Academic literature on the topic 'Tubuline GTP'

The pathophysiology, clinical approach, and management of the common causes of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are discussed. In metabolic acidosis, a quantitative estimate of the extracellular volume (ECFV) is required to determine its content of bicarbonate in a patient with ECFV contraction. Buffering of H+ must occur by the bicarbonate buffer system in muscle to avoid binding to intracellular proteins, this requires low muscle capillary PCO2; acid gain type of metabolic acidosis is detected by the finding of new anions in blood and/or urine. The urine osmolal gap is the best indirect test

Cystinuria (OMIM #220100) is an autosomal recessive disorder of a dibasic amino acid transport in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. It leads to increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent urolithiasis. The cystine transporter is an heterodimeric transporter which is composed of a heavy subunit, rBAT, linked to a light subunit, b0,+AT. Two genes, SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3 member 1) and SLC7A9, coding for rBAT and b0,+AT, account for the genetic basis of cystinuria. Cystinuria may lead to obstruction, infections, and ultimately

The kidneys are of fundamental importance in the regu­lation of fluid and electrolytes, maintaining permissive extracellular fluid composition (salts and water), pH, and volume, while also mediating the removal of waste prod­ucts. Based on the anatomy of the nephron, three main processes occur in order to deliver this balance: glom­erular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular resorption. Drugs can act at different sites within this system, so that functional equilibrium can be restored in various disease states (e.g. hypertension, heart failure, liver failure, neph­rotic syndrome). CKD is a long- term condition that lasts more than 3 months and affects the function of both kidneys. It results from any pathology that reduces renal functional capacity and produces a decrease in GFR to less than 60 mL/ min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. Prevalence within the UK is high, particularly in the elderly and affects 6– 8% of the population. The most common cause of CKD is idiopathic (unknown, usually with small kidneys), then diabetes mellitus. In both, glom­erular damage and mesangial injury (causing metabolic and haemodynamic effects) occur. Mild- moderate essen­tial hypertension does not cause CKD. Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the proximal tubule and loop of Henle is essential in understanding therapeutic targets and treatment of pathologies, as each region and transporter system has a key role. In brief, the journey of solutes from the blood to the production of urine occurs at five main anatomical sites— the glom­erulus, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule (proximal part and distal part), and the collecting ducts (Figures 5.1 and 5.2). The glomerulus is a network of capillaries (like a ball of string), which merge with the nephron via Bowman’s cap­sule. It is the first site of filtration and the place where solutes, toxins, and small proteins are removed from the wider circulatory system, after delivery by the renal ar­teries (via an afferent arteriole). Blood and larger proteins remain in the arteriole and leave via an efferent branch, while the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule. The afferent:efferent system ensures that a constant filtration pressure is maintained irrespective of variations in arterial pressure. The capillary bed is very large, so that permeability and filtration rates are high. A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) i.e. 90– 120 mL/ min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, depends on hydrostatic pressure, the colloid osmotic pressure and hydraulic per¬meability.

Microtubules (MTs) are fundamental structural elements in the cytoskeleton of all eukaryotic cells. The MTs are hollow cylinder-shaped biopolymers with inner and outer diameter of about 18 and 30 nm respectively and length ranging from 1 to 10 μm. They are constituted by αβ-tubulins arranged in protofilaments with head-to-tail motif. The protofilaments bind together laterally along the MT’s long axis with a slight shift generating a spiral with a pitch of 2, 3 or 4 monomers’ length [1]. The building-block of the MT, αβ-tubulin, is a hetero-dimer made of two globular monomers, α- and β-tubulin.

High freestream turbulence along a gas turbine airfoil and strong secondary flows along the endwall have both been reported to significantly increase convective heat transfer. This study superimposes high freestream turbulence on the naturally occurring secondary flow vortices to determine the effects on the flowfield and the endwall convective heat transfer. Measured flowfield and heat transfer data were compared between low freestream turbulence levels (0.6%) and combustor simulated turbulence levels (19.5%) that were generated using an active grid. These experiments were conducted using a s