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Journal articles on the topic 'Tunisian (French)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

El Houssi, Leila. "The History and Evolution of Independence Movements in Tunisia." Oriente Moderno 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340139.

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After the establishment of French protectorate in 1881, the role played by the domestic nationalist movements that emerged in Tunisia during the early twentieth century is fundamentally important for any analysis of the long chain of events that ultimately led to the decolonization of the country. The first Tunisian nationalist movement was that of the Jeunes Tunisiens (Young Tunisians) in 1907, which was fronted by two charismatic leaders: al-Bašīr Ṣafar and ʿAlī Bāš Ḥānbah. Al-Bašīr Ṣafar, the undisputed heart and soul of the movement, was among the founders of the Ḫaldūniyyah, a journalist for Le Tunisien, and, after 1908, the governor of Sousse. ʿAlī Bāš Ḥānbah as an administrator at the Collège Sadiki and co-founder of Le Tunisien. After the Great War, another movement emerged demanding the creation of a parliamentary assembly made up of both French and native citizens: the Parti Libéral Constitutionnel, or Dustūr, led by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Taʿālbī, which founded the Arabic-language newspaper “Sabīl al-Rašād”. Initially underestimated by the French authorities, Dustūr would go on become a legitimate nationalist movement. In 1934, at the Congress of Ksar Hellal, the party line imposed by Dustūr frustrated and disappointed many young nationalist militants, who split away from the group and founded a movement of their own that would go on to become the primary champion of the independence struggle: Néo-Dustūr. Among these young militants were Ḥabīb Būrqībah, the leader of the new party, which radically transformed itself with a cross-class platform capable of winning the allegiance of the Tunisian masses in the fight for greater independence. As we shall see, the origins of decolonization in Tunisia indisputably lay in the creation and evolution of these nationalist groups, which built upon and succeeded one another during the first four decades of the twentieth century.
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2

Bel’Kiry, Leila Najeh. "A Historical Account of Linguistic Imperialism and Educational Policy in Tunisia: From the independence to the ‘Jasmine Revolution’." Indonesian TESOL Journal 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/itj.v3i1.1742.

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This article is about foreign languages hegemony in Tunisia. It describes the linguistic situation at the macro and micro levels, the Tunisian and the international linguistic communities, the status of English and French languages throughout the world, and their effects on the Tunisian educational policy. The prevalence of French in Tunisia as the language of science and technology between 1956 and 1987, the way the value of English is promoted in the Tunisian educational system between 1987 and 2011 though Tunisia is a French colonized country, and the tendency to linguistic isolationism since 2011, prove the intrinsic link between language and politics. Political changes at international and local levels shape the local linguistic communities.
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3

Hunter, F. Robert. "The Tunisian Records." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 23, no. 1 (July 1989): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400057989.

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The Protectorate archives deal with the period before and after 1881 and include a wide range of materials, among which are telegraphic communications between Paris and Tunis and correspondence from the French consular agencies and vice-consulates in the Tunisian countryside. By 1872 there were, officially, nine such posts: Bizerte, Gabès, Jerba, La Goulette, Mehdia, Monastir, Sfax, Sousse, and Kef. However, cartons for the pre-Protectorate period contain correspondence from French agents in other places (e.g., Beja, Djerid) as well.
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4

Walters, Keith. "Gender, identity, and the political economy of language: Anglophone wives in Tunisia." Language in Society 25, no. 4 (December 1996): 515–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020807.

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ABSTRACTUsing the frameworks of the political economy of language, and of language use as acts of identity, this study attempts to describe and analyze the situation of natively anglophone wives living with their Tunisian husbands in Tunisia – a speech community characterized by Arabic diglossia and Arabic/French bilingualism. Particular attention is devoted to these women's beliefs about using Tunisian Arabic (TA), the native language of their husbands, and the ways in which access to TA or the use of it becomes a site of conflict between husbands and wives, or mothers and children, in these mixed marriages. (Gender, identity, political economy of language, ideology, Tunisia, Arabic, francophonie, diglossia, code-switching, bilingualism, multilingualism, family relations)
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5

Maâmouri, L., J. Brisswalter, R. Jeddi, and P. Legros. "Self-Perception of Health and Fitness among French and Tunisian Men and Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.227-235.

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This work examines the effects of sex and culture on physical self-perceptions. The aim was to compare the perception of physical fitness of French and Tunisian men and women. 400 individuals ages 20 to 35 years assessed their own fitness, endurance, strength, flexibility, body composition, and health according to specific category scales by completing a questionnaire. In general, the Tunisian group rated themselves higher than the French group. It appears that perceived physical fitness was related mainly to perceived endurance for both groups. Some disparities were observed between the two nationalities. Analysis showed an interaction between sex and culture (French vs Tunisian). For French men and women and Tunisian men, perceived physical fitness was more associated with perceived endurance, whereas for Tunisian women, perceived physical fitness was more strongly associated with flexibility. These data show that self-perception of physical fitness is a dimension which varies between individuals from different cultures.
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6

Biddlestone, Jessica. "The Olive Grove of Rome." French Politics, Culture & Society 38, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2020.380306.

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In 1892, the French resident general in Tunisia launched the first state-sponsored colonization effort in the Tunisian protectorate. Based on Paul Bourde’s study of ancient Roman agriculture, the colonization plan explicitly sought to remake Roman prosperity in central Tunisia by fostering the cultivation of olives. Examining Bourde’s study of the ancient past and his work as director of agriculture in Tunisia, this article explores the connections between the study of the Roman Empire and the development of colonialism in North Africa. In tracing this history, this article highlights how the study and use of Roman ruins in French Tunisia inspired an appreciation for the role that technology and material development played in supporting the spread of Roman civilization and culture.
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7

Gana, Nouri. "Sons of a Beach." Cultural Politics 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-4129125.

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This article examines the cultural politics of bastardy in the films of Tunisian filmmaker Nouri Bouzid at a time when questions of national and cultural identity have come to the fore in Tunisia in the wake of the Revolution of Freedom and Dignity. Nouri Bouzid is the doyen of Tunisian cinema. Not only was he involved in every major postcolonial film, whether as a screenwriter, a scriptwriter, or even as an actor, but he single-handedly directed more than half a dozen films, each of which enjoyed wide national and international acclaim. His debut film, Man of Ashes, dramatizes the trauma of child molestation and the collapse of filial relations as well as the emergence of a new generation of men who seek to recast filial and familial relations beyond blood ties and familial limitations. This same cinematic pursuit is further developed in his later films with striking consistency and perseverance. At a time when the postrevolutionary public sphere is saturated with heated debates around Tunisian national identity, propelled by fantasies of purity and virile filiation, Bouzid’s bastard characters serve, the author argues, not only to warp and reclaim the political playing field for revolutionary purposes but also to remind Tunisians of the disturbing legacy of bastardy (instituted by a long history of colonial rape from the Romans to the French) to which they had been and continue to be heirs, and with which they have to reckon. Studying the rhetoric of bastardy in Bouzid’s cinema leaves us in the end with the touching yet unsparing conclusion that for Bouzid there are no Tunisians until they have assumed their bastardy.
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8

Booley, Ashraf. "Progressive Realisation of Muslim Family Law: The Case of Tunisia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (October 24, 2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a2029.

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From the time when women's rights were not placed high on the agenda of any state to the time when women's rights are given top priority, Tunisia's gender-friendly legislation requires a fresher look. One would be forgiven for thinking that Tunisia's reforms started after they gained independence from France in the 1950's. In fact, it was during the French Protectorate that reformers started rumours of reform, arguing amongst other issues for affording women more rights than those they were granted under sharia law, which governed family law in Tunisia. After gaining its independence, Tunisia promulgated the Code of Personal Status, which was considered a radical departure from the sharia. It is considered to be the first women-friendly legislation promulgated in the country. It could be argued that Tunisian family law underwent, four waves of reform. The first wave started during the French Protectorate. The second wave started in the 1950's with the codification of Tunisia's family law, which introduced women-friendly legislation. The third wave started in the 1990's with changes to the Code of Personal Status, and the latest wave commenced in 2010. In this article, I analyse the initial, pioneering phases of the reforms resulting from the actions of a newly formed national state interested in building a free society at the end of colonial rule, as well as reforms that have taken place in the modern state since the Arab uprising in Tunisia. As a result of the various waves of reforms, I argue that Tunisia should be seen as the vanguard of women-friendly legislation in the Arab world.
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9

SMARI, Ibtissem, and Ildikó HORTOBÁGYI. "Language policies and multilingualism in modern Tunisia." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies 13 (62), Special Issue (December 15, 2020): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12.

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"In a multicultural and multilingual world, people negotiate their identities along contextual lines. Online mediated information about countries and cultures build bridges at the individual level and create a sense of “global citizenship” (Hortobagyi 2015; 2017). Languages policies and linguistic landscapes facilitate the exploration of the multilingual texture of a country, thus research in imminently multicultural environments fosters a better understanding of multiple linguistic identities. Situated at the intersection of social and language sciences, drawing on relevant literature and using a comparative approach, the presentation highlights Tunisia’s long history of linguistic and political confrontation since its independence from France (Riguet 1984) and focuses on the educational reforms that have been undertaken, particularly on the various policies and guidelines pertaining to modifying the language policy of the country. Since the 1970s, a significant process of Arabization has been underway, alongside the strengthening of bilingual education, which was launched as early as 1956. Considering that English started to be taught in Tunisian schools shortly after the independence (Battenburg 1997), Tunisian education has always been trilingual with English as the most common foreign language added to Arabic and French. The first years of the 21st century were marked by the introduction of additional foreign languages in secondary education, such as Russian, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, German, and Turkish among others. All these policies have allowed Tunisia to access modernity (Messadi 1967 cited in Belazi 1991, 53). Currently, Tunisian Arabic and Berber are languages that have not yet been added to the political agenda. Nevertheless, the return to the standardization of Arabic through teaching, the noticeable decline of the use of French, and the emergence of English as a new alternative, indicate linguistic policies in which multilingualism is becoming the new norm, with manifest representations both at the societal level and in the new media communication."
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10

Mrabet Khiari, Hela, Emna Khemiri, Dominique Parain, Nejib Hattab, Franois Proust, and Amel Mrabet. "Epilepsy surgery program in Tunisia: An example of a Tunisian French collaboration." Seizure 19, no. 2 (March 2010): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2009.11.010.

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11

Khalifa, Olfa, Nathalie Balandraud, Nathalie Lambert, Isabelle Auger, Jean Roudier, Audrey Sénéchal, David Geneviève, et al. "TMEM187-IRAK1Polymorphisms Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility in Tunisian and French Female Populations: Influence of Geographic Origin." Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4915950.

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Polymorphisms have been identified in the Xq28 locus as risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we investigated the association between three polymorphisms in the Xq28 region containingTMEM187andIRAK1(rs13397, rs1059703, and rs1059702) in two unstudied populations: Tunisian and French. The rs13397 G and rs1059703 T major alleles were significantly increased in RA patients (n=408) compared with age-matched controls (n=471) in both Tunisian and French women. These results were confirmed by a meta-analysis replication study including two independent Greek and Korean cohorts. The rs1059702 C major allele was significantly associated with RA, only with French women. In the French population, the GTC haplotype displayed a protective effect against RA, while the ATC, GCC, and GTT haplotypes conferred significant risk for RA. No association for these haplotypes was found in the Tunisian population. Our results replicated for the first time the association of the three Xq28 polymorphisms with RA risk in Tunisian and French populations and suggested that RA susceptibility is associated withTMEM187-IRAK1polymorphisms in women. Our data further support the involvement of X chromosome in RA susceptibility and evidence ethnicities differences that might be explained by differences in the frequencies of SE HLA-DRB1 alleles between both populations.
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12

GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "MAJOR CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING MODERN TUNISIAN LITERATURE." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.21.

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Tunisia, which was occupied by France in 1881, gained its independence in 1956. For this reason, modern Tunisian literature has been delayed to reach an artistic form. Various developments were necessary for modernization to be experienced in Tunisia, just like in other Arab countries. First of all, there had to be an awareness and awakening movement that would save the people from the oppression and cruelty of the French. As a matter of fact, it is possible to encounter this awakening, which we can call the “Islah” movement, in the works of literary figures. Schools such as Zaytouna University, The Sadiki College and Khaldounia Madrasa were established for the development of the country culturally. The purpose of these schools is to provide students with a Western-style education as well as religious education. In this regard, The Sadiki College and Haldûniye Madrasa have played a complementary role for the religious education given at Zaytouna University. In addition, al-Râ’id al-Tûnisî, al-Hâdhira, al-Sa‘âde al-‘Uzmâ ve al-‘Âlam al-Adabi etc. established in the country. Publications have a very important role in delivering the produced literary products to the public and in establishing modern Tunisian literature. “Jama’at taht al-Sur” which was located in the capital Tunisia in the 1930s and 1940s, was a place where the literary figures and artists of the period came together. This place also constitutes an important part of the literature in terms of laying the foundations of modern Tunisian literature. Finally 20th century writers such as Abu’l-Qâsım al-Shabbî, Ali Douagi and Mahmoud al-Mas‘adi, who were among the names that left their mark on Tunisian literature in the century, were among the key names of literature related to the legacy they passed on to Tunisian literature and to the next generations. In this study, it will be attempted to briefly give a place to the main objectives that have influenced the establishment of modern Tunisian literature, which has an important place in Arabic literature
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13

Feather, Ginger. "Proactive versus Reactive Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of Morocco and Tunisia." FEMINA POLITICA - Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft 29, no. 2-2020 (November 30, 2020): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/feminapolitica.v29i2.07.

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Morocco and Tunisia, two progressive Muslim-majority countries, took vastly different approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR). Sharing a French colonial past and Maliki Islamic tradition, Tunisia is an emerging democracy with a long history of top-down women’s rights advances and state-promoted SRHR. Tunisian women have benefitted from SRH education, access to contraception, emergency contraception, and state-funded first trimester abortion. Tunisia targets vulnerable populations, including unmarried, minor, rural, and poor women, with special clinics and subsidies. Finally, Tunisia holds men responsible for children they father outside of wedlock. In contrast, Morocco’s bottom-up feminist-driven approach to SRHR, including access to contraception, emergency contraception, and abortion, is circumscribed and exclusionary, targeting married couples. The criminalization of extramarital sexual relations and most abortions force single women with unwanted pregnancies to resort to unsafe abortion. Moroccan men who father children outside of marriage enjoy legal impunity from paternal responsibilities. Nevertheless, the recent rise of Islamic parties in both countries poses a potential threat to Tunisia’s proactive laws and policies governing SRHR, while adding another obstacle to adequate SRHR provision in Morocco.
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14

Pontanier, Émilie. "Laïcité du système scolaire français en Tunisie: autonomie cultuelle ou abstention religieuse?" Social Compass 58, no. 2 (June 2011): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768611402616.

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The author discusses the political and legal implications of French secularism in an Islamic context. To this purpose, she focuses on the French educational system in Tunisia, which allows the distinction between public and private spheres to be emphasized. By way of a discursive analysis of conversations with parents who school their children there, the author shows that the school system strengthens, on the one hand, the religious autonomy of families and, on the other hand, religious abstention. Secularism is therefore analyzed as a vector of religious resistance in the face of the transformation of Tunisian society in that it promotes a modern or “moderate” Islam and recognizes the right to be atheist.
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Moumni, Ridha. "Archaeology and Cultural Policy in Ottoman Tunisia Part I: Muhammad Khaznadar (1865–70)." Muqarnas Online 37, no. 1 (October 2, 2020): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00371p10.

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Abstract During the period of the “Great Reforms” (1837–81), the Ottoman province of Tunisia underwent major changes in its political, military, and economic arenas. This was also the case in the field of archaeology, where the history of excavations in Tunisia had been characterized by competition among foreign archaeologists seeking to enrich their national museums as a reflection of European imperialism. This dynamic would soon change thanks to Muhammad Khaznadar, the elder son of the grand vizier Mustafa Khaznadar. Through a unique trajectory that led him to study with the French historian Ernest Desjardin in Paris from 1863 to 1865, Muhammad Khaznadar developed a passion for antiquities that he would later apply by being the first Tunisian to excavate Carthage. The young dignitary rapidly gathered an important collection of antiquities that he displayed at the World’s Fair in Paris and acquired an international reputation as a modern man. Soon, he secured a “monopoly over antiquities,” which prevented the export of archaeological artifacts from Tunisia. Based on unpublished archives, this inquiry focuses on the rise of Muhammad Khaznadar as a collector and his role in the major cultural reforms that led Tunisians to claim the material remains of their pre-Islamic heritage.
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Kazdaghli, Habib. "Memorials of the Borgel Cemetery." Oriental Courier, no. 1-2 (2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310015769-3.

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The article of the leading Tunisian historian, specialist in the national liberation movement and the fate of the Jewish community of Tunisia, Habib Kazdaghli analyses the three monuments dedicated to the victims of world wars, erected at the Borgel cemetery, the largest Jewish cemetery in the city of Tunisia. The article looks into the place of the monuments in the architectural complex of the cemetery, the circumstances of their construction, examines how their architecture reflected the specificity of the ethno-political development of the Jewish community and the peculiarities of the modernization processes. The author uses extensive material from the Tunisian Jewish press, which previously rarely presented the subject of academic research, as well as epigraphic materials. In the analysis of the monument dedicated to the Jews who died during the First World War, the author notes that its construction testified to the formation in the Jewish community of a non-religious cult of honouring the memory of the dead. At the same time, analysis of the monuments to victims of forced labour camps and deportations shows that their very erection placed the Jewish community of Tunisia in a broader historical and political context, making its tragedy a part of the global tragedy of the Jewish people and all humanity as a whole. It also linked the fate of Tunisian Jewry with the fate of European Jewry and, first of all, French Jewry, which acquired a special political meaning in the context of the national liberation movement and the processes of decolonization that unfolded after World War II.
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17

Mnari-Hattab, M., N. Gauthier, and A. Zouba. "Biological and Molecular Characterization of the Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus Affecting Cucurbits in Tunisia." Plant Disease 93, no. 10 (October 2009): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-10-1065.

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Surveys of yellowing viruses under nonheated and geothermal heated plastic tunnels and in open field crops of melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (C. sativus), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), squash (C. maxima), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and ware cucurbit (Ecballium elaterium) were carried out year-round during 2000–2001, 2003, and 2004 in the major cucurbit-growing areas in Tunisia. Severe yellowing symptoms on older leaves of cucurbits were observed in open fields and under plastic-tunnel production systems. These yellowing symptoms and large populations of aphids (Aphis gossypii) on a diversity of cucurbit crops in Tunisia support the hypothesis of a viral cause of the disease. Virus identification using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), followed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocapture (IC)-RT-PCR showed that Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) was largely distributed in melon, cucumber, zucchini, squash, and watermelon crops. Ware cucurbit (E. elaterium) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) crops were identified as potential CABYV reservoirs. The RT-PCR-amplified partial coat protein (CP) and P4 genes were cloned and sequenced from nine Tunisian CABYV isolates. CP and P4 gene nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons as well as phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the Tunisian isolates clustered into two major subgroups. Comparisons with CABYV sequences retrieved from GenBank showed high nucleotide and CP amino acid identities, and close relationships of the Tunisian isolates with Italian and French isolates.
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Vince, Rebekah. "Translating across worlds with Colette Fellous and Sophie Lewis." Francosphères 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2020.19.

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This roundtable discussion between Franco-Tunisian author Colette Fellous and her translator Sophie Lewis explores multilingualism and transmedial translation, alongside memories of colonialism and occupation. Fellous recounts her experience of inherited exile as a Tunisian Jew - caught between culpabilité and reconnaissance in relation to French colonialism - while Sophie Lewis shares her thoughts on translating inflected language and diasporic identities.
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El-Mesawi, Mohamed El-Tahir. "Muslim Reformist Action in Nineteenth-century Tunisia." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 49–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v25i2.400.

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This article revisits the origins of the Islamic reformist movement that arose in response to the challenges presented by western civilization in the nineteenth century. Tunisia was chosen because the spirit of reform manifested itself in the form of intellectual activity and socio-political action. The article highlights the features of the Tunisian experience before the French occupation in 1881, reveals the cooperation and complementary relationship between religious scholars and statesmen that gave the reform efforts their substance and form, and discusses the dynamic of the forces that were in play and helped determine the attempted reforms’ fate.
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El-Mesawi, Mohamed El-Tahir. "Muslim Reformist Action in Nineteenth-century Tunisia." American Journal of Islam and Society 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 49–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i2.400.

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This article revisits the origins of the Islamic reformist movement that arose in response to the challenges presented by western civilization in the nineteenth century. Tunisia was chosen because the spirit of reform manifested itself in the form of intellectual activity and socio-political action. The article highlights the features of the Tunisian experience before the French occupation in 1881, reveals the cooperation and complementary relationship between religious scholars and statesmen that gave the reform efforts their substance and form, and discusses the dynamic of the forces that were in play and helped determine the attempted reforms’ fate.
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Oussii, Ahmed Atef, and Mohamed Faker Klibi. "Accounting students’ perceptions of important business communication skills for career success." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 15, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-10-2015-0092.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the business communication skills that accounting students see as having the highest importance for career success. It also explores the current levels of development of these skills and analyzes them through a comparative study between three Tunisian business schools. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a questionnaire sent to180 students from three business schools to provide insights into the development of communication skills perceived important for a successful accounting career. Findings The results indicate that all students are conscious of the importance held by communication skills for career success in the accounting profession. However, they feel that their aptitudes are sometimes poorly developed, especially when it comes to proficiency in French (as a language of business in Tunisia) and written skills. Practical implications The paper’s findings offer important guidance concerning the communication skills that accounting students consider most needed by the Tunisian labor market. The findings of this study may be useful for curriculum development in local and international contexts. Originality/value This study is conducted in a developing country where the graduate unemployment rate is about 30 per cent. This high unemployment often affects service professions like accounting. Moreover, in Tunisia, accounting education focuses particularly on technical aspects. So far, no studies have been conducted to show whether students nowadays are aware of the increasing importance of generic skills in accounting practice. As a result, the conclusions of this study could provide Tunisian stakeholders with insights into ways of potentially improving accounting graduates’ employability.
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Baazaoui, Hedi, and Mohamed Ali Zaraï. "The Effect of Firm Characteristics on the Disclosure of IAS/IFRS Information: The Cases of Tunisia, France and Canada." International Business and Accounting Research Journal 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ibarj.v3i2.67.

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The effect of firm characteristics on the disclosure of IAS/IFRS information can not be studied in isolation of the national context of the country of nationality or domicile of the firm. Starting from the assumption that the intrinsic characteristics of the firm depend significantly on its size and the country of his nationality, we chose to work on companies belonging to different trading indices and from countries with different cultures and levels of economic development. The selected countries are Tunisia, France and Canada since Tunisia differs from Canada and France mainly by the level of economic development (developing countries) and France differs from Canada by culture. Our sample includes 52 Tunisian companies (40 listed on the first market and 12 on the alternative market), 244 French companies (35 CAC40 Index (top 40 French firms) and 209 CACsmall (index of small Capitalization French firms)) and 223 Canadian companies (36 ^TX60 (first 60 Canadian companies) and 187 ^TX20 Index (Small Capitalization Canadian firms)). Our results showed that the determinants of the disclosure of IAS/IFRS information will vary depending on the nationality of the firm and also showed the importance of the nationality of the firm in explaining disclosed information since the proxy used "country" has significant coefficients.
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Katz, Kimberly. "URBAN IDENTITY IN COLONIAL TUNISIA: THE MAQĀMĀT OF SALIH SUWAYSI AL-QAYRAWANI." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 4 (October 12, 2012): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000827.

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AbstractThis article presents a microhistory of an early 20th-century Tunisian intellectual, Salih Suwaysi, within the context of cross-regional (Maghrib–Mashriq) literary and intellectual trends. Analyzing Suwaysi's use of the conventional literary genre of maqāmāt illustrates his deep understanding of the problems caused by France's occupation of Tunisia and highlights the significance of historical and contemporary urban space for the author. Revitalized during the nahḍa period, maqāmāt were employed by writers to address issues and problems facing contemporary society, in contrast to some of the earlier maqāmāt that focused on language and language structure more than on narrative content. Suwaysi followed his eastern Mediterranean, especially Egyptian, contemporaries in turning to this genre to convey his critical commentaries on social, religious, and political life under the French Protectorate in Tunisia.
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Rominger, Chris. "Debating the “Jewish Question” in Tunisia." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 46, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.460303.

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In Tunisia, the end of World War I and the return of Muslims and European settlers from the front brought attacks against local Jews who had been exempt from conscription under French colonial rule. French commentators spoke of a “Jewish question” fueled by Muslim fanaticism and Jewish profiteering, obscuring their own divisive attitudes and policies. Colonial archives and the popular press, however, reveal that this was far from a monolithic sectarian concern. Jews responded to violence with a variety of transnational political visions. I explore how some Jews reaffirmed their loyalty to France, while others highlighted colonial hypocrisies. Others turned to solutions such as US protection or the Zionist movement. This Tunisian story, with its unique colonial arrangement and legal ambiguities, foregrounds an oft-overlooked North African perspective on the global questions of identity, nationalisms, and minority politics at the end of World War I.
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Medien, Kathryn. "Foucault in Tunisia: The encounter with intolerable power." Sociological Review 68, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 492–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026119870107.

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In September 1966, 10 years after Tunisia officially gained independence from French colonial rule, Michel Foucault took up a three-year secondment, teaching philosophy at the University of Tunis. This article offers an account of the time that Foucault spent in Tunisia, documenting his involvement in the anti-imperial, anti-authoritarian struggles that were taking place, and detailing his organizing against the carceral Tunisian state. Through this account, it is argued that Foucault’s entrance into political activism, and his associated work in developing a new analytic of power, was fundamentally motivated by his encounter with the neocolonial operatives of power that he witnessed and resisted while in Tunisia. In tracing the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles taking place concurrent to Foucault’s development of his analytic of power, albeit struggles that are shown to not take centre stage in his subsequent works, this article concludes by suggesting that taking seriously the scholar-activist archive presented may offer us a set of radical Foucauldian tools for resistance.
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Bouchhioua, Nadia. "Cross-Linguistic Influence On The Acquisition Of English Pronunciation By Tunisian EFL Learners." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p260.

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While acquiring English as a second language (L2) has received substantial research, learning English as a third language (L3) especially in complex sociolinguistic contexts has not received as much attention. Various factors including typological similarity between L2 and L3 are believed to affect the process and the product of learning a third language. Typological similarity is said to facilitate learning at the lexcio-semantic level. However, its effects on the learning of L3 phonology is not always as such. In this study, cross-linguistic influence on the acquisition of English (as L3) pronunciation in the Tunisian context which is characterized by multilingualism involving Tunisian Arabic (TA) as mother tongue, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as the first language learnt at school, and French as L2 is investigated. The production of two pronunciation features is tested. These features are the sounds existing in English-French cognates such as information, syntax, important, and stress placement in polysyllabic words. The methodology consisted in having English major university students and their teachers produce these features in read and spontaneous speech. Phonetic analysis and statistical tests revealed significant linguistic transfer from French in the pronunciation of the target features. The participants produced the French nasalized vowel [ɛ̃] in the syllables in English-French cognate vocabulary instead of the correct English pronunciation and placed stress on final syllables according to French stress patterns in their production of English polysyllabic words that should be stressed elsewhere.
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Abooub, Ezzeddine, and Salma Zaiane. "Determinants and dynamics of capital structure: Application on a sample of Tunisian." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, no. 2 (2008): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i2c1p2.

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The aim of this study is to identify the determinants and the dynamics of capital structure for a sample of Tunisian firms. The earlier literature on capital structure stipulates the existence of a target debt ratio (Bevan and Danbolt (2002), Fama and French (2002), Stein (2002) and Nivorozhkin (2003)). The empirical evidence indicates that Tunisian firms adjust slowly their level of debts towards target ratios. The result confirms the evidence of Kremp and al. (1999) and Gaud and Jani (2002).
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Cauffiez, C., N. Pottier, G. Tournel, J. M. Lo-Guidice, D. Allorge, D. Chevalier, F. Migot-Nabias, A. Kenani, and F. Broly. "CYP2A13 genetic polymorphism in French Caucasian, Gabonese and Tunisian populations." Xenobiotica 35, no. 7 (July 2005): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250500202171.

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Ikeda, Ryo. "Tunisian internal autonomy and the transformation of the French colonial empire." International Journal of Francophone Studies 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.19.1.15_1.

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Boussaidi, Ramzi. "An Empirical Essay to Explain the Contrarian Profits in the Tunisian Stock Market: Behavioral Approach vs. Rational Approach." International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, no. 12 (November 24, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p11.

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This paper aims to investigate the behavioral and the rational explanations for the contrarian profits in the Tunisian stock market. We use the CAPM and the three-factor model of Fama and French (1993, 1996) to examine the rational explanations including the market risk, the size effect and the book to market effect. Behavioral explanations include the overconfidence bias and the investor sentiment. We use the decomposition of the trading volume advanced by Chuang and Lee (2006) to extract the factor reflecting the investor overconfidence and the ARMS index to measure the investor sentiment. These two variables are included in the three-factor model of Fama and French (1993, 1996) in an attempt to confront the rational approach with the behavioral approach. The results indicate that the contrarian profits on the Tunisian stock market are explained by the market risk, the size effect and the Book to Market effect; and that once adjusted for these three risk factors, they disappear. However, only the factor reflecting overconfidence among the two behavioral factors seems to play a role in explaining these abnormal returns.
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MKADDEM GUEDRI, Mounira, Mehrez ROMDHANE, Ahmed LEBRIHI, Florence MATHIEU, and Jalloul BOUAJILA. "Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Tunisian, France and Austrian Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) essential oils." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 1929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48412145.

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Essential oil (EO) of Laurus nobilis, from Tunisian, France and Austrian were screened for their chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and compared. GC-MS analysis showed that leaves of Tunisian L. nobilis had camphor (34.43%), 1,8-cineole (20.21%) and α-terpineol (7%) as major components. France and Austrian EOs had a high content of 1,8-cineole (45.8% and 43.4%, respectively) followed by bornyl acetate (13.8% and 17.7% respectively) and methyl eugenol (7.7% and 10.9% respectively). Antioxidant potential was measured by ABTS and DPPH tests. Tunisian L. nobilis EO showed greater radical scavenging by ABTS activity (IC50=44.8±0.1 mg/L) than the France and Austrian EOs (76.4±3.2 mg/L and 81.4±4.0 mg/L, respectively). However, for DPPH test system, French and Austrian EOs activities were excellent (IC50=176.1±5.1 mg/L and 236.3±2.9 mg/L respectively) then Tunisian L. nobilis EO (IC50=2859.7±99.0 mg/L). A good Antimicrobial activity was observed on the yeasts and fungi for all EOs. Tunisian laurel EO show a better antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonial, E. coli and Salmonella enterica CMI: 0.004 mg/ml) than gram-positive ones (Bacilus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes CMI: 0.01 mg/ml). A significant antifungal activity of Tunisian EO was also observed against fungi and yeasts species (CMI: 0.004 mg/ml). France essential oil shows better activities against all organisms tested wail Austrian oil activity is more important against yeasts species tested and Mucor ramannianus (fungi). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Tunisian L. nobilis essential oil, were different from that of France and Austrian and it give the opportunity for its uses in new pharmaceuticals and natural therapies of infectious diseases.
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Bali, Naila. "The Proceed of Thinking Surrounded by Some French and Tunisian Gymnastic Teachers." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) 2, no. 2 (2013): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/7388-0221724.

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Weber-Fève, Stacey. "Housework and Dance as Counterpoints in French-Tunisian Filmmaker Raja Amari'sSatin rouge." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 27, no. 1 (November 30, 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509200802165283.

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34

Khalifa, O., B. M’Madi, N. Balandraud, N. Lambert, M. Martin, A. Senechal, D. Genevieve, et al. "A2.29 Association ofRELlocus with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Tunisian and French populations." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, Suppl 1 (February 13, 2015): A27.2—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207259.64.

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Oualdi, M’hamed. "Imperial Legacies: The Historical Layers of a Maghrebi Society (1860 – 1930)." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 4 (December 2017): 671–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2021.7.

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A close study of the trans-Mediterranean legal conflicts prompted by the death of a former Tunisian minister in Florence in 1887, this article calls for a new interpretation of the history of modern North Africa. Rather than focusing on a close reading of colonial primary sources or depending on a single colonial temporality, this new interpretation must incorporate other analytical frameworks. It must also consider the overlap of French and Ottoman imperial temporalities that persisted across the Mediterranean until the 1920s, as well as the increasing number of litigations initiated before the French colonization of Tunisia—legal cases that were still influencing the rationales of North Africans during the colonial period. Analyzing these litigations not only in terms of their colonial context but also according to other temporalities, as well as diversifying our sources, allows us to nuance the commonplace, often reiterated in scholarly works on colonial North Africa, that there is a dearth of so-called “local” documentation. North African men and women involved in litigations contributed alongside Europeans to the writing of a huge amount of legal evidence and literary tracts, including in Arabic. Such sources were not always filed in the colonial archive. They are, however, of paramount importance for conceiving the modern history of North Africa in new ways.
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Chaouachi, Olfa, and Fatma Wyème Ben Mrad Douagi. "THE MOMENTUM EFFECT: ANOMALY OR ILLUSION." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v4i4.900.

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This paper tests the effectiveness of the momentum strategy for different time horizons between April 2013 and March 2020 and its sources in the Tunisian stock market. The findings display that, employing the methodology of Jegadeesh and Titman (1993), momentum strategy for all time horizons are positive and statistically significant. In the explanation section of the momentum effect, it is found that the momentum is not an illustration of the January effect and that both models (Capital Asset Pricing Model and the model of Fama and French (1993)) are unable to fully capture the profit of momentum strategy. However, we find that trading costs in the form of quoted spread eliminate the statistical significance of the momentum return. Therefore, an investor can’t make a profit by exploiting the momentum strategy in the Tunisian context.
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Marini, Giorgio. "“Moses c’est le maître à nous tous”:." Manazir Journal 2 (April 1, 2021): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/manazir.2020.2.5.

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The paper focuses on the artistic work of Moses Levy (Tunis, 1885 - Viareggio, 1968), painter and printmaker active in Italy, Tunisia and Paris. A peculiar figure of cosmopolitan painter, whose father was British and the mother Italian, and whose art eludes attempts at univocal classification. On the contrary, it remains emblematic of the fruitfulness made possible by the encounter between different artistic traditions, as well as the reciprocal enrichment offered by the plurality of cultures. Deeply linked by birth to the Jewish community in Tunis, he moved to Italy at a very young age, where he came into contact with the major exponents of the Tuscan school of painting around the turn of the century, starting with Giovanni Fattori. Constantly commuting between the two shores of the Mediterranean, he became an example of dialogue between different worlds, between his African roots, his Tuscan upbringing, his French-speaking culture and his stays in Paris, where he met Chagall and Picasso and could not fail to find a natural identification with Matisse’s pure rhythms and solar charge. A regular exhibitor at the Salons Tunisiens, in 1936 he was a co-founder of the Le Quatre group and later one of the promoters of the École de Tunis. Thus, the local artists saw in Levy the master who had been able to promote the birth of a modern art that was representative of Tunisian culture and people, but free from any easy Orientalist stereotype or folkloric flavour.
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Mabrouk, Lamia, and Adel Boubaker. "Investigation of the association between entrepreneurship life cycle, ownership structure and market timing theory." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-09-2019-0064.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore at what stage of a company’s life cycle the theory of market timing has explained debt. Drawing on a unified conceptual framework of market timing theory, the authors scrutinize the impact of life cycle and ownership structure on the market condition. Design/methodology/approach Based on a sample of 24 Tunisian companies listed on the stock exchange and 100 French firms listed on the CAC All-Tradable on a 10-year period, this paper grounded the market timing theory and attempted to clear the relation between ownership structure, life cycle of the firm and market timing theory by statistical analysis. Findings The findings of panel data modeling indicate that when the life cycle was used as an explanatory variable, it was found that the variable reflecting the market timing is not significant in either context; it means that no significant support is found in the theory of market timing in both countries. Whereas when the life cycle was used as a dummy variable, it was found that the life cycle has an impact on debt only in the Tunisian context. Practical implications This study has several important implications for researchers and practitioners. The findings reported here clarify the strength of the impact of life cycle on the market timing, when it explains the debt in the two contexts and the impact of ownership structure such as the managerial ownership and concentration of capital on debt. Originality/value This study contributes to examine the theory of debt in different phases of life cycle. Focused on the case of Tunisian and French firms, this study is unique and valuable.
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39

MAAMOUR, L. "SELF-PERCEPTION OF HEALTH AND FITNESS AMONG FRENCH AND TUNISIAN MEN AND WOMEN." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 5 (2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.5.227-235.

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40

Cazanave, C., A. Charron, H. Renaudin, and C. Bébéar. "Method comparison for molecular typing of French and Tunisian Mycoplasma genitalium-positive specimens." Journal of Medical Microbiology 61, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.037721-0.

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41

Dallagi, Maha. "Writing Strategies across four disciplines in a Tunisian Context." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i3.284.

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English is now widely established as the world language for information exchange, communication, and conducting research (Cenoz & Jessner, 2000; Wood, 2001); and developing satisfactory writing strategies is crucial. Writing is a challenging skill, the complexity of which is mainly felt at University Level. This paper investigated writing strategies among 147 Tunisian university students, majoring in Hard Science and Soft Science courses (English, French, Medicine and Engineering). Its objective was to verify to what extent factors such as academic field, gender, and proficiency interact with each other and with writing strategies. A Survey of Writing strategies was adopted as the main investigating instrument. Findings reveal that Language majors are higher users of strategies than other majors, yet this does not seem to impact their proficiency level. The results suggest raising students’ awareness of Writing strategies by teaching them explicitly and drawing their attention to them.
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Louati, M., K. Kohlmann, O. K. Ben Hassine, P. Kersten, N. Poulet, and L. Bahri-Sfar. "Genetic characterization of introduced Tunisian and French populations of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) by species-specific microsatellites and mitochondrial haplotypes." Czech Journal of Animal Science 61, No. 4 (July 15, 2016): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8847-cjas.

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43

Ben-Ayed, F., M. Halphen, T. Najjar, H. Boussene, H. Jaafoura, A. Bouguerra, N. Ben Salah, et al. "Treatment of alpha chain disease. Results of a prospective study in 21 Tunisian patients by the Tunisian-French intestinal lymphoma study group." Cancer 63, no. 7 (April 1, 1989): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19890401)63:7<1251::aid-cncr2820630704>3.0.co;2-h.

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44

Kinney, Drew Holland. "Sharing Saddles: Oligarchs and Officers on Horseback in Egypt and Tunisia." International Studies Quarterly 65, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 512–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa093.

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Abstract Research on the military's removal from politics overemphasizes the attitudes and interests of officers. Civilians are portrayed as incapable of confronting refractory men with guns. This essay compares regime transitions in Egypt (2011–2013) and Tunisia (2011–2014) to show that unified civilian elites strengthen and polarized elites undermine civilian control of the armed forces. Research for the cases is based on interviews with Egyptian and Tunisian businesspersons, party members, and civil society activists; the International Consortium of Investigation Journalists's tax-offshoring database; loan disbursements from the IMF and World Bank; and secondary sources in Arabic, French, and English. The cases reveal novel insights about the military's removal from politics in fledgling democracies. Pleasing Egypt's officers did not shield President Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood from a coup in July 2013 because Morsi and the Brotherhood threatened the wealth and power of civilian politicians and oligarchs. In Tunisia, Islamist and non-Islamist political and economic elites pushed democratization for fear of another Ben “Ali-style kleptocracy. Even during crisis in 2013, united civilian elites contained opposition calls for army intervention. The study's findings suggest that democratizers are not at the mercy of soldiers, but rather civilian leaders have the power to sideline their armies.
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Gayraud, Frédérique, Melissa Barkat-Defradas, Mohamed Lahrouchi, and Mahé Ben Hamed. "Development of phonetic complexity in Arabic, Berber, English and French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 4 (April 22, 2018): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.9.

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AbstractThe goal of this study is to provide crosslinguistic data on the acquisition of phonetic complexity among children acquiring four different languages: Tunisian Arabic, Tashlhiyt Berber, English, and French. Using an adaptation of Jakielski's (2000) Index of Phonetic Complexity (IPC), we carried out an analysis to assess phonetic complexity of children's early vocabulary in the four languages. Four different samples from each language were analyzed: 50 words selected from an adult dictionary of each language, 50 words from child-directed speech, 50 words targeted by the child, and the child's actual pronunciations of those 50 words. Globally, we hypothesized that children's early productions would be shaped by universal articulatory constraints, but also by the language they are exposed to, depending on its phonological complexity. Our findings show that Arabic displays higher degrees of complexity compared to Berber, English and French, and that children acquiring Arabic target and produce more complex words than children learning Berber, English and French.
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Zada, Khamami, and M. Nurul Irfan. "Negotiating Sharia in Secular State: A Case Study in French and Germany." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9753.

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The European Muslims, the majority of them come from Muslim countries, are facing the identity dilemma. On the one hand, they are the Muslims who are obliged to carry out their religious teaching, but on the other hand, they are the Muslims who have acquired European citizenship who cannot enforce religious laws and instead submit to secular state laws. The study analyzes French and Germany Muslim aspirations and their negotiations on carrying out sharia in the secular state. This is field study by qualitative approach. Primary data was collected by interviews with Muslims of Moroccan, Tunisian, Algerian, and Turkish descent living in France and Germany. The study found that French and German Muslims want to apply sharia, but France and Germany do not allow religious law to be made a state law. These have left French and German Muslims to negotiate without opposition, resistance, and conflict. As European citizens, they accept secular law without losing their religious and social identity, though couldn’t fully implement Sharia.
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Glas, Ludivine, Caroline Rossi, Rim Hamdi-Sultan, Cédric Batailler, and Hacene Bellemmouche. "Activity types and child-directed speech: a comparison between French, Tunisian Arabic and English." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 4 (September 11, 2018): 633–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.20.

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AbstractQuantity and quality of input affect language development, but input features also depend on the context of language emission. Previous research has described mother-child interactions and their impact on language development according to activity types like mealtimes, book reading, and free play. Nevertheless, few studies have sought to quantify activity types in naturalistic datasets including less-studied languages and cultures. Our research questions are the following: we ask whether regularities emerge in the distribution of activity types across languages and recordings, and whether activities have an impact on mothers' linguistic productions. We analyse input for two children per language, at three developmental levels. We distinguish three activity types: solitary, social and maintenance activities, and measure mothers' linguistic productions within each type. Video-recorded activities differ across families and developmental levels. Linguistic features of child-directed speech (CDS) also vary across activities – notably for measures of diversity and complexity – which points to complex interactions between activity and language.
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Marzouki, H., N. Nasri, B. Jouaud, C. Bonnet, A. Khaldi, S. Bouzid, and B. Fady. "Population Genetic Structure of Laurus nobilis L. Inferred From Transferred Nuclear Microsatellites." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2009): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0034.

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Abstract Species with fragmented populations and low population size often display low within-population genetic diversity and strong among-population differentiation. Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), common laurel, has a scattered distribution throughout the Mediterranean, with only few autochthonous populations. Our goal was to elucidate if this species has range-wide genetic structure and if planted material can be traced back to its origin. Genetic diversity was investigated using 4 polymorphic nuclear microsatellites (nSSR) transferred from two species of Lauraceae. Sixty-six laurel trees were selected from 7 widely separated populations within the Mediterranean distribution area of the species. A total of 34 alleles (9 alleles per locus on average) were found. Mean genetic diversity within-population (Hs), was 0.558. Genetic differentiation among populations (GST = 0.243) was high compared to that of other angiosperms. Laurus nobilis can be separated into two main gene pools, one from western (Tunisia, Algeria and France) and the other from eastern Mediterranean (Turkey). The Algerian, Tunisian and French populations presented a strong genetic similarity, compatible with the fact that North African laurel populations could be recently introduced from north-western Mediterranean stock.
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Mondher, Kouki, Abderrazek Elkhaldi, and Wided Bouani. "Does Financial Crisis Affect the Cost of Equity Estimation? Evidence from the Tunisian Stock Exchange." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 7, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v7i2.12304.

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The aim of this paper is to study the impact of the recent financial crisis on equity cost estimation. We use a data of a 22 firms listed in the Tunisian stock market during the period from July 2006 to June 2011. The choice of this period is motivated by the occurrence of the financial crisis of October 2008, which divides the period into two equal sub-periods. In the first stage, we make abstraction to the crisis impact and we run the three specifications of the cost of equity: the CAPM, the Fama -French three factor model and The Carhart four-factor model. Empirical results confirm the explanatory power of the three specifications in the context of the Tunisian market. We also confirm the existence of a size effect, a book to market effect and a momentum effect. In the second stage, we show that the presence of financial crisis does not affect the cost of equity. However, we note a decrease in the coefficients of the explanatory variable after introducing the dummy crisis variable.
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Boulabiar, Ahlem, Kamel Bouraoui, Maurice Chastrette, and Manef Abderrabba. "A Historical Analysis of the Daniell Cell and Electrochemistry Teaching in French and Tunisian Textbooks." Journal of Chemical Education 81, no. 5 (May 2004): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed081p754.

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