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Journal articles on the topic 'Tulips'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Wilson, Brett, Aibek Dolotbakov, Benjamin J. Burgess, Colin Clubbe, Georgy Lazkov, Kaiyrkul Shalpykov, Myskalai Ganybaeva, Ormon Sultangaziev, and Samuel F. Brockington. "Central Asian wild tulip conservation requires a regional approach, especially in the face of climate change." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 6 (March 27, 2021): 1705–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02165-z.

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AbstractTulips (Tulipa spp.) are one of the most widely appreciated plants worldwide, nevertheless species taxonomy and biogeography are often poorly understood. Most wild tulips inhabit the mountains of Central Asia, a recognised biodiversity hotspot, and a centre of tulip diversity. Despite the presence of several country-level endemic Tulipa species, most taxa span the borders of several nations. With no globally Red Listed tulip taxa from this region national level conservation assessments are an important resource. Nonetheless, threats posed to tulips are still inadequately understood, especially climate change, and given the trans-national nature of most species, distributional information is restricted and often misleading. Here we collate 330 species records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility with 85 newly collected records, to undertake species distribution modelling (MaxEnt) for ten native Central Asian species. This work showed that regional level models provide a much more comprehensive understanding of species’ extinction risks, proportions of habitat in different countries, and limitations in protected area coverage. Furthermore, our climate modelling, the first of its kind for tulips, suggests that climate change will have a significant negative impact on the range size of all species; including those that are currently widespread. We therefore add climate change to the list of threats affecting tulip populations in Central Asia, which already includes livestock overgrazing, urbanisation, wild collection, and mining. Overall, our work shows that although national information is important, a regional approach is crucial not just for tulip conservation efforts, but likely for Central Asian plant conservation in general.

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2

Sochacki, Dariusz. "The Occurrence of the Viruses in Tulip Crops in Poland." Journal of Horticultural Research 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0001.

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Abstract The viruses infecting tulips have a big influence on the yield and the quality of bulbs and forced flowers. Commercial bulb production is based on clonal propagation, which leads to the accumulation of viruses. Among 22 viruses occurring in tulips, the most common and the most dangerous are Tulip breaking virus, TBV; Tobacco necrosis virus, TNV; Lily symptomless virus, LSV; Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV and Tobacco rattle virus, TRV. The aim of the research was to check which viruses occur most often on Polish tulip plantations. The research was done on two tulip (Tulipa L.) cultivars ‘Strong Gold’ and ‘Leen van der Mark’ grown at 3 farms situated in different parts of Poland (Warsaw Region, Pomerania and Podlasie) during 2006-2007, and then at 2 farms located in Warsaw Region during 2008-2011. Five of the most important viruses infecting tulips (TBV, TNV, LSV, CMV, and TRV) were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in leaves and in bulbs during the period 2006-2010. In the last year of the research two different strains of TRV were detected (TRV-J and TRV-F) and Tulip virus X (TVX) as well. Search for viruses showed that most often TBV virus was detected both in the leaves and the bulbs regardless of the year and plantations. Yellow flowering cultivar ‘Strong Gold’ was infected by viruses more often than in bi-coloured (with red) ‘Leen van der Mark’, because of the difficulties with effective roguing of infected plants due to inconspicuous symptoms of virus infections on yellow coloured flowers. Other viruses were detected sporadically, however increasing occurrence of LSV and TRV was noticed from year to year. In 2011, TVX virus was detected in a few plants of ‘Strong Gold’ and it was the first case of detection of this virus in tulip in Poland.

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3

Kim, Hye-Ji, and William B. Miller. "EFFECTS OF GA4+7 AND BA APPLICATION ON POSTPRODUCTION QUALITY IN `SEADOV' POT TULIP FLOWERS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 491D—491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.491d.

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The effect of GA4+7 plus benzyladenine (BA) on postproduction quality was investigated in `Seadov' tulips (Tulipa gesneriana). Potted tulips at half-colored bud stage or full-bloom stage were sprayed with a range of GA4+7 plus BA, and placed in a simulated consumer environment (SCE) in order to determine effectiveness of the compound at each stage. Regardless of plant stage, treatment with GA4+7 plus BA effectively improved individual flower longevity and whole plant longevity in the range of concentrations tested. GA4+7 plus BA had a strong effect on enhancing flower longevity when sprayed to mature (fully colored) buds, and a lesser effect on immature (green) buds, and whole plant longevity increased with higher doses of GA4+7 plus BA. When applied to open flowers, however, concentrations over 50 mg·L–1 reduced individual flower and whole plant longevities relative to lower concentrations resulting from unwanted full-opening of older flowers and exaggerated gynoecium growth. Concentrations as low as 10 mg·L–1 significantly increased longevity of tulip flowers of all age classes. The effects of enhancing postproduction quality of `Seadov' pot tulips were primarily derived from the BA component of the compound.

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4

Basumatary, Plato, Preeti Hatibarua, and Jangila Hazowary. "A Virus that Caused the First Financial Bubble: “Tulipmania”." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.042.

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Tulipmania is one of the first financial bubble that recorded in the history where the price of a single rare broken tulips reached to an extravagant price. The mania took place between 1634 and 1637 in Holland. The broken tulips were considered as a luxury and status item during that period. The broken tulips were caused by “Tulip breaking virus” which induced the breaking of flower colour into stripes like pattern.

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5

Li, Shu, Jing Chen, Xueying Guo, Xin Li, Qiang Shen, Xueqing Fu, and Dongqin Tang. "Metabolic Patterns of Flavonoid and Its Key Gene Expression Characteristics of Five Cultivars of Tulipa gesneriana during Flower Development." Plants 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2024): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13030459.

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Flower color is one of the most important ornamental traits of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana). Five typical tulip cultivars were selected to identify the flavonoid components and analyze their key gene expression in their tepals. Firstly, after preliminary determination of the pigment type, the flavonoids were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 17 anthoxanthins were detected in the five cultivars. The total anthoxanthin content in the white tulip and the red tulip showed a similar decreasing trend, while an increasing trend was observed in the black tulip. Similarly, a total of 13 anthocyanins were detected in five tulip cultivars. The black tulip contained the largest number of anthocyanins, mainly delphinidin derivatives (Dp) and cyanidin derivatives (Cy). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) in the orange, red, and black cultivars was higher than that in the white and yellow cultivars and presented an overall increase trend along with the flower development. TgCHS, TgFLS, TgF3H, TgF3′H, TgF3′5′H, and TgDFR, as key structural genes, were involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, and the expression patterns of these genes are basically consistent with the components and accumulation patterns of flavonoids mentioned above. Taken together, the flower color in tulips was closely related to the composition and content of anthocyanins and anthoxanthins, which were indeed regulated by certain key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway.

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6

Polishchuk, V., V. Mykolayko, T. Polishchuk, and L. Kalyuzhna. "ESTIMATION OF RESISTANCE OF INTRODUCED VARIETIES OF TULIPS (TULIPA L.) TO DAMAGE BY BOTRYTIS CINEREA PERS TULIPAE GRAY ROT IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-2-14.

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Fifty introduced tulip varieties (TULIPA L.) were evaluated in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, represented by different genotypes, mainly foreign selection, for resistance to gray rot Botrytis CinereaPersTulipae.However, as with most flowering plants, tulips are damaged by pests and diseases. It is known that the main source of infection is the soil, especially when growing tulips in monoculture. From the soil, fungal spores penetrate into the roots of the plant and spread through the leading vessels into the stem. The accumulation of mycelium of the fungus in the vessels prevents the transfer of nutrients and moisture. This disease is so dangerous that today, there are almost no varieties of tulips that would be absolutely stable to this disease. However, there are advantages, namely - if the tulip variety is early ripening and it has already completed the flowering phase before the disease, then such plants are resistant and adapted to gray rot. A brief agrobiological and decorative characteristic of collection varieties in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is given. The resistance of plants to damage to gray rot was carried out in accordance with the current methods, that is, on 25 plants of the 50 studied introduced tulip varieties, damage to vegetative and generative organs was visually determined after planting in the soil in spring.Atypical plants or those damaged by the disease were marked with special ribbons, and then culling was carried out and the percentage of affected plants was calculated. After the complete ontogeny of tulip plant varieties, the bulbs were dug out and carefully checked for disease infection before storage. Field observations regarding the resistance of various tulip cultivars to gray rot in the Forest-Steppe conditions of Ukraine investigated that the incidence of genotypes was at a low and very low level, despite the contrasting weather conditions of different years of research.

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7

Renans, Agata, Yağmur Sağ, F. Nihan Ketrez, Lyn Tieu, George Tsoulas, Raffaella Folli, Hana de Vries, and Jacopo Romoli. "Plurality and crosslinguistic variation: an experimental investigation of the Turkish plural." Natural Language Semantics 28, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 307–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-020-09165-9.

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AbstractIn English and many other languages, the interpretation of the plural is associated with an ‘exclusive’ reading in positive sentences and an ‘inclusive’ reading in negative ones. For example, the plural noun tulips in a sentence such as Chicken planted tulips suggests that Chicken planted more than one tulip (i.e., a reading which ‘excludes’ atomic individual tulips). At the same time, however, the corresponding negative sentence Chicken didn’t plant tulips doesn’t merely convey that he didn’t plant more than one tulip, but rather that he didn’t plant any tulip (i.e., ‘including’ atomic individual tulips). Different approaches to the meaning contribution of the English plural vary in how they account for this alternation across the polarities, but converge on assuming that (at least one of) the denotation(s) of the plural should include atomic individuals. Turkish, on the other hand, is cited as one of the few known languages in which the plural only receives an exclusive interpretation (e.g., Bale et al. Cross-linguistic representations of numerals and number marking. in: Li, Lutz (eds) Semantics and linguistic theory (SALT) 20, CLC Publications, Ithaca, pp 582–598, 2010). More recent proposals have, however, argued that the Turkish plural should in fact be analysed more like the English plural (e.g., Sağ, The semantics of number marking: reference to kinds, counting, and optional classifiers, PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, 2019). We report two experiments investigating Turkish-speaking adults’ and preschool-aged children’s interpretation of positive and negative sentences containing plural nouns. The results provide clear evidence for inclusive interpretations of the plural in Turkish, supporting accounts that treat the Turkish and English plurals alike. We briefly discuss how an inclusive meaning of the Turkish plural can be integrated within a theory of the Turkish number system which captures some idiosyncratic properties of the singular and the agreement between number and number numerals.

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8

Ranwala, Anil P., Beth Hardin, and William B. Miller. "Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 454c—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.454c.

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The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.

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9

Lu, Jiaojiao, Lianwei Qu, Guimei Xing, Zhenlei Liu, Xiaochun Lu, and Xiaori Han. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the MADS Gene Family in Tulips (Tulipa gesneriana)." Genes 14, no. 10 (October 22, 2023): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14101974.

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To investigate the cold response mechanism and low temperature regulation of flowering in tulips, this study identified 32 MADS-box transcription factor family members in tulips based on full-length transcriptome sequencing, named TgMADS1-TgMADS32. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be divided into two classes: type I and type II. Structural analysis showed that TgMADS genes from different subfamilies have a similar distribution of conserved motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that some TgMADS genes (e.g., TgMADS3, TgMADS15, TgMADS16, and TgMADS19) were significantly upregulated in buds and stems under cold conditions, implying their potential involvement in the cold response of tulips. In summary, this study systematically identified MADS family members in tulips and elucidated their evolutionary relationships, gene structures, and cold-responsive expression patterns, laying the foundation for further elucidating the roles of these transcription factors in flowering and the cold adaptability of tulips.

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10

Sochacki, D., and B. Komorowska. "First Report of Tulip virus X on Tulip in Poland." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0732.

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Tulip virus X (TVX) was first isolated from tulips in Scotland (3). TVX is now found in all tulip-growing areas throughout the Netherlands, and other countries including Japan and New Zealand (2). In Poland, tulips are grown for bulb production in an estimated area of 450 ha. Since tulips are very popular during the winter season, bulbs are imported for forcing from the Netherlands. In spring 2011, symptoms typical of TVX infection were observed in field-grown ‘Strong Gold’ tulips in two farms in Mazovia Province. Leaves showed chlorotic and white, elongated streaks and spots, which are typical symptoms of TVX infection. Symptomatic leaves of four tulip plants tested positive by using TVX polyclonal antiserum in a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA assay (Bulb Quality Support B.V., Lisse, The Netherlands), whereas two plants were also infected with Tulip breaking virus. Total RNA was extracted from leaves of the same four symptomatic tulips with a silica capture method (1) and the extracts were used in a reverse transcription-PCR. Primers for the detection of TVX as well as cycling conditions were as previously reported (4). Primer pairs TVX1F-TVX1R and TVX2F-TVX2R are specific for a 219-bp fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and a 189-bp fragment of the triple gene block gene-1, respectively. Amplified PCR products of the expected sizes were purified and sequenced (Genomed S.A., Warsaw, Poland). Sequence analyses showed that both fragments had 99.5 to 100% sequence identities at the nucleotide level with Genbank Accession No. AB066288. Two of the 219-bp amplicon sequences, varied by one nucleotide resulting in an amino acid substitution, were deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. JN411683 and JN411684. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TVX in tulip in Poland. The occurrence of this virus could be important for bulb and flower production, particularly in the case of further spread because the virus can cause severe symptoms that make flowers unmarketable. References: (1) R. Boom et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:495,1990. (2) P. J. M. Knippels. Acta Hortic. (ISHS) 886:147, 2011. (3) W. P. Mowat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 101:51, 1982. (4) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Plant Pathol. 54:562, 2005.

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11

Bendall, Molly. "Black Tulips." Antioch Review 46, no. 1 (1988): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4611827.

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Ruefle, Mary. "White Tulips." College English 51, no. 7 (November 1989): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377907.

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13

BROWN, PAUL. "White tulips." Critical Quarterly 32, no. 3 (September 1990): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00610.x.

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14

SIMONS, JOHN. "MARVELL'S TULIPS." Notes and Queries 36, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/36-4-434.

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SIMONS, J. "MARVELL'S TULIPS." Notes and Queries 36, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/36.4.434.

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16

DUNCAN-JONES, E. E. "MARVELL'S TULIPS." Notes and Queries 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 318—c—318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/37-3-318c.

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17

Ueda, Junichi, Justyna Góraj, Elżbieta Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak, and Kensuke Miyamoto. "Morphactin Substantially Induced the Fourth Internode Growth in Decapitated Tulips: Relevance to Endogenous Levels of Indole-3-Acetic Acid." Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0025-5.

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Abstract Important role of auxin polar transport inhibitors such as TIBA (2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid), NPA (N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid) and morphactin (methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) in stem growth of tulips was intensively studied. After the application of morphactin above the 3rd node of decapitated tulips, the stimulated growth of the 4th internode was clearly observed. On the other hand, NPA and TIBA were slightly effective in stimulating the 4th internode growth of tulips. Endogenous levels of IAA in the 4th internode after the treatment of auxin polar transport inhibitors were determined using gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring system (GC-SIM) with deuterium labelled IAA (Indole-2,4,5,6,7-d5-3- acetic acid, d5-IAA) as an internal standard, resulted in significant accumulation of IAA in the 4th internode of tulips after the treatment of morphactin. In the treatment of NPA and TIBA, there was almost no such an accumulation of IAA. These results strongly suggest that stimulated growth of the 4th internode of tulips induced by the application of morphactin is the consequence of accumulated endogenous levels of IAA after the treatment. The possible mode of action of auxin polar transport inhibitors in tulip stem growth is also discussed.

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18

Johnston, Michael, John J. Y. Lee, Bo Hu, Ana Nikolic, Audrey Baguette, Seungil Paik, Haifen Chen, et al. "EPCO-38. TYPE B ULTRA LONG-RANGE INTERACTIONS IN PFAS (TULIPS) ARE RECURRENT EPIGENOMIC FEATURES OF PFA EPENDYMOMA." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (November 1, 2022): vii124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.472.

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Abstract Posterior Fossa Group A (PFA) ependymomas are pediatric brain tumors with extremely poor survival outcomes. As protein-coding mutations in PFA are exceedingly rare, the underlying etiology of these tumors remains elusive. Elevated CpG island methylation and depletion of H3K27me3 have been described in PFA, leading to the hypothesis that PFA may be driven by a dysregulated epigenetic state. In this study, we sought to determine how three-dimensional (3D) genome features (such as DNA loops, domains, and compartments) differ between pediatric brain tumors. We performed Hi-C sequencing on a collection of 64 patient specimens and patient-derived primary cultures that collectively span multiple subgroups of ependymoma, medulloblastoma, high-grade glioma, and non-neoplastic brain. For certain samples, we further performed RNA-seq, histone modification ChIP-seq, or whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to allow multiomic data integration. Overall, the 3D genome organization of PFA samples appeared distinct from other tumor types. We identified and defined TULIPs: a subset of type B compartments, separated by genomic distances greater than 10 Mbp, that exhibit a striking fivefold increase in reciprocal interaction strength. These TULIPs recurred at the same genomic positions across the vast majority of PFA samples with minimal representation among other tumor or non-tumor samples. TULIPs displayed enrichment for heterochromatic features such as H3K9me3 and late replication timing and were depleted of euchromatic features such as H3K27ac and protein-coding genes. By using immuno-fluorescence for H3K9me3 and oligo-FISH to label TULIP regions, we demonstrated that TULIP regions are more compact in PFA than other tumors. Finally, by applying inhibitors of H3K9 lysine methylation to PFA cultures we showed that TULIPs become more diffuse and cell viability is reduced. Altogether, this work defines TULIPs as highly recurrent epigenetic features of PFA tumors.

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19

Bilias, Fotis, Anastasia-Garyfallia Karagianni, Ioannis Ipsilantis, Ioulietta Samartza, Nikos Krigas, Georgios Tsoktouridis, and Theodora Matsi. "Adaptability of Wild-Growing Tulips of Greece: Uncovering Relationships between Soil Properties, Rhizosphere Fungal Morphotypes and Nutrient Content Profiles." Biology 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2023): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12040605.

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Wild-growing Greek tulips are protected plants but almost nothing is known about their natural nutrient status and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes in the wild, thus no insight is currently available into their growth and adaptation to their natural environment or artificial settings. To this end, several botanical expeditions were conducted with a special collection permit, and 34 tulip and soil samples were collected, representing 13 species from two phytogeographical regions of Greece (North Aegean Islands, Crete Island) and seven regions of mainland Greece. The tulips’ content in essential macro- and micro-nutrients, respective physicochemical soil properties, and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes were assessed across samples, and all parameters were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis to determine their interrelationships. The results showed that soil variables played a significant role in shaping tulips’ nutrient content, explaining up to 67% of the detected variability as in the case of phosphorus (P) in the above-ground plant tissue. In addition, significant correlations were observed (with an r value of up to 0.65, p < 0.001) between essential nutrients in the tulips, such as calcium (Ca) and boron (B). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that between the three spatial units examined, the total variability of tulips’ nutrient content produced a clear distinction among sampled species, while the first two PCA axes managed to explain 44.3% of it. This was further confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results which showed corresponding significant differences (at p < 0.05) in both the tulips’ nutrient content and the studied soil properties as well (mean values of N, P, and K in the North Aegean Islands tulips’ nutrient content, up to 53%, 119%, and 54% higher compared to those of the Crete Island, respectively). Our study sheds light on Greek tulips’ adaptability and resilience in their original habitats, facilitating at the same time the undertaken efforts regarding their conservation and potential domestication in artificial settings.

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20

Deligoz, Ilyas, and Mehmet Ali Sevik. "The occurrence of the Tulip breaking virus in tulips in the northern part of Turkey." Folia Horticulturae 31, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2019-0020.

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AbstractThe tulip (Tulipa sp.) is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants, which has been cultivated as a cut-flower, potted, and garden plant, and used for landscaping in Turkey. This study investigated the occurrence of a viral disease in the tulip cultivars Strong Gold, Pretty Woman and Purple Prince that causes striping of the leaves, flames of different colours on the petals and mosaic patterns on the leaves, in Samsun province of Turkey. Surveys of virus-infected tulip plants were carried out in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey in 2015-2016. A total of 212 samples were collected from four locations and checked by biological, serological and molecular methods for the presence of the Tulip breaking virus (TBV). TBV was detected in the leaves and flowers by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) in the tulip cultivars (15.5%) tested from Samsun province. TBV infection was found at the highest rate in the cultivar Strong Gold (19.7%), followed by Pretty Woman (14.1%) and Purple Prince (12.8%). The presence of TBV in samples was further confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. This is the first report on TBV naturally infecting tulips in Samsun province, Turkey.

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Shevchuk, S. V. "Zinaida Mikhailovna Silina (1921–2001)." Vavilovia 5, no. 4 (June 8, 2023): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-3860-2022-4-o.

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Zinaida Mikhailovna Silina was born in 1921 in the city of Novocherkassk in a family of employees. In 1938, Zinaida Silina graduated from secondary school and entered the Faculty of Biology of the Leningrad State University (LGU). The War of 1941-45 disrupted plans for a peaceful life. Despite enormous difficulties, university students continued their studies. In 1942, the University was evacuated to Saratov. In the summer of that year Zinaida Silina graduated from the University. She was appointed to the position of senior laboratory assistant at the Botanical Garden Department of the Botanical Institute. The most important area of her work soon became the study of the tulip culture. The active work of Zinaida Silina on tulips, which started back in 1946, continued until 1986. She successfully defended her PhD thesis in biology entitled «Tulips in Leningrad» on April 16, 1952. Zinaida Silina studied tulips in a versatile and most systematic way. The fact that a large number of tulip bulbs used in the country is of national instead of foreign origin is undoubtedly due to the great contribution made by Dr. Silina. In 1986, Zinaida Silina retired. She passed away on March 26, 2001 and was buried at the Shuvalovsky Сemetery in St. Petersburg.

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22

Hershey, David R. "Roses & Tulips." American Biology Teacher 59, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4450251.

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23

Miller. "Nine Parrot Tulips." Antioch Review 77, no. 1 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7723/antiochreview.77.1.0028.

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24

Southgate, M. Therese. "Still Life, Tulips." JAMA 289, no. 4 (January 22, 2003): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.4.392.

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25

Li, Yirui, Li Chen, Xiaodie Zhan, Liang Liu, Feihong Feng, Zihua Guo, Dan Wang, and Hao Chen. "Biological effects of gamma-ray radiation on tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.)." PeerJ 10 (January 19, 2022): e12792. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12792.

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Tulip, being an important ornamental plant, generally requires lengthy and laborious procedures to develop new varieties using traditional breeding methods requires. But ionizing radiation potentially accelerates the breeding process of ornamental plant species. The biological effects of γ-ray irradiation on tulip, therefore, were investigated through establishing an irradiation-mediated mutation breeding protocol to accelerate its breeding process. ISSR-PCR molecular marker technique was further used to identify the mutants of phenotypic variation plants. This study showed that low irradiation doses (5 Gy) stimulated bulb germination to improve the survival rate of tulip, while high irradiation doses (20 to 100 Gy) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited its seed germination and growth, and decreased the flowering rate, petal number, flower stem length and flower diameter. More than 40 Gy significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the total chlorophyll content and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tulips. Interestingly, three types of both stigma variations and flower pattern variations, and four types of flower colour variations were observed. With increasing the irradiation dose from 5 to 100 Gy, the anthocyanin and flavonoid contents continuously decreased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis evidenced that high irradiation doses altered the micromorphology of leaf stomata. Microscopic observations of tulip root apical mitosis further showed the abnormal chromosomal division behaviour occurring at different mitotic phases under irradiation treatment (80 Gy). Increasing the irradiation dose from 20 to 100 Gy enhanced the micronucleus rate. Moreover, the suspected genetic variation in tulips was evaluated by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis, and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 68%. Finally, this study concludes that that 80 Gy may be an appropriate radiation does to better enhance the efficiency of mutagenic breeds in tulip plants. Using γ-ray irradiation, therefore, is expected to offer a theoretical basis for mutation breeding in tulips.

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Straathof, T. P., J. J. Mes, W. Eikelboom, and J. M. van Tuyl. "A GREENHOUSE SCREENING ASSAY FOR BOTRYTIS TULIPAE RESISTANCE IN TULIPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 570 (February 2002): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.570.59.

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27

Voronchikhina, I. N., O. A. Shchuklina, A. D. Alenicheva, I. N. Klimenkova, F. I. Klimenkov, N. N. Langaeva, and S. V. Zavgorodny. "Study of biomorphological features of tulips (Tulipa L.) in the forcing crop." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 26, 2020): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2020-6-73-78.

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Relevance. Morphological features of 10 sorts of tulips in the conditions of early-spring forcing explored. An assessment of the influence of tulip bulb preplanting on the rate of plant growth and development as well as final product yield (cut flowers) taken. Material and methods. 10 varieties of tulips of early and middle-early flowering period: Algarve (DHT), Аvocado (TT), Crispion Sweet (FT), Davenport (FT), Destination (TT), Double Price (DVT), Luba (TT), Surrender (TT), Largo (DVT) и Snowboard (TT) were selected as objects of study. Country of origin - Netherlands. Before planting one part of tulip bulbs were completely peeled of cover scale and the other part were left unpeeled. Each variant of bulb preparation for bedding were evaluated by growth and development rate of plants, as well as the number of cut flowers on the plot. During the growing season, we studied the following morphological characteristics: plant height, flower diameter, flower height, number of leaves. Results. Studies conducted have found that all varieties under research are suitable to early spring forcing and they differ in decorativeness and fully correspond to saleable quality standards. It was found out that in case of complete removing of cover scale, the tulip bulbs root faster, start to bloom faster and give much higher percentage of flowering plants in the plots in comparison with unpeeled samples.

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Zhang, Wei, Jun Zhao, Li Xue, Hanping Dai, and Jiajun Lei. "Seed Morphology and Germination of Native Tulipa Species." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020466.

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Seeds are important for the preservation and reproduction of wild tulips in situ, but only a few studies have been carried out on their seed morphology and germination characteristics. In this study, the eight wild tulip species native to China were used. Their seed morphology and superficial ornamentation, the relationship between seed morphology and germination, and the effects of manipulating incubation temperature, seed coat, and gibberellin (GA3) application were studied. The seeds are diverse in shape, size, color, weight, and superficial ornamentation, as observed by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker had a half-moon-shaped seed with the embryo invisible and irregular striped ornamentation, which was different from the other seven species that had sector-shaped seeds with the embryo visible and irregular reticulate ornamentation. Especially, the muri feature and the decorative pattern in meshes were highly variable and decisive at both section and species levels of Tulipa L. We also classified the seed dormancy type of the eight wild tulip species as nondeep complex (MPD). Embryo length, embryo/seed length ratio, and seed coat color were correlated with germination (T50), while the T50 of eight wild tulip species was still mainly affected by optimized temperatures of 4 °C and/or 4/16 °C. Gibberellin (GA3) has a positive regulating effect on the T50 of tulip species, and 100 μM gibberellin was considered the most effective concentration. These results highlight the taxonomic significance of the genus Tulipa based on seed testa morphology, and we support the notion that T. edulis should be regarded as an independent genus—Amana. Meanwhile, our study provided a way that the seed germination of wild tulip species could be shortened within 2 months under the experimental conditions, which will help to rapidly multiply and utilize wild tulip resources.

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29

Ohyama, Takuji, Taro Ikarashi, Tizuko Matsubara, and Akira Baba. "Behavior of carbohydrates in mother and daughter bulbs of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana)." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 34, no. 3 (September 1988): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1988.10415696.

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30

Podwyszyńska, Małgorzata, Aleksandra Trzewik, and Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska. "In vitro polyploidisation of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana L.) — Phenotype assessment of tetraploids." Scientia Horticulturae 242 (December 2018): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.007.

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31

van der Boon, J. "NITROGEN UPTAKE BY TULIPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 177 (December 1986): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.177.123.

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32

Schulman, Evan. "A parable of tulips." Journal of Portfolio Management 12, no. 3 (April 30, 1986): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1986.409055.

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33

Cross, Megan. "The Seeing Eye: Tulips." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 140, no. 3 (May 2007): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350714000312.

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34

Torskangerpoll, Kjell, Torgils Fossen, and Øyvind M. Andersen. "Anthocyanin pigments of tulips." Phytochemistry 52, no. 8 (December 1999): 1687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00328-3.

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35

Malnack, Linda. "Still Life with Tulips." Christianity & Literature 54, no. 3 (June 2005): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310505400306.

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36

DonTigny, Richard. "Tulips in Washington State." Spine 33, no. 19 (September 2008): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000335102.43709.68.

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37

Hochstrasser, Julie Berger. "Trade, Trust, and Tulips." Metascience 17, no. 2 (May 7, 2008): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-008-9191-4.

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38

Polder, G., G. W. A. M. van der Heijden, J. van Doorn, J. G. P. W. Clevers, R. van der Schoor, and A. H. M. C. Baltissen. "Detection of the tulip breaking virus (TBV) in tulips using optical sensors." Precision Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2010): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-010-9169-2.

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39

Krigas, Nikos, Christos Lykas, Ioannis Ipsilantis, Theodora Matsi, Stina Weststrand, Mats Havström, and Georgios Tsoktouridis. "Greek Tulips: Worldwide Electronic Trade over the Internet, Global Ex Situ Conservation and Current Sustainable Exploitation Challenges." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030580.

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From an ornamental viewpoint, tulips are famous clonally propagated crops. This research focuses on 15 wild-growing Greek tulip species including 11 range-restricted species, i.e., six Greek endemics and five Balkan or Aegean endemics and subendemics, among which seven are currently threatened with extinction (two Critically Endangered, three Endangered and two Vulnerable). An overview of the global electronic trade over the internet is presented herein for these valuable phytogenetic resources in an attempt to define the extent of their commercialization (25 nurseries in three countries, mainly bulb trade at various prices) with concomitant conservation implications. In the frame of the repatriation initiatives launched, their global ex situ conservation is overviewed according to the PlantSearch facility of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (materials from 15 species stored in 41 botanic gardens of 14 countries). The results of this study on the Greek tulips showed that there are both well-established value chains and gaps in the market regarding the “botanical tulips”; revealed the compromised effectiveness of ex situ conservation for the majority of them; raised conservation concerns related to authorized access to these wild phytogenetic resources; and indicated that their future utilization should comply with the provision of national and international legislation. All these are envisaged and discussed within the framework of the newly launched research project TULIPS.GR which aims to be the pilot establishment of a national collection regarding all Greek tulips (currently holding 38 accessions of 13 species, including almost all of the threatened ones). The project’s scope is to enable the creation of a sustainable value chain for the Greek tulips with authorized collections, sustainable conservation schemes, production of DNA barcoded propagation material, species-specific propagation and cultivation protocols, mycorrhizal investigations, field studies, applying innovative precise soil/foliar fertigation, and investigation of the postharvest treatment of fresh cut flowers, promoting networking and synergies with producers and associations in Greece and abroad.

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40

Rivas, E. B., S. R. Galleti, M. A. V. Alexandre, L. M. L. Duarte, and C. M. Chagas. "INTERCEPTATION OF VIRUSES ON FOREIGN TULIPS IN BRAZIL." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 76, no. 3 (September 2009): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v76p5012009.

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ABSTRACT Sixty-seven tulip samples intercepted from the Netherlands by the Brazilian Agriculture Ministry, between 2004 and 2006, and two samples from São Paulo local market, Brazil, were assayed by serological and biological techniques, as well as by electron microscopy observations, for virus screening. In bulbs from the Netherlands potexviruses were detected in five samples and tobamoviruses in other three. Symptoms induced in some differential hosts were similar to those caused by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), while serological results indicated an infection byTulip virus X. In two tulip samples from local flower shops, a Potyviridae was identified based on the presence of flexuous particles and cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions. Mechanical transmission tests to potyvirus hosts in the Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae species were negative, making possible to exclude a possible infection by Turnip mosaic viru, a common virus species in tulips. Although TVX could be detected in intercepted tulip bulbs from the Netherlands, the virus is only reported in Scotland, Japan and USA.

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41

SALYBEKOVA, N. N., А. К. APUSHEV, B. Yu YUSUPOV, G. KAHRAMAN, B. В. TOYZHIGITOVA, and A. Sh MAMBAEVA. "ФИТОПАТОГЕННЫЕ ГРИБЫ РОДА PENICILLIUM SP. НА ТЮЛЬПАНАХ." МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ ЖӘНЕ ВИРУСОЛОГИЯ, no. 4(43) (December 19, 2023): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53729/mv-as.2023.04.14.

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Plant disease is a very complex pathological process. Phytopathogenic fungi occupy the main place among pathogenic microorganisms in plants. One of them is the causative agent of fungal disease – penicillosis. The purpose of the work is to determine the distribution and species composition of fungi of the genus Penicillium sp. The bioecological features of the causative agent of the disease affecting tulips grown in open and greenhouse conditions have been revealed. In related tulip species, surface infection prevailed over subepidermal infection. These types of fungi had a significant impact on the quality of the bulb, significantly reducing the germination and viability of the affected. The most affected exclusive variety was the type of Tulipa Dynasty and the most stable-Tulipa Delta Storm. The spread and development of the disease (P%) were determined by the wet chamber method, cultivation of Penicillium spon PDA (potato-dextrose agar), microscopic analysis, as well as PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The results of PCR analysis showed that tulips in greenhouse conditions are mainly affected by the fungi Talaromyces variabilis (Penicillium variabile), the prevalence of penicillosis averaged about 7-9% in the period from 2021 to 2022. As a result of the comparison, the type of strain was identified. The relevance of the names of fungi identified as a result of identification, and the correct spelling of the names of species was checked using the nomenclature of the Mycobank information base. Болезнь растений - очень сложный патологический процесс. Среди болезнетворных микроорганизмов, поражающих растения, основное место занимают фитопатогенные грибы. Одним из них является возбудитель грибковой болезни пенициллеза - Penicillium sp.. Цель работы- определение распространения и видового состава грибов рода Penicillium sp.. Выявлены биоэкологические особенности возбудителя заболевания, поражающего тюльпаны, выращенные в открытых и тепличных условиях. У родственных видов тюльпанов поверхностная инфекция преобладала над субэпидермальной. Эти виды грибов оказали значительное влияние на качество луковицы, значительно снизив всхожесть и жизнеспособность пораженных растений. Самым подверженным поражениям эксклюзивным сортом оказался вид Tulipa Dynasty, а самым устойчивым-Tulipa Delta Storm. Распространение и развитие болезни (Р%) определяли методом влажной камеры, культивированием Penicillium sp на КДА (картофельно-декстрозный агаре), микроскопическим анализом, а также ПЦР (полимеразная цепная реакция). Результаты ПЦР-анализа показали, что тюльпаны в тепличных условиях в основном поражаются грибами Talaromyces variabilis (Penicillium variabile), распространенность пенициллеза в среднем составляла 7-9 % в период с 2021 по 2022 годы. В результате сравнения установлен вид штамма. Актуальность названий грибов, выявленных в результате идентификации, правильное написание названий видов проверялись с помощью номенклатуры информационной базы Mycobank.

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42

McDaniel, Gary L. "Postharvest Height Suppression of Potted Tulips with Paclobutrazol." HortScience 25, no. 2 (February 1990): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.2.212.

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Suppression of scape elongation by paclobutrazol and ancymidol of potted `Paul Richter' tulips (Tulipa gesneriana, L.) under greenhouse and low light postharvest environments were compared. Soil” drench applications of paclobutrazol at 0.25 or 0.50 mg/15-cm pot were as effective as ancymidol at 0.50 or 0.75 mg/pot in limiting scape lengths at colored bud stage and at senescence. Paclobutrazol pre-plant bulb soaks at 2.5 or 5.0 mg·liter-1 prevented excessive scape elongation during low light exposure, whereas ancymidol bulb soaks were ineffective. Neither plant growth regulator reduced flower size or affected petal color. Paclobutrazol applied as a soil drench or as a bulb soak increased days required up colored bud stage up to 4 days, whereas neither chemical affected post-greenhouse, life of tulips. Chemical names used: (R*, R*)-(±)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).

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43

Iwaya-Inoue, Mari, and Mutsumi Takata. "Trehalose plus Chloramphenicol Prolong the Vase Life of Tulip Flowers." HortScience 36, no. 5 (August 2001): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.5.946.

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The tepals of cut tulips (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Ile de France) kept at 20 °C had severely wilted 7 days after flower opening. Suppression of abscission and undesirable growth of tepals is required to extend vase life. Treatment with 50 mm trehalose in combination with 50 μm chloramphenicol (CAP) delayed abscission by 4 days compared with stems placed in distilled water or CAP without trehalose. Only 4% of trehalose+CAP-treated flowers exhibited tepal abscission 7 days after harvest, while 82% and 60% of flowers held in distilled water and CAP, respectively, did so; the tepals of trehalose+CAP-treated flower stems contained 50% more water than did those treated with CAP alone. Further, trehalose did not promote elongation of epidermal parenchyma cells in tepal tissues, but maintained radial enlargement of the cells. Thus, trehalose+CAP treatment is effective in prolonging vase life without abscission, water loss, or elongation of cells in tulip tepals, but slight wilting occurs in leaves.

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44

Ullah, Muhammad Jari, Mohsin Bashir, Hameed Gul, Ali Shahzad, and Muhammad Shahzad. "Use of Citric Acid and Iron Sulfate in Promoting Post-Harvest Longevity of Cut Tulips (Tulipa Gesneriana L. Cv. Marylin) in Vase Solutions." Contemporary Agriculture 71, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2022-0009.

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Summary Tulip is one of the most beautiful perennial flowering plants which, based on its brilliance and attraction, is ranked at the top among cut flowers. However, bending of the neck, short display life and senescence of the flowers are the major causes that reduce its market value. These problems can be addressed by using different chemicals to prolong the flower display life. The present research was initiated to prolong the display life of tulips by using citric acid and iron sulfate (50, 100, 150 mgL−1) in distilled water containing 2.5% sucrose. Cut stems of tulips were immersed in the diluted solution of citric acid and iron sulfate. The results showed that all the observed parameters varied among the treatments. The solution containing 100 mgL−1 citric acid performed better and resulted in the most extended post-harvest display life (13.34 days), more solution uptake (63.36 mL), maximum flower diameter (57.66 mm), maximum tepal length, width, minimum stem bending and maximum quality of the flower. These characteristics were better also in 150 mgL−1 iron sulfate vase solution, but less effective in comparison. From these results, it can be concluded that the use of citric acid and iron sulfate vase solutions helps in prolonging the vase life of cut tulips and enhances the flower quality attributes.

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45

Sirmon, Maryella Desak. "Tobacco, Tulips, and Terminal Care." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 10 (November 15, 1993): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00012.

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46

de Jong, K. Y., F. Th de Greef, A. J. Dop, and N. A. A. Hof. "YEAR-ROUND CULTURE OF TULIPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 266 (March 1990): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.266.13.

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47

Gray, Jack. "Playing the trombone to tulips." Quantitative Finance 3, no. 6 (December 2003): C109—C113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1469-7688/3/6/m02.

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48

Tabeling, Patrick. "From tulips to electric cars." Nature 399, no. 6736 (June 1999): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21113.

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49

Krugman, Paul. "Dutch Tulips and Emerging Markets." Foreign Affairs 74, no. 4 (1995): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047206.

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María Paz Moreno and Yunsuk Chae. "Tulips (Invocation to Sylvia Plath)." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2010, no. 1 (2010): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.0.0298.

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