Relevant bibliographies by topics / Turbidite Channel

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Academic literature on the topic 'Turbidite Channel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Patton, J. R., C. Goldfinger, A. E. Morey, C. Romsos, B. Black, and Y. Djadjadihardja. "Seismoturbidite record as preserved at core sites at the Cascadia and Sumatra–Andaman subduction zones." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 4 (2013): 833–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-833-2013.

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Abstract. Turbidite deposition along slope and trench settings is evaluated for the Cascadia and Sumatra–Andaman subduction zones. Source proximity, basin effects, turbidity current flow path, temporal and spatial earthquake rupture, hydrodynamics, and topography all likely play roles in the deposition of the turbidites as evidenced by the vertical structure of the final deposits. Channel systems tend to promote low-frequency components of the content of the current over longer distances, while more proximal slope basins and base-of-slope apron fan settings result in a turbidite structure that is likely influenced by local physiography and other factors. Cascadia's margin is dominated by glacial cycle constructed pathways which promote turbidity current flows for large distances. Sumatra margin pathways do not inherit these antecedent sedimentary systems, so turbidity currents are more localized.
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Nelson, C. H., J. Gutiérrez Pastor, C. Goldfinger, and C. Escutia. "Great earthquakes along the Western United States continental margin: implications for hazards, stratigraphy and turbidite lithology." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (2012): 3191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3191-2012.

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Abstract. We summarize the importance of great earthquakes (Mw ≳ 8) for hazards, stratigraphy of basin floors, and turbidite lithology along the active tectonic continental margins of the Cascadia subduction zone and the northern San Andreas Transform Fault by utilizing studies of swath bathymetry visual core descriptions, grain size analysis, X-ray radiographs and physical properties. Recurrence times of Holocene turbidites as proxies for earthquakes on the Cascadia and northern California margins are analyzed using two methods: (1) radiometric dating (14C method), and (2) relative dating, using hemipelagic sediment thickness and sedimentation rates (H method). The H method provides (1) the best estimate of minimum recurrence times, which are the most important for seismic hazards risk analysis, and (2) the most complete dataset of recurrence times, which shows a normal distribution pattern for paleoseismic turbidite frequencies. We observe that, on these tectonically active continental margins, during the sea-level highstand of Holocene time, triggering of turbidity currents is controlled dominantly by earthquakes, and paleoseismic turbidites have an average recurrence time of ~550 yr in northern Cascadia Basin and ~200 yr along northern California margin. The minimum recurrence times for great earthquakes are approximately 300 yr for the Cascadia subduction zone and 130 yr for the northern San Andreas Fault, which indicates both fault systems are in (Cascadia) or very close (San Andreas) to the early window for another great earthquake. On active tectonic margins with great earthquakes, the volumes of mass transport deposits (MTDs) are limited on basin floors along the margins. The maximum run-out distances of MTD sheets across abyssal-basin floors along active margins are an order of magnitude less (~100 km) than on passive margins (~1000 km). The great earthquakes along the Cascadia and northern California margins cause seismic strengthening of the sediment, which results in a margin stratigraphy of minor MTDs compared to the turbidite-system deposits. In contrast, the MTDs and turbidites are equally intermixed on basin floors along passive margins with a mud-rich continental slope, such as the northern Gulf of Mexico. Great earthquakes also result in characteristic seismo-turbidite lithology. Along the Cascadia margin, the number and character of multiple coarse pulses for correlative individual turbidites generally remain constant both upstream and downstream in different channel systems for 600 km along the margin. This suggests that the earthquake shaking or aftershock signature is normally preserved, for the stronger (Mw ≥ 9) Cascadia earthquakes. In contrast, the generally weaker (Mw = or <8) California earthquakes result in upstream simple fining-up turbidites in single tributary canyons and channels; however, downstream mainly stacked turbidites result from synchronously triggered multiple turbidity currents that deposit in channels below confluences of the tributaries. Consequently, both downstream channel confluences and the strongest (Mw ≥ 9) great earthquakes contribute to multi-pulsed and stacked turbidites that are typical for seismo-turbidites generated by a single great earthquake. Earthquake triggering and multi-pulsed or stacked turbidites also become an alternative explanation for amalgamated turbidite beds in active tectonic margins, in addition to other classic explanations. The sedimentologic characteristics of turbidites triggered by great earthquakes along the Cascadia and northern California margins provide criteria to help distinguish seismo-turbidites in other active tectonic margins.
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Li, Yuting, and Peter D. Clift. "Controls on grain-size variability in the Holocene fill of the Indus Submarine Canyon." Journal of Sedimentary Research 93, no. 2 (2023): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2022.038.

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ABSTRACT What processes control grain size and bed thickness in submarine canyon deposits? Erosive, shelf-cutting canyons contrast with accretionary basin-floor submarine fan accretionary channels because the former tightly constrain turbidity flows in deep channels. This study addresses such a deep-water depositional system in the Indus Submarine Canyon using a series of cores collected along the canyon. Grain-size analysis was conducted for turbidite and hemipelagic sediment deposited in the Holocene Indus Submarine Canyon mostly by diffuse, fine-grained turbidity currents and hemipelagic hypopycnal plumes. We investigate the links between sedimentary grain size, bedding thickness, facies, and canyon morphology. Well-sorted silt in layers mostly < 2 cm thick dominates the canyon. Core sites in the canyon located downstream of knickpoints have coarser, less well sorted sediments because of current acceleration in these areas and then the slowing of flows downslope. Sediments fine with increasing height above the canyon thalweg, implying deposition from a turbulent plume head. The great depth of the canyon, caused by the exceptionally wide shelf and steep slope, prevents channel overspill which controls sedimentation and channel form in submarine fans. Thalweg sediment fines down-canyon into the mid canyon, where sediment bypassing is inferred. The thickest turbidites are found in the sinuous lower canyon where the gradient shallows from ∼ 0.7° to 0.3°. However, canyon gradient has little impact on mean grain size, but does correlate with bed thickness. The active canyon channel, located in a channel belt gradually becomes less steep, more meandering, and narrower farther downstream. Sinuosity is an influence on turbidite bedding thickness but does not control grain size, in contrast to the situation in submarine-fan channel–levee complexes. Compared to the well-known, more proximal Monterey Canyon of California the grain sizes are much finer, although both systems show evidence of > 200 m plume heads.
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Gong, Chenglin, Ronald J. Steel, Kun Qi, and Yingmin Wang. "Deep-water channel morphologies, architectures, and population densities in relation to stacking trajectories and climate states." GSA Bulletin 133, no. 1-2 (2020): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35431.1.

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Abstract Deep-water channel morphologies, stratigraphy, and population densities in relation to stacking trajectories and climate states remain poorly constrained, and are highlighted by a sampling of 142 submarine channels. From the perspective of channel kinematics, turbidite channels exhibit tripartite lateral - random - vertical trajectories or unidirectional channel-complex trajectories, whereas contourite channels display oblique upslope trajectories. Turbidite channels tend to be deep and narrow and have two to three times more lateral migration than contourite channels, whereas contourite channels tend to be shallow and wide and have two to three times more vertical accretion. We relate such differences between channel morphology and stratigraphy to density contrast between flow and ambient fluid for contourite versus turbidite channels, which seems to have favored lateral channel migration in turbidite channels but channel thalweg deposition in contourite channels. Additionally, channels formed during a greenhouse climate state display low degrees of morphological and architectural variations, and are the minority in our global channel database (8% of total), although the Earth has been in a greenhouse state for 72% of the past 540 m.y. Icehouse channels, in contrast, exhibit high amplitudes of morphological and architectural variations and are the majority in the global channel family (92% of total), although the Earth has been in an icehouse state for 18% of the past 540 m.y. Such differences in channel-population densities between greenhouse and icehouse climates (8% versus 92%) suggest a weak global correlation of channel-population densities with warming greenhouse climates.
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Hesse, Reinhard, Sung Kwun Chough, and Allan Rakofsky. "The Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel of the Labrador Sea. V. Sedimentology of a giant deep-sea channel." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 8 (1987): 1595–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-155.

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The Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC) is one of the largest deep-sea channels of the world's oceans. During the late Cenozoic glacial period, the channel played a major role in the depositional history of the Labrador Sea and northwest Atlantic in controlling sedimentation of a broad (approx. 500 m thick and 200 km wide) lens of turbidites. This sediment sequence interfingers laterally with the acoustically transparent pelagic and contourite facies found in the Labrador Basin. The meandering channel is a depositional–erosional feature formed by submarine mass flows, predominantly turbidity currents.The channel contains a meandering talweg that appears to be associated with a sequence of submarine point bars containing thick-bedded, coarse-grained turbidites and gravel layers (channel-fill facies). Old channel positions on seismic profiles indicate that the channel has migrated laterally up to 30 km both to the west and to the east.Natural levees flank the channel for its entire length, extending laterally into turbidite plains 60–100 km wide. The spill-over facies comprises thin-bedded, fine-grained turbidites dominated by thinly laminated muds. Individual units of parallel-laminated mud, which result from single turbidity currents overtopping the channel banks, average 3 cm in thickness. A layer by layer correlation of a sequence of spill-over turbidites is possible between two adjacent cores 70 km apart. Coarse-grained off-channel sediments recently discovered on both levees at distances up to 55 km from the NAMOC occur in tributary channels.Turbidity current activity in the channel probably started with the onset of glaciation at about mid-Pliocene time and ceased at about 7000 years BP, when deglaciation proceeded rapidly. The sedimentation rate for the last episode of overbank deposition on the levees, which probably occurred between 11 000 and 7000 years BP, is 13 cm/1000 years. Towards the end of glacial episodes the northwestern Labrador Sea was probably covered with sea ice.
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Łapcik, Piotr. "Sedimentary processes and architecture of Upper Cretaceous deep-sea channel deposits: a case from the Skole Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians." Geologica Carpathica 69, no. 1 (2018): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2018-0005.

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AbstractDeep-sea channels are one of the architectonic elements, forming the main conduits for sand and gravel material in the turbidite depositional systems. Deep-sea channel facies are mostly represented by stacking of thick-bedded massive sandstones with abundant coarse-grained material, ripped-up clasts, amalgamation and large scale erosional structures. The Manasterz Quarry of the Ropianka Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Skole Nappe, Carpathians) contains a succession of at least 31 m of thick-bedded high-density turbidites alternated with clast-rich sandy debrites, which are interpreted as axial deposits of a deep-sea channel. The section studied includes 5 or 6 storeys with debrite basal lag deposits covered by amalgamated turbidite fills. The thickness of particular storeys varies from 2.5 to 13 m. Vertical stacking of similar facies through the whole thickness of the section suggest a hierarchically higher channel-fill or a channel complex set, with an aggradation rate higher than its lateral migration. Such channel axis facies cannot aggrade without simultaneous aggradation of levee confinement, which was distinguished in an associated section located to the NW from the Manasterz Quarry. Lateral offset of channel axis facies into channel margin or channel levee facies is estimated at less than 800 m. The Manasterz Quarry section represents mostly the filling and amalgamation stage of channel formation. The described channel architectural elements of the Ropianka Formation are located within the so-called Łańcut Channel Zone, which was previously thought to be Oligocene but may have been present already in the Late Cretaceous.
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Grajales, Viviana Vargas, Tamires Pereira Pinto da Silva, Abelardo Borges Barreto, and Sinésio Pesco. "A New Object-Based Algorithm To Simulate Geometrical and Petrophysical Turbidite Channel Properties." SPE Journal 25, no. 05 (2020): 2433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199086-pa.

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Summary An object-based algorithm that models turbidite channels using training images, called skeleton-based simulation or SKESIM, is proposed in this study. These images are interpreted as a graph and used to extract the statistical distribution of parameters selected from the graph. From this information, a 3D model of turbidite channel systems was built. These channels were generated within the turbidite lobe, creating a simulated depositional system. After the geometry of the channels were simulated by SKESIM, the petrophysical properties were mapped by Gaussian-like distributions. Numerical simulations were used to fit the simulated permeability field to a reference case through an objective function. A commercial finite difference simulator was used to compare the reference data to the simulated data, and comparable results were obtained.
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Viseur, Sophie. "Turbidite reservoir characterization : object-based stochastic simulation meandering channels." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 1 (2004): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.1.11.

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Abstract Stochastic imaging has become an important tool for risk assessment and has successfully been applied to oil field management. This procedure aims at generating several possible and equiprobable 3D models of subsurface structures that enhance the available data set. Among these stochastic simulation techniques, object-based approaches consist of defining and distributing objects reproducing underground geobodies. A technical challenge still remains in object-based simulation. Due to advances in deep water drilling technology, new hydrocarbon exploration has been opened along the Atlantic margins. In these turbidite oil fields, segments of meandering channels can be observed on high-resolution seismic horizons. However, no present object-based simulation technique can reproduce exactly such known segments of channel. An improved object-based approach is proposed to simulate meandering turbidite channels conditioned on well observations and such seismic data. The only approaches dealing with meandering channels are process-based as opposed to structure-imitating. They are based on the reproduction of continental river evolution through time. Unfortunately, such process-based approaches cannot be used for stochastic imaging as they are based on equations reflecting meandering river processes and not turbiditic phenomena. Moreover, they incoporate neither shape constraints (such as channel dimensions and sinuosity) nor location constraints, such as well data. Last, these methods generally require hydraulic parameters that are not available from oil field study. The proposed approach aims at stochastically generating meandering channels with specified geometry that can be constrained to pass through well-observations. The method relies on the definition of geometrical parameters that characterize the shape of the expected channels such as dimensions, directions and sinuosity. The meandering channel object is modelled via a flexible parametric shape. The object is defined by a polygonal center-line (called backbone) that supports several sections. Channel sinuosity and local channel profiles are controlled by the backbone and, respectively the sections. Channel generation is performed within a 2D domain, D representing the channel-belt area. The proposed approach proceeds in two main steps. The first step consists in generating a channel center-line (C) defined by an equation v=Z(u) within the domain D. The geometry of this line is simulated using a geostatistical simulation technique that allows the generation of controlled but irregular center-lines conditioned on data points. During the second step, a vector field enabling the curve (C) to be transformed into a meandering curve (C’) is estimated. This vector field acts as a transform that specifies the third degree of channel sinuosity, in other words, the meandering parts of the loops. This field is parameterized by geometrical parameters such as curvature and tangent vectors along the curve (C) and the a priori maximum amplitude of the meander loops of the curve (C’). To make channel objects pass through conditioning points, adjustment vectors are computed at these locations and are interpolated along the curves. Synthetic datasets have been built to check if a priori parameters such as tortuosity are reproduced, and if the simulations are equiprobable. From this dataset, hundred simulations have been generated and enable one to verify that these two conditions are satisfied. Equiprobability is however not always satisfied from data points that are very close and located in a multivalued part of a meander : preferential orientation of the loops may indeed be observed. Solving this issue will be the focus of future works. Nevertheless, the results presented in this paper show that the approach provides satisfying simulations in any other configurations. This approach is moreover well-suited for petroleum reservoir characterization because it only needs specification of geometrical parameters such as dimension and sinuosity that can be inferred from the channel parts seen on seismic horizons or analogues.
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Alpak, Faruk O., Mark D. Barton, Frans F. van der Vlugt, Carlos Pirmez, Bradford E. Prather, and Steven H. Tennant. "Simplified Modeling of Turbidite Channel Reservoirs." SPE Journal 15, no. 02 (2010): 480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/114854-pa.

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Wallet, Bradley C. "Attribute expression of channel forms in a hybrid carbonate turbidite formation." Interpretation 4, no. 2 (2016): SE75—SE86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0108.1.

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Much of the world’s conventional oil and gas production comes from turbidite systems. Interpreting them in three dimensions using commercially available software generally requires seismic attributes. Hybrid carbonate turbidite systems are an interesting phenomenon that is not fully understood. I have examined the attribute expression of channel forms in a hybrid carbonate turbidite system from off the coast of Western Australia. I have determined several characteristic responses to attributes that improve the ability to identify and delineate the channel forms. Finally, I have evaluated and developed a workflow that is effective at modeling and extracting the channel forms in three dimensions, leading to a product that can be used in further understanding of how carbonate turbidite systems develop.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Billington, Tyler. "Sedimentologic and Petrographic Evidence of Flow Confinement In a Passive Continental Margin Slope Channel Complex, Isaac Formation, Windermere Supergroup, British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39727.

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At the Castle Creek study area in east-central British Columbia a well-exposed section about 450 m wide and 30 m thick in the (Neoproterozoic) Isaac Formation was analyzed to document vertical and lateral changes in a succession of distinctively heterolithic strata. Strata are interpreted to have been deposited on a deep-marine levee that was sandwiched between its genetically related channel on one side and an erosional escarpment sculpted by an older (underlying) channel on the other. Flows that overspilled the channel (incident flow) eventually encountered the escarpment, which then set up a return flow oriented more or less opposite to the incident (from the channel) flow. This created an area of complex flow that became manifested in the sedimentary record as a highly tabular succession of intricately interstratified sand and mud overlain by an anomalously thick, plane-parallel interlaminated sand-mud unit capped finally by a claystone.
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Fierens, Ruth. "Le système sédimentaire du Zambèze de l'Oligocène au Quaternaire (Canal du Mozambique, Océan Indien) : architecture, sédimentation et facteurs de contrôle Late Quaternary geomorphology and sedimentary processes in the Zambezi turbidite system (Mozambique Channel), in Geomorphology 334, June 2019 The influence of bottom currents on the Zambezi Valley morphology (Mozambique Channel, SW Indian Ocean): In situ current observations and hydrodynamic modelling, in Marine Geology 410, April 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0032.

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Le système turbiditique du Zambèze (Canal du Mozambique, Océan Indien occidental) est l'un des plus grands systèmes turbiditiques au monde et reste encore mal compris. L'acquisition récente de données bathymétriques multifaisceaux à haute résolution, de données de sismique réflexion haute et très haute résolution et de données sédimentologiques a permis d'étudier l'évolution de l'architecture et l'organisation des dépôts depuis l'Oligocène afin de comprendre les principaux facteurs de forçage qui contrôlent la sédimentation en eau profonde dans le Canal du Mozambique. Le système turbiditique du Zambèze est composé de deux systèmes de dépôt adjacents : l'éventail du Zambèze ("Zambezi Fan") et un éventail semi-confiné ("ponded fan") dans un bassin intermédiaire face à l'embouchure du Zambèze. Les résultats et les interprétations indiquent : (1) un important contrôle tectonique depuis le Miocène responsable d'une sur-incision profonde de la vallée du Zambèze et de débordements limités des courants turbiditiques ; (2) une influence importante des courants de fond qui induisent la rareté des turbidites fines, l'érosion des flancs des vallées et l'apparition généralisée de "sediment waves" ; (3) une faible activité turbiditique au cours des 700 derniers kyr qui ne montre, en outre, aucune relation avec les changements du niveau de la mer, l'activité turbiditique s'observant indépendamment des périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires ; (4) des pics de flux terrigènes corrélés aux maxima d'ensoleillement estival local, indiquant que la mousson est le contrôle majeur des apports de sédiments vers le système de dépôt marin profond ; (5) une évolution "on-off" du l'éventail du Zambèze qui démontre un déplacement du dépocentre de la partie distale de l'éventail vers le bassin intermédiaire proximal. Ces résultats soulignent la grande complexité du système turbiditique du Zambèze en raison de l'impact de facteurs de contrôles multiples<br>The Zambezi turbidite system (Mozambique Channel, Western Indian Ocean) is one of the largest turbidite systems in the world and yet still remains poorly understood. Newly acquired high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic reflection and sedimentological data allowed to investigate the architecture evolution and depositional patterns since the Oligocene in order to understand the main forcing factors that control the deep sea sedimentation in the Mozambique Channel. It was found that the Zambezi turbidite system is composed of two adjacent depositional systems: the channelized Zambezi Fan and a semiconfined fan in the lntermediate Basin. Moreover, results and interpretations indicate: (1) important tectonic control since the Miocene that caused deep incision of the Zambezi Valley and limited overflow of turbidite currents; (2) an important influence of bottom-currents that induces scarcity of fine-grained turbidites, valley flanks erosion and widespread occurrence of sediment waves; (3) low turbidite activity for the last 700 kyr that shows no relationship with sea-level changes as turbidite activity occurred irrespective of glacial or interglacial periods; (4) peaks in terrigenous flux with maxima in local summer insolation, reflecting that monsoon controls the sediment inputs towards the deep marine depositional system; (5) an on-off evolution of the Zambezi Fan that demonstrates a depocenter shift from the distal Zambezi Fan to the proximal Intermediate Basin. All our findings underline the high complexity in depositional environments of the Zambezi turbidite system
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Thomas, Myron. "Sedimentology and basin context of the Numidian Flysch Formation; Sicily and Tunisia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sedimentology-and-basin-context-of-the-numidian-flysch-formation-sicily-and-tunisia(4b78e06d-f3b5-43da-9d7b-989097470889).html.

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The Numidian Flysch Formation is a regionally extensive series of deep marine sandstones and mudstones which crop out in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, and southern mainland Italy. The formation is dated as Oligocene to mid Miocene and represents an approximately linear series of submarine fans characterised by a quartz rich petrofacies. Their unique regional extent is nearly twice the length of the Angolan margin although issues surrounding provenance and basin context have hampered understanding. The Numidian Flysch Formation was deposited into the Maghrebian Flysch Basin (MFB) which was a foreland basin remnant of the neo-Tethys ocean in the western portion of the present day Mediterranean Basin. The basin was bordered to the north by an active margin which consisted of a southward verging accretionary prism, underlain by European crustal blocks which rode above northwards subducting oceanic crust. To the south, the African margin formed a passive-margin to the basin.The huge amount of geophysical and outcrop data which is becoming increasingly available suggests that submarine slope systems are more complex than previously thought, including topographically complex slopes, a wide variety of density flow types, and flow transformations. This thesis aims to review the sedimentology of the Numidian Flysch Formation in Sicily and Tunisia in light of these developments. Constraining the provenance and basin context of the formation is therefore of paramount importance, and this is also addressed.Commonly used evidence for the provenance of Numidian Flysch sandstones include its quartz rich petrology, an Eburnian and Pan-African age detrital zircon suite, its structural position within the foreland fold and thrust belt, and complex palaeocurrent orientations. when reviewd in their entirety and placed in context of other basin successions, the Numidian Flysch is constrained to a depositional location in the south of the basin, with polycyclic sediment sourced from African basement. The Numidian Flysch Formation is therefore a 'passive margin' sequence as opposed to a flysch sensu stricto. The timing of Numidian Flysch deposition is also coincidental with uplift of the Atlas chain in North Africa, during a period of significantly wetter conditions. A switch from carbonate to clastic deposition results from these conditions, and the Numidian Flysch Formation is considered an offshore extension of this regional sedimentation.Characterisation of outcrops in Sicily and Tunisia shows remarkably similar lithofacies and depositional elements. Sinuous upper slope channel complexes are entrenched within slope deposits to a depth of 100 m and occur within channel systems up to 5.7 km in width. They are filled predominantly with massive ungraded sandstones interpreted to aggrade through quasi-steady turbidity currents, interbedded with normally graded turbidites. Channel elements are subseismic in scale, are nested within complexes and show sinuosity. Coupled with lateral offset stacking, this strongly affects the architecture and facies heterogeneity of channel complexes. When compared to globally reviewed data, the thickness of channel elements as shown through their frequency distribution also suggests a fundamental control upon the degree of slope incision which is as yet unconstrained.In lower slope settings, channel complexes stack aggradationally with a width of over 1000 m. They are also predominantly filled with massive sandstones in fining upwards cycles, and show heterogeneous margins and large scale slumping. In central Sicily, large channel complexes are overlain by a stacked lobe complex, in turn overlain by a channel lobe transition zone. This progression coupled with palaeocurrent variability suggests intraslope deformation strongly impacts transiting flows through changes in flow capacity. Salt tectonics, present in Algeria and Tunisia is a possible forcing mechanism.Taken in context, the sections in Sicily record a proximal to distal palaeogeographic trend which is reconstructed towards the north/northeast once well constrained tectonic rotations are taken into account. Given regional similarities, controls upon slope architecture are interpreted to be similar throughout the basin, and deposits in Sicily therefore provide a good analogue for the remainder of the basin. These results therefore allow for a better constrained fan architecture, along with the allogenic controls upon them. Given the continental extent of this formation, the Numidian Flysch Formation provides a unique opportunity to study controls upon fan architecture once provenance and intraslope topography is factored in.
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REGUZZI, SIMONE. "SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF TURBIDITE SYSTEMS WITH CONTRASTING ARCHITECTURES: EXAMPLES FROM THE TERTIARY PIEDMONT BASIN (NW ITALY) AND THE TAZA-GUERCIF BASIN (NE MOROCCO)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/922848.

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Architectures of submarine fans and turbidite systems are endowed by a high grade of complexity, inherited by the large variability of depositional flows characterising them. This complexity is reflected upon the superimposition of depositional elements (e.g., channels, levées, splays, etc.) giving rise to contrasting sedimentary facies and geometries at different scales. Thus, the understanding and prediction of their heterogeneity over space is essential to obtain reliable depositional models, which can be applied in the field of natural resources exploration. Despite heterogeneities of facies and architectures in turbidite deposits are largely studied, several questions regarding evolutionary controls still remain open due to the intricate interplay between autocyclic and allocyclic factors and the lack of roboust chronostratigraphic (i.e., time-related) constraints to be applied to turbidite systems evolution. This doctoral work focuses on two turbidite units, different for facies, architectures, age, and depositional setting. The work pursues the goal of complementing sedimentological data (collected with cm-scale resolution) with bio-chronostratigraphic data (both novel and collected from the literature) in order to provide a trustworthy estimation of the geological time in turbidite systems depositional models. In the first two chapters an overview on sediment gravity flows and their evolutionary models is provided, emphasising classical facies and depositional geometries. In chapter three, the sedimentary architecture and the controls on the evolution of a channel-levée complex from the Tachrift Turbidite System (Upper Miocene, Melloulou Fm., TazaGuercif Basin, NE Morocco) is addressed. The studied complex is spectacularly well exposed and then suitable for detailed sedimentological logging with cm-scale resolution. Results show a tripartite stratigraphic organisation of the complex, including: (i) a lowermost mud-prone interval with relatively small (a few hundred of metres across and metre-thick) and vertically stacked channels fills, (ii) a middle interval (ca. 4 m-thick and &gt;1 km-wide) made of dominantly amalgamated sandstones with eastward-directed lateral accretion packages (LAPs), and (iii) an uppermost interval made of vertically aggraded channel fills with variously directed LAPs and well-developed levées. This organisation suggests that, after a relatively short phase of inception (lowermost interval), the channel underwent a prolonged lateral migration, prior to become aggradational (uppermost interval). Proportions of turbidite vs. hemipelagic deposits suggest that the migrational and aggradational phases straddle a lapse of reduced turbidite input to the studied section of the slope. It is suggested that the observed architectural style turnaround reflects the feedback of channel morphodynamics, sediment input, and along-dip channel depth profile. In chapter four, the Rupelian Monastero Fm. turbidite system (Tertiary Piedmont Basin, NW Italy) is addressed. This 1100 m-thick turbidite system was deposited adjacent to a coeval and heteropic fan delta system (i.e., the Savignone Conglomerates), upon a south-eastward dipping clastic ramp, and consists of an apparently monotonous succession of thin-bedded sandstone-mudstone couplets intercalated by erosive-based amalgamated bedsets made of sandstones and conglomerates. The unit was studied along the best exposed and most continuous section (Val di Grue-San Gaudenzio section) by cm-scale resolution sedimentological logging. Thesedimentological data were subsequently complemented with bio-magnetostratigraphic data (novel and from the literature) to refine the depositional model. In addition, seismic lines interpretation (in professional partnership with Eni S.p.A.) was used to constrain the Monastero Fm. depositional setting in the host basin. Results provide information about facies and architecture of the Monastero Fm. and insights for analogue systems: (i) the investigated stratigraphy is dominated for the 60% of section thickness by a muddy heterolithic background (with a density of 3 beds/m on average) alternated with conglomeratic channel fills and sandy lobes, (ii) the 65% of the studied section is composed of sedimentary bed repetitions interpreted as hyperpycnites, (iii) these repetitions cohexist with ‘classical’ turbidite facies indicating that the latter may represent the transformation of the former, (iv) bio-magnetostratigraphic data suggest an average accumulation rate of 400 m/Ma for the Monastero Fm., with an estimated return period of sedimentary gravity flows lower than a few thousand years, (v) seismic interpretations confirm the confined nature of the Monastero Fm. turbidite system. In conclusion, the new results of this doctoral work suggest that the use of magneto-biochronology can provide useful constraints for depositional age models, thus contributing to enhance our understanding of the time-scale and control factors of changes in sediment delivery to deep-water.
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Navarro, Ugueto Lilian Leomer. "Stratigraphic Architecture, Depositional Processes and Reservoir Implications of the Basin Floor to Slope Transition, Neoproterozoic Windermere Turbidite System, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35023.

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Deep-water strata of the Neoproterozoic Kaza Group and Isaac Formation (Cariboo Group) in the southern Canadian Cordillera (B.C.) were deposited in a passive-margin basin during the break-up of supercontinent Rodinia. At the Castle Creek and Mount Quanstrom study areas, a remarkably continuous stratigraphic interval throughout these units preserves a record of basin-floor overlain by strata deposited in the lowermost part of the slope. Although similar stratal intervals have been described from ancient and modern deep-marine settings, they still remain poorly understood. Three main stratal units are recognized within the study areas. The lower unit consists of three channel-lobe systems formed in the basin floor to slope transition. Uniquely, siliciclastic-dominated strata here consist of a variety of small- and few large-scale scour elements, indicating transport bypass along the channel-lobe transition zone, in addition to detached or attached depositional lobes composed mostly of distributary channels, fine-grained deposits, and uncommon splays, and a rare slope leveed channel complex. The middle unit is a siliciclastic-dominated succession of stacked, km-scale mass-transport deposits (i.e. debrites and slides), which indicates the more frequent emplacement of increasingly larger mass failures on a prograding slope, and are overlain by fine-grained, splay deposits that are successively overlain by channel, ponded and fine-grained deposits. In contrast, the upper unit is a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate slope succession of the first Isaac carbonate, a regional marker horizon that comprises mostly carbonate-rich and siliciclastic-rich fine-grained strata intercalated with channel and gully complexes that are mostly filled with coarser-grained strata. Abrupt changes in facies trends, stratal stacking patterns and depositional styles throughout these units are largely linked to long-term changes in relative sea level and its control on sediment supply, namely sediment caliber, volume and mineralogy. Notably, in the upper unit, small-scale changes in sediment source and supply are related to shorter sea-level variations superimposed on the long-term eustatic change.
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Treiber, Katie M. "Deepwater Channel Systems in the Orca and Choctaw Basins, Northern Gulf of Mexico." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492531037059556.

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Calvanese, Giordano. "Volumetric deep learning techniques in oil & gas exploration." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20556/.

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This work consisted in the study and application of volumetric Deep Learning (DL) approach to seismic data provided by Eni S.p.A., with an industrial utility perspective. After a series of fruitful meetings with the Upstream & Technical Services team, we clearly defined the final objective of this approach: the automatic search for geological structures such as turbidite channel-bases, as potential regions of interest for the Oil & Gas industry. Therefore, we defined a workflow based on the training of volumetric DL models over seismic horizons containing channel bases providing “windrose” input patches, i.e. a planar approximation of a three-dimensional volume. All components and sources of criticality were systematically analyzed. For this purpose we studied: the effect of preprocessing, the contribution of the dataset augmentation, the sensitivity for the channel-base manual segmentation, the effect of the spatial expansion of the input patches. Evaluating both qualitatively and quantitatively through K-fold cross-validation. This work showed: how an appropriate preprocessing of the original data substantially helps DL models, how the dataset augmentation is fundamental for good model generalization given the poor representativity of the accessible examples compared to all possible configurations, how this DL approach is susceptible to the channel-base segmentation imposing to invest sufficient effort in the generation of reliable labels, how the size of input patches must be large enough to allow models to perceive around each voxel the structure concavity and the texture of any sediment infill. We conclude that the volumetric DL approach developed in this work has proved to be very promising.
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SILVA, TAMIRES PEREIRA PINTO DA. "PERMEABILITY ESTIMATION IN TURBIDITE CHANNELS CONSTRAINED BY WELL-TESTING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36017@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>O principal objetivo deste trabalho é preencher canais turbidíticos com alguma propriedade petrofísica, como a permeabilidade. Estes canais são geometricamente limitados por lobos turbidíticos, gerando a simulação de um sistema deposicional. Simulações numéricas são usadas para tentar ajustar a permeabilidade a um caso de referência por meio de uma função objetivo. Um simulador convencional de diferenças finitas foi usado para comparar os dados de referência com as simulações, obtendo resultados próximos.<br>The main objective of this work is to populate turbidite channels with some petrophysical property such as permeability. These channels are geometrically constrained by turbidite lobes creating a simulated depositional system. Numerical simulations are used to try to fit the permeability field to a reference case through an objective function. A conventional finite difference simulator was used to compare the reference data to the simulations, obtaining close results.
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Peyret, Aymeric-Pierre. "Morphodynamics and geometry of channels, turbidites, and bedforms." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0021.

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The evolution of landscapes and seascapes in time is the result of the constant interaction between flows and topography. Flows change topography, which in turn change the flow. This feedback causes evolution processes to be highly non-linear and complex. When full analytical derivations of the co-evolution of topography and flow are not possible without oversimplifications, as is the case in river bends, recent large topographical datasets and modern computers allow for correlations between horizontal (planview) and cross-sectional geometry of channels. Numerical analysis in the Mississippi and Trinity rivers indicate that the type of correlation between river radius of curvature and bankfull channel width depends on the migration behavior of the river. In other cases, channel topography may only have a second-order effect on its own evolution, as is the case for fully depositional turbidity currents, and the evolution of æolian field topography may only be a function of this topography. I show that in these situations, changes in topography may be decoupled from details of the flow field and modeled very easily with a good accuracy.
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Brocheray, Sandra. "Transferts et accumulations sur les marges du Golfe de Gascogne : architecture, fonctionnement et contrôles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0079/document.

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Ce travail présente une analyse de la morphologie et de la dynamique sédimentaire des systèmes turbiditiques actuels du Cap-Ferret et de Capbreton (sud du Golfe de Gascogne). La reconnaissance effectuée sur le système de Capbreton est la première à le considérer dans son ensemble. Ce travail se base sur des données acoustiques de subsurface (sondeur multifaisceaux, sondeur de sédiments Chirp) et de carottages issues de la campagne océanographique Sargass menée par l’Université de Bordeaux. L’analyse morpho-bathymétrique révèle l’organisation amont-aval des géométries sédimentaires dans ces systèmes et, couplée aux données sédimentaires, de préciser les processus de dépôts liés aux écoulements gravitaires. Le fonctionnement holocène du canyon de Capbreton montre des processus gravitaires haute fréquence, révélant son rôle de dépôt-centre pour le sud du golfe de Gascogne. Dans le système du Cap-Ferret, la zone de transition chenal-lobe a été investiguée à fine échelle, documentant ainsi des structures sédimentaires rarement identifiées avec ce niveau de détails dans les systèmes turbiditiques modernes. La dynamique sédimentaire de chacun de ces systèmes est soumise à des forçages auto-cycliques et glacio-eustatiques qui affectent chacun des systèmes de façons différentes. Ces informations ont permis de proposer un modèle régional de fonctionnement sédimentaire au cours des derniers 50 000 ans<br>This work presents an analysis of the morphology and sedimentary dynamic of the Cap-Ferret and Capbreton turbidite systems (south Bay of Biscay), containing the first recognition of the whole Capbreton turbidite system. The dataset comprises subsurface geophysical data (multibeam bathymetric and imagery, Chirp sub-bottom profiler) and piston cores, acquired during the oceanographic cruise Sargass conducted by the Bordeaux University. Studied by morpho-bathymetric analyses, the upstream-downstream evolution of the sedimentary bodies joined to the sedimentological data help to understand the active gravity processes of the systems. In the Capbreton system, a special focus is made on its Holocene gravity deposits occurring at high frequencies. In the Cap-Ferret system, the channel-lobe transition zone has been investigated at high resolution and revealed sedimentary structures poorly documented at this scale of details in recent turbidite systems. The glacio-eustatic and autocyclic forcing are expressed in different ways in each turbidite sytem. A regional sedimentary dynamic model is proposed for the last 50,000 years
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Books on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Lin, Chung-po. Turbidity currents and sedimentation in closed-end channels. 1987.

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Lin, Chung-po. Turbidity currents and sedimentation in closed-end channels. 1987.

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External Controls on Deep-Water Depositional Systems. Sepm Society for Sedimentary, 2009.

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Velocities induced by commercial navigation. US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydraulics Laboratory, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Berg, Robert R., and Gilberto R. Royo. "Channel-Fill Turbidite Reservoir, Yowlumne Field, California." In Casebooks in Earth Sciences. Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8988-0_20.

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Palanques, Albert. "Bedforms on the Distal Valencia Channel and Turbidite System." In Atlas of Bedforms in the Western Mediterranean. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33940-5_43.

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Zhang, Yu-kun, Ting-en Fan, Hui-lai Zhang, Fei Chen, and Lai-ming Song. "Seismic-Driven Modeling Under the Constraints of Deep-Water Turbidite Channel Complexes Architecture Facies." In Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2021. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_307.

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Smith, R. D. A., and L. A. Spalletti. "Erosional, depositional and post-depositional features of a turbidite channel-fill, Jurassic, Neuquen Basin, Argentina." In Atlas of Deep Water Environments. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_25.

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Schuppers, J. D. "Quantification of Turbidite Facies in a Reservoir-Analogous Submarine-Fan Channel Sandbody, South-Central Pyrenees, Spain." In The Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444303957.ch5.

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Remacha, E., O. Oms, and J. Coello. "The Rapitán turbidite channel and its related eastern levee-overbank deposits, Eocene Hecho group, south-central Pyrenees, Spain." In Atlas of Deep Water Environments. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_22.

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Marques, Inês, José Almeida, Mariana Quininha, and Paulo Legoinha. "Combined Use of Object-Based Models, Multipoint Statistics and Direct Sequential Simulation for Generation of the Morphology, Porosity and Permeability of Turbidite Channel Systems." In Geostatistics Valencia 2016. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46819-8_43.

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Postma, George, David C. Hoyal, Vitor Abreu, et al. "Morphodynamics of Supercritical Turbidity Currents in the Channel-Lobe Transition Zone." In Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1_47.

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Arakawa, Hisayuki, Shizuka Mizuno, Miho Narita, and Mitsuhiro Ishii. "Distribution and Long-Term variation of Turbidity in Tokyo Bay." In Global Change: Mankind-Marine Environment Interactions. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8630-3_55.

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Marfil, R., H. Mansurbeg, D. Garcia, et al. "Dolomite-Rich Condensed Sections in Overbank Deposits of Turbidite Channels: The Eocene Hecho Group, South-Central Pyrenees, Spain." In Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118485347.ch9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Alpak, Faruk Omer, Mark Barton, Frans F. van der Vlugt, Carlos Pirmez, Bradford E. Prather, and Steven Hunter Tennant. "Simplified Modeling of Turbidite Channel Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/114854-ms.

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Sherlock, Don, Leigh Scoby‐Smith, and Eamonn Montague. "Analog reservoir modeling of turbidite channel sands." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2004. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1845216.

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Clemens, T., M. de Ruig, and C. Burgstaller. "Downhole Gas/Water Separation in a Stacked Turbidite Channel Environment." In 66th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.3.h026.

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Kolla, V., P. Bourges, J. M. Urruty, et al. "Reservoir Architecture in Recent and Subsurface, Deepwater Meandri-Channel and Related Depositional Forms." In EAGE/AAPG 3rd Research Symposium - Developing and Managing Turbidite Reservoirs. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406585.

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Wallet, Bradley C. "3D Modeling of Carbonate Turbidite Channel-forms Using Curvature: A Workflow." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5931013.1.

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Clemens, T., C. Burgstaller, and L. Hauser. "Maximised Gas Recovery from On-Shore Fields in a Turbidite Channel Environment." In 67th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.1.i008.

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Euzen, T., S. Rohais, P. Bourgeois, et al. "Static and Seismic Modeling of a Turbidite Channel Complex (Pab Fm, Pakistan)." In 66th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.3.a027.

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P. Wonham, J., S. Jayr, P. Chuilon, and R. Mougamba. "3D Sedimentary Evolution of a Turbidite Channel Reservoir (Early Miocene-Age) of the Baudroie Marine and Baliste Fields, Offshore, Gabon." In EAGE/AAPG 3rd Research Symposium - Developing and Managing Turbidite Reservoirs. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406587.

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Halliday, J., S. Whidden, R. Etherington, and D. Little. "Turbidite Channel and Fan Complexes are Great Exploration Targets of the Salar Basin." In Second EAGE Workshop on East Canada Offshore Exploration. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202286007.

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P. Dutton, S., M. D. Barton, M. A. Malik, et al. "Characterization and Development of Turbidite Reservoirs in a Deepwater Channel-Levee and Lobe System, Ford Geraldine Unit, Permian Bell Canyon Formation, Delaware Basin, USA." In EAGE/AAPG 3rd Research Symposium - Developing and Managing Turbidite Reservoirs. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406572.

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Reports on the topic "Turbidite Channel"

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Foltz, Randy B., Breann Westfall, and Ben Kopyscianski. Turbidity changes during culvert to bridge upgrades at Carmen Creek, Idaho. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-54.

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Seiple, Jacqueline, Luis Santiago, Christopher Spaur, et al. Two years of post-project monitoring of a navigation solution in a dynamic coastal environment, Smith Island, Maryland. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44620.

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In 2018, jetties and a sill were constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers adjacent to the Sheep Pen Gut Federal Channel at Rhodes Point, Smith Island, Maryland. These navigation improvements were constructed under Section 107 of the Continuing Authorities Program. Material dredged for construction of the structures and realignment of the channel were used to restore degraded marsh. Following construction and dredging, 2 years of monitoring were performed to evaluate the performance of navigation improvements with respect to the prevention of shoaling within the channel, shoreline changes, and impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Technical Report ERDC/CHL TR-20-14 describes the first year of post-project monitoring and the methodologies employed. This report describes conclusions derived from 2 years of monitoring. While the navigation improvements are largely preventing the channel from infilling, shoaling within is occurring at rates higher than expected. The placement site appears stable and accreting landward; however, there continues to be erosion along the shoreline and through the gaps in the breakwaters. SAV monitoring indicates that SAV is not present in the project footprint, even though turbidity is comparable to the reference area. Physical disturbance of the bottom sediment during construction may explain SAV absence.
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, et al. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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