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Journal articles on the topic 'Tunnel kiln'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

UNASPEKOV, B. A., R. BAZAROV, S. S. AUELBEKOV, T. I. IRGIBAEV, O. D. SEITKAZINOV, and N. K. KYZYLBAEV. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PROCESSES IN LINING AND OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT WORK OF THE UNIT." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (August 20, 2018): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.613_periodico30_pgs_609_626.pdf.

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The features of heat and mass transfer inlining of high-temperature tunnel kiln for the burning of refractory materials are revealed by numerical simulation of heat transfer processes. Use of modern computer calculation programs permits to choose optimal constructions of trolley walls and heart lining. This ensures improved hermeticity of workspace and 15-20% reduction of heat loss. We studied the operation of a hightemperature of the unit with a combined system that ensured efficient burning of natural gas as well as regulation of temperature regime in the thermal aggregate workspace. A procedure was advanced to calculate consumption of fuel by gas burners and hot air over burning zone positions of high-temperature tunnel kilns when using a combined system of natural gas burning. The heat work of a tunnel kiln was optimized. This permitted to supply maximal quantity of hot air and natural gas into the initial positions of burning zone of tunnel kiln and to ensure technologically required temperatures of products burning (1780-1800ºС).
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2

Tóth, J., and G. Gy Halász. "Estimation of Tunnel Kiln Parameters." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 21, no. 9 (August 1988): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)54878-8.

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3

Yin, Wen, and Kaifang Wang. "Analysis of energy saving in domestic ceramic industry kilns." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701011.

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Ceramic industrial kiln refers to the combustion equipment for ceramic production, which generally refers to roller kiln, shuttle tunnel kiln and shuttle kiln. Roller kiln refers to the kiln with continuous firing and rotating roller as the vehicle of the billet body; Tunnel kiln refers to the kiln which adopts continuous firing and takes rail kiln car as the transport vehicle of billet body. Shuttle kiln refers to the kiln which is fired intermittently and consists of kiln car, kiln chamber and kiln door. Factors influencing energy saving of kiln include construction materials, kiln structure, combustion technology, thermal insulation performance and automation control.
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4

Torchinskij, A. I., A. Yu Ljashko, O. F. Shkarlinskij, Z. Chichua, and S. V. Volobuev. "ENERGY-SAVING EQUIPMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN TUNNEL KILN FOR CERAMIC BRICKS CALCINATION." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2017.07.

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The analysis of the technical decisions used in the Bulgarian projects of tunnel kilns for ceramic brick calcination is carried out. Disadvantages, caused by out-of-date heating engineering equipment, are shown on an example of enterprise of «Metekhis ceramics», Georgia. Necessary measures of modernisation of tunnel kilns for ceramic brick calcination built by the Bulgarian projects are stated. The basis of modernisation – the substituting of out-of-date gas-burning devices by modern gas-burners; expansion of calcination zone due to installing of gas-burning devices on positions of preheating zone; implementation of modern automatic control systems for thermal and aerodynamic process adjustment. The principal scheme of the tunnel kiln for ceramic brick calcination including modern heating engineering equipment and automation of adjusting of thermal and aerodynamic mode is worked out. Explanations of advantages of modern equipment and modern automation system applying for quality improvement of manufactured products, increasing of a productivity of a tunnel kiln and reducing of specific consumption of natural gas are presented. Bibl. 5, Fig. 3.
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5

Wiyatno, Tri Ngudi, Putri Rizki Amalia, and Devi Haryanti. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI PANAS TUNNEL KILN PADA PT XYZ DENGAN NERACA MASSA DAN ENERGI." JURNAL KONVERSI 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/konversi.6.2.10.

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ABSTRAKSalah satu proses yang tidak dapat dilewatkan untuk membuat genteng keramik adalah proses pembakaran. Proses pembakaran genteng keramik di PT XYZ menggunakan tunnel kiln dengan bahan bakar LNG. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi panas atau energi pada tunnel kiln dengan terlebih dahulu menghitung neraca massa masuk dan keluar serta menghitung neraca energi masuk dan keluar. Panas masuk meliputi panas hasil pembakaran bahan bakar LNG, panas sensibel bahan bakar LNG, panas kereta masuk, panas sensibel greentile. Sedangkan untuk panas keluar meliputi panas yang terbawa oleh panas sensibel genteng keramik, panas sensibel kereta kiln, panas penguapan air dan air kristal, panas hilang akibat udara pendingin, panas hasil reaksi pembakaran, panas akibat perpindahan panas, panas keluar untuk dryer dan panas keluar chimney tunnel kiln. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data-data pendukung diantaranya adalah volume gas LNG yang digunakan, komposisi material genteng, komposisi bagian dari tunnel kiln seperti kereta kiln, dan kapasitas panas untuk masing-masing komponen tersebut.Berdasarkan perhitungan yang telah dilakukandidapatkan nilai yang seimbang antara panas masuk dan panas keluar yaitu 14.174.025 kkal/hari. Efisiensi bahan bakar LNG dihitung dengan perbandingan antara panas yang dihasilkan dari bahan bakar dengan kebutuhan panas yang digunakan untuk satu hari proses pembakaran genteng keramik. Berdasarkan perhitungan didapat efisiensi panas tunnel kiln sebesar 98,92%.Kata Kunci : Efisiensi, Genteng Keramik, Neraca Massa, Neraca Panas, Pembakaran. ABSTRACTOne of the process that can’t be missed to make a ceramic tile is burning. PT XYZusing tunnel kiln with LNG fuel for burning process. The purpose of this research is to know how much heat efficiency of tunnel kiln with firstly calculated mass balance and heat balance at burning ceramics tile. Data for incoming heat are obtain from calculated of heat burning fuel, sensible heat of LNG, incoming heat from kiln car and sensible heat green tile. Data for outgoing heat are obtain from calculated of sensible heat ceramic tile, sensible heat kiln car, evaporation heat of water and water crystal, heat loss because cooling air, heat of burning, heat for dryer, heat for chimney fan, and heat loss because heat transfer. The method that we used for this research are Consumption of Volume LNG, composition material tile, composition part of tunnel kiln like kiln car and heat capacity for each component. Based on the data we can obtained heat balance in and out kiln amount14.174.025 kkal/day. And the LNG fuel efficiencyis calculated by comparison between the heat generated from the fuel and the heat requirement used for one dayceramic tile burning process. After the calculation we can obtained the efficiencyis 98,92%.Keywords: Efficiency, Ceramic Tile, Mass Balance, Heat Balance, Burning.
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6

YU, BOMING. "Dynamic Modeling of a Tunnel Kiln." Heat Transfer Engineering 15, no. 2 (January 1994): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457639408939823.

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7

Zhang, Yu, Junfeng Wang, Tino Redemann, and Eckehard Specht. "Thermal behavior of kiln cars while traveling through a tunnel kiln." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 19, 2015): 168781401558846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015588468.

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8

Yu, Jun Liang, Tino Redemann, and Eckehard Specht. "Modeling for Prediction of Porcelain Products Temperature Profiles in a Tunnel Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 968 (June 2014): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.968.151.

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A simplified model is developed to predict axial gas and product temperatures along tunnel kiln with neglecting cooling zone. The plate tunnel kiln is simplified as a counter current heat exchanger. The model is solved by Finite Difference Method. Mass and energy balance equations of gas and solid in elements are derived, which consider convective and radiative heat transfer from gas to solid. Equations of elements are solved continuously from kiln ending to beginning, in which two boundary conditions are adiabatic combustion temperature and product sintering temperature in the last element. The results of a standard case and a fitting case are discussed and compared with data from an existed kiln. The standard case proves Lorenz’s Nusselt function is more accurate than infinite flat plate Nusselt function for convection description in plate tunnel kiln. The fitting case proves this simplified model is available.
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9

Meng, Fan Mao, Jian Feng Wan, and Hai Xia Li. "Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Waste Heat Utilization Device for Coal Gangue Brick Tunnel Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1517.

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This paper studies the waste heat utilization device for the coal gangue brick tunnel kiln. The heat transfer mode of the waste heat utilization device is different form the past. It recovers the physical sensible heat of the high-temperature brick. This paper builds a theoretical model to analyze the situations of the cooling section of the coal gangue brick tunnel kiln, and analyzes the temperature field numerically. The results show that the distance form the waste heat utilization device to the sintering section of the coal gangue brick tunnel kiln must be more than 2m.
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10

Halász, G., J. Tóth, and K. M. Hangos. "Energy-optimal operation conditions of a tunnel kiln." Computers & Chemical Engineering 12, no. 2-3 (February 1988): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(88)85024-5.

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11

Abbakumov, V. G., G. A. Tarakanchikov, S. I. Vel'sin, Yu G. Golod, �. I. T�ikman, E. A. Drozdov, A. A. Kulikov, et al. "A circular tunnel kiln for firing of refractories." Refractories 26, no. 1-2 (January 1985): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01398628.

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12

Hussnain, Syed Ali, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Amjad, Fahid Riaz, Zia Ur Rehman Tahir, Muhammad Sultan, Ijaz Hussain, et al. "Thermal Analysis and Energy Efficiency Improvements in Tunnel Kiln for Sustainable Environment." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091629.

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Kiln is a prime need in the ceramics industry, where energy loss is a major part which consumes about 60% production cost through thermal energy for different applications. Higher density of fired and tunnel kiln refractory material lowers the thermal diffusivity and the proper selection of fired material minimizes the energy loss along the kiln. In particular, this research analysed the results of a heat recovery system comprised of a metallic recuperator which gives around 8% energy savings in natural gas consumption. In this work, detailed power quality analysis of low-power factor motors of a tunnel kiln was carried out and a power factor improvement solution was suggested to save electrical energy with payback period of 0.8 y. The motor operating at a low-power factor consumes more reactive power which does not produce beneficial work. A low-power factor around 0.4 causes network power loss, increases in transformer loss and voltage drops. The solution with accumulative capacitance power of 148.05 uF was installed to achieve the power factor to 0.9. Flu gas analyzer was installed to monitor the range of O2 in pre-heating, oxidation, and firing zones of the kiln which should be ≥8% and 3%, respectively. Regression analysis for thermal energy consumption of a tunnel kiln is done to find the forecast thermal energy consumption. This analysis can be used to find operational efficiency, supporting decisions regarding dependent variable of thermal energy consumption and independent variable of production. This research is very helpful for the ceramics industry to mitigate the energy loss at SMEs as well as in mass production level.
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13

Li, Shun, Gong Duo Zhang, Xiao Tang Li, Yong Hui, and Guo Wei Xie. "Practice of Energy-Saving Renovation on Tunnel Kiln for Silica Brick by New Mode." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.830.

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Tunnel kiln was reformed according to energy-saving mode, which was energy utilization diagnosis and analysis and energy-saving reconstruction. First, thermal performance was diagnosed, and the basic data for energy-saving reconstruction was provided through the test of tunnel kiln. Then the main factors of low thermal efficiency was found .Second the thermal balance was calculated in drying and sintering process, which determined the form of waste heat recovery and utilization system. Finally the reconstruction was implemented by three energy-saving technologies .It caused energy-saving rate reached 44%.
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14

Gol’tsova, O. B., V. S. Klekovkin, O. B. Nagovitsin, and S. V. Antonychev. "Heat losses in a tunnel kiln for brick firing." Glass and Ceramics 63, no. 3-4 (March 2006): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-006-0057-1.

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15

Tyutin, N. A. "Technical solutions on designs of the elements of the kiln channel of a circular tunnel kiln." Refractories 30, no. 3-4 (March 1989): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01326676.

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16

Torchinskij, A. I., A. Yu Ljashko, and Z. Chichua. "MODERNIZATION OF TUNNEL KILN FOR CERAMIC BRICKS CALCINATION LLC «METEKHIS CERAMICS» (GEORGIA)." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2017.08.

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Gas-burning devices of SG Series and the system of automatic control of firing ceramic bricks for the tunnel kiln by production of Gas Institute of NAS of Ukraine were mounted at the enterprise LLC «Metekhis ceramics» (Georgia. The analysis of the design features of this type of furnaces was made by the Bulgarian project. The advantages and disadvantages caused by outdated thermal equipment and the lack of aerodynamic parameters of automatic control systems are also considered. The fundamental scheme of the kiln is designed with a new thermo-heating engineering equipment and automatics for thermal and aerodynamic modes regulation The influence of new heating engineering equipment and automatics is considered for the quality of manufactured products, kiln productivity and natural gas specific consumption. Bibl. 5, Fig. 2
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17

Stankovski, M. J., T. D. Kolemisevska-Gugulovska, M. Gj Spasovski, Z. Milkovski, and P. Kuzmanovska. "Intelligent Control of a Tunnel Kiln for Clay-Brick Production." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 3 (May 2001): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)34338-0.

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18

Shi, Hefei, Liangdong Ma, and Mingsheng Liu. "Integration Research on Gas Turbine and Tunnel Kiln Combined System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 133 (April 2018): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/133/1/012024.

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19

Sokolov, A. N., O. V. Kvyatkovskii, and L. Ya Osipova. "Production of high-alumina cement clinker in a tunnel kiln." Refractories 30, no. 3-4 (March 1989): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01326675.

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20

Trubitsyn, M. A., and V. I. Kuzin. "Effective lining of tunnel kiln cars made of aluminosilicate ceramoconcrete." Glass and Ceramics 65, no. 3-4 (March 2008): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-008-9024-3.

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21

Tambunan, Barman, Cuk Supriyadi, and Juliansyah Juliansyah. "DESAIN DAN SIMULASI TUNGKU BAKAR UNTUK PENGOLAHAN PASIR BESI MENJADI SPONGE IRON DENGAN TEKNOLOGI TUNNEL KILN = DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF FURNACE FOR FERRUGINOUS SAND TO BE SPONGE IRON PROCESS BY USING TUNNEL KILN TECHNOLOGY." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v10i1.103.

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AbstractFerruginous sand is one of the natural resources that are scattered across Indonesia. Ferruginous sand is generally in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (Fe2O3) with a high content of impurities such as silica, alumina, and titanium oxide.To increase the value of Ferruginous sand, this study shows the stages of the process include mechanical beneficiation process and reduction process by using Tunnel Kiln technology.To get optimal production, carried out the Process design and simulation of combustion furnaces both structural and fluid flow of heat (CFD).This study used a sample of iron sand originating from the southern beach area of the island of Java, that is from east Java (Lumajang),Central Java (Yogyakarta) and the west Java (Cipatujah).To determine the performance result of design and simulation,have been done the actual reduction process by using the combustion furnace according to the design. Performance results of reduction process to produce a finish Sponge Iron with increased Fe content of 51.72% to 78.79% with 36.68% metallization degree (Jogja samples) and from 52.93% to 57.90% with 24.43% metallization degree (sample Lumajang). This results has prove that the furnace by using the Tunnel Kiln technology could increase the value of the ferruginous sand. AbstrakPasir besi merupakan salah satu potensi sumber daya alam yang tersebar di wilayah Indonesia. Pasir besi umumnya berupa magnetite (Fe3O4) dan hematite (Fe2O3) dengan kandungan pengotor berupa silica, alumina, dan titanium oksida. Untuk menaikkan nilai pasir besi, penelitian ini mengajukan tahapan proses antara lain proses benefisiasi dan proses reduksi menggunakan tungku bakar dengan teknologi Tunnel Kiln. Untuk mendapatkan proses reduksi yang optimal, dilakukan proses desain dan simulasi tungku bakar baik secara struktur maupun aliran fluida panas (Computional Fluid Dynamics/CFD). Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel pasir besi yang berasal dari kawasan pantai selatan pulau Jawa, yaitu Jawa bagian timur (lumajang), Jawa bagian tengah (Jogja) dan Jawa bagian Barat (Cipatujah). Untuk mengetahui performa hasil desain dan simulasi, dilakukan proses reduksi dengan menggunakan tungku bakar sesuai dengan desain. Performa hasil proses reduksi menghasilkan produk akhir Sponge Iron dengan kadar Fe 51.72% menjadi 78.79% dengan derajat metalisasi 36.68% (sampel Jogja) dan dari 52.93% menjadi 57.90% dengan derajat metalisasi 24.43% (sampel Lumajang). Dari hasil tersebut membuktikan bahwa tungku bakar dengan teknologi Tunnel Kiln ini dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah Pasir besi.
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22

Gislon, Edivelton Soratto, André Luís Luza, Débora Cristina Niero Fabris, Morgana de Medeiros Machado, and Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo. "Technology for Coke Production in Tunnel Kiln from Compacted Coal Powder." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.238.

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Coal extraction produces large amounts of wastewater containing coal powders, which could be used to produce coke. In this case, binder materials should be used to allow compression capacity to the mixture. This work aims to study the effect of binder addition in mixtures of coals containing different contents of coal powders to obtain coke. Compositions containing different amounts of coal powders were prepared by varying the nature and the contents of the binders to allow the pressing of powders. Study of the thermal behavior of these compositions was performed. The composition that showed the best results was then homogenized, pressed and heat treated. The final composition showed FSI about 4.5 and compressive strength of 5 MPa, demonstrating high potential for coke production from coal powder.
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23

Stankovski, Mile, Tatjana Kolemishevska-Gugulovska, Goce Boshkovski, and Georgi Dimirovski. "ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL CONTROL USING FUZZY LOGIC OF TUNNEL KILN BRICK PRODUCTION." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.01401.

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24

Utenkov, A. F., A. B. Kornienko, A. N. Letov, A. I. Sherchkov, and B. A. Unaspekov. "Small high-temperature tunnel kiln with an injector system of firing." Refractories 32, no. 3-4 (March 1991): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01290474.

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25

Abbakumov, V. G., and S. I. Vel'sin. "Thermal operation of the firing zone of an automated tunnel kiln." Refractories 27, no. 9-10 (September 1986): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01387272.

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26

Oba, R., T. S. Possamai, and V. P. Nicolau. "Thermal analysis of a tunnel kiln used to produce roof tiles." Applied Thermal Engineering 63, no. 1 (February 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.10.063.

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27

Zhou, Ke Liang, Jian He, and Qiong Tan. "Fuzzy-PID Control Application in Temperature Automation Control System of Tunnel Kiln." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.466.

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Considering the tunnel kiln temperatures characteristics of time varying nonlinear,large inertia and uncertainty, it is hard to establish accurate mathematical model, and affect the adjustment of the control system. Frequency conversion motor adjust the size of the gas and air flow to change the temperature in the system.Conventional PID have the parameter coupling problem,the control speed is slow and the overshoot amount is big.So the paper design a fuzzy PID, combined with the certainly of PID control and the intelligece of the fuzzy control.It makes a effective self-tuning of the PID controlled parameters. Through Matlab simulation experiment, it show the fuzzy PID control can reduce the overshoot time and the overshoot amount ,enhance the stability of the system effectively.
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28

Levchenko, Yu A., M. Z. Shvartsman, N. B. Gertsyk, V. V. Strekotin, N. A. Tyutin, L. I. Buglak, E. M. Grishpun, M. Z. Naginskii, and M. I. Stakheev. "A system of measurement and automatic control of tunnel kiln operating conditions." Refractories 27, no. 7-8 (July 1986): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01389507.

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29

Protasov, V. V., A. V. Bosenko, I. A. Vasenin, D. I. Balamygin, V. F. Berdyshev, I. B. Volfman, R. É. Naidenov, A. Ya Sivashinskii, and S. V. Seliverstov. "A new tunnel kiln for the high-temperature firing of magnesian refractories." Refractories and Industrial Ceramics 47, no. 3 (May 2006): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11148-006-0077-y.

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30

Mödinger, Fritz. "Is Hydrogen a Viable Fuel Alternative for a Traditional Tunnel Brick Kiln?" Interceram - International Ceramic Review 70, no. 1 (April 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42411-020-0436-6.

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31

Lonzinger, Tatiana M., Vadim A. Skotnikov, and Alexey M. Sukharev. "Study of the Influence of Refractories Structure on the Thermomechanical Properties of Tunnel Kiln Equipment Lining." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.150.

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A study of the influence of refractories’ structure on the thermomechanical properties of the lining of the equipment of tunnel kilns has been carried out. The lining of kiln trolleys is subjected to a mechanical stress distributed evenly over the entire area and the most dangerous to brittle materials, as well as to tensile thermal stresses. The magnitude of the tensile thermal stress depends on the material and the structure of the lining. The mechanisms of destruction of products made of fireclay and liquid concrete have been studied. Mineralogical and petrographic analysis of fireclay refractories have been used, as trolley lining has established metasomatic interaction of the lining with the vapor-gas component of the kiln, as well as with the metal of the trolleys. Monolithic products, made of low-cement concrete with corundum filler, are characterized by high strength and resistance to abrasion. The total value of compression and thermal expansion stresses for them is 3.08 MPa, which is half the value of those of fireclay. When conducting the research to optimize the composition of trolley lining, a technology for manufacturing two-layer concrete blocks, combining the advantages of compositions, based on corundum and fireclay, has been developed. The chemical and granulometric composition of fireclay-based concrete in the lower thermal insulation layer and electrocorundum-based concrete in the upper reinforcing layer were selected in such a way, as to ensure similar values of linear thermal expansion coefficients and prevent possible destruction along the boundary between the layers during the operation.
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32

Neckel, Lorenço, André L. G. Prette, Orestes Estevam Alarcon, and Márcio Celso Fredel. "Developing of Ceramic Roof Tiles Process by Powder Pressing and Firing in Roller Kiln." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.521.

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In this work, it was investigated the behavior of a ceramic composition in pressing and firing process, related to its pyroplasticity, to permit the production of roof tiles in roller kiln. Experiments were realized varying the parameters of pressing, sintering and composition, adding a refractory material. With this study, it became possible to select the optimal parameters of pressing and firing, and to start the pilot industrial tests. The developed process has advantages, in the process and the final product, related with the standard process (extrusion and firing in tunnel kiln). The process is energetically more efficient, because there are no movable in the kiln. It was measured a flexural strength above 40 MPa with 12mm thickness, saving material. Also, the product has a higher quality in size, shape and dimensional precision (linear thermal shrinkage lower than 1,5%); tonality, porosity (water absorption lower than 10%), and frost resistance.
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33

Nicolau, Vicente de Paulo, and Alessandro Pedro Dadam. "Numerical and experimental thermal analysis of a tunnel kiln used in ceramic production." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 31, no. 4 (December 2009): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-58782009000400003.

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34

Wang, Dong, Yong Li, Yang Li, Rui Li, and Yue Li. "Optimizing Performance of Magnesia-Spinel Brick Used at Cement Rotary Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.588.

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Using high pure magnesia and magnesia-spinel as the main raw material, keeping the same quantity of spinel, specimens were made with different spinel size distribution (≤0.044mm, 1-0mm, 2-1mm, 3-2mm and 3-1mm). Dextrin and brine are the binder. Specimens were dried at the temperature of 110°C for 24 hours, sintered at the temperature of 1680°C holding 8 hours in a tunnel kiln. The properties and microstructure of the specimens were analyzed. The results are shown that the addition of spinel with grain size of 3-1mm improves sintering of magnesia-spinel brick, with the thermal shock resistance reaching 18 cycles, the cold crushing strength reaching 54 MPa, improving the comprehensive performance of the magnesia-spinel brick.
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35

Tseligorov, N. A. ,., A. V. ,. Chubukin, and E. N. Tseligorova. "Investigation of the Robust Absolute Stability of the Tunnel Kiln Control System with Delay." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 20 (March 12, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2021.20.4.

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The paper considers the system of automatic control of the tunnel kiln temperature conditions. The investigation of a delay influence on the transition process has been carried on. The transfer function of the object under control with interval coefficients taking into account possible effects of the parametric uncertainty has been obtained. A graphical method of representing the obtained results in the form of displaying the modified amplitude-phase characteristics on a complex plane has been applied which obviously demonstrates a robust absolute stability of the system under investigation. The simulation performed in the Matlab environment has proved the correctness of the results obtained.
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36

Kaya, Sinem, Kurtul Küçükada, and Ebru Mançuhan. "Model-based optimization of heat recovery in the cooling zone of a tunnel kiln." Applied Thermal Engineering 28, no. 5-6 (April 2008): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.04.002.

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37

Vel'sin, S. I., and V. G. Abbakumov. "Influence of the secondary air parameters on the combustion conditions of a tunnel kiln." Refractories 28, no. 3-4 (March 1987): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01400779.

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38

Torchinskij, A. I., and S. K. Andreev. "DEVELOPMENT OF MODERNIZED GAS BURNER DEVICE OF SERIES GS-M FOR TUNNEL KILNS OF CERAMIC BRICK FIRING." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2019.08.

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On the basis of gas-burning devices of the GS series, new devices have been developed, in which gas channels are installed for operation in the mode of maximum or minimum flame length. This allows to increase the stability of the flame at low temperatures of the working space (below the natural gas ignition temperature), which in turn provides an increase in the economic performance of the tunnel kiln firing ceramic bricks. Bibl. 5, Fig. 2.
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39

Tugov, V. V., and W. R. Sabanchin. "DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TUNNEL KILN FIRING OF CERAMIC BRICK ON THE BASIS OF CLEARLY REGULATORS." Scientific and Technical Volga region Bulletin 6, no. 1 (February 2016): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24153/2079-5920-2016-6-1-87-89.

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40

Sinitsyn, Anton, Dmitry Belyanskiy, R. P. Kiyatkin, I. I. Loshchakov, Yu A. Mamaev, and D. A. Zaripova. "Study of the temperature mode of a tunnel kiln using new Celsius© thermal sensors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 337 (November 16, 2019): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/337/1/012073.

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41

Bhattacharya, A. K., R. K. Ahuja, D. P. Chakraborty, P. K. Tripathi, P. Kumar, A. K. Goel, and K. C. Singh. "Modified Design and Lining of Tunnel Kiln for Indian Crockery Industry to Improve Furnace Efficiency." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 67, no. 1 (January 2008): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2008.11078641.

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42

Mancuhan, Ebru, and Kurtul Kucukada. "Optimization of fuel and air use in a tunnel kiln to produce coal admixed bricks." Applied Thermal Engineering 26, no. 14-15 (October 2006): 1556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.12.002.

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43

Khattoi, S. C., and G. G. Roy. "Reduction Efficiency of Iron Ore–Coal Composite Pellets in Tunnel Kiln For Sponge Iron Production." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 68, no. 5 (February 13, 2015): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0498-0.

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44

Pavlov, V. G., G. I. Agapitova, and O. S. Mosin. "Features of firing of graphite-containing parts for continuous casting machines in a tunnel kiln." Refractories 31, no. 3-4 (March 1990): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282359.

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45

Gerdes, T., Monika Willert-Porada, Ho Seon Park, and A. Schmidt. "Production Scale m3 Batch Furnace for Hybrid-Heating and Microwave Sintering." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.869.

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Production scale inert atmosphere microwave sintering has not been successful yet, mainly because of lack of suitable equipment. For sintering in air microwave furnaces are available at different industrial scale, e.g., gas-microwave hybrid heated batch kilns or microwave “adiabatic casket” tunnel kiln [1]. Inert atmosphere furnaces require vacuum and gastight coupling of microwave energy. In the State of the Art technology, microwave-coupling windows represent a heat sink inside the sintering furnace. Although, radiation heat loss at temperatures > 1600 °C can be reduced by using a thermally insulating casket inside the microwave furnace, heat loss and temperature gradients caused by the microwave transparent windows are still not acceptable. Therefore, a new concept was developed assisted heating in inert atmosphere sintering furnaces, enabling high power microwave coupling by means of high temperature resistant antennas [2]. This paper presents microwave sintering results of commercial powder metallurgical (PM)-parts, details of the antenna system and the processing technology.
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46

Tang, Chao-Wei. "Properties of Fired Bricks Incorporating TFT-LCD Waste Glass Powder with Reservoir Sediments." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072503.

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In view of increasing concerns over nonrenewable resource depletion and waste management, this study aimed to apply the Taguchi optimization technique to determine the process conditions for producing bricks by incorporating thin-film transition liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) waste glass powder with reservoir sediments. An orthogonal array L16(45) was adopted, which consisted of five controllable four-level factors (i.e., cullet content, drying method, preheat time, sintering temperature, and error). Moreover, the analysis of variance method was used to explore the effects of the experimental factors on the density, water absorption, shrinkage ratio, loss on ignition, porosity, and compressive strength of the fired bricks. The microstructures of the fired specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Then, large-scale production techniques for fired bricks containing recycled TFT-LCD glass cullet and reservoir sediments were developed in a commercially available tunnel kiln. The test results showed that the structure of the fired specimen was loose at a sintering temperature ranging from 900 to 950 °C. However, the fired specimen showed a significant densification at the sintering temperature of 1050 °C. In addition, the Taguchi method was found to be a feasible approach for optimizing the process condition of bricks using recycled TFT-LCD glass cullet and reservoir sediments and it significantly reduced the number of tests. Further, the characteristics of fired bricks developed in the tunnel kiln were in compliance with Chinese National Standards class Ι building bricks criteria.
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47

Zubashchenko, R. V. "The lining of the small capacity tunnel type kiln with the high alumina-silicate fiber refractories." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2017-2-3-5.

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48

Essenhigh, Robert H. "Studies in Furnace Analysis: Prediction of Tunnel Kiln Performance by Application of the Integral Energy Equation." Energy & Fuels 15, no. 3 (May 2001): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef000119t.

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49

Kal'chik, I. G., V. T. Berezovskii, G. A. Belokrys, V. I. Ivanov, and V. A. Skachkov. "Conversion of a tunnel kiln for firing of mullite-corundum refractories to firing with natural gas." Refractories 29, no. 3-4 (March 1988): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01389568.

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50

Ma, Shu Long, Yong Li, Jia Lin Sun, Yue Li, and Wen Bin Xia. "Preparation and Properties of MgO-MgAl2O4-FeAl2O4 Bricks in Cement Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.554.

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Sintered magnesia with different particle sizes, fused MgAl2O4and FeAl2O4were used as the raw materials. FeAl2O4is added in MgO-MgAl2O4bricks at different ratios to gradually replace MgAl2O4. After the raw materials were molded and sintered at the tunnel furnace with the temperature 1 530°C for 10 hours, the MgO-MgAl2O4-FeAl2O4bricks could be made. After the analysis of the phase composition, microstructure and routine performance of the specimens, the influence by adding FeAl2O4to the samples on the properties such as thermal shock resistance, adhesion strength of kiln crust are discussed as the key point. The result shows that the addition of FeAl2O4has no evidently influence on the apparent porosity and volume density. The cold compressive strength of the samples reduces gradually with the addition of FeAl2O4, and it decreases obviously when the amount of FeAl2O4is more than 8%. When the addition of FeAl2O4is 5% FeAl2O4in the MgO-MgAl2O4-FeAl2O4bricks, MgAl2O4and FeAl2O4can combine each other’s advantages. The thermal shock resistance not only decreased obviously but the adhesion strength to kiln crust is increased.
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