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1
Mende, Klaus C., Theresa Krätzig, Malte Mohme, Manfred Westphal, and Sven O. Eicker. "Keyhole approaches to intradural pathologies." Neurosurgical Focus 43, no. 2 (2017): E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.5.focus17198.
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OBJECTIVESpinal tumors account for 2%–4% of all tumors of the central nervous system and can be intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural. In the past, wide approaches were used to obtain safe access to these tumors, as complete resection is the goal in treating most tumor entities. To reduce surgical complications due to large skin incisions and destabilizing laminectomies, minimally invasive approaches were established. In this study, the authors share their experience with mini-open approaches to intradural tumor pathologies.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed cases involving patients with intramedullary and intradural extramedullary lesions treated between 2009 and 2016. They present their surgical mini-open approach to the spinal cord as well as unique characteristics, key steps, and postsurgical complications for specific tumor subgroups (meningioma, neuroma, and intramedullary tumors).RESULTSA total of 245 intradural tumors were surgically treated during the study period. Of these lesions, 151 were intradural extramedullary meningiomas (n = 79) or neuromas (n = 72). Nine (12.5%) of the neuromas were dumbbell neuromas. Ninety-four tumors were intramedullary. The mean age of the patients was 51.4 years, and 53.9% were female. The mean duration of follow-up was 46.0 months.All meningiomas and neuromas could be resected using a mini-open keyhole approach, but only 5.3% of the intramedullary lesions could be accessed using this technique. Of the 94 patients with intramedullary tumors, 76.6% required a laminotomy, 7.4% required a hemilaminectomy, and 10.6% required a 2-level laminectomy. Only 2 of the patients with intramedullary tumors needed stabilization for progressive cervical kyphosis during follow-up. None of the other patients developed spinal instability after undergoing surgery via the mini-open (keyhole/interlaminar) approach. There were significantly more surgery-associated complications in the large exposure group than in the patients treated with the mini-open approach (19.1% vs 9.6%, p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSIntradural extramedullary and in selected cases intramedullary pathologies may safely be resected using a mini-open interlaminar approach. Avoiding laminectomy, laminotomy, and even hemilaminectomy preserves spinal stability and significantly reduces comorbidities, while still allowing for complete resection of these tumors.
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Parra Sanabria, Erika Alexandra, and Claudia Patricia Peña Vega. "Frequency of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologies in Patients from 0 to 18 Years in the Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia Bogotá (Colombia), during the Period 2006-2014." Universitas Médica 59, no. 4 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.umed59-4.fpom.
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Introduction: Oral pathologies that can occur in children are very diverse and require extensive knowledge to diagnose them. Objective: To describe the frequency of oral and maxillofacial pathologies that occurred in patients aged 0-18 years who attended the Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia (HOMI) in the period 2006-2014, in addition to relating the most frequent oral and maxillofacial pathologies with sociodemographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The analysis of information was recorded of 277 clinical histories of the HOMI, in patients from 0 to 18 years, who were diagnosed with any of the oral and maxillofacial pathologies, divided as follows: Head/neck cystic lesions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lesions, infectious lesions, benign tumor, malignant tumor of head and neck, and benign odontogenic tumor. It was carried out in analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The most frequent pathologies were infectious lesions (62.45%), followed by benign odontogenic tumors (12.99%). Conclusions: This study shows that the most frequent pathologies were infectious lesions and benign odontogenic tumors.
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Parodi, Silvio, and Tommaso Mancuso. "A General Overview of the Process of Carcinogenesis." Tumori Journal 82, no. 4 (1996): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169608200401.
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A general synthetic overview of the process of carcinogenesis is presented. The following points are discussed: the uniqueness of tumor disease with respect to other pathologies; tumors viewed as a pathology of the transduction system of signals that regulate the communal life of the cells of multicell organisms; the tumor as a genetic disease of somatic cells; carcinogenesis as a multistage event; the fundamental role of physiologic and pathologic rhythms of cell proliferation in the modulation of tumor incidence; mechanisms entailed in the maintenance of genome integrity; mechanisms involved in the protection of genome integrity from exogenous and endogenous causes of degradation of the genetic message.
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Wadhwa, Vibhor, Rashmi S. Thakkar, Nicholas Maragakis, et al. "Sciatic nerve tumor and tumor-like lesions—uncommon pathologies." Skeletal Radiology 41, no. 7 (2012): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-012-1384-7.
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Sımsık, Sedat, Bülent Hayri Özokutan, Haluk Ceylan, Abdullah Aydın, and Elif Güler. "Ovarian Pathologies in Childhood." European Journal of Therapeutics 16, no. 2 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.2010-16-2-1239-arch.
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Ovarian diseases are not rare in childhood and some problems are encountered with in evaluation of ovarian pathologies such as existance of different terminologies, lack of pathological criteria and different types of tumor classiffications. 55 patients younger than 16 years who had ovarian disease were treated and followed up and then the results were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were seperated in 3 groups as ovarian torsions (n:21), neoplastic ovarian pathologies (n:19) and non-neoplastic ovarian pathologies (n:28). Most frequent clinical symptom was abdominal pain and most frequent clinical finding was abdominal sensitivity in all groups. 1n non-neoplastic ovarian pathology group, 21 patients were treated surgically whereas seven were treated conservatively. As the result of histopathological examinations follicular cysts (n:11), simple cysts (n:8), corpus luteum cysts (n:7), paraovarian cyst (n:1) and massive ovarian edema (n:1) were observed. 1n the neoplastic ovarian pathology group, all patients were treated surgically and 8 serous cystadenoma, 7 mature cystic teratoma, 2 dysgerminoma, 1 juvenile granulosa cell tumor, and 1 seromucinous borderline tumor were observed after histopathological examinations. 1n the ovarian torsion group, torsions were due to non- neoplastic pathology in 7 and neoplastic pathology in 6 patients. Torsions were developed without any cysts or tumor in 8 patients. Oopherectomy or salphingoopherctomy was performed in twenty patients. 1n one patient ovary was preserved as circulation turned normal after detorsion. Ovarian pathologies are not rare in childhood and should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in girls. Extensive use of radiological studies have facilitated the diagnosis of these lesions.
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Saxena, Suvinay, Drushi D. Patel, Ankur Shah, and Mrugesh Doctor. "Fat Chance for Hidden Lesions: Pictorial Review of Hoffa's Fat Pad Lesions." Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 31, no. 04 (2021): 961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739383.
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AbstractHoffa's fat pad (HFP) is the most commonly afflicted among all the knee fat pads. Anterior knee pain is common in various pathologies of HFP, as it is richly innervated. A potpourri of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathologies and the tumors and tumor-like conditions affect HFP, and MRI remains the fundamental modality to assess them and provide a specific diagnosis.
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Rusda, Muhammad, Riza Rivany, Citra Lestari Hasibuan, Delfi Lutan, Dudy Aldiansyah, and Cut Adeya Adella. "IHC Expression Relationships MMP7 and VEGF With Normal Ovaries and Ovarian Pathologies." Sumatera Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v2i1.719.
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To investigate the association of MMP7 and VEGF expression with ovarian cancer, benign ovarian cysts, and normal ovaries. This study was analytical research with case-control design. In the study, IHC expression of MMP7 and VEGF was carried out on paraffin block of ovarian cancer tissue, benign ovarian cyst, and normal ovary. In 40 subjects with ovarian tumors, 17 patients were found with positive MMP7 expression. In the control group, no subjects were found with positive MMP7 expression. There was a significant relationship between MMP7 expression and ovarian tumor incidence. Meanwhile, in 40 subjects with ovarian tumors, 21 patients were found with positive VEGF expression. In the control group, no subjects with positive VEGF expression were found. There was a significant relationship between VEGF expression and ovarian tumor incidence. There was a significant relationship between MMP7 and VEGF expression with ovarian tumor incidence.
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Topolyanskaya, S. V. "Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Age-Related Pathologies." Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 10, no. 6 (2020): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2020-10-6-414-421.
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Modern concepts about the «inflammaging» and the role of subclinical inflammation in various age-associated pathology are described in the review. Particular attention is paid to the tumor necrosis factor-α, a key cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases as well as in aging. The increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α leads to the onset and progression of various diseases, to severity of frailty, to disability and mortality of elderly persons. Tumor necrosis factor-α affects different risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, contributes to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and related pathology. This cytokine can also aggravate various metabolic disorders, mainly — insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Tumor necrosis factor-α is a key cytokine that stimulates bone resorption (up to osteoporosis) and sarcopenia (up to cachexia). Currently available data confirm the important role of tumor necrosis factor-α in various age-associated disorders.
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Kumar, Atul, Ankur Patel, Radha Sarawagi, Rajesh Malik, Nadeem Ur Rahman, and N. Balaji. "Uncommon synovial pathologies." Future Health 2 (March 3, 2024): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/fh_16_2024.
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The synovium is a specialized tissue lining the synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths of the body. It is affected by various localized and systemic disorders. Synovial diseases can be broadly classified as inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, proliferative, hemorrhagic, and neoplastic. Injuries to other structures within the joint, such as cartilage, may also be caused by pathological processes that affect the synovium. Early detection of synovial diseases is critical to avoid irreversible joint damage. Understanding the typical imaging features of synovial diseases can help in accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. Therefore, imaging plays a crucial role in detecting synovial diseases at an early stage. This pictorial review highlights the unusual synovial pathologies, such as synovial chondromatosis, pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTT), hemophilic arthropathy, lipoma arborescens, and synovial sarcoma.
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Belhamidi, M. S., B. Slioui, and A. Bensal. "PERITONEAL TUBERCULOSIS MIMIKING GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 01 (2024): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18175.
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Abdominal TB is a common site of extrapulmonary tubercilosis, and peritoneal tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most common manifestations of abdominal tuberculosis. The diagnosis of PTB can be made based on a combination of clinical, radiological, histological, and laboratory tests. The diagnosis can be easy in the presence of ascites with peritoneal granulations. some forms of PTB can make a differential diagnosis with peritoneal or digestive tract pathologies. some forms of PTB can make a differential diagnosis with peritoneal or digestive tract pathologies. We report a case of primary mesenteric tuberculosis mimicking gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The final diagnostic was performed using a combination of invasive and imaging techniques.
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Barros, Maurício Davidovich de, Camila Barbosa Amaral, Bárbara Paula dos Santos Batista, Juliana da Silva Leite, and Ana Maria Reis Ferreira. "HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CANINE TESTICLES: DO OLD DOGS PRESENT NEW TRICKS?" Revista Contemporânea 4, no. 7 (2024): e5272. http://dx.doi.org/10.56083/rcv4n7-215.
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Histopathological evaluation of excised testicules from dogs submitted to orchiectomy is adamant in veterinary medicine. Many diagnoses are described providing evidence for canine reproductive management improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate histopathological findings from testicular samples submitted to a Federal University Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Laboratory, from dogs who underwent orchiectomy for different reasons, relating these patients’ profile to revised pathologies. 145 dogs were included, yielding 278 testicules and 335 histopathological diagnoses. The majority of dogs was >10 years old and no breed predilection was observed, despite dogs of no specific breed were more frequent. Tumor was the main alteration found, among seminoma, Leydig cell tumor and Sertoli cell tumor types. Testicular degeneration was the second one, occurring simultaneously to other pathologies. Orchitis was defined by chronic inflammation with mononuclear cells infiltration. Only ten testes were reported to be cryptorchid. Not all patients had both gonads submitted to histopathological analysis. The high frequency of testicular tumors in elder dogs revealed that male dogs were castrated later in life, resulting in such pathologies, compromising reproductive health and alerting for the need of conducting neutering procedures in young adult dogs.
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Shah, Amit, Kethesparan Paramesparan, Philip Robinson, and Winston J. Rennie. "Non-neoplastic Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 24, no. 06 (2020): 645–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713606.
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AbstractClinicians are commonly faced with patients presenting with a solitary palpable soft tissue mass. Most soft tissue lesions are benign, and not every mass is due to a neoplastic process. Many pathologies can mimic a malignant tumor. Despite appropriate clinicoradiologic assessment, these lesions can be mistaken for a soft tissue sarcoma and can lead to multiple investigations or an intervention, inconveniencing patients and leading to an increased health care cost. With the relevant clinical history, clinical examination, and specific imaging characteristics, the diagnosis can be narrowed. We present a pictorial review of soft tissue sarcoma mimics with guidance on appropriate differential diagnoses.
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HAYLAZ, Emre, Çiğdem ŞEKER, Gediz GEDUK, Murat İÇEN, and Elif Aslı GÜLŞEN. "Retrospective Analysis of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologies." Journal of Contemporary Medicine 12, no. 6 (2022): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1187584.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the biopsy results of oral and maxillofacial lesions and to discuss them in the accompanied by the literature.
 Material and Method: In the study, biopsy results of 644 patients who were admitted to Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology between 2016-2021 for various reasons and subsequently diagnosed with oral and maxillofacial pathology were retrospectively analyzed using digital archives. Age, gender, location of the lesions and pathological diagnoses of the patients were recorded.
 Results: In the study, 344 (53,41%) of the patients whose biopsy reports were examined were male and 300 (46,59%) were female, and the male: female (M: F) ratio was determined to be 1,15:1. The age range varied between 7 and 88 years and the mean age was 37,85±17,35 years. Out of a total of 644 lesions, 436 (67,8%) were cysts, 148 (23,1%) were inflammatory/reactive lesions, 57 (9,3%) were benign tumors and tumor-like lesions, and 3 (0,5%) were included in the malignant tumor and tumor-like lesion group.
 Conclusions: The analysis of data on oral and maxillofacial lesions is of great importance for the planning of preventive and therapeutic services.
 
 
 
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, oral ve maksillofasiyal lezyonların biyopsi sonuçlarını analiz etmek ve literatür eşliğinde tartışmaktır.
 Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, 2016-2021 yılları arasında Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ağız, Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi Anabilim Dalı'na çeşitli nedenlerle başvuran ve sonrasında oral ve maksillofasiyal patoloji tanısı alan 644 hastanın biyopsi sonuçları dijital arşiv kullanılarak retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Hastaların yaşları, cinsiyetleri, lezyonların lokalizsyonları ve patolojik tanıları kaydedildi.
 Bulgular: Çalışmada, biyopsi raporu incelenen hastaların 344'ü (%53,41) erkek, 300'ü (%46,59) kadın olup, erkek:kadın (E:K) oranı 1,15 :bir olarak belirlendi. Yaş aralığı 7 ile 88 arasında değişmekte olup, yaş ortalaması 37,85±17,35 yıl idi. Toplam 644 lezyonun 436'sı (%67,8) kist, 148'i (%23,1) inflamatuar/reaktif lezyonlar, 57'si (%9,3) iyi huylu tümörler ve tümör benzeri lezyonlardı ve geriye kalan 3 (% 0,5) patoloji malign tümör ve tümör benzeri lezyon grubundaydı.
 Sonuç: Oral ve maksillofasiyal lezyonlara ilişkin verilerin analizi, koruyucu ve tedavi edici hizmetlerin planlanması için büyük önem taşımaktadır.
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Elouarith, Ihssan, Leila Benbella, Fouad Zouaidia, Ahmed Jahid, Zakia Bernoussi, and Kaoutar Znati. "Intracranial Solitary Fibrous Tumour: Case Report." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 11, no. 08 (2023): 1454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2023.v11i08.008.
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Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumour. The diagnosis is based on the histological study given the clinical and radiological character that can simulate other benign or malignant pathologies especially meningioma. We report the case of a patient with an intracranial solitary fibrous tumor. We aim to discuss the clinical, radiological, histological and immunohistochemical features of Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor as well as the new grading system reported in the fifth edition of the WHO classification of central nervous system tumours.
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Tereshchenko, I. V., та P. E. Kayushev. "Tumor necrosis factor α and its role in pathologies". Russian Medical Inquiry 6, № 9 (2022): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-9-523-527.
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Over the past years, the views on the role played by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the body have changed. The aim of this review is to provide updates on TNF-α functions in various pathological conditions. While working on the review, the authors made search and analysis of full-text reviews and original articles in foreign (English) and Russian languages using such databases as eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, mostly from 2018–2022. A priority was given to the original publications. TNF-α is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine which stimulates the production of other cytokines, chemokines, and interferon γ. Also, it is involved in the inflammatory processes during viral, bacterial, and autoimmune diseases. Its hypersecretion affects lipid, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism; promotes atherogenesis; leads to the development of arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; contributes to osteolysis; induces apoptosis of tumor cells in some types of cancer and stimulates metastatic spread and progression in other types. So far, the use of TNF-α inhibitors and the suppression of expression of TNF-α and its receptors has caused disappointment: approx. in 40–50% of cases the inhibition aggravated pathological conditions. The investigation of the cytokine activity is still going on. KEYWORDS: TNF-α, cytokines, inflammation, atherosclerosis, oncogenesis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, adipokines. FOR CITATION: Tereshchenko I.V., Kayushev P.E. Tumor necrosis factor α and its role in pathologies. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(9):523– 527 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-9-523-527.
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Dias, Isabella Figueiredo, Leonado Gomes Baldoino, Herbert Hornig, Gabriel Ishibashi Tatibana Kazuo, Samira Monteiro Martins, and Rafael da Silva Sá. "FIBROADENOMA JUVENIL GIGANTE EM PACIENTE HEBIÁTRICO: RELATO DE CASO." Colloquium Vitae 12, no. 2 (2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cv.2020.v12.n2.v295.
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Fibroadenoma is the most frequent breast tumor in women aged 10 to 20 years, a neoplasm characterized by a benign multiplication with rapid growth and usually in the form of a single lump. A clinical case report study was performed on a 12 year and 7 month old girl, who had a left breast tumor, occupying all its extension. When the tumor is larger than 5 cm or 500 g or when it occupies at least 80% of the breast is considered a giant juvenile fibroadenoma. The choice of tumor surgical excision is the best option for both diagnosis and treatment, due to the need for pathologic evaluation. It is a picture that needs attention, since it has the characteristic of mimicking other pathologies, besides having a very rapid evolution.
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Frantsiyants, E. M., E. I. Surikova, I. V. Kaplieva, et al. "Diabetes mellitus and cancer: a system of insulin-like growth factors." Problems of Endocrinology 67, no. 5 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12741.
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Diabetes mellitus and malignant tumors are among the most common and complex diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong relationship between these pathologies. The causality of this relationship has not yet been unambiguously established, but a number of probable biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain it through the effects of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia on the process of oncogenesis. An important role in this is played by the axis of insulin-like growth factors, their receptors and binding proteins (IGF / IGFR / IGFBP). The review provides data on the structural elements of the insulin / IGF / IGFR / IGFBP signaling axis and their internal relationships in diabetes mellitus and in the development of malignant tumors. Significant changes in the axis that occur during the formation of the diabetic environment prepare the background, which, under certain conditions, can lead to the stimulation or inhibition of tumor development. The considered signaling system, playing a significant role in the physiology of normal cells, often functions as a decisive factor in the survival of tumor cells, providing fine context-dependent regulation of many cellular processes associated with oncogenesis. However, despite many years of in-depth studies of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and malignant tumors, the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between these pathologies are still largely unclear, and the internal heterogeneity of pathologies complicates research and interpretation of the results, leaving many questions.
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Altınel, Faruk, Yonca Özvardar Pekcan, and Oya Nermin Sivrikoz. "SPINAL INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS AND SIMILAR PATHOLOGIES: A SINGLE CENTER STUDY." MNJ (Malang Neurology Journal) 10, no. 2 (2024): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2024.010.02.01.
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Background: We wanted to analyze the neurological symptoms and prognosis of five spinal IDEM (intradural extramedullary) tumors cases diagnosed, and to emphasize that a spinal cord tumor can be found incidentally in evoluation of the proximal regions of the vertebral column in patients who were mistakenly operated for lumbar disc herniation on lumbar MRI, but whosesymptoms did not resolve. Objective: To emphasize the need for examinations such as MRI along the vertebral columna in patients with different spinal pathologies and whose symptoms and clinical signs do not improve. Methods: Patients with spinal IDEM tumors treated with surgical excision and followed for more than 2 years were retrospectively analyzed. Issessed pain with the visual analo scale (VAS), and neurological function with the Nurrick grade.Preoperative complaint time,location of tumor in sagital and axial sections in MRI and pathological diagnosis were investigated. Results: The pathological diagnosis in our study was meningioma in two cases,dural arteriovenous fistula in one case,teratoma in one case ,and myxopapilary epandimoma in one case.İn one case,disc herniation surgery was performed in another hospital due to misdiagnosis, but because the patient’s complaints were resistant. In examination, an IDEM tumor at T11 level was detected, and he was operated. In all cases the VAS score (mean) was reduced from 7.8 to 0.4 as well as the Nurrick grade (mean) was from 2.0 to 0.6. In the dAVF case, spasticity in the lower extremities, bladder and bowel disfunction continued. Conclusion: In cases with severe neurological deficits, MRI scanning of the proximal parts of the vertebral column will help in the differential diagnosis of the lesion occupying the intraspinal space.
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Fournel, Julien, Marc Hermier, Anna Martin, et al. "It Looks Like a Spinal Cord Tumor but It Is Not." Cancers 16, no. 5 (2024): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16051004.
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Differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic spinal cord pathologies may be challenging due to overlapping clinical and radiological features. Spinal cord tumors, which comprise only 2–4% of central nervous system tumors, are rarer than non-tumoral myelopathies of inflammatory, vascular, or infectious origins. The risk of neurological deterioration and the high rate of false negatives or misdiagnoses associated with spinal cord biopsies require a cautious approach. Facing a spinal cord lesion, prioritizing more common non-surgical myelopathies in differential diagnoses is essential. A comprehensive radiological diagnostic approach is mandatory to identify spinal cord tumor mimics. The diagnostic process involves a multi-step approach: detecting lesions primarily using MRI techniques, precise localization of lesions, assessing lesion signal intensity characteristics, and searching for potentially associated anomalies at spinal cord and cerebral MRI. This review aims to delineate the radiological diagnostic approach for spinal cord lesions that may mimic tumors and briefly highlight the primary pathologies behind these lesions.
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Talay, Sureyya, Mustafa Abanoz, Mehmet Ali Kaygin, et al. "Glomus caroticum tumors: A case report of an operated giant carotid body tumor with a review of our experience in 47 patients." Open Medicine 5, no. 4 (2010): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-010-0015-8.
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AbstractGlomus caroticum tumors, usually used as an alternative term for carotid body tumor, are of neuroectodermal origin and a part of the extra adrenal neuroendocrine system pathologies. These abnormalities are the most frequently detected paraganglioma in the localization of the head and neck. In our report, we present a giant tumor mass on the left side which was operated on successfully with a review of our experience retrospectively. Between the dates of June 1995 and October 2009, 47 patients, all of which had a glomus caroticum tumor, underwent to surgery. Tumor presented a wide variety of size and clinical presentations.
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Khan, Usman Qadir, Abid Raza, Qaimuddin Shaikh, Saadia Nazir, and Nadia Ambreen. "Pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205661.
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Background: The pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth presented as radiolucent, radiopaque and mixed radiolucent radiopaque lesions on radiographs and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor was the most common pathology associated with it followed by dentigerous cyst, odontoma and calcifying odontogenic cyst after histopathological confirmation. This study was planned to determine the frequency of pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted at Dental / Oral Surgery Department, Shaikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan from January to December 2017. A total of 60 patients with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of impacted maxillary canine tooth were enrolled. Orthopantomogram and/or para nasal sinus view were considered as the standard radiograph for assessment of pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth which were confirmed by histopathological examination. Demographics and radiographic findings and histopathological confirmation of pathologies were noted.Results: Out of a total of 60 patients, 38 (63.33%) pathologies associated with impacted maxillary canine presented as radiolucent lesion, 11 (18.33%) each presented as radiopaque and mixed radiolucent radiopaque lesion. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (30%) was the most common pathology associated with impacted maxillary canine tooth. The other pathologies associated were dentigerous cyst (26.67%), odontoma (18.33%), calcifying odontogenic cyst (11.66%), calcifying odontogenic cyst with an odonotoma (6.66%), Odontogenic keratocyst (3.33%) and Ameloblastoma (3.33%).Conclusions: The most common pathology occurring predominantly with impacted maxillary canine tooth was adenomatoid odontogenic tumor followed by dentigerous cyst, odontoma and calcifying odontogenic cyst.
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Heiland, Dieter, Vidhya Ravi, Simon P. Behringer, Julian Wurm, Juergen Beck, and Oliver Schnell. "TMIC-52. REACTIVE ASTROCYTES AID THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT AND DRIVE ONCOGENIC SIGNALING IN GLIOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (2019): vi259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1086.
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Abstract Reactive astrocytes are caused by multiple pathologies of the central nervous system, whereby they undergo distinct transcriptomic re-programming. Although the role of reactive astrocytes in some inflammatory diseases has been investigated, many central questions regarding the immunoregulatory functions of tumor-associated astrocytes and their crosstalk to microglia remain poorly understood. In our presented study, we purified astrocytes from various pathologies and different brain tumors to map the transcriptional landscape of reactive astrocytes. We identified the marker genes CHI3L1 and CD274 highly enriched in reactive astrocytes of the marginal astrogliosis scar at the tumor boarder. Human neocortical slices along with a microglia loss-of-function model were used to explore the crosstalk of microglia and reactive astrocytes within the tumor environment. Our results revealed that the reactive phenotype mutually arises from both, microglia and tumor cells. This interaction caused JAK/STAT signalling in reactive astrocytes along with a large release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFß and IL10. Additionally, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway recovered the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and resulted in a pro-inflammatory environment. Besides the immunosuppressive properties, we found evidence that reactive astrocytes drove AKT and MAPK signaling in the tumor through astrocytic released CHI3L1 and consequential binding to IL13RA2. Our findings revealed increased malignant properties arising from astrocytic-tumor interaction, which were rescued by IL13RA2 inhibition. In a nutshell, reactive astrocytes have decisive regulatory tasks in the microenvironment of CNS tumors. Along with microglia, reactive astrocytes cause the evolution of an immunosuppressive environment and support malignant properties of the tumor.
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Günebakan, Çağlar, Selçuk Kuzu, Orhan Kemal Kahveci, Abdulkadir Bucak, and Şahin Ulu. "Retrospective Study on Clinico-Pathological Presentations and Complications of Parotidectomy." Bengal Journal of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery 29, no. 1 (2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47210/bjohns.2021.v29i1.306.
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Introduction Salivary gland tumors are rarely seen. It constitutes approximately 3% of all head-neck tumors. 75-80% of these tumors originate from the parotid gland. In this study, 98 patients who underwent parotidectomy in a tertiary otorhinolaryngology clinic were analyzed retrospectively, the frequency of different pathologies and our treatment modalities for parotid masses are presented in the light of current literature. Materials and Methods In this study, 98 patients who underwent parotidectomy in our clinic between 2011 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, the frequency of different pathologies, our treatment approach, and complications of treatment for parotid masses are presented in the light of current literature. Results The mean age was 48 years (between the range of 7-82 years). 41 cases were female and 57 cases were male. In the results of FNAB, there were 65 (66%) benign cases, 28 (29%) malignancy suspects and 5 (5%) malignant cases, 68 (69%) benign cases, and 30 (31%) malignant cases in surgical pathologies. The most frequent lesion of all parotid masses was pleomorphic adenoma (24%). The most common benign lesion was pleomorphic adenoma (35%) and the most frequent malignant tumor was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (27%). The most common surgery type was superficial parotidectomy (82 cases). The most common complication was marginal mandibular nerve paresis (6). Conclusion The treatment modality of the parotid tumors varies from case to case according to the nature of the tumor and extension.
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Rajakulasingam, Ramanan, Christine Azzopardi, Jennifer Murphy, et al. "Lesions of the Distal Phalanx: Imaging Overview." Indian Journal of Musculoskeletal Radiology 1 (August 18, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijmsr_13_2019.
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Lesions of the distal phalanx often pose a radiological dilemma as the differential diagnosis is potentially broad. Particularly for lytic lesions, there is a concern whether an underlying primary tumor or a metastatic deposit is present. Bone tumors of the hand are infrequent when compared to soft tissue tumors, and those involving the distal phalanx are very rare. Lesions of the distal phalanx may arise secondary to benign or malignant pathologies and may reflect primary or secondary tumors. The most common benign lesion is an enchondroma while the most frequent primary malignant lesion is chondrosarcoma. Inflammatory, metabolic, autoimmune, and traumatic pathologies may also present with a wide spectrum of radiological changes involving the distal phalanx. It is these tumor-like mimics which can further complicate diagnosis. We hope to highlight distinguishing features between these entities, allowing the radiologist to generate a clinically useful differential diagnosis. Even though most lesions are benign, it is crucial to differentiate them as some may be the first presentation of more a systemic condition.
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Burke, William T., David L. Penn, Joseph P. Castlen, et al. "Prolactinomas and nonfunctioning adenomas: preoperative diagnosis of tumor type using serum prolactin and tumor size." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 2 (2020): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.3.jns19121.
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OBJECTIVEProlactinoma and nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA) are the most common sellar pathologies, and both can present with hyperprolactinemia. There are no definitive studies analyzing the relationship between the sizes of prolactinomas and NFAs and the serum prolactin level. Current guidelines for serum prolactin level cutoffs to distinguish between pathologies are suboptimal because they fail to consider the adenoma volume. In this study, the authors attempted to describe the relationship between serum prolactin level and prolactinoma volume. They also examined the predictive value that can be gained by considering tumor volume in differentiating prolactinoma from NFA and provide cutoff values based on a large sample of patients.METHODSA retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with prolactinomas (n = 76) and NFAs (n = 217) was performed. Patients were divided into groups based on adenoma volume, and the two pathologies were compared.RESULTSA strong correlation was found between prolactinoma volume and serum prolactin level (r = 0.831, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between NFA volume and serum prolactin level (r = −0.020, p = 0.773). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of three different adenoma volume groups was performed and resulted in different serum prolactin level cutoffs for each group. For group 1 (≤ 0.5 cm3), the most accurate cutoff was 43.65 μg/L (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.951); for group 2 (> 0.5 to 4 cm3), 60.05 μg/L (AUC = 0.949); and for group 3 (> 4 cm3), 248.15 μg/L (AUC = 1.0).CONCLUSIONSProlactinoma volume has a significant impact on serum prolactin level, whereas NFA volume does not. This finding indicates that the amount of prolactin-producing tissue is a more important factor regarding serum prolactin level than absolute adenoma volume. Hence, volume should be a determining factor to distinguish between prolactinoma and NFA prior to surgery. Current serum prolactin threshold level guidelines are suboptimal and cannot be generalized across all adenoma volumes.
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D’Amato Figueiredo, Marcos V., George A. Alexiou, George Vartholomatos, and Roberta Rehder. "Advances in Intraoperative Flow Cytometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (2022): 13430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113430.
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Flow cytometry is the gold-standard laser-based technique to measure and analyze fluorescence levels of immunostaining and DNA content in individual cells. It provides a valuable tool to assess cells in the G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases, and those with polyploidy, which holds prognostic significance. Frozen section analysis is the standard intraoperative assessment for tumor margin evaluation and tumor resection. Here, we present flow cytometry as a promising technique for intraoperative tumor analysis in different pathologies, including brain tumors, leptomeningeal dissemination, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic tumor, and hepatic cancer. Flow cytometry is a valuable tool that can provide substantial information on tumor analysis and, consequently, maximize cancer treatment and expedite patients’ survival.
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Zelchan, R. V., A. A. Medvedeva, O. D. Bragina, et al. "Modern methods for radionuclide diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 20, no. 4 (2022): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2021-4-131-142.
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The review analyzes the global experience in the application of nuclear medicine techniques for diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain. The main groups of radiopharmaceuticals currently used for imaging of malignant brain tumors and diagnosis of cognitive impairments and neurotransmitter system disturbances by means of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography are described.Modern approaches to the application of methods for radionuclide diagnosis in neuro-oncology and neurology are compared, and the main trends in production of new, more specific radiopharmaceuticals for visualizing brain tumors of various degrees of malignancy and diagnosing non-tumor pathologies of the brain are described. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of currently used techniques and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of central nervous system disorders, depending on the clinical situation and specific diagnostic tasks.In addition, the review presents consolidated recommendations of the leading scientific schools in neuro-oncology on the use of nuclear medicine techniques in patients with brain tumors at the stages of treatment and follow-up. The presented article examines the experience of domestic scientific schools in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for neuro-oncology. The features of the development and use of new radiopharmaceuticals in patients with brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. The review is based on the analysis of literature included in the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, and RSCI databases.
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Ene, Cosmin-Victor, Ilinca Nicolae, Bogdan Geavlete, Petrisor Geavlete, and Corina Daniela Ene. "IL-6 Signaling Link between Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Prostatic Tumorigenesis." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5980387.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are tumoral pathologies characterized by the overexpression of inflammatory processes. The exploration of tumor microenvironment and understanding the sequential events that take place in the stromal area of the prostate could help for an early management of these pathologies. This way, it is feasible the hypothesis that normalizing the stromal environment would help to suppress or even to reverse tumor fenotype. A number of immunological and genetic factors, endocrine dysfunctions, metabolic disorders, infectious foci, nutritional deficiencies, and chemical irritants could be involved in prostate tumor development by maintaining inflammation, affecting local microcirculation, and promoting oxidative stress. Inflammatory processes activate hyperproliferative programs that ensure fibromuscular growth of the prostate and a number of extracellular changes. Acute and chronic inflammations cause accumulation of immunocompetent cells in affected prostate tissue (T cells, macrophages, mastocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes). Prostate epithelial and stromal cells, peri-prostatic fat cells, prostatic microvascular endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells produce cytokines, generating a local inflammatory environment. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) proved to be involved in the prostate tumor pathogenesis. IL-6 ability to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory responses by three mechanisms of signal transduction (classical signaling, transsignaling, cluster signaling), to interact with a diversity of target cells, to induce endocrine effects in an autocrine/paracrine manner, and the identification of an IL-6 endogenous antagonist that blocks the transmission of IL-6 mediated intracellular signals could justify current theories on the protective effects of this cytokine or by alleviating inflammatory reactions or by exacerbating tissue damage. This analysis presents recent data about the role of the inflammatory process as a determining factor in the development of benign and malign prostate tumors. The presented findings could bring improvements in the field of physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment in patients with prostate tumors. Modulation of the expression and activity of interleukin-6 could be a mean of preventing or improving these pathologies.
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Matsuo, Ayaka, Ichiro Kawahara, Takeshi Hiu, et al. "BT-10 A RARE CASE OF RADIATION-INDUCED GLIOBLASTOMA 29 YEARS AFTER TREATMENTS OF GERMINOMA." Neuro-Oncology Advances 1, Supplement_2 (2019): ii38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdz039.171.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Germinoma is one of the most radiosensitive tumors. Although radiotherapy (RT) can lead to long term-survival, it has the possibility to cause adverse effects. One of the more serious side effects include radiation-induced tumors that can contribute to a life-long prognosis. Case presentation A 40-year-old man was diagnosed with left basal ganglia germinoma at the age of 11 years old. Postoperatively, he received whole-brain radiotherapy 40Gy, focal radiotherapy 9.26Gy, and craniospinal irradiation. After these treatments, he was free from tumor recurrence or a secondary tumor during the long-term follow up. However, after 29 years, he began experiencing aphasia. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a developing 4.5cm round mass in the left parietal lobe with marked surrounding edema. He underwent surgical resection of the tumor at the left partial lobe. Pathological examination showed the tumor to consist of unclear pleomorphism, and the diffuse proliferation of heterocyst. Therefore, the pathologic diagnoses concluded as glioblastoma (Ki-67 labeling index was 50%). Conclusion: The tumor developed in the previously irradiated field, and it was not present prior to the RT. He did not suffer from pathologies favoring the development of the tumor. The interval between the radiation exposure and the onset of the second tumor was approximately 29 years, and the histotype of the tumor differed from the original tumor. Considering these clinical features, we diagnosed the glioblastoma as a radiation-induced tumor. Radiation-induced malignant glioma occurs frequently in patients after the treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, the radiation-induced malignant glioma after the treatment for germinoma is rare. Regardless of age, histology, and RT dosages, the patient has the possibility to develop radiation-induced malignant glioma. In conclusion, it is necessary to have careful monitoring even after 20–30 years of RT.
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Jurić, Bernardica, Amir Ibukić, Slaven Čiček, Ivan Penavić, Davor Tomas, and Alma Demirović. "Massive endometriosis mimicking tumor – unusual cause of appendiceal intussusception." Libri Oncologici Croatian Journal of Oncology 51, no. 1 (2023): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/lo.2023.51.01.05.
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Appendiceal intussusception is a rare clinical entity that, in women of reproductive age, may be caused by endometriosis. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain. The patient underwent laparoscopic surgery, during which a suspicion of a cecal tumor was raised. A laparoscopic right hemicolectomy was performed. The patohistological exam showed an intussuscepted appendix, and the cause of the intussusception was massive endometriosis involving the colon, ileum, and appendix. It is important not to mistake appendiceal intussusception and appendiceal endometriosis with other intraabdominal pathologies whose symptoms they can mimic
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Sahibzada, Sadia, Ajmal Khan, Tariq Sardar, Usama Aurangzeb, Nafeesa Afridi, and Intikhab Amanat. "Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Associated Pathologies." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 8 (2022): 919–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168919.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify the most common and severe types of pathologic diseases surrounding impacted mandibular third molars using radiographic imaging. Cases and procedures: An analysis of past patients who had impacted mandibular molars extracted at Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery of Cat D Hospital Gara Tajik Peshawar. Impacted mandibular third molar radiographic lesions, patient age and gender were used as the study's outcome measures. Caries, pericoronal radiolucent areas, periapical radiolucent areas, odontomes, and external resorption of the roots of adjacent mandibular second molars were also noted on radiographs of the impacted third molar. Histopathology confirmed the presence of bone marrow in all radiolucent regions. Results: There were 2,832 mandibular third molars that had been impacted and were studied from 1,397 individuals; 49.4 percent of the impacted teeth had associated radiographic abnormalities. Dental cavities were the most prevalent abnormality detected by panoramic radiography. Other examples of this type of radiolucency can be found at the periphery of the cortex and at the tip of the apex. Histological analysis confirmed that chronic periapical inflammation was the primary cause of most periapical radiolucent regions. Histological examination revealed that all radiolucent spots located around the corona were malignant cysts or tumours. Dentigerous cysts were the most common type of cyst, while ameloblastomas were the most common type of tumour. Conclusion: A large proportion of the patients with a third molar impaction in the mandible also had an underlying pathologic condition. Keywords: Mandibular, Radiolucent, Panoramic, Tumor
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Djaladat, Hooman, Craig R. Nichols, and Siamak Daneshmand. "Mesenteric lymphadenopathy in patients with germ cell tumor." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 5_suppl (2012): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.5_suppl.347.
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347 Background: Mesenteric lymphadenopathy may be secondary to inflammatory, infectious or tumoral pathologies. The most common malignancies causing mesenteric adenopathy are gastrointestinal and lymphoma. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of germ cell tumor (GCT) presenting with mesenteric adenopathy. Methods: Four patients with GCTs presenting with mesenteric adenopathies were treated in two academic centers (OHSU and USC) by a single surgeon since 2004. All pathologies were non-seminomatous GCT. Their presentation, clinico-pathologic findings and outcome are reviewed. Results: Two cases (19 and 51 yo) were IGCCC poor risk, stage II, testicular GCTs presenting with bulky retroperitoneal, periportal and mesenteric adenopathy. They both underwent post-chemo RPLND with mesenteric lymph node biopsy/resection. The intraoperative mesenteric lymph node frozen section study in one case revealed embryonal cell carcinoma and teratoma; he had early postoperative recurrence and is awaiting high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDC/ASCT). The other was teratoma and underwent resection, however he developed lung metastases with elevated AFP 6 months later and was treated with HDC/ASCT, being disease free for 2.5 years. The third case was a 29 yo IGCCC good risk testicular GCT who presented with retroperitoneal (II B) and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. He underwent post-chemo exploration and intraoperative frozen section of the mesenteric lymph nodes showed fibrosis and histiocytic infiltration; therefore classic RPLND was completed. The fourth case was a 24 yo HIV (-) patient with extragonadal GCT originating from the rectosigmoid. At presentation, he had a widespread mesenteric adenopathy, partially responded to primary (BEP) and salvage chemotherapy (VIP); he underwent recto/sigmoid resection, RPLND and PLND and had 52/104 lymph nodes positive for yolk sac tumor. He was referred for HDC/ASCT. Three cases were done recently with limited follow-up. Conclusions: The most common etiologies for mesenteric adenopathy are inflammatory, infection and neoplastic diseases. In the presence of germ cell tumor however, mesenteric adenopathy is most likely secondary to metastasis rather than secondary pathology.
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Ahmed, Alhassan Ali, Mohamed Abouzid, and Elżbieta Kaczmarek. "Deep Learning Approaches in Histopathology." Cancers 14, no. 21 (2022): 5264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215264.
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The revolution of artificial intelligence and its impacts on our daily life has led to tremendous interest in the field and its related subtypes: machine learning and deep learning. Scientists and developers have designed machine learning- and deep learning-based algorithms to perform various tasks related to tumor pathologies, such as tumor detection, classification, grading with variant stages, diagnostic forecasting, recognition of pathological attributes, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Pathologists are interested in artificial intelligence to improve the diagnosis precision impartiality and to minimize the workload combined with the time consumed, which affects the accuracy of the decision taken. Regrettably, there are already certain obstacles to overcome connected to artificial intelligence deployments, such as the applicability and validation of algorithms and computational technologies, in addition to the ability to train pathologists and doctors to use these machines and their willingness to accept the results. This review paper provides a survey of how machine learning and deep learning methods could be implemented into health care providers’ routine tasks and the obstacles and opportunities for artificial intelligence application in tumor morphology.
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Sierra, R., M. Bajka, and G. Székely. "Tumor growth models to generate pathologies for surgical training simulators." Medical Image Analysis 10, no. 3 (2006): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2005.11.004.
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Mohammadi, Alireza M., Jason L. Schroeder, Lilyana Angelov, et al. "Impact of the radiosurgery prescription dose on the local control of small (2 cm or smaller) brain metastases." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 3 (2017): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.3.jns153014.
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OBJECTIVE The impact of the stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) prescription dose (PD) on local progression and radiation necrosis for small (≤ 2 cm) brain metastases was evaluated. METHODS An institutional review board–approved retrospective review was performed on 896 patients with brain metastases ≤ 2 cm (3034 tumors) who were treated with 1229 SRS procedures between 2000 and 2012. Local progression and/or radiation necrosis were the primary end points. Each tumor was followed from the date of radiosurgery until one of the end points was reached or the last MRI follow-up. Various criteria were used to differentiate tumor progression and radiation necrosis, including the evaluation of serial MRIs, cerebral blood volume on perfusion MR, FDG-PET scans, and, in some cases, surgical pathology. The median radiographic follow-up per lesion was 6.2 months. RESULTS The median patient age was 56 years, and 56% of the patients were female. The most common primary pathology was non–small cell lung cancer (44%), followed by breast cancer (19%), renal cell carcinoma (14%), melanoma (11%), and small cell lung cancer (5%). The median tumor volume and median largest diameter were 0.16 cm3 and 0.8 cm, respectively. In total, 1018 lesions (34%) were larger than 1 cm in maximum diameter. The PD for 2410 tumors (80%) was 24 Gy, for 408 tumors (13%) it was 19 to 23 Gy, and for 216 tumors (7%) it was 15 to 18 Gy. In total, 87 patients (10%) had local progression of 104 tumors (3%), and 148 patients (17%) had at least radiographic evidence of radiation necrosis involving 199 tumors (7%; 4% were symptomatic). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for local progression and radiation necrosis. For local progression, tumors less than 1 cm (subhazard ratio [SHR] 2.32; p < 0.001), PD of 24 Gy (SHR 1.84; p = 0.01), and additional whole-brain radiation therapy (SHR 2.53; p = 0.001) were independently associated with better outcome. For the development of radiographic radiation necrosis, independent prognostic factors included size greater than 1 cm (SHR 2.13; p < 0.001), location in the corpus callosum (SHR 5.72; p < 0.001), and uncommon pathologies (SHR 1.65; p = 0.05). Size (SHR 4.78; p < 0.001) and location (SHR 7.62; p < 0.001)—but not uncommon pathologies—were independent prognostic factors for the subgroup with symptomatic radiation necrosis. CONCLUSIONS A PD of 24 Gy results in significantly better local control of metastases measuring < 2 cm than lower doses. In addition, tumor size is an independent prognostic factor for both local progression and radiation necrosis. Some tumor pathologies and locations may also contribute to an increased risk of radiation necrosis.
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ßahin, Mehmet, Emel ßahin, and Saadet Gümüşlü. "Cyclooxygenase-2 in Cancer and Angiogenesis." Angiology 60, no. 2 (2008): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319708318378.
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Tumor angiogenesis is a process where new blood vessels are formed from preexisting ones, resulting in several pathologies. Solid tumors induce angiogenesis to obtain the required nutrients and oxygen. Otherwise, tumors do not grow beyond 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Cyclooxygenase-2, an inducible enzyme important in inflammation, catalyzes the production of prostanoids from arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase-2 plays an important role in several cancer types, including colorectal, gastric, prostate, breast, lung, and endometrial cancer. Besides, cyclooxygenase-2 has been implicated in the progression and angiogenesis of cancers. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been used to block angiogenesis and tumor proliferation. In this review, the recent studies related to the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in several cancer types and tumor-induced angiogenesis were compiled.
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Espa, Giuseppe, Paola Feraco, Massimo Donelli, and Irene Dal Chiele. "A Fast and Efficient Semi-Unsupervised Segmentation and Feature-Extraction Methodology for Artificial Intelligence and Radiomics Applications: A Preliminary Study Applied to Glioblastoma." Electronics 12, no. 5 (2023): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051230.
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Brain tumors are pathologies characterized by a high degree of mortality. An early diagnosis of these pathologies could reduce mortality and limit the adverse effects of brain surgery. Computer-aided tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are fundamental diagnostic methods. They offer lots of helpful information that help medical operators to make an early and effective diagnosis. However, a human operator must analyze and classify the enormous amount of data provided. This process is time-consuming, and sometimes the information is not directly visible to the human eye, leading to lost essential information that could be useful for obtaining a correct and early diagnosis. In such a scenario, the development of suitable tools aimed at helping the human operator is essential. In particular, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies could help the clinical operator correctly classify different tumoral pathologies, suggest more appropriate therapy, and support the surgeon in reducing invasiveness. All AI systems require a so-called training phase and suitable feature identification to work properly. In this work, we propose a tool to speed up brain tumor segmentation and feature extraction. In particular, we focus on Glioblastoma (GBM), a brain tumor characterized by high tissue heterogeneity and difficult segmentation. The method has been assessed by considering an experimental dataset belonging to the Radiomic Laboratory of the University of Trento. The obtained results are encouraging and demonstrate that the proposed method can be very useful to speed up the pathologies segmentation and features extraction compared to other well-known methods.
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Goncharov, Aviv Philip, Nino Vashakidze, and Gvantsa Kharaishvili. "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Fundamental Cellular and Microenvironmental Process in Benign and Malignant Prostate Pathologies." Biomedicines 12, no. 2 (2024): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020418.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial and fundamental mechanism in many cellular processes, beginning with embryogenesis via tissue remodulation and wound healing, and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. EMT is a complex process that involves many transcription factors and genes that enable the tumor cell to leave the primary location, invade the basement membrane, and send metastasis to other tissues. Moreover, it may help the tumor avoid the immune system and establish radioresistance and chemoresistance. It may also change the normal microenvironment, thus promoting other key factors for tumor survival, such as hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) and promoting neoangiogenesis. In this review, we will focus mainly on the role of EMT in benign prostate disease and especially in the process of establishment of malignant prostate tumors, their invasiveness, and aggressive behavior. We will discuss relevant study methods for EMT evaluation and possible clinical implications. We will also introduce clinical trials conducted according to CONSORT 2010 that try to harness EMT properties in the form of circulating tumor cells to predict aggressive patterns of prostate cancer. This review will provide the most up-to-date information to establish a keen understanding of the cellular and microenvironmental processes for developing novel treatment lines by modifying or blocking the pathways.
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Agrawal, Amit, Vissa Shanthi, Baddukonda Appala Ramakrishna, and Kuppili Venkata Murali Mohan. "Temporal gliosarcoma: case report and review of literature." Romanian Neurosurgery 22, no. 1 (2015): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2015-0014.
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Abstract First characterized by Stroebe, the gliosarcomas are highly malignant and rare primary tumor of the brain composed of neoplastic glial cells in association with spindle cell sarcomatous elements (biphasic tissue patterns). In spite of being recognized as two different pathologies studies have not shown any significant differences between gliosarcoma and glioblastoma with regard to age, sex, size, clinical presentation, and median survival. In summary, gliosarcoma is an aggressive tumor with a propensity to recur and re-grow with poor outcome. Future studies are needed to understand the true pathology of these biphasic tumors.
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Vázquez-Borrego, Fuentes-Fayos, Venegas-Moreno, et al. "Splicing Machinery is Dysregulated in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors and is Associated with Aggressiveness Features." Cancers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101439.
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Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) constitute approximately 15% of all brain tumors, and most have a sporadic origin. Recent studies suggest that altered alternative splicing and, consequently, appearance of aberrant splicing variants, is a common feature of most tumor pathologies. Moreover, spliceosome is considered an attractive therapeutic target in tumor pathologies, and the inhibition of SF3B1 (e.g., using pladienolide-B) has been shown to exert antitumor effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression levels of selected splicing-machinery components in 261 PitNETs (somatotropinomas/non-functioning PitNETS/corticotropinomas/prolactinomas) and evaluated the direct effects of pladienolide-B in cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in human PitNETs cell cultures and pituitary cell lines (AtT-20/GH3). Results revealed a severe dysregulation of splicing-machinery components in all the PitNET subtypes compared to normal pituitaries and a unique fingerprint of splicing-machinery components that accurately discriminate between normal and tumor tissue in each PitNET subtype. Moreover, expression of specific components was associated with key clinical parameters. Interestingly, certain components were commonly dysregulated throughout all PitNET subtypes. Finally, pladienolide-B reduced cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in PitNET cell cultures and cell lines. Altogether, our data demonstrate a drastic dysregulation of the splicing-machinery in PitNETs that might be associated to their tumorigenesis, paving the way to explore the use of specific splicing-machinery components as novel diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic targets in PitNETs.
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Tillashaykhov, M., L. Gaziev, and D. Almuradova. "RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR THE PROGNOSIS OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA." ASJ 1, no. 56 (2021): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2021.1.56.146.
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This article analyzes the main clinical, morphological factors affecting the outcome of the disease, and determines their proportion. Favorable clinical and morphological signs were: absence of lymphovascular invasion, lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor, small tumor size, absence of concomitant pathology. Adverse prognosis factors include: lymphovascular invasion, absence of tumor infiltration by lymphocytes, large tumor size and severe concomitant pathologies.
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Yadav, Randhir Sagar, Ashik Pokharel, Shumneva Shrestha, et al. "Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor with Benign Serous Cystadenoma: A Rare Entity." Case Reports in Oncological Medicine 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9979998.
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Mixed serous-neuroendocrine neoplasm constitutes pancreatic serous cystic neoplasms and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, two tumor components with different underlying pathologies. The differentiation of these tumors is important as the management and prognosis depend on the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor component. We report a case of mixed serous-neuroendocrine neoplasm in a 47-year-old female who presented with epigastric pain abdomen for two years. Imaging studies, tumor markers, thorough systemic evaluation, surgical resection, histopathological examination, and timely follow-up constituted our management approach. A 4 cm × 4 cm mass in the distal pancreas with multiple cysts in the pancreatic parenchyma containing serous fluid on distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was found. The histopathological examination revealed combined benign serous cystadenoma and neuroendocrine tumor. She did not have any recurrence or metastasis by four years of follow-up.
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Frantsiyants, E. M., I. V. Kaplieva, E. A. Sheiko, et al. "Changes in electrical parameters of the heart in an experimental model of malignant tumor growth during of hyperthyroidism." Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 39, no. 3 (2024): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2024-39-3-156-163.
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Experimental and clinical studies demonstrate the possibility of modulating the development of malignant tumors in thyroid imbalance, in particular hyperthyroidism, which negatively affects the electrophysiology of the heart. In an experimental model of tumor growth during of hyperthyroidism, activation of the tumor was shown.Aim: To study electrophysiological parameters of the mouse heart at the initial stages of transplantable tumor growth during of hyperthyroidism.Material and Methods. In female mice of the C57BL/6 line (n = 20) was created a model of melanoma B16/F10 growth during of hyperthyroidism, which was induced by daily intraperitoneal administration of liothyronine sodium (T3) for a long time and confirmed by determining the content of thyroid-stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine in the blood using the radioimmune method. On the 5th day of T3 administration, the melanoma was transplanted. ECG was recorded non-invasively (ecgTUN- NEL, ecgAVG software, emka TECHNOLOGIES, France) on the 1st and 3rd days of T3 administration, in groups with a tumor – on the 6th day after its transplantation.Results. Pathological changes were revealed: in the group with hyperthyroidism – rhythm irregularity, decrease the amplitude of P and T below the isoline, widening of the QRS, on the 3rd day – the death of 1 mouse was noted due to large-focal myocardial infarction; in the group with melanoma – only sinus arrhythmia and decreased heart rate; in the group with a combination of pathologies – an almost normal ECG, with the exception of an increase in P amplitude and a slight increase in QRS.Conclusion. Already in the early stages of hyperthyroidism or tumor growth, there was a violation of myocardial depolarization/ repolarization processes, capable of causing even death of the animal. In case of comorbidity, the majority of ECG parameters normalized, indicating the inclusion of compensatory mechanisms in the interaction of pathologies. The results demonstrate the need for a deeper study of the mechanisms of interaction of several simultaneously existing pathologies in the body.
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Lozina, Milena V., Ivan A. Shiripenko, Olga A. Sidorova, et al. "Multidisciplinary approach to postmortem diagnostics." Digital Diagnostics 4, no. 1S (2023): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/dd430354.
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BACKGROUND: The technique that allows detecting various pathologies and clearly identifying the cause of death and other associated diseases without disturbing the integrity of the skin refers to postmortem radiological diagnostics and is called virtopsy. The number of autopsies decreases worldwide, which creates the need to use alternative non-invasive methods, including virtopsy. The main method of postmortem radiology is multislice computed tomography (CT), with its advantages including high sensitivity to bone pathology. Postmortem radiological diagnostics allow supplementing the classical autopsy. This multidisciplinary approach helps visualize a wide variety of pathologies and assist the pathologist in the diagnostic search.
 AIM: To assess the possibility of applying radiological diagnostic methods in the pathological anatomical practice and features of non-invasive autopsy (virtopsy) and its differences from the classical autopsy.
 METHODS: The archival material including macro preparations of two lower limbs with tumor-like masses of unclear genesis (the upper third of the femur and the calcaneal tuber) was used. The biomaterial was previously encased in a specially treated gelatin medium, which ensured its preservation and left parts of the CT scanner intact. Multislice CT was used for radiological assessment of the preparations. From the primary CT sequences obtained, scans with the best visualization in the bone and soft tissue windows were selected, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was applied. Scans and 3D reconstructions of images of tumor-like masses of the heel and thigh bones were obtained. Interpretation of the borders of the mass, characteristics of morphology and possible source of growth of the neoplasm allowed assuming a malignant nature of the tumor, suggesting its bone origin. Further histologic examination in both cases confirmed the neoplasm (osteogenic sarcoma).
 RESULTS: CT scans and 3D reconstructions of images of tumour-like masses in the heel and femur were obtained. The interpretation of the boundaries of the mass, the morphological characteristics and the possible source of growth of the neoplasm suggested a malignant nature of the tumour, suggesting a bony origin. Further histological evaluation in both cases confirmed the nature of the neoplasm (osteogenic sarcoma).
 CONCLUSIONS: The use of postmortem radiological diagnostic elements provides a sufficiently accurate verification of the nature of some pathologies. However, the absence of tissue damage and disturbances of intact topographic characteristics play not the least role in the postmortem diagnosis. In contrast to autopsy, this technique allows to return to the original appearance of the structures examined and, if necessary, start the diagnostic search anew. Moreover, specialists from other regions can be remotely involved by sending the data of CT scanning.
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Y, Naveen,. "Brain Tumor and Lung Disease Detection using Deep Learning." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem32674.
Full textAbstract:
Brain Tumor and Lung Disease Detection using Deep Learning stands at the forefront of medical innovation, revolutionizing diagnostics with cutting-edge technology. Leveraging intricate algorithms and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), it automates the analysis of MRI scans for brain tumors and chest CT-Scans for lung diseases. Through meticulous feature extraction, this system precisely identifies diverse tumor types like glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors, along with lung pathologies such as bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and tuberculosis. By harnessing the power of deep learning, this ambitious project aims to significantly enhance diagnostic efficiency and accuracy, ushering in a new era in medical practice. Beyond expediting diagnoses, it holds promise in tailoring treatment strategies for improved patient care and treatment outcomes across neurology and pulmonology. Keywords: Brain Tumor Detection, Lung Disease Identification, Advanced Medical Diagnostics, Convolutional neural networks, Neural Network-based Diagnosis, Medical Diagnostics.
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Dagistan, Saadettin, Ozkan Miloglu, and Fatma Caglayan. "Changes in jawbones of male patients with chronic renal failure on digital panoramic radiographs." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 01 (2016): 064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.175699.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the existence of gonial cortical bone thickness, antegonial index, mandibular canal bone resorption and gonial angle values and pathologies like ground-glass appearance in jawbones and brown tumor in male patients undergoing dialysis due to chronic renal failure and men from the healthy control group on panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs were taken from 80 male individuals in total (40 normal and 40 dialysis patients). Values obtained from the right and left sides of the mandible were summed and their means were calculated. Gonial cortical thickness, antegonial index and gonial angle values were assessed with the Student's t-test, mandibular canal wall resorption with the Chi-square test, and pathologies such as ground-glass appearance and Brown tumor as “available” or “not available.” Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among the antegonial index (P < 0.001), gonial cortical bone thickness (P < 0.001), and gonial angle (P < 0.001) values of study and control groups. Besides, mandibular canal wall resorption (P < 0.001) was also statistically significant. In the study group, pathologies with ground-glass appearance were encountered in mandible, but no radiographic findings were observed similar to brown tumor. Conclusions: Compared to the control group, decreases were found in gonial cortical bone thicknesses, antegonial index values, mandibular canal wall resorption, and gonial angle values of the patients receiving dialysis treatment due to chronic renal failure. Although it is not statistically significant, pathology with ground-glass appearance was detected in a patient, but no pathologies like brown tumor were observed. These findings from patients with chronic renal failure must be evaluated in panoramic radiography.
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Mačianskytė, Diana, and Rimas Adaškevičius. "Automatic Detection of Human Maxillofacial Tumors by Using Thermal Imaging: A Preliminary Study." Sensors 22, no. 5 (2022): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051985.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional computed tomography (CT) delivers a relatively high dose of radiation to the patient and cannot be used as a method for screening of pathologies. Instead, infrared thermography (IRT) might help in the detection of pathologies, but interpreting thermal imaging (TI) is difficult even for the expert. The main objective of this work is to present a new, automated IRT method capable to discern the absence or presence of tumor in the orofacial/maxillofacial region of patients. We evaluated the use of a special feature vector extracted from face and mouth cavity thermograms in classifying TIs against the absence/presence of tumor (n = 23 patients per group). Eight statistical features extracted from TI were used in a k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier. Classification accuracy of kNN was evaluated by CT, and by creating a vector with the true class labels for TIs. The presented algorithm, constructed from a training data set, gives good results of classification accuracy of kNN: sensitivity of 77.9%, specificity of 94.9%, and accuracy of 94.1%. The new algorithm exhibited almost the same accuracy in detecting the absence/presence of tumor as CT, and is a proof-of-principle that IRT could be useful as an additional reliable screening tool for detecting orofacial/maxillofacial tumors.
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Jain, Abhijeet A., Girish D. Bakhshi, Jessika Shah, et al. "Ganglioneuroma mimicking adrenal tumor." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 8 (2020): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20203266.
Full textAbstract:
Ganglioneuromas arise from neural crest sympathogonia and are rare benign neurogenic tumors. The most common affected sites are posterior mediastinum and the retroperitoneum. They rarely affect adrenal glands. Ganglioneuromas often present as solitary, painless and slow growing mass and are benign in nature. These tumors are closely related to major vessels. Hence, surgical management of retroperitoneal pathologies may require multiorgan resection in order to achieve complete surgical resection while preservation of surrounding organs especially in case of benign tumors. We present a case report of a 21 year old male with a 12×10×10 cm size right sided retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma which on computed tomography (CT) mimicked adrenal tumor crossing the midline and abutting the aorta and splaying the inferior venal cava and renal vein. Present paper is an attempt to review the various surgical options available while dealing with these benign retroperitoneal tumors which are related closely to retroperitoneal organs and major vessels.
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de los Reyes Corrales, Teresa, María Losada-Pérez, and Sergio Casas-Tintó. "JNK Pathway in CNS Pathologies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (2021): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083883.
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The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway is a conserved response to a wide range of internal and external cellular stress signals. Beside the stress response, the JNK pathway is involved in a series of vital regulatory mechanisms during development and adulthood that are critical to maintain tissue homeostasis. These mechanisms include the regulation of apoptosis, growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. The JNK pathway has a diverse functionality and cell-tissue specificity, and has emerged as a key player in regeneration, tumorigenesis and other pathologies. The JNK pathway is highly active in the central nervous system (CNS), and plays a central role when cells need to cope with pathophysiological insults during development and adulthood. Here, we review the implications of the JNK pathway in pathologies of the CNS. More specifically, we discuss some newly identified examples and mechanisms of JNK-driven tumor progression in glioblastoma, regeneration/repair after an injury, neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death. All these new discoveries support the central role of JNK in CNS pathologies and reinforce the idea of JNK as potential target to reduce their detrimental effects.
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Lemound, Juliana, Dimitrios Papadimas, Sabine Skodda, Andrea Tannapfel, Anriy Alekseyev, and Martin Kunkel. "Isolated Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy as an Early Symptom of a Granular Cell Tumor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052690.
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Background: Hypoglossal nerve palsy (HNP) is rather common as a neurological disease. However, as an isolated nerve palsy it is an exceedingly rare phenomenon and points at local pathologies along the peripheral course of the nerve. In this communication we report a granular cell tumor (GCT) arising in the submandibular segment of the hypoglossal nerve. Case-Report: Spontaneous isolated HNP was recognized in a female patient. First line MR-imaging identified a clivus-chordoma. However, involvement of the hypoglossal nerve was highly unlikely according to MR-findings. Finally, ultrasonographic investigation revealed a small submandibular mass which, at histological examination, turned out to be a granular cell tumor arising within the hypoglossal nerve. Conclusions: This is the report of an extremely rare GCT originating within the 12th cranial nerve. The case illustrates that isolated motoric cranial nerve palsy may result from this rare tumor entity. This report also points out the diagnostic value of a simple ultrasonographic investigation to depict pathologic lesions of the submandibular space.