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Journal articles on the topic 'Tungsten carbide cobalt'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Pee, J. H., G. H. Kim, H. Y. Lee, and Y. J. Kim. "Extraction Factor Of Tungsten Sources From Tungsten Scraps By Zinc Decomposition Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (2015): 1311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0120.

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Abstract Decomposition promoting factors and extraction process of tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders in the zinc decomposition process of tungsten scraps which are composed mostly of tungsten carbide and cobalt were evaluated. Zinc volatility was suppressed by the enclosed graphite crucible and zinc volatilization pressure was produced in the reaction graphite crucible inside an electric furnace for ZDP (Zinc Decomposition Process). Decomposition reaction was done for 2hours at 650°, which 100% decomposed the tungsten scraps that were over 30 mm thick. Decomposed scraps were pulverized under 75μm and were composed of tungsten carbide and cobalt identified by the XRD (X-ray Diffraction). To produce the WC(Tungsten Carbide) powder directly from decomposed scraps, pulverized powders were reacted with hydrochloric acid to remove the cobalt binder. Also to produce the tungstic acid, pulverized powders were reacted with aqua regia to remove the cobalt binder and oxidize the tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders were identified by XRD and chemical composition analysis.

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2

Yui, Akinori, Takayuki Kitajima, and Kenichiro Yoshitomi. "Face Turning of Cobalt-Free Tungsten Carbide Using Nano-Polycrystalline Diamond Tool." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.245.

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The use of hard and brittle materials for manufacturing optical parts, such as dies and molds are required in order to extend mold life. Although, cobalt-free tungsten carbide is one of the hardest materials, micro-cutting is very difficult due to its hardness and its brittleness. This paper investigates face turning of cobalt-free tungsten carbide using a nanopolycrystalline diamond [NPD] tool and Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP) fluid. Surface roughness of the cobalt-free tungsten carbide achieved was 22nmRz, which is far larger than the theoretical value. That is, traditional cutting theory does not directly apply for face turning of cobalt-free tungsten carbide using NPD tool and ZnDTP fluid.

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3

Gezerman, Ahmet Ozan, and Burcu Didem Çorbacıoğlu. "Effects of Mechanical Alloying on Sintering Behavior of Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Hard Metal System." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8175034.

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During the last few years, efforts have been made to improve the properties of tungsten carbides (WCs) by preparing composite materials. In this study, we prepared WC particles by mechanical alloying and investigated the effects of mechanical alloying conditions, such as mechanical alloying time and mechanically alloyed powder ratio, on the properties of 94WC-6Co. According to experimental studies, increasing the mechanical alloying time causes an increase in the density of tungsten carbide samples and a decrease of crystal sizes and inner strength of the prepared materials. With the increase of mechanical alloying time, fine particle concentrations of tungsten carbide samples have increased. It is observed that increasing the mechanical alloying time caused a decrease of the particle surface area of tungsten carbide samples. Besides, the amount of specific phases such as Co3W3C and Co6W6C increases with increasing mechanical alloying time. As another subject of this study, increasing the concentration of mechanically alloyed tungsten carbides caused an increase in the densities of final tungsten carbide materials. With the concentrations of mechanically alloyed materials, the occurrence of Co6W6C and Co3W3C phases and the increase of crystallization are observed.

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4

Rosso, Mario, Ildiko Peter, and Federico Gobber. "Focus on Carbide-Tipped Circular Saws when Cutting Stainless Steel and Special Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.13.

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Circular saw blades are used exclusively for cut-off work, ranging from small manual feed operations, up to very large power fed saws commonly used for sectioning stock as it comes from a rolling mill or other manufacturing processes for long products. The teeth profile, as well as the tooth configuration are of fundamental importance for the blade performances; through a combination of blade rigidity and grinding wheel condition a good quality surface finish is attained for tools of commercial standard. The materials used for the production of circular saw blades are ranging from high speed steel to cemented carbides. In particular, cemented carbides, being characterized by high hardness and strength, are used in applications where materials with high wear resistance and toughness are required. The main constituents of cemented carbides are tungsten carbide and cobalt. Tungsten carbide imparts the alloys the necessary strength and wear resistance, whereas cobalt contributes to the toughness and ductility of the alloys. The WC-Co alloys are tailored for specific applications by the proper choice of tungsten carbide grain size and the cobalt content. The grain size of the tungsten carbide in WC-Co varies from about 40 µm to around 0.3 µm, the cobalt content from 3 to 30 wt%. The coarse grained hardmetals are mainly used in mining applications, the smallest grain size being about 3 µm and the minimum cobalt content 6 wt%. The grain size of tungsten carbide in the metal cutting industry, as well as for universal applications lies in the range of 1-2 µm. However, with the advent of near net shape manufacturing and thin walled components, the use of submicron carbide is growing, since their high compressive strength and abrasive wear resistance can be used to produce tools with a sharp cutting edge and a large positive rake angle.In this invited paper, a general overview on the actual trends in the choice of the best material when cutting special alloys will be presented and discussed. Based on the recent and past literature some examples of their up-to-date application, such as circular saws used to cut stainless steels and some high strength alloys, are talk over.

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5

Tsurimoto, Seji, Toshimichi Moriwaki, and Masafumi Nagata. "Machinability of CBN Tool in Turning of Tungsten Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.70.

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Tungsten Carbide have extremely high hardness and wear-resistivity compared with conventional steel materials, and it is expected that the Tungsten carbide can be applied widely to dies and molds in the near future. In order to develop an efficient machining method of Tungsten Carbide for the dies and molds, series of cutting experiments were carried out to turn the sintered Tungsten Carbide materials with CBN tool. The selected sintered Tungsten Carbide workpieces are those containing Tungsten Carbide grains with mean grain size of 5μm, and 15wt%, 20wt% and 22wt% of Cobalt binder. The sintered CBN tool selected contains super-fine grains of CBN with mean grain size of 1μm. The cutting speed was varied from 10m/min to 60m/min, and the tool wear and the surface roughness were measured. It is concluded that the tool wear is less when cutting the sintered Tungsten Carbide containing larger amount of Cobalt binder. The surface roughness of about 2μm in Rz is obtained.

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6

Kushkhov, Hasbi, Marina Adamokova, Vitalij Kvashin, Anzor Kardanov, and Svetlana Gramoteeva. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Binary Carbides of Tungsten and Iron (Nickel, Cobalt) in Halide-Oxide Melts at 823 K." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 12 (2007): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-1213.

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Iron, cobalt and nickel powders are used as binding components for the production of articles of tungsten carbide by the hot pressing method. This fact and the unique properties of binary carbides of tungsten-iron triad metals encouraged the search for new ways of their synthesis. In the present work, the attempt to synthezise binary tungsten-nickel (cobalt, iron) carbides in molten KCl-NaCl-CsCl at 823 K was made. As a result of voltammetry research, it was established that in eutectic KCl-NaCl-CsCl melts the deposition potentials ofWand Ni (Co, Fe) differ by 150 - 350 mV from each other, which makes their co-deposition difficult. It is possible to shift the deposition potentials of tungsten and metals of the iron triad metals towards each other by changing the acid-base properties of the melt. The products of electrolysis in these molten system were identified by X-ray analysis. They are mixtures of tungsten and nickel (cobalt, iron) carbides: Ni2W4C, W6C2.54; Co3W3C, Co6W6C, W2C, Co3C; FeW3C.

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7

Han, Chulwoong, Hyunwoong Na, Hanshin Choi, and Yonghwan Kim. "High Purity Tungsten Spherical Particle Preparation From WC-Co Spent Hard Scrap." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (2015): 1507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0162.

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Abstract Tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metal scrap was recycled to obtain high purity spherical tungsten powder by a combined hydrometallurgy and physical metallurgy pathway. Selective leaching of tungsten element from hard metal scrap occurs at solid / liquid interface and therefore enlargement of effective surface area is advantageous. Linear oxidation behavior of Tungsten carbide-cobalt and the oxidized scrap is friable to be pulverized by milling process. In this regard, isothermally oxidized Tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metal scrap was mechanically broken into particles and then tungsten trioxide particle was recovered by hydrometallurgical method. Recovered tungsten trioxide was reduced to tungsten particle in a hydrogen environment. After that, tungsten particle was melted and solidified to make a spherical one by RF (Ratio Frequency) thermal plasma process. Well spherical tungsten micro-particle was successfully obtained from spent scrap. In addition to the morphological change, thermal plasma process showed an advantage for the purification of feedstock particle.

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8

Antonini, J., K. Starks, L. Millecchia, J. Roberts, and K. Rao. "Changes in F-actin Organization Induced by Hard Metal Particle Exposure in Rat Pulmonary Epithelial Cells as Observed by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (1999): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015786.

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Hard metal is an alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt along with other components such as chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, and nickel. Chronic exposure to hard metal particles by inhalation causes alveolitis leading to interstitial fibrosis, the pathogenesis of which is still undefined. The initial inflammatory response includes a change in epithelial cell permeability barrier function (1) which has been shown to be regulated by the state of assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeletal network (2, 3). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect hard metal particles have on F-actin organization of rat lung epithelial cells in an in vitro culture system.Rat lung epithelial cells (L2: ATCC, CCL-149) were grown to confluence on glass coverslips and exposed to various concentrations of hard metal particles for 24 hours. The effect on F-actin organization was visualized by confocal microscopy following Bodipy-Phallacidin staining, while changes in cell morphology were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. Hard metal particles of cobalt, tungsten carbide, and tungsten carbide/cobalt (6 % cobalt) were tested at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 μg/ml. There was a dose-dependent change in the F-actin organization in the cells. The actin microfilaments lost their uniform distribution and aggregated into homogeneous masses of F-actin staining. Significant change in F-actin state was observed even at a 1 μg/ml concentration of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles. This is consistent with previous observations that pathological effects of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles are more pronounced compared to either metal alone. Phase contrast microscopy revealed no significant change in the cell morphology at this short incubation time.

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9

Tarraste, Marek, Jakob Kübarsepp, Arvo Mere, Kristjan Juhani, Märt Kolnes, and Mart Viljus. "Ultrafine Cemented Carbides with Cobalt and Iron Binders Prepared via Reactive In Situ Sintering." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.176.

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Reactive sintering of cemented carbides involves mechanical and thermal activation of precursor elemental powders, followed by in-situ synthesis of tungsten carbide. This approach promotes formation of ultrafine microstructure favored in many cemented carbide applications. Our study focuses on the effect of mechanical activation (high-energy milling) on the properties of powder and following thermal activation (sintering) on the microstructure characteristics and phase composition. Reactive sintering proved effective – an ultrafine grained microstructure of cemented carbides with Co and Fe binders was achieved. Formation of tungsten carbide grains was complete at low temperature during reactive spark plasma sintering, resulting in textured microstructure with anisotropic grain formation and growth.

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10

Noordin, Mohd Yusof, A. S. Noor Adila, S. Izman, and D. Kurniawan. "Acid Pretreatment of WC-Co Prior to CVD Diamond Coating." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.626.

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Pretreatment on tungsten carbide (WC-Co) surface is critical for obtaining perfectly adherent diamond coatings by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The carbide surface should have high roughness to facilitate diamond nucleation and adhesion. The presence of cobalt—common binder for tungsten carbide—on the surface to be coated should be made minimum since it has negative influence on the diamond deposition process. In this study, surface pretreatment on tungsten carbide using sulfuric acid was evaluated in terms of the resulted cobalt removal and the surface roughening. The variables included were acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The resulted surface roughness was 29% higher than initial, averaged at 1.07 µm. The acid pretreatment was also found effective in eliminating surface cobalt.

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11

Gou, Li, Ji Lei Zhu, Jun Guo Ran, and Suang Feng Yan. "Diamond Coated on Cobalt-Deficient Gradient Tungsten Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1889.

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In order to improve the adhesion between diamond coatings and cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) substrates, the diamond coatings were deposited on one kind of cobalt-deficient gradient WC-Co by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the diamond coatings. The results showed dense, well facet diamond coatings. The cobalt content at the surface of substrate was measured by electron probe microanalysis. It was found that Co did not largely move to the surface as usual with deposition time increasing compared with the conventional tungsten carbide; The cobalt content at the surface of substrate after deposition (about 1 wt %) was lower than before (3.42wt%), which improved diamond coating’s adhesion against the tungsten carbide substrate.

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12

Ogierman, Witold, and Wojciech Grzegorzek. "The influence of the WC-Co composite microstructure model on stress field heterogeneity at the microstructure level: FEM based study." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2017-0421.

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AbstractThe paper is devoted to finite element method based study of stress field heterogeneity at microstructure level of two-phase cemented carbides. Special attention is put on investigation of influence of the microstructure model type on the stress field distributions. Two- and three-dimensional models of the microstructures have been generated. Moreover, two different representations of the microstructure have been considered. The first one assumes uniformly distributed cobalt phase forming continuous boundaries between tungsten carbide particles. The second one assumes that the cobalt phase shape and distribution are created in a way that allows for no differentiation of continuous boundaries between tungsten carbide grains. Finite element analyses have been carried out with different microstructure models. The results of the simulations are stress distributions in each phase of the material. Furthermore, a numerical homogenization has been conducted to investigate the phase properties’ influence on the effective elastic constants of the cemented carbide.

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13

Moustakas, T. D., J. Y. Koo, A. Ozekcin, and J. Scanlon. "Structure of tungsten carbide‐cobalt multilayers." Journal of Applied Physics 65, no. 11 (1989): 4256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343309.

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14

Kim, B. K. "Effect of tungsten carbide size on mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 52, no. 7-8 (1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)80225-1.

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15

Kim, B. "Effect of tungsten carbide size on mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 7-8 (1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)84731-5.

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16

Oskolkova, T. N., A. S. Simachev, and S. I. Yares’ko. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification with titanium and silicon carbide of the surface of hard VK10KS alloy on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-922-928.

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Electro-explosive alloying as a method of pulse-plasma treatment consists in accumulation of energy by a battery of pulsed capacitors and its subsequent discharge for 100 μs through a conductor in form of titanium foil with silicon carbide powder, while conductor is under explosive destruction. Method of electro-explosive alloying of tungsten-cobalt hard alloy includes melting of surface and its saturation with explosion products, followed by self-hardening by removing heat deep into the material and environment. On the surface of VK10KS hard alloy, the coating was obtained with thickness of up to 15 – 20 microns with nanohardness of 26,000 MPa. Using X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it has been established that new phases of TiC, W2C, (W, Ti)C1 – x , WSi2 with high hardness were formed in the surface layer. As a result, friction coefficient decreased to 0.18 compared to the initial 0.41. Investigations with transmission electron microscopy have revealed changes during electro-explosive alloying that occur in surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases. Dislocations accumulations were found in the carbide phase. In cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and finely dispersed precipitates of tungsten carbides were revealed. This change can be explained by stabilization of cubic modification of cobalt, crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes upon deformation and greater ability to harden in comparison with hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with cobalt binder in heat affected zone after pulse-plasma treatment have a positive effect on the service life of tungsten-cobalt hard alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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17

Oskolkova, T. N., A. S. Simachev, and S. I. Yares’ko. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification with titanium and silicon carbide of the surface of hard VK10KS alloy on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-922-928.

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Electro-explosive alloying as a method of pulse-plasma treatment consists in accumulation of energy by a battery of pulsed capacitors and its subsequent discharge for 100 μs through a conductor in form of titanium foil with silicon carbide powder, while conductor is under explosive destruction. Method of electro-explosive alloying of tungsten-cobalt hard alloy includes melting of surface and its saturation with explosion products, followed by self-hardening by removing heat deep into the material and environment. On the surface of VK10KS hard alloy, the coating was obtained with thickness of up to 15 – 20 microns with nanohardness of 26,000 MPa. Using X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it has been established that new phases of TiC, W2C, (W, Ti)C1 – x , WSi2 with high hardness were formed in the surface layer. As a result, friction coefficient decreased to 0.18 compared to the initial 0.41. Investigations with transmission electron microscopy have revealed changes during electro-explosive alloying that occur in surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases. Dislocations accumulations were found in the carbide phase. In cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and finely dispersed precipitates of tungsten carbides were revealed. This change can be explained by stabilization of cubic modification of cobalt, crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes upon deformation and greater ability to harden in comparison with hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with cobalt binder in heat affected zone after pulse-plasma treatment have a positive effect on the service life of tungsten-cobalt hard alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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18

Li, Shao Xiang, Zhao Feng Wang, Wen Qian Li, Gui Zhong Zhou, and Guang Zhao Liu. "Characterization of Recycled Cemented Carbide and the Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.173.

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Nowadays, a large quantity of cemented carbide is being consumed, and the amount of scrap cemented carbide is increasing year by year. In this paper, crystal morphology, element content and phase structure of the recycled cobalt powder as well as recycled tungsten carbide powder were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. Hardness of the prepared W-Co alloy using recycled cobalt powder and recycled tungsten carbide powder as the raw materials was tested by Rockwell apparatus. Through analysis of these results, the existing problems in recycling of scrap cemented carbide emerged. As for recycling of scrap cemented carbide, the research results can provide theoretical basis for improvement of recycling technology and process control technology.

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19

Bagnall, C., J. Capo, and W. J. Moorhead. "Oxidation Behavior of Tungsten Carbide-6% Cobalt Cemented Carbide." Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 7, no. 6 (2018): 661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0493-7.

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20

Rodelas, Jeff, Greg Hilmas, and Rajiv S. Mishra. "Sinterbonding cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide to tungsten heavy alloys." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 27, no. 5 (2009): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.03.001.

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21

Miranda, G., B. Guimarães, D. Pereira, et al. "Mechanical and tribological performance of Ni–Co-based binders for cubic boron nitride cutting tools." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 20 (2020): 2753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320902514.

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Cubic boron nitride is becoming an alternative cutting tool material for machining under demanding conditions, displaying superior wear performance and machined parts with higher quality. The current need to reduce the cobalt content in these tools led to this study and focused on alternative binder materials for cubic boron nitride cutting tools. This work addresses several nickel–cobalt-based materials, regarding their microstructure, mechanical (hardness and shear strength), and tribological performance. The best results were attained when adding tungsten carbide to nickel–cobalt, once nickel–cobalt–tungsten carbide was found to display the higher mechanical properties, together with the higher wear resistance.

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22

Lukashov, A. S., Evgeniy A. Zernin, and M. A. Kuznetsov. "Application of Inorganic Nanopowders in Welding, Surfacing and Spraying (Review)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.299.

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The paper reviews research works on nanoincorporated consumables for welding, surfacing and spraying. Use of metal and compound nanoparticles is considered such as tungsten carbide, tungsten-cobalt carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbonitride, aluminum oxide and others. It has been proved that inoculation of nanopowders results in modification of metal structure and improves service performance of weld joints.

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23

Xiao, Xiangjun, Xiaoli Xi, Zuoren Nie, Liwen Zhang, and Liwen Ma. "Direct Electrochemical Preparation of Cobalt, Tungsten, and Tungsten Carbide from Cemented Carbide Scrap." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 1 (2016): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0836-1.

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24

Norafifah, H., M. Y. Noordin, S. Izman, and D. Kurniawan. "Acid Pretreatment of WC-Co for Surface Roughening and Cobalt Removal Prior to CVD Diamond Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.592.

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Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coatings are being developed to be applied on carbide cutting tools to enhance wear resistance and increase tool life. As a prerequisite, for ensuring adhesion of CVD diamond on tungsten carbide substrate, it is necessary to prepare high surface roughness and to remove the cobalt on tungsten carbide surface during the pretreatment. In this study, a two step acid pretreatment was examined for those purposes. Etching using modified Murakamis reagent was initially performed to roughen the surface. Subsequently, the carbide was immersed in nitric acid to remove cobalt. Concentration of the acid solutions and reaction time were varied. Results showed that the initial step by modified Murakamis reagent etching resulted in a surface roughness of Ry = 6.95 µm, which is a 15% increase from the average initial surface roughness. The second step by nitric acid immersion on modified Murakamis reagent etched carbide samples resulted in carbide surfaces with zero cobalt content, confirming the effectiveness of the pretreatment.

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25

Oskolkova, T. N., and A. S. Simachev. "Influence of pulse-plasma modification of VK10KS solid alloy surface by titanium and boron on its structure and properties." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 5 (2020): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-5-351-356.

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Modification of the surface of VK10KS solid alloy with titanium alongside with boron by the method of pulse-plasma exposure (electro-explosive alloying) is considered. In this case, a superhard (27,500 MPa nanohardness) layer is formed with a thickness of 2.0 – 2.5 μm and a low (μ = 0.10) friction coefficient compared to the friction coefficient of a hard alloy in the sintered state (μ = 0.41). This layer consists of finely dispersed high-hard phases TiB2, (Ti, W)C, W2C (according to scanning, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis). Below is a hardened (with a nanohardness of 17,000 MPa) surface layer (heat affected zone) 10 – 15 μm thick, identified by W2C and WC carbides and alloyed with a cobalt binder. This layer smoothly passes into the base. By profilometric studies it was established that after electroexplosive alloying with titanium and boron, the roughness increases (Ra = 2.00 μm) compared to the initial one (Ra = 1.32 μm), but remains within the specifications (Ra = 2.50 μm). The authors have revealed changes that occur in the surface carbide and near-surface cobalt phases during electroexplosive alloying. In the carbide phase, accumulations of dislocations were indicated. In the cobalt binder, deformation bands (slip bands), single dislocations, and also finely dispersed tungsten carbide precipitates were found. This change can be explained by stabilization of the cubic modification of cobalt, the crystal lattice of which has a large number of slip planes during deformation and a greater ability to harden compared to the hexagonal modification of cobalt. Additional alloying with a cobalt binder will positively affect the operational stability of tungsten carbide alloys as a whole due to their stabilization.

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26

Sarhan, Ahmed AD. "Dissimilar vacuum brazing of WC-Co and cold work steel utilizing a new near-eutectic silver-copper filler alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 6-7 (2019): 1019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405419893854.

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Tungsten carbides are extremely high in hardness and they are wear-resistant materials. However, they are extremely brittle materials that render them ideal for many applications. Brazing technology has been proved to be a promising approach for joining tungsten carbide to tough metals to create high strength, tough and impact-resistant joint in the final assembly. In this research work, a dissimilar brazing of tungsten carbide (WC-Co) and cold work steel will be achieved using a new type of filler, a silver-copper near-eutectic alloy (BAg-8T) (Ag70Cu28Ti2). (BAg-8T) as a mixed alloy (eutectic and titanium) can melt/solidify completely in a very narrow temperature range (778 °C/800 °C), lower than any other existing brazing filler alloy; this will reduce the possibility of partial fastening while solidification. In addition, (BAg-8T) filler will act as the soft-iron gauze. Being soft and ductile metals, they will creep and absorb the movement due to differential contraction of the carbide and tool shank. Besides, they will improve the wetting on the carbide. In this research work, the effect of the joining parameters (brazing temperature and cobalt percentage in the tungsten carbide) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the brazed joint will be investigated to determine the best joint performance.

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27

Bukov, A. "Nanostructured composition of diamond-tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 7-8 (1998): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(98)85123-0.

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Laczkó, László, and Margit Eniszné Bódogh. "Tungsten-carbide/cobalt based hard metals II." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 60, no. 1 (2008): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2008.1.

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29

Nerz, J., B. Kushner, and A. Rotolico. "Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 1, no. 2 (1992): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02659015.

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30

Madhavi Latha, T., and S. Venkatachalam. "Electrolytic recovery of tungsten and cobalt from tungsten carbide scrap." Hydrometallurgy 22, no. 3 (1989): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(89)90030-3.

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31

Ismail, A., and Norhaslina Abd Aziz. "Corrosion Behavior of WC-Co and WC-Ni in 3.5% NaCl at Increasing Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.135.

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Tungsten carbides (WC) are widely used as wear resistant components such as seal, valves, rings, nozzle and bearings. But in some processing operations, the environment necessarily includes severe corrosion or extremes of temperatures. In paper reveal, the corrosion performance of commercial cobalt tungsten carbide (WC-6%Co) and nickel tungsten carbide (WC-9%Ni) in seawater with 3.5% salinity. The experiment was performed in four different temperatures (20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C) and the surface structure by corrosion attack was reveal under SEM. TheIcorrvalue of WC-9%Ni is lower than WC-6%Co, elucidate that WC-9%Ni is better in corrosion resistance compare to WC-6%Co. As the temperature increased, the corrosion rate for every material increased as expected. Decreasing in hardness value for both materials reveal that, the material’s hardness decrease after corrosion has attacked.

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32

Chen, Tzung Ming, Yuan Ching Lin, and Jiun Nan Chen. "Analysis of Wear Behaviour of Sintering Carbide against DLC Coated and Nitriding Steel." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.60.

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In this paper, tribological behaviours for sintering carbides and DLC/nitride film are discussed. During the wear test, two types of hardened steel are setting to sliding against eight series of carbide specimens in order to compare the wear mode and evaluate the wear performance of sintering carbides, which are made by different process parameters. The experiment result shows that a density ratio of sintering carbide between 86% and 99% does not have obviously different effect on wear resistance. Moreover, molybdenum binder with high diffusibility can improve the wear performance of tungsten carbide, but wear performance of titanium carbide is dependent on the amount of nickel/cobalt binder, separately. On the other hand, SAE52100 substrate absorbs the heat of friction and maintains the coated diamond-like carbon film in an excellent wear performance.

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33

Busch, Wibke, Dana Kühnel, Armin Springer, et al. "Tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide cobalt nanoparticle toxicity: The role of cellular particle uptake, leached ions and cobalt bioavailability." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.645.

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34

Jun, Wei, Wang Fu-Xing, Cheng Yin-Qian, and Chen Nan-Ping. "Cavitation Erosion of Cobalt Alloy Coatings Containing Tungsten Carbide Particles in Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Corrosive Media." Journal of Tribology 115, no. 2 (1993): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2921003.

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Cavitation erosion tests of composite coatings based on vacuum fusion sintered cobalt alloy containing tungsten carbide particles were carried out in 30 percent HCl and 50 percent H2SO4 solutions. The technique used included an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus at 30°C, 25μm amplitude and 30 kHz frequency. Weight loss was measured with an analytical balance and the microstructure was observed with SEM. The test results showed that the cavitation erosion resistance of the composite coatings was increased by increasing the tungsten carbide content. The cavitation erosion is mainly caused by removal of the matrix material. The steady-state erosion rates have a linear relationship with the volume fraction of the tungsten carbide phase.

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35

Bastian, Susanne, Wibke Busch, Dana Kühnel, et al. "Toxicity of Tungsten Carbide and Cobalt-Doped Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells in Vitro." Environmental Health Perspectives 117, no. 4 (2009): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800121.

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36

Oakes, J., and J. Groza. "Field effects in sintering tungsten carbide-cobalt powders." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 5 (1998): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(98)85078-9.

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37

Yamamoto, T. "Erosive wear of tungsten carbide-cobalt hard alloys." Metal Powder Report 53, no. 7-8 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(98)85118-7.

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Gadalla, A. M., and W. Tsai. "Electrical Discharge Machining of Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Composites." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72, no. 8 (1989): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb07660.x.

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39

Spriggs, G. E., and L. Prakash. "Characterization Problems with Tungsten Carbide and Cobalt Powders." Powder Metallurgy 29, no. 2 (1986): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1986.29.2.109.

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40

Han, D., and J. J. Mecholsky. "Fracture analysis of cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide composites." Journal of Materials Science 25, no. 12 (1990): 4949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00580112.

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41

Yui, Akinori, Hiroshi Matsuoka, Takayuki Kitajima, and Shigeki Okuyama. "Planing of Cobalt-Free Tungsten Carbide Using a Diamond Tool -Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear-." Key Engineering Materials 389-390 (September 2008): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.389-390.132.

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Diamond tools wear easily under cutting tungsten carbide. To clarify the wear mechanism, the authors composed a temperature-measurement system of a cutting point using a dual-colorinfrared pyrometer and performed planing experiments. Infrared rays, emitted from the contact point between a mono-crystal-diamond tool and a cobalt-free tungsten carbide, are transmitted though the diamond tool and an optical fiber and then they are detected by the pyrometer. Before the planing experiments, rubbing experiments were performed using a mono-crystal-diamond stick and a tungsten-carbide disk. The effects of gas environments and rubbing conditions on contact-point temperature, friction coefficient, and diamond wear were experimentally investigated. Planing experiments of the tungsten carbide using mono-crystal-diamond tool, were performed. The effects of planing conditions and gas environments on cutting-point temperature and tool wear were investigated. Through the experiments the following results were obtained. Rubbing and cutting point temperature is the highest in Argon gas followed by Nitrogen gas and is the lowest in Air. Diamond-tool wear is the greatest in Argon gas, less in Nitrogen gas, and the least in Air. The reason for this is that a chemically or physically absorbed layer of oxygen or nitrogen on tungsten carbide acts as a lubricant at the contact point. Cutting-point temperature was in proportion to cutting speed. The temperature under cutting speed at 90m/min and cutting depth at 1.0μm in Air was approximately 170degrees Celsius.

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42

Fujiwara, Junsuke, Keisuke Wakao, and Takeshi Miyamoto. "Influence of Tungsten-Carbide and Cobalt on Tool Wear in Cutting of Cemented Carbides with Polycrystalline Diamond Tool." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 4 (2013): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0433.

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The influence of the tungsten-carbide (WC) particle size and Co contents of cemented carbides on polycrystalline diamond tool wear during turning was investigated experimentally. The main results obtained were as follows. (1) Tool wear increased with increasing Co content. (2) It is important to cut off the binder between the WC particles and the Co. (3) Cemented carbides containing small WC particles are more effective than cemented carbides containing large particles.

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43

Pero, Renato, Giovanni Maizza, Roberto Montanari, and Takahito Ohmura. "Nano-Indentation Properties of Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Composites as a Function of Tungsten Carbide Crystal Orientation." Materials 13, no. 9 (2020): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092137.

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Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) composites are a class of advanced materials that have unique properties, such as wear resistance, hardness, strength, fracture-toughness and both high temperature and chemical stability. It is well known that the local indentation properties (i.e., nano- and micro-hardness) of the single crystal WC particles dispersed in such composite materials are highly anisotropic. In this paper, the nanoindentation response of the WC grains of a compact, full-density, sintered WC-10Co composite material has been investigated as a function of the crystal orientation. Our nanoindentation survey has shown that the nanohardness was distributed according to a bimodal function. This function was post-processed using the unique features of the finite mixture modelling theory. The combination of electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and statistical analysis has made it possible to identify the orientation of the WC crystal and the distinct association of the inherent nanoindentation properties, even for a small set (67) of nanoindentations. The proposed approach has proved to be faster than the already existing ones and just as reliable, and it has confirmed the previous findings concerning the relationship between crystal orientation and indentation properties, but with a significant reduction of the experimental data.

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44

Laczkó, László, and Margit Eniszné Bódogh. "Tungsten-carbide/cobalt based hard metals I. Physical properties of tungsten-carbide powder and its manufacturing." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 59, no. 1 (2007): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2007.1.

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45

"Composition of tungsten carbide-(vanadium, tungsten) carbide-cobalt materials." Metal Powder Report 57, no. 11 (2002): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(02)80579-3.

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46

"Prediction of properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt carbides." Metal Powder Report 52, no. 12 (1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)88756-5.

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47

"Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Carbide WC/Cobalt Composites by Powder Metallurgy Method." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (2019): 2165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3628.129219.

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The Tungsten carbide (WC) based composites are good choice to replace the traditional conventional materials for obtaining high hardness and wear resistance. This work investigates the influence of cobalt content on the characterization of Tungsten carbide. The composite specimens are prepared by using powder metallurgy technique. The effect of cobalt material on the performance of Tungsten carbide hardness, fracture toughness is estimated by conducting suitable experiments. While performing experiments, a powder mixture of 89% WC, 11% of Co was manufactured with powder metallurgy, under appropriate milling conditions and Sintering temperature to ensure uniform microstructure. From the present work the optimum sintering temperature of Tungsten carbide mixed nano cobalt composite is identified. The crystalanity of the resulting materials is identified from a rapid analytical technique, X -ray Diffraction.

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48

"Dissolution of tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide-cobalt in aqueous media." Metal Powder Report 55, no. 12 (2000): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(01)80020-5.

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49

"Structure formation in tungsten-titanium co-carbide/ tungsten carbide/cobalt materials." Metal Powder Report 48, no. 3 (1993): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0657(93)90406-i.

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50

"Characterisation of vanadium carbide in tungsten carbide-cobalt." Metal Powder Report 57, no. 11 (2002): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(02)80594-x.

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