cement column height on the casings that might cause the measured movement. A sensitivity of top of cements intermediate and production casing and how it affects the wellhead growth and thermal force. And also comparison forces between annulus pressure and temperature will also discussed in this paper.
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Munimathan, Arunkumar, Mohanavel Vinayagam, Prabhu Rajalingam, Ganesamoorthy Raju, and Suban Kaveripakkam. "Performance and impact of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using a different number of turns and helium gas." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201110210m.
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The present work involves the development of helium based Pulsating heat pipe (PHP), which containing 48 parallel tubing parts. Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is considered as one of the best alternatives for conducting metals and it is used for long distance heat transfer process. Their heat transfer capability and efficient thermal conductivity are the prominent properties which considered for applications. The region of the condenser was thermally sealed to the giffored mcmohanon cryo-cooler [gm-cryo cooler] using a cooling cap of 1.49 W at 4.2 K while 1.1 W of heat are allowed to the evaporator section at a filling rate of 70%, through comparing the 48-turn PHP and 8-turn PHP, a most intense efficient thermal conductivity of 12329 W/ mK was achieved in the 48 turn PHP. The influence of no turns of warm movement execution was observed with the same operating parameters and topographical parameters. Observations revealed that the temperature variations of PHP 48-turn was significantly less than that of PHP 8-turn. It exhibited efficient thermal conductivity, high capacity heat transfer and a good dry-out temperature response. Thus PHP 48-turn of series and parallel configurations are defined as excellent system designs and are accessible to the PHP cryogenics framework architecture.
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Joseph, Amieibibama, and Raphael Afolabi Peters. "Dynamic Simulation of the Stability of Annular Flows in Gas Wells." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 16, no. 5 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2024/v16i5348.
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This paper provides a holistic view of the development and progression of multiphase gas-liquid annular flow in gas wells. With the help of a momentum balance, the stability of a fully developed annular flow is defined. The Euler-Euler model was used to model the multiphase flow system, while the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model was used to depict a time-dependent solution for a vertical fluid flow system, considering acceleration due to gravity and fluid compressibility. The resultant flow regime was tested for stability by gradually reducing the field velocity of flow and observing the effects using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The principal parameters considered are the superficial gas velocity and liquid film flow rate. The properties of the region where the flow becomes unstable are documented and related to the incidence of liquid loading in a typical gas well. The effect are critically observed and compared to flow regimes at lower superficial gas velocity. The resultant flow regime configurations are analyzed and compared to the annular flow system. This study will help researchers understand the behaviour of gas wells that have potential in developing liquid loading problems and the movement of liquid film on the wall of the tubing when in annular flow regime.
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Shields, James P., Gae Ho Lee, and Edward H. Piepmeier. "A Six-Electrode, Direct-Current, Variable-Length Plasma Source for Atomic Emission Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 4 (1988): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884429454.
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A variable-length plasma source has been developed for analytical atomic emission spectroscopy. The length of the plasma, adjustable during plasma operation, provides a means of adjusting the sample residence time in the plasma. The plasma operates from three compact, simple, and inexpensive direct-current power supplies. Three concentric quartz tubes supply argon and sample aerosol to the plasma. The modular design allows the quartz tubing to be easily replaced and a variety of electrode distances to be established. The argon consumption, typically 7.4 L/min, is comparable to, or less than, that for commercial DCP and ICP systems. Many of the vertical spatial characteristics of the plasma described here are similar to those documented for the ICP. Changes in the nebulizer gas flow rate produced spatial shifts in the maximum of the vertical, spatial analyte emission profiles of Mg. Increases in the signal-to-background ratios at common analytical wavelengths were observed with increasing plasma length. The movement of the region of maximum emission to positions below the top of the outer quartz tube, which occurs as a result of increasing the plasma length, is thought to be the main reason for the worse detection limits. The addition of 10% nitrogen to the outer argon gas flow caused a 35% enhancement in the Ca ion and a 28% decrease in the Ca atom signal-to-background ratios.
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Dr., Sr. Stanly, and P. Senthil Dr. "NEW SUSHISEN APPROACH FOR ASD STUDENTS WITH NEURON DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) 5, no. 2 (2020): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3597077.
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Autism children diagnosed with developmental challenges, there is a growing body of knowledge that discusses parents' levels of stress. However, there is limited research that focuses on the stress of parents of children with ASD in the Indian space. The objectives of the study determine the level of stress experienced by parents raising children with (A) ASD and (B) whether there is a difference between mothers when raising children with ASD. An independent sample t-test was performed to understand the difference between mothers and paternal stressors. The parents of ASD who have children have high stress. Parents experienced more parental stress than fathers. There are many research papers that contradict the belief of a positive relationship between mobility and cognitive / memory function, but there are advantages, including exercise and physical mobility in the classroom, in the absence of complete correlation. . Some students with ADD / ADHD. Kush balls, pencil toppers, rubber tubing, velcro strips do not respond properly to "sushisen". Students need to move around by incorporating specific, regular and structured movement patterns that can be completed without disrupting the classroom. Instead of stopping teaching, students can continue the lesson with their fingers as they make eight counts or raise the heel. This can be coupled with students with accommodations that allow them to get around the classroom good attitude CARS 78% provided by students with autism.
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Myrzakhmetov, B. A., A. V. Sladkowski, G. A. Mashatayeva, and B. K. Mauletbekova. "Operation of downhole pumps under sanding conditions." Neft i Gaz, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2024-3.07.
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One of the unfavourable factors of downhole pumping equipment operation at the fields at the final stage of development is high content of mechanical impurities in the pumped fluid. Similar problems are observed in fields with friable, weakly cemented formations, the fracture products of which flow downhole, resulting in lower extraction rates, equipment damage and higher operating costs. In oil production practice various technological measures and technical means are used to reduce the negative impact of sand penetration - regulation and optimisation of pumping equipment operation mode to ensure a rational rate of fluid withdrawal, application of technical devices in the form of sand filters and sand anchors and others. However, these measures and recommendations, for the most part, work successfully in the modes of continuous operation of wells. With the growing number of oil fields at the final stage of development, the issue of sanding becomes more and more urgent, as due to low flow rate wells at such fields are often switched to the mode of periodic operation, which favours the formation of sand plugs in tubing above the pump due to sufficient time for sedimentation of mechanical impurities. This can lead to pump jamming or rod breakage during subsequent well pump start-up. The experience of using sand filters (frame, slotted and others) in the arrangement of downhole pumps has shown that it does not always effectively solve the problem of sand penetration due to clogging of their cells with mechanical impurities and increased hydraulic resistance. This negatively affects the pumping equipment operation due to the shift of characteristics into the zone of suboptimal modes with associated problems for the electric drive. This makes it necessary to carry out underground well workover with removal of deep well pumping equipment for replacement or washing of the filter in surface conditions, as due to their peculiarities in the well pump layout (the filter is located at the intake of the pumping section), washing in well conditions is not always possible. These problems require not only the creation of effective downhole devices to prevent sand ingress to the pump intake or devices to prevent sand plugs above it, but also acceptable in practice calculation methods for predicting the sedimentation time of mechanical impurities in tubing or determining the minimum required speed of upward oil flow for stable sand removal. These calculation methods would also allow to reasonably regulate the time of technological interruptions while waiting for the wells to start up in periodic operation modes or to predict the time of activation of sand control devices for discharging the sand accumulated above the pump. This is the subject of this article. As a result of calculation analysis it was established that the main factors affecting the sedimentation process of mechanical impurities in the well are the speed and mode of fluid movement, its viscosity, density and size of the impurities themselves. Moreover, the most sensitive for the calculation accuracy is to take into account the change of fluid viscosity as it moves along the tubing as a result of heat exchange and the change of dissolved gas content due to pressure drop. Although at this stage the proposed methodology does not take into account some factors that can make additional adjustments to the process of sand sedimentation, however, it allows to predict with acceptable accuracy the time of technological interruptions in the well operation to prevent the formation of sand plugs, or the rational mode of operation of pumping equipment, providing the necessary speed of upward flow in the pipe for sand removal.
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Ibrahimov, Kh M. "Adjusting for unbalanced phenomena using a hydro-pulser in flowing-gaslift wells." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 02 (February 15, 2024): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2024-02-31-34.
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The article deals with the regulation of the gas-liquid mixture movement pattern by creating hydraulic impact pulses during the operation of gaslift wells, keeping it dispersed throughout the lift, reducing energy consumption for its lifting and, consequently, increasing the useful work factor. In this connection, a new high-frequency amplitude hydro-pulsing device has been developed. The device is placed inside tubing strings of gaslift wells, having a swivelling mechanism consisting of a body, two pairs of screens, located at right angles to each other, and wings, mounted on an axis. During well operation as a result of rotation of the blades and opening and closing of the gate the pressure under the blades changes, which causes separation of gas from liquid and creation of rarefaction. As a result, different velocity gradients of different magnitudes are created in different sections of the lifter, and the fluid pressure along the flow path changes discretely, i.e. the fluid acts “compressively” in one section and “tensile” in another cross section. The resulting impulse waves generated by this characteristic pressure distribution are transmitted to the bottomhole zone, ensuring that the gas-liquid mixture is dispersed through the lifter. The device was applied at well № 2187 of “Neft Dashlari” OGED. As a result, correction of unbalanced influences in the well bottomhole zone and lifting elevator was provided, oil flow rate increased from 2 t/day to 3 t/day.
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Sabel, Jody, Parker Kristine, Tonya Terken, Beth A. Costa, and Daffodil Y. Alinson. "643 The Latest Rendition of the Ring Neck Collar Formally Known as “Watusi”." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (2021): S177—S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.293.
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Abstract Introduction The “Watusi” neck collar originally described by Koenig has gone through a few renditions since it was introduced in 1976. Our facility adopted its use as described by Nosanov et. al, but have since made modifications to the construction that have improved positioning of the neck, patient comfort, and tolerance. Methods We used the construction design of the “Watusi” collar as described by Nosanov et. al. in 2017 • Measure patients neck length and circumference • Cut 3/8” plastic tubing • Cut a strip of 2”loop Velcro and sew a piece of hook Velcro to the underside of the loop Velcro for adhesive closure • Cut horizontal strips along the remaining loop Velcro and thread plastic tubing through Here we divert from the previously published design: • Cut ~ 8” piece of betapile and thread Velcro through (this is to pad the back of the neck). • Using 1 1/8” and 7/8” cylindrical foam tubes, cut a slit along the length of cylindrical foam to allow for insertion of the plastic tubes. This allows for ease of application and removal for hygiene/cleaning. • Lay the betapile pad on the posterior neck and apply the rings w/ cylindrical foam inserts (using clinical judgement regarding number and location of foam inserts until optimal neck position is achieved). Results We have used this method on 15 patients since 2017 and have found improved neck extension with use of foam inserts as well as pressure along cervicomental region (see attached photos). It continues to allow for some neck movement while applying targeted pressure over anterior/lateral neck bands. The removable foam inserts make cleaning easier compared to earlier versions. The application process of our modified ring neck collar is not as straight forward as alternative neck positioning devices and staff require additional training on proper application and management, however we find that when applied with adequate tension, the ring neck collar provides excellent targeted pressure to the cervicomental region as well as lateral neck bands to reduce banding and soft tissue contractures. Many patients report improved comfort with use of ring neck collar when compared to hard orthoplast anterior neck conformers and the associated risk of pressure injury is less than that of a hard neck conformer. Conclusions The modified ring neck collar can provide targeted pressure to soft tissue bands of the neck and should be considered as a tool to use to reduce risk of soft tissue neck contractures. Our facility will continue to utilize this device as well as seek ways to improve the design and patient tolerance.
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Ashouri Vajari, Danesh, Maria Vomero, Johannes Erhardt, et al. "Integrity Assessment of a Hybrid DBS Probe that Enables Neurotransmitter Detection Simultaneously to Electrical Stimulation and Recording." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (2018): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100510.
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a successful medical therapy for many treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorders such as movement disorders; e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Tremor, and dystonia. Moreover, DBS is becoming more and more appealing for a rapidly growing number of patients with other neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. In spite of the promising outcomes, the current clinical hardware used in DBS does not match the technological standards of other medical applications and as a result could possibly lead to side effects such as high energy consumption and others. By implementing more advanced DBS devices, in fact, many of these limitations could be overcome. For example, a higher channels count and smaller electrode sites could allow more focal and tailored stimulation. In addition, new materials, like carbon for example, could be incorporated into the probes to enable adaptive stimulation protocols by biosensing neurotransmitters in the brain. Updating the current clinical DBS technology adequately requires combining the most recent technological advances in the field of neural engineering. Here, a novel hybrid multimodal DBS probe with glassy carbon microelectrodes on a polyimide thin-film device assembled on a silicon rubber tubing is introduced. The glassy carbon interface enables neurotransmitter detection using fast scan cyclic voltammetry and electrophysiological recordings while simultaneously performing electrical stimulation. Additionally, the presented DBS technology shows no imaging artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, we present a promising new tool that might lead to a better fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanism of DBS while simultaneously paving our way towards better treatments.
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Jurkowski, Edward. "The Aurora borealis harmony as structural design in Eduard Tubin’s ‘Northern Lights’ Piano Sonata No. 2." Les Cahiers de la Société québécoise de recherche en musique 14, no. 1 (2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016197ar.
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The Estonian Eduard Tubin’s (1905-1982) second piano sonata, subtitled the “Northern Lights Sonata,” represents a significant turning point for the composer. Written between February and October in 1950, the sonata contains attributes that become hallmarks of Tubin’s mature style—namely, a highly concentrated compositional structure, an enriched, tonally ambiguous harmonic design, and the use of cyclically repeating theme groups. The subtitle of the composition comes from Tubin himself. Specifically, he noted that the work’s opening eight-note harmony represents the programmatic depiction of the whirling flashes from the northern lights he witnessed in Stockholm during 1949. In this article, I trace the various transformations of the Aurora borealis harmony in the second piano sonata and identify its role as a vital structural element of the composition. Following a descriptive assessment of the work’s three movements, I end by identifying some fascinating relationships between the piano sonata and other works by Tubin from this time period.
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Safi, Antoine, and Thomas Wolfensberger. "Surgical Management of Intraocular Silicone Oil Microdroplet." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 236, no. 04 (2019): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0786-8856.
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Abstract Purpose Intraocular silicone oil microdroplets have been described after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents packaged at a compound pharmacy. We present a case with the presence of an intraocular silicone oil microdroplet after a vitreoretinal operation using disposable instruments, and the surgical technique for its removal. Methods A 59-year-old patient who had been operated on for vitreous opacities using a disposable 27-g vitrectomy kit complained of a small round structure floating in the eye. It appeared a few days after surgery. The bubble was not present at all times and it disappeared for days on end. Clinical examination of the vitreous and retina during these uneventful periods was normal. The bubble reappeared intermittently without a link to any specific movement for some time but was again absent once the patient was examined. The physical properties of the mobile round lesion could be identified as lighter than aqueous humor, as it was described as being in the center of the visual field if the head was tilted forward. Results As the patient was very bothered by this bubble, a 23-g vitrectomy was performed. During deep indentation of the pars plana over 360 degrees, a tiny bubble of silicone oil could be found buried in the peripheral vitreous base, and controlled aspiration under deep indentation was performed. The patient has been without symptoms since the removal of the droplet and made an uneventful clinical recovery. Conclusion Microdroplets of silicone oil may be present in disposable vitreoretinal instruments and stay in the eye after surgery, causing a visual disturbance. The origin of these droplets may be linked to the plastic tubing of the instruments.
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Eze BE, Ettah EB, Ushie, PO, Bassey AE, and Igomah GO. "Development of cardiac phantom which mimics the heart function using a 4.7t preclinical MRI system for cardiac imaging." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.0463.
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Cardiac MRI was one of the first MRI applications in the 1980s, which helps in the human study of different cardiovascular diseases. MRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that can be used for diagnosis and has advantages over other imaging techniques since it does not rely on radiation like X-rays, PET, and SPECT. Modern clinical methods do not require much scanning time, it revels good contrast between tissues and can compensate for patient movement during the scan. The scanner used is a 300mm internal diameter superconducting magnet (Magnex Uk) 4.7T preclinical MRI system, in the Biomedical Physics building at the University of Aberdeen. The cardiac phantom is made of a balloon filled with water, connected via a nylon T-piece to two 5 m lengths of rigid pvc tubing of 3 mm internal diameter to a 12 V water pump and solenoid valve located outside the 4.7 T MRI system’s 5 Gauss stray field contour. The balloon part of the phantom was fixed on the 4.7 T MRI system’s animal bed, directly over a 30mm diameter surface coil normally used to image the rat heart. The flow system was primed with water to mimic blood and the bed was loaded into the MRI magnet for imaging. The cardiac phantom has successfully been developed using a small balloon to represent a heart chamber and imaged in a 4.7T preclinical MRI scanner. Images acquired with gradient echo pulse sequence with shorter TE of 5 ms and using surface coil displayed improved image contrast and have useful signal-to-noise ratio as compared to images acquired with birdcage coil which show ghosting artifact.
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Eze, BE, EB Ettah, PO Ushie, AE Bassey, and GO Igomah. "Development of cardiac phantom which mimics the heart function using a 4.7t preclinical MRI system for cardiac imaging." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 256–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8430464.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiac MRI was one of the first MRI applications in the 1980s, which helps in the human study of different cardiovascular diseases. MRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that can be used for diagnosis and has advantages over other imaging techniques since it does not rely on radiation like X-rays, PET, and SPECT. Modern clinical methods do not require much scanning time, it revels good contrast between tissues and can compensate for patient movement during the scan. The scanner used is a 300mm internal diameter superconducting magnet (Magnex Uk) 4.7T preclinical MRI system, in the Biomedical Physics building at the University of Aberdeen. The cardiac phantom is made of a balloon filled with water, connected via a nylon T-piece to two 5 m lengths of rigid pvc tubing of 3 mm internal diameter to a 12 V water pump and solenoid valve located outside the 4.7 T MRI system’s 5 Gauss stray field contour. The balloon part of the phantom was fixed on the 4.7 T MRI system’s animal bed, directly over a 30mm diameter surface coil normally used to image the rat heart. The flow system was primed with water to mimic blood and the bed was loaded into the MRI magnet for imaging. The cardiac phantom has successfully been developed using a small balloon to represent a heart chamber and imaged in a 4.7T preclinical MRI scanner. Images acquired with gradient echo pulse sequence with shorter TE of 5 ms and using surface coil displayed improved image contrast and have useful signal-to-noise ratio as compared to images acquired with birdcage coil which show ghosting artifact.
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Inyakina, E. I., E. E. Levitina, A. V. Plazun, and M. J. Z. Alsheikhli. "Maintaining Efficient Operation of Low-Yield Wells During the Development of the Cenomanian Deposit." Nauka Innovatsii Tekhnologii, no. 1 (2024): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2308-4758.2024.1.7.
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The object of the study is the Cenomanian deposit during the period of self-damping of wells. The accumulation of droplet liquid causes destruction of the rock skeleton and increases pressure loss during gas movement in the well, which affects the dynamics of the operating stock indicators. The experience of introducing pipes with a diameter of 114 mm at the Yamburgskoye field increased the water-free period of well operation without self-pressure. Based on the available information on the development of the Cenomanian deposit, a forecast was made of the likely beginning of self-suffocation of the well stock for the current period until 2030. Thus, the results and forecast estimates showed that in almost all analyzed wells, conditions for water removal are maintained for a period of up to five years, and in some, waterless conditions will remain for more than ten years. Thus, it is recommended to replace the lift string for each specific well by analyzing its operating conditions and using temporary killing technology using special lightweight solutions that do not lead to contamination of the bottom-hole zone of the formation. During the development of Cenomanian deposits in the fields of the Far North, in the process of reducing reservoir pressure, fluid accumulation occurs at the bottom. For efficient operation of wells, it is necessary to create optimal technological operating modes for water removal and carry out measures to limit water inflows. Having analyzed various methods of combating self-squeezing of wells, it was concluded that in the conditions of development of the Yamburg field, the most effective is to replace lift pipes with pipes of smaller diameter, which allows increasing the rate of gas rise into the tubing and leads to self-cleaning of wells from liquid accumulating at the bottom.
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Twardowski, Zbylut J., James W. Dobbie, Harold L. Moore, et al. "Morphology of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Tunnel : Macroscopy and Light Microscopy." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 11, no. 3 (1991): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089101100310.
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There is scanty knowledge of the morphology of peritoneal dialysis catheter tunnels in humans, even though such knowledge may impact on peritoneal catheter design, implantation and postimplantation care. Past descriptions of catheter tunnels are based mainly on data from animal experiments. Based on these data, it has been assumed that epidermal spreading is inhibited by collagen fibers ingrown into the cuff. Our preliminary investigation indicated that this may not be the case in humans and led us to study catheter tunnel morphology in more detail. Eighteen catheter tunnels (2 -Smm of tissue around the catheters) were removed in 17 peritoneal dialysis patients. The catheters were inserted 30 to 2013 days prior to removal (median 366 days). The catheters were removed electively or because of infectious or noninfectious complications. Contrary to the observations in animals, in only 1 case did epithelium extend to the cuff with only a minimal amount of granulation tissue present at the end of a 9 mm long sinus tract. In the remaining cases, the leading edge of the epithelium always met granulation tissue 1 −14 mm from the exit, and the cuffs were found 8 33 mm from the exit. In tunnels older than 197 days, dense fibrous tissue was ingrown into the cuffs, and a dense fibrous capsule surrounded the cuff. The uninfected intercuff segment formed a pseudosheath, indistinguishable from a tendon sheath or synovial membrane. Infection in the catheter tunnel propagates through the part of the cuff adjacent to the tubing inside the capsule, suggesting that the cuff per sedoes not constitute a major barrier for spreading infection. This observation, by exclusion, infers that the beneficial role of an external cuff in decreasing exit infections is by providing firm anchorage of the catheter resulting in restriction of its piston like movement and thereby minimizing trauma and inward conveyance of outer sinus tract flora.
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Ahmad, N. A., I. N. Zainal, and Z. M. Ali. "A Low-Cost Innovation Design for Portable Rubbish Cage Trap (PRCT) in Drain System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1347, no. 1 (2024): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1347/1/012020.
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Abstract One of the primary contributors to water pollution is the presence of solid waste or rubbish within the drainage system. Moreover, the presence of an obstruction within the drainage system would impede the movement of water, so leading to the occurrence of a flood. Based on the given circumstances, a recommended solution to address the issue involves the utilisation of a Portable Rubbish Cage Trap (PRCT). This research seeks to investigate and assess hydraulic features such flow rate, total amount of collected garbage, and rainfall distribution, in addition to proposing an innovative design of a PRCT employing reusable and recycled materials from a building site. The components of PRCT are cable ties, grey polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing, and green netting available in two sizes. To produce a low-cost project, these materials are collected from rubbish found on building sites. The drainage line under investigation is situated in Taman Universiti, Johor Bahru. The study aims to compare the data obtained from previous data using Mesh type cage and analysis performed in this study includes the measurement of the weight of the collected waste in the PRCT, the examination of rainfall patterns, and the assessment of the hydraulic properties affecting the effluent flow rate over a two-week period. The investigation reveals that the Mesh Type wall has a higher weight of imprisoned waste 388.52 kg compared to the PRCT with 339.3 kg. The mean flow rates for the Mesh type cage and PRCT are 7.43 mm3/s and 39.2 mm3/s, respectively. The highest recorded rainfall distribution in October 2020 was 39 mm, while the highest recorded weight was 57.3 kg. The market potential of the PRCT can be enhanced by ensuring cost-effective measures for collecting construction waste materials and labour, as well as by improving the durability of the PRCT.