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Journal articles on the topic 'Turbine Lubrication'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Yang, Xiaopin, Xinyu Liu, Guiyue Kou, Chunxia Xu, Wenhua Zhang, Rui Hu, Cui Wang, and Zhiying Zhao. "Wind Turbine Lubrication Based on Parallel Control of Multiple Factors." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 53, no. 5 (November 15, 2020): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.530508.

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The lubrication needs of wind turbines vary with the operating conditions. To provide a dynamic lubrication scheme for wind turbines under variable conditions, this paper designs a dynamically adjustable lubrication scheme through parallel control of multiple influencing factors. Based on mid- and long-term loads, the proposed scheme fully considers the influence of various sudden changes in addition to slowly changing factors like load, operating hours, and speed, such as to dynamically adjust the injection flow as per the specific operating condition of the turbine. The ideal lubrication effect was tracked through the adjustment of the injection flow or injection time, and used to determine the optimal dynamic lubrication control strategy during turbine operation. The proposed control strategy overcomes the defects of the traditional fixed-time fixed-flow lubrication approach, and provides reasonable on-demand lubrication schemes for wind turbines in different operating conditions. The on-demand injection of lubricant prevents under- or over-lubrication, reduces the rate of mechanical failure, and extends the service life of wind turbines. Suffice it to say that the proposed control strategy can lower power generation cost and save energy, making wind turbines more profitable.

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2

Riis, S. M. "STEAM TURBINE LUBRICATION." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 42, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1930.tb05736.x.

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3

Pratama, Edward Rangga, and Alaya Fadllu Hadi Mukhammad. "Bearing Failure Analysis on Gearbox Forced Draft Fan at LNG Plant." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v3i2.12756.

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Boilers Forced Draft Fan has a gearbox reducer to reduce speed from steam turbine as a driver and fan as the driven. Based on Predictive Maintenance Group at Machinery and Heavy Equipment Section, it was found that gearbox has high vibration and noise when boilers load on 195 Ton/Hr (Max Load 295 Ton/hr). Vibration Analysis indicates that the source of vibration comes from bearings with peak value 0.572 in/sec at gearbox high speed outboard vertical and 0.593 in/sec at gearbox high speed outboard horizontal (Max Allowance 0.50 in/sec). Lubrication analysis using X-ray Flourescence method, to see wear particle on lubricating oil showed that Tin(Sn) content is very high 203.62 mg/L (maximum allowance for Tin(Sn) at gearbox is 20mg/L), but wear debris are not found in lubricating oil. Gearbox disassembly found that high speed and low speed bearings suffered severe corrosion. Corrosion at bearings are caused by water contamination on lubrication oil, it comes from steam leak due to carbon ring failure at steam turbine which is steam turbine bearing lubrication and gearbox lubrication get into one lubrication system. After Bearings replaced with a new one, vibration analysis shown improved vibration conditions 0.084 in/sec at gearbox high speed outboard vertical and 0.066 in/sec at gearbox high speed outboard horizontal. In conclucion, high vibration and noise at gearbox reducer were caused by bearings failure due to severe corrosion, and water contamination on lubrication oil for gearbox due to carbon ring failure on steam turbine.

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4

Zhang, Hai Bo, and Liang Liu. "How to Improve the Reliability of Wind Turbines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.771.

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According to the failure of wind turbines in operation, the failure cause and phenomenon of wind turbines is analyzed, combined with the reliability of wind turbine subsystems, measures aiming at cooperation parts and purchased parts are proposed, the reliability of the whole wind turbines is improved in a certain extent. At the same time, condition monitoring system can carry through the early detecting and diagnosing to potential component failure maintain. Besides, automatic lubrication system can realize accurate and timeliness lubrication, also can reduce maintenance workload, preserve correct lubrication and smooth running of all parts.

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5

Wei, M., JE Dyson, and BW Darvell. "Factors Affecting Dental Air-Turbine Handpiece Bearing Failure." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): E1—E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-087-l.

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SUMMARY Objectives To investigate the influence of various factors on air-turbine handpiece bearing failure through developing standard protocols for testing the bearing longevity. Methods Groups of four air-turbine assemblies (Synea TA-98, W&H, Dentalwerk, Bürmoos, Austria) were subjected repeatedly to a full binary combinatorial set of operating conditions: with and without lubrication, simulated clinical loading, and corrosion protection, all with autoclaving, to the point of failure. A control set was lubricated only. Lubrication (Assistina, W&H), autoclaving (ST-Im30b, Eschmann Bros & Walsh, West Sussex, England), simulated clinical loading (0.56 N at 45° to the turbine axis, after autoclaving), and corrosion protection during autoclaving (magnesium sacrificial anode) were used as required. Free-running speed (Hz) and bearing resistance (μNm) were determined (Darvell-Dyson testing machine) at baseline and after every 10 cycles until turbine failure. Three-way analysis of variance (lubrication × loading × corrosion protection) of log(cycles to failure), with α = 0.05, was used. Results All autoclaved turbines had failed by 560 cycles, while the controls failed at 960-1000 cycles. All three main effects were significant: loading (p<10−6), lubrication (p<0.0002), and corrosion protection (p<0.02), as was the interaction lubrication × loading (p<10−6). No other interaction attained significance. Conclusions Running under load was the most important factor affecting bearing longevity. While autoclaving clearly has a detrimental effect, lubrication effectively increases longevity. A sacrificial anode may be economically worthwhile to extend life further, but low-load usage patterns, as generally instructed, are confirmed as beneficial.

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6

Zuo, Yu Yu. "Gas Turbine Engines Lubrication System Design." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.773.

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There are many reasons for having a lubricant within the engine besides that of reducing friction. However scrupulously clean the engine is maintained, there will always be a small amount of dirt or impurities that find their way inside. That dirt must be removed before it can cause damage to bearings or block small oil passageways. The oil can be used to keep the engine clean by carrying dirt to the oil filter where it is strained out and where it remains until replacement of the filter. The majority of the bearings within the engine are manufactured from steel, a metal which would soon oxidize itself if it were not prevented from doing so by a liberal coating of oil, thus the lubricant will also minimise corrosion inside the engine.

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7

Bromley., C. H. "NOTES ON TURBINE BEARINGS AND THEIR LUBRICATION." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 30, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1918.tb04823.x.

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8

Griffiths, C. A. "DISCUSSION OF THE PAPER-“STEAM TURBINE LUBRICATION”." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 42, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1930.tb05737.x.

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9

Pratiwi, Monika Audiya, Muhammad Ikhsan, Rio Duzan Octavianto, Abdul Hamid, and Subekti Subekti. "DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BALL BEARING IN TURBINE PROPELLER USING BUMP TEST METHOD." SINERGI 25, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2021.2.004.

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Bearing is an essential component in a mechanical rotating equipment system. It is no less important than lubrication to prevent wear is very important to consider in the mechanical maintenance system of rotating equipment. Bearing wear is one of the problems in wind turbines that will increase maintenance costs, shorten the wind turbines' lifespan, and cause the component or overall damage to the wind turbine. The latest technology has provided instruments for analyzing the damage of elements in a bearing according to the caused vibrations. Therefore, this study was performed on Ball Bearing Turbine Propeller to identify the dynamic characteristics of Ball Bearing with and without lubrication. The test was carried out using the Bump Test method applied in three measured parts: X, Y, and Z axes. The measuring instrument which was used was Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Analyzer (Ono Sokki) and the data were analyzed using MATLAB. It was identified that the application of oil could reduce the amplitude and decrease the frequency. Personal frequency appearing more than once indicates the existence of global vibration modes. The frequency which only appears once in the measurement spot indicates local vibration modes. The highest frequency both after and before the application of oil was found in the Y-axis.

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10

Raykovskiy, N. A., V. L. Yusha, A. V. Tretyakov, and V. A. Zakharov. "Theoretical Estimation of Thermal Deformations of Non-Lubricated Bearings of Low-Flow Turbocharger Units." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 10 (715) (October 2019): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-10-58-69.

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When designing turbocharger units (microturbines) working with high-temperature flows, it is possible to completely abandon lubrication system and use self-lubricating bearings instead. At the same time, it is important to ensure the required temperature regimes and permissible temperature deformations. Currently, there are no calculation methods that could be used to determine the temperature fields and temperature deformations of the ‘rotor — self-lubrication bearings’ system. The paper proposes a numerical method for calculating bearing assemblies, which takes into account the mutual influence of the operating modes of the turbine unit and the bearing cooling system. The proposed method is tested, and the results of the analysis of temperatures and temperature deformations are presented.

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11

Wu, Bin, Wan Kai Shi, Long Zhao, and Ping Fu. "Study on the Micro Thermal EHL Behavior of Wind Turbine Gearbox." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.443.

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A complete numerical solution for the micro thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of planetary gearing in wind turbine gearbox is obtained with taking roughness effects and characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids into account. The oil film pressure profile, film shape and the trend of equivalent temperature rise in planetary gearing in special meshing points are drawn. Through comparing with lubrication performance in different surface morphology between Ra=0.8μm and 0.2μm, the results show that the film thickness ratio of ring gear and planetary gears with Ra=0.8μm is greatly smaller than 1.5. From the relationship between tooth surface damage and film thickness ratio, these gears are in abnormal lubrication state, surface damage, when Ra=0.8μm, can theoretically reach more than 15%. However, the surface damage ratio with Ra=0.2μm has been greatly deceased, so as to that it provides a theoretical basis of reliable lubrication analysis for wind turbine gearbox.

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12

Putra, Fajri Dwi, Nota Effiandi, and Desmarita Leni. "Pengoperasian dan Perawatan PLTMH pada Pembangkit Listrik Mikro Hidro (PLTMH) di Sungai Batang Geringging Kota Padang." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 10, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.10.2.183.

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Water turbine is a tool to convert the potential energy of water into mechanical energy, this mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by a generator. Crossflow turbines are radial, small pressurized turbines with tangential injection from fan rotation with a horizontal shaft. The flow of water flows through the pipe entrance, and is arranged by a propeller and into the turbine fan rotation. After the water passes through the turbine fan rotation, the water is at the opposite fan rotation, thus providing additional efficiency. Finally, water flows from the casing either freely or through a tube under the turbine so that it rotates and turns the generator so it can produce electricity. Maintenance of PLTMH is carried out namely preventive maintenance such as; cleaning, lubrication and periodic checks. Maintenance corrections are carried out with the aim of being able to maintain the PLTMH component. Predictive maintenance of a treatment carried out in accordance with the conditions of the PLTMH and predicting damage that will occur in PLTMH

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13

Wagner, Matthew J., Nelson H. Forster, Kenneth W Van Treuren, and David T. Gerardi. "Vapor Phase Lubrication for Expendable Gas Turbine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 2 (January 3, 2000): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483193.

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Vapor phase lubrication (VPL) is an emerging technology that is currently targeted for application in limited life, expendable engines. It has the potential to cut 90 percent of the cost and weight of the lubrication system, when compared to a conventional liquid lubricated system. VPL, is effective at much higher temperatures than conventional liquid lubrication (600°C versus 200°C), so considerably less cooling for the bearing is required, to the extent that the bearing materials often dictate the maximum upper temperature for its use. The hot no. 8 bearing and the cold no. 1 bearing of the T63 engine were used to evaluate the applicability of this technology to the expendable engine environment. The no. 8 bearing was a custom made hybrid with T15 steel races, silicon nitride balls, and a carbon–carbon composite cage; it was run for 10.7 h at a race temperature of 450°C at full power, without incident. Prior to engine tests, a bearing rig test of the no. 8 bearing demonstrated an 18.6 h life at a race temperature of 500°C at engine full power speed of 50,000 rpm. Cold bearing performance was tested with the standard no. 1 bearing, which consisted of 52100 steel races and balls, and a bronze cage; it was run for 7.5 h at a race temperature of 34°C at flight idle power, without incident. A self-contained lubricant misting system, running off compressor bleed air, provided lubricant at flow rates of 7–25 ml/h, depending on engine operating conditions. These tests have demonstrated for the first time that a single self-contained VPL system can provide adequate lubrication to both the hot and cold bearings for the required life of an expendable cruise missile engine. [S0742-4795(00)01302-2]

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14

Van Treuren, K. W., D. N. Barlow, W. H. Heiser, M. J. Wagner, and N. H. Forster. "Investigation of Vapor-Phase Lubrication in a Gas Turbine Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818113.

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The liquid oil lubrication system of current aircraft jet engines accounts for approximately 10–15 percent of the total weight of the engine. It has long been a goal of the aircraft gas turbine industry to reduce this weight. Vapor-Phase Lubrication (VPL) is a promising technology to eliminate liquid oil lubrication. The current investigation resulted in the first gas turbine to operate in the absence of conventional liquid lubrication. A phosphate ester, commercially known as DURAD 620B, was chosen for the test. Extensive research at Wright Laboratory demonstrated that this lubricant could reliably lubricate rolling element bearings in the gas turbine engine environment. The Allison T63 engine was selected as the test vehicle because of its small size and bearing configuration. Specifically, VPL was evaluated in the number eight bearing because it is located in a relatively hot environment, in line with the combustor discharge, and it can be isolated from the other bearings and the liquid lubrication system. The bearing was fully instrumented and its performance with standard oil lubrication was documented. Results of this baseline study were used to develop a thermodynamic model to predict the bearing temperature with VPL. The engine was then operated at a ground idle condition with VPL with the lubricant misted into the #8 bearing at 13 ml/h. The bearing temperature stabilized at 283°C within 10 minutes. Engine operation was continued successfully for a total of one hour. No abnormal wear of the rolling contact surfaces was found when the bearing was later examined. Bearing temperatures after engine shutdown indicated the bearing had reached thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings during the test. After shutdown bearing temperatures steadily decreased without the soakback effect seen after shutdown in standard lubricated bearings. In contrast, the oil-lubricated bearing ran at a considerably lower operating temperature (83°C) and was significantly heated by its surroundings after engine shutdown. In the baseline tests, the final bearing temperatures never reached that of the operating VPL system.

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15

Huang, Fu Chuan, Xing Zhong Tang, Man Rong Su, Zhao Xia Lu, You Cheng Xiao, and Sheng Li. "Developing of a Lubricant Oil for the Ship Gas Turbine of Reducer." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.339.

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The combination of ship gas turbine working at special environment, this article pass through the study of base oil and composite additive, developed an application marine environment of the ship gas turbine reducer lubricants. According to comprehensive performance assessment, the product has excellent high-temperature anti-oxidant, anti-wear, corrosion inhibition and anti-foam performance. The indicators have reached the requirements. With the development of China's ship gas turbine technology, especially UGT25000 ship gas turbine technology is imported from Ukraine, as well as the recent introduction of the GE LM2500 + G4 Series of technology for power plant of construction. The localization of the supporting facilities are growing louder, there is a strong market rigid demand. Ship gas turbine must be one of the trends of the development of Marine Power. Ship gas turbine due to light weight, small size, stand-alone power, fast start; less pollution, vibration, high thermal efficiency and gas initial temperature, it is easy to realize the cascade of energy use, economy, received widespread attention and application. China's ship gas turbine of modification and design draw the aero-engine, ship gas turbine is a continuous rotation of the impeller mechanical heat engine; it is mainly composed by three parts of the compressor, gas generator and gas turbine. Ships generally use diesel (fuel have heavy trend, the heavy diesel oil or No. 200 heavy oil will be used) as fuel, in order to adapt the ship gas turbine, ship gas turbine need to transform, particularly its' lubrication system [1]. Foreign aviation gas engine lubricants are based on the U.S. standard as a reference, due to the differences of using purpose and fuel, so that the ship gas turbine oil has different requirements. Since ship gas Turbine Technology started late in China, the ship gas turbine core engine technology patents come from the United States, Russia and Ukraine, so the use of gas turbine lubricants, as well as matching accessories and other standards, which are more or less directed reference to refer to the original foreign standards [2,3]. We have never been established using standard ship gas turbine oil. Ship gas turbine apply to the special conditions (high humidity, salt spray, etc.), the ship gas turbine of lubrication has a higher demand, particularly for the ship gas turbine reducer of lubrication. The ship gas turbine reducer work in the low-speed heavy-duty and high-speed heavy-duty , high strength, high shear conditions, how ensure the ship gas turbine reducer to normal work is very important at high load conditions. In this regard, developing of a ship gas turbine reducer lubricant is very necessary.

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Litwin, Wojciech, Artur Olszewski, and Michał Wodtke. "Influence of Shaft Misalignment on Water Lubricated Turbine Sliding Bearings with Various Bush Modules of Elasticity." Key Engineering Materials 490 (September 2011): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.490.128.

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Hydropower industry increasingly frequently uses water lubricated bearings in turbines. This stems from the lack of negative impact of such solution on the environment. The paper presents an analysis of the influence of shaft misalignment in a turbine with water lubricated main shaft bearing on its hydrodynamic capacity. The theoretical analysis was based on the results of calculations for experimentally verified elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model. The obtained results showed impact of the stiffness of bush material and the degree of misalignment on bearing's hydrodynamic capacity.

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17

Hart, Edward, Benjamin Clarke, Gary Nicholas, Abbas Kazemi Amiri, James Stirling, James Carroll, Rob Dwyer-Joyce, Alasdair McDonald, and Hui Long. "A review of wind turbine main bearings: design, operation, modelling, damage mechanisms and fault detection." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-105-2020.

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Abstract. This paper presents a review of existing theory and practice relating to main bearings for wind turbines. The main bearing performs the critical role of supporting the turbine rotor, with replacements typically requiring its complete removal. The operational conditions and loading for wind turbine main bearings deviate significantly from those of more conventional power plants and other bearings present in the wind turbine power train, i.e. those in the gearbox and generator. This work seeks to thoroughly document current main-bearing theory in order to allow for appraisal of existing design and analysis practices, while also seeking to form a solid foundation for future research in this area. The most common main-bearing setups are presented along with standards for bearing selection and rating. Typical loads generated by a wind turbine rotor, and subsequently reacted at the main bearing, are discussed. This is followed by the related tribological theories of lubrication, wear and associated failure mechanisms. Finally, existing techniques for bearing modelling, fault diagnosis and prognosis relevant to the main bearing are presented.

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18

KULCZYCKI, Andrzej, Wojciech DZIĘGIELEWSKI, and Dariusz OZIMINA. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS AND ALCOHOLS ON THE LUBRICITY OF CI ENGINE FUELS AND AVIATION FUELS." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6140.

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The paper covers the mechanism of lubrication layer formation by fuels containing synthetic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Development of alternative fuels containing FAME, alcohols, and synthetic hydrocarbons has increased the interest in the mechanism of lubrication of fuelling systems parts. Fuel lubricity tests have been conducted using the HFRR and BOCLE testing rigs. Fuels under testing, both for CI engines and for aviation turbine ones, contained synthetic components: saturated hydrocarbons both of even and odd number of carbon atoms, and butanol, isomers. These components have been added to conventional fuels, such as diesel fuel and Jet A-1 fuel at the concentration of 0–20% (V/V). All fuels under testing contained commercially available lubricity improvers (carboxylic acid). Test results were analysed using model αi described in [L. 6, 7]. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the liquid phase, which is a lubricating film, should contain agglomerates or molecular clusters responsible for the transport of energy introduced into lubricating film by electrons emitted from metal surface. The mechanism enabling a description of the effect of base fuel without lubricity improvers on efficiency of such additives has been suggested.

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19

Космынин, А. В., В. С. Щетинин, А. В. Смирнов, and А. С. Хвостиков. "Application of gas-magnetic bearings in turbine compressors of marine ICE pressurizing systems." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 2(52) (June 20, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2021.52.2.053.

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В статье приводится обоснование применения газомагнитных подшипников в судовых турбокомпрессорах систем наддува дизелей. Показаны отрицательные стороны применения наиболее распространенных подшипниковых узлов с масляной системой смазки. Для подтверждения эффективности применения газомагнитных опор в турбокомпрессорах необходимо провести целый ряд исследований. Первым шагом исследований явилось определение и изучение основных эксплуатационных характеристик газомагнитного подшипника – коэффициентов несущей способности и жесткости смазочного слоя. В качестве методов исследования использовался теоретический анализ и физический эксперимент, для реализации которых были разработаны методика расчета, в основе своей базирующаяся на решении модифицированного уравнения Рейнольдса теории газовой смазки, и экспериментальный стенд для исследования эксплуатационных характеристик радиальной газомагнитной опоры. Результаты сравнительного анализа экспериментальных и теоретических характеристик показали на их вполне удовлетворительное согласование, что позволяет в дальнейшем проведение широкомасштабные теоретических исследований. The article gives a justification for using gas-magnetic bearings in marine turbine compressors of diesel engine pressurizing systems. The drawbacks of using the most common bearing units with oil lubrication are shown. A number of studies is required to confirm the efficiency of using gas-magnetic bearings in turbine compressors. The first step is to determine and study the main operational characteristics of a gas-magnetic bearing: bearing capacity factor and lubricating film stiffness. The study methods included theoretical analysis and a physical experiment. A calculation method has been developed for their implementation based on the solution of the modified Reynolds equation from gas lubrication theory and a test bench for studying operational characteristics of a radial gas-magnetic bearing. The results of comparative analysis of experimental and theoretical characteristics has shown that they correspond well which allows performing future large-scale theoretical studies.

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Ikeda, Kazunori, Toshio Hirano, Tatsuo Yamashita, Makoto Mikami, and Hitoshi Sakakida. "An Experimental Study of Static and Dynamic Characteristics of a 580mm(22.8in.) Diameter Direct Lubrication Tilting Pad Journal Bearing." Journal of Tribology 128, no. 1 (August 19, 2005): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2114929.

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Direct lubrication tilting pad journal bearings (DLTPJ bearings) have rarely been applied to large-scale rotating machinery, such as turbines or generators, whose journal diameters are more than 500mm. In this paper, static and dynamic characteristics of a 580mm(22.8in.) diameter DLTPJ bearing were studied experimentally using a full-scale bearing test rig. In the static test, distribution of metal temperature, oil film pressure, and bearing loss were measured in changing oil flow rate, with mean bearing pressure ranging up to 2.9MPa. The maximum metal temperature of the DLTPJ bearing was compared to that of a conventional flood lubrication bearing, and it was confirmed that the direct lubrication could increase load capacity. In the dynamic test, spring and damping coefficients of oil film were obtained by exciting the bearing casing that was floated by air bellows. These data will be used for analysis and design of steam turbine rotors and their bearing systems. Also, vibration of pads was investigated because metal failure on upper pads due to vibration has been found in some actual machines. In order to generate oil film pressure on the surface of upper pads, a Rayleigh-step was machined there, and it was confirmed that vibration was reduced by the Rayleigh-step.

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21

Nicholas, G., B. P. Clarke, and R. S. Dwyer-Joyce. "Detection of Lubrication State in a Field Operational Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearing Using Ultrasonic Reflectometry." Lubricants 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9010006.

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Fully flooded lubrication is the ideal state for a rolling bearing; this is especially true in the aggressive environment of a wind turbine transmission where bearings are subject to intermittent operation and highly variable loading. In this paper, a novel ultrasonic reflection method is used to detect the presence of oil between rollers in the bearing. Ultrasonic sensors were instrumented on the static inner (lab) and outer (field) bearing raceways and reflections were captured as the rollers travelled past the sensor. The proportion of the sound wave reflected (known as the reflection coefficient, R) is dependent on the acoustic mismatch of the materials either side of the interface. Changes in R indicate either a steel–air or steel–oil interface as R values transitioned from 1 to 0.95, respectively, and even lower for a steel–roller interface. Consequently, it was possible to detect the presence of lubricant on the raceway between roller passes. From the laboratory measurements, the recurring reflection coefficient patterns between roller passes were used to identify the lubrication condition of the raceway. An absence of these patterns between roller passes indicated the absence of lubricant on the bearing surface. For the field measurements, three bearing lubrication conditions (partial, insufficient, and fully lubricated) were observed. Partially and insufficiently lubricated datasets were found to occur mostly during transient operation. As transient operation is often accompanied by overloading and torque reversals, coupled with the lubrication issues, these all act to increase the risk of premature bearing failure.

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22

Yin, Yu Feng, Jian Gang Ding, Yong Jian Li, and Ya Li Na. "Slip Analysis of Wind Turbine Angular Contact Ball Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.249.

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Wind machine high speed shaft bearing in high speed and light load conditions,it is prone to produce skidding.Skidding damage often becomes one of the main damage forms.According to EHD lubrication theory,this paper establishes the interacting model among rolling-elements,which includes gyroscopic and centrifugal effects,to study the skidding characteristics of angular contact ball-bearings.The model will enable engineers to improve bearing reliability at the design stage.

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23

Sawyer, W. Gregory, Thierry A. Blanchet, and Salvadore J. Calabrese. "Lubrication of Silicon Nitride in a Simulated Turbine Exhaust Gas Environment." Tribology Transactions 40, no. 2 (January 1997): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402009708983668.

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24

Cao, Liang, S. G. Gong, and Y. R. Tao. "Optimisation design for wind turbine mainshaft bearing based on lubrication reliability." International Journal of Reliability and Safety 14, no. 4 (2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijrs.2020.114696.

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25

Tao, Y. R., S. G. Gong, and Liang Cao. "Optimisation design for wind turbine mainshaft bearing based on lubrication reliability." International Journal of Reliability and Safety 14, no. 4 (2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijrs.2020.10037445.

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26

Heshmat, H., and J. F. Walton. "The Basics of Powder Lubrication in High-Temperature Powder-Lubricated Dampers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906719.

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The objective of this investigation is to develop a novel powder-lubricated rotor bearing system damper concept for use in high-temperature, high-speed rotating machinery such as advanced aircraft gas turbine engines. The approach discussed herein consists of replacing a conventional oil lubrication or frictional damper system with a powder lubrication system that uses the process particulates or externally fed powder lubricant. Unlike previous work in this field, this approach is based on the postulate of the quasi-hydrodynamic nature of powder lubrication. This postulate is deduced from past observation and present verification that there are a number of basic features of powder flow in narrow interfaces that have the characteristic behavior of fluid film lubrication. In addition to corroborating the basic mechanism of powder lubrication, the conceptual and experimental work performed in this program provides guidelines for selection of the proper geometries, materials, and powders suitable for this tribological process. The present investigation describes the fundamentals of quasi-hydrodynamic powder lubrication and defines the rationale underlying the design of the test facility. The performance and the results of the experimental program present conclusions reached regarding design requirements as well as the formulation of a proper model of quasi-hydrodynamic powder lubrication.

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27

Liu, Heli, Huaiju Liu, Caichao Zhu, Zhangdong Sun, and Houyi Bai. "Study on contact fatigue of a wind turbine gear pair considering surface roughness." Friction 8, no. 3 (April 24, 2019): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0277-3.

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AbstractContact fatigue issues become more and more crucial in gear industry as they significantly affect the reliability and service life of associated mechanical systems such as wind turbine gearboxes. The contact fatigue behavior is mostly determined by the mechanical properties of materials and stress fields near the contact area, which is further influenced by the lubrication and surface roughness due to pressure fluctuations. In this study, a numerical model incorporating the lubrication state, tooth surface roughness, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the material is developed to determine the contact fatigue behavior of a megawatt level wind turbine carburized gear. The variations of the hardness and residual stress along the depth were characterized by the Vickers hardness measurement and X-ray diffraction test, respectively. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory was applied to predict the contact pressure distribution, highlighting the influence of the surface roughness that stemed from the original measurement through an optical profiler. The stress histories of the studied material points during a complete contact loading cycle were fast calculated using the discreteconcrete fast Fourier transformation (DC-FFT) method. Modified Dang Van diagrams under different working conditions were determined to estimate the contact fatigue failure risk. The effect of the root mean square (RMS) value of the surface roughness on the failure risk at critical material points were discussed in detail. Results revealed that the surface roughness significantly increases the contact fatigue failure risk within a shallow area, and the maximum risk appears near the surface.

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28

Haţiegan, Cornel, Mihaela Dorica Stroia, and Eugen Răduca. "Vibration Study for a Subassembly – Part of Hydraulic Turbines." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0124.

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Abstract A common problem with hydraulic turbines is the rupture of turbine horizontal shaft in the area between the rotor and its bearing, caused by different stresses [1], as well as problems caused by excessive bearing wear, vibration caused by instability of lubricant film from bearings, lubrication supply interruption of hydrodynamic bearings, gripping, decrease of bearing stiffness due to fatigue of supporting structures. In addition, during operation, vibration appear depending on exciter forces or bearing type. In present paper we present an analysis of vibrations measured on a subassembly found at hydraulic turbines. For the experimental subassembly was used a straight-lined shaft, having variable cross-section, and a sliding type bearing. The tests were made for bearings of different dimensions and materials. Vibrations were measured on two axes for established case studies and results were compared.

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29

Gulienko, A. I., and Yu M. Shchurovskiy. "Research of hydrodynamic processes in the lubrication system of gas turbine engines." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University 14, no. 3-1 (December 1, 2015): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-7329-2015-14-3-250-261.

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30

Lebedev, V., S. Loi, and O. Khalimovskyy. "Improvement of equipment for plasma lubrication of gas-turbine engines and installations." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 95, no. 3 (2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2019.03.086.

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31

Gulienko, A. I., and Yu M. Shchurovskiy. "Research of hydrodynamic processes in the lubrication system of gas turbine engines." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University 14, no. 3-1 (December 1, 2015): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-7329-2015-14-3-1-250-261.

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32

Zhang, Meixiang, Zhi Yuan Liao, and Kal Farooq. "Cleanliness control and management of gearbox lubrication system in wind turbine generator." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5, no. 2 (March 2013): 021419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4800061.

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33

Boehringer, R. H., and F. Neff. "Lubrication of hydroelectric turbine thrust bearings with a diester-based synthetic lubricant." Journal of Synthetic Lubrication 6, no. 4 (January 1990): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000060405.

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34

Gawron, Bartosz, and Grażyna Karp. "Investigation of Lubrication Properties of Petroleum Fuel and Biohydrocarbon Blends." Journal of KONBiN 37, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2016-0008.

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Abstract The paper covers issues regarding lubricity of petroleum fuels used in piston and turbine engines, containing hydrocarbon biocomponents. Basing on available literature it can be said that the most prospective fuel components are biohydrocarbons. The paper describes effect of biohydrocarbons included in aviation fuel and diesel fuel on lubricity of such blends. The analysis covers two processes for obtaining biohydrocarbons, the HVO and the Fischer-Tropsch process. Due to problems with actual products acquiring, biohydrocarbons models representing chemically the actual ones from specific process. Lubricity testing was carried out according to standard test methods.

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35

Chun, Sang-Myung. "Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of Journal Bearing on Steam Turbine Shipping Engine Involving the Mixture of Water within Turbine Oil." Journal of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 27, no. 2 (April 30, 2011): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9725/kstle.2011.27.2.077.

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36

Klimov, V. N., D. Ya Dud’ev, V. Ya Sigaylo, N. I. Klimov, and Yu K. Mashkov. "Research of the operability of an air-fuel lubrication and cooling system of gas turbine engine rotor bearings." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-1-55-66.

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The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring the operability of air-fuel lubrication and cooling systems for gas turbine engine (GTE) rotor bearings. The paper considers one of the advanced designs of a GTE in which an air-fuel mixture obtained in a special mixer is fed to a bearing installed in the turbine support and then through a hollow shaft to the bearing of the compressor support and then directed to the engine input. It is difficult to implement such a GTE scheme because of the necessity to ensure the operability of bearings lubricated with an air-fuel mixture for a predetermined period of time. It is impossible to determine the thermal state of the bearings and the friction regime in them with sufficient accuracy. The solution of the problems requires carrying out experimental work to determine the coefficients of friction and convective heat transfer in the bearings, as well as their full service life under various operating conditions and parameters of the air-fuel mixture blown through the bearings. The paper presents the results of testing a 45-126205РЯ radial thrust bearing lubricated with an air-fuel mixture, МС-8П oil and a non-lubricated bearing of the same kind. The operability of the GTE rotor bearings lubricated with the air-fuel mixture is analyzed, the area of efficient application of the gas turbine engine with an air-fuel lubrication system is determined.

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37

Inturi, Vamsi, GR Sabareesh, K. Supradeepan, and PK Penumakala. "Integrated condition monitoring scheme for bearing fault diagnosis of a wind turbine gearbox." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 12 (April 3, 2019): 1852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319841495.

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Rolling element bearing faults of a laboratory scale wind turbine gearbox operating under nonstationary loads have been diagnosed using condition monitoring (CM) techniques such as vibration analysis, acoustic analysis, and lubrication oil analysis. Two local bearing faults, namely, bearing inner race fault and bearing outer fault are seeded in the gearbox. The raw data from these techniques are decomposed and wavelet approximation coefficients of level four (a4) are extracted using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). A plethora of statistical features is computed from the wavelet approximation coefficients and the most significant features are being identified by implementing the decision tree algorithm. The classification efficiencies of each of these CM techniques are compared by using the support-vector machine algorithm. Furthermore, an integrated CM scheme is developed by combining the individual CM techniques and the fault diagnosing ability of the integrated CM scheme is compared with the individual CM techniques. A principal component analysis-based approach is used as a feature classification algorithm and an input feature matrix is formed by combining the significant features extracted from vibration, acoustic, and lubrication oil analysis. It has been observed that the integrated CM scheme has provided better classification interpretations than the single CM techniques and it can be extended for real time fault diagnosis of a wind turbine gearbox.

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38

Chitra, L., and V. Ramakrishnan. "A Low Cost Sensor System for Monitoring Wind Turbine Gear Box Lubrication System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 1035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6400.

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39

Gutierrez, Miguel, Michael Haselkorn, and Patricia Iglesias. "The Lubrication Ability of Ionic Liquids as Additives for Wind Turbine Gearboxes Oils." Lubricants 4, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4020014.

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40

Abdullaev, E. Sh, V. M. Abbasov, E. J. Aghazadeh, E. K. Gasanov, and L. I. Aliyev. "CONSERVATIVE FLUIDS AND LUBRICANTS BASED ON TURBINE OIL, NITRO, AMIDO AND PARAFFIN WAX." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 3, no. 1 (April 9, 2007): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v3i1.917.

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To create conservation fluids and lubricants based on the oil acids and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) synthesized amidoamines, and based on α-olefins (C12, C14 and C16-C18) and the nitric acids-nitro compounds. Using of amido, nitro and solid n-paraffins in the turbine oil T-30 (Standard 32-74) formulated lubricants and conservation fluid which are tested under different conditions. It is shown that in comparison with the preservative fluid, the preservative lubrication more effective.

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41

Butt, M. Usman. "Converting an automobile turbocharger into a micro gas turbine." E3S Web of Conferences 95 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199502008.

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A low cost micro turbojet made by using an automobile turbocharger and other automobile components for research is presented in this paper. The machine comprises mainly of three main assemblies, the compressor & turbine assembly, the combustion chamber and the lubrication & cooling accessories. Carefully selected turbocharger with correct compressor & turbine combination by taking into account their efficiencies and losses associated with their small size and suitably designed combustion chamber results in a self-sustaining turbojet. The combustion chamber is composed of a combustion liner/flame tube and an outer cylinder. The flame tube is divided into three different zones to allow complete combustion and cooling of hot gases. The fuel used is liquid petroleum gas (LPG). The maximum pressure recorded in the combustion chamber was 11.5 psi and a pressure loss of about 4%. The maximum rpm (revolutions per minute) of the engine ranged to 84000.

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42

Sinha, Yashwant, John A. Steel, Jesse A. Andrawus, and Karen Gibson. "Significance of Effective Lubrication in Mitigating System Failures — A Wind Turbine Gearbox Case Study." Wind Engineering 38, no. 4 (August 2014): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309-524x.38.4.441.

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43

Tamazawa, Kaoru, Yoshinori Tamazawa, and Hidetoshi Shimauchi. "Effect of the Lubrication on the Autoclaving of the Dental Air-Turbine Hand-Piece." Iryou kikigaku (The Japanese journal of medical instrumentation) 84, no. 6 (2014): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/jjmi.84.621.

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44

Trivedi, H. K., G. D. Givan, and C. S. Saba. "Boundary Lubrication RCF Performance of 4 cSt Gas Turbine Engine Oils at 204 °C." Tribology Letters 16, no. 1/2 (February 2004): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:tril.0000009722.66339.5e.

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45

Gutenev, B. S., V. G. Gorodetskii, V. N. Bakunin, and N. P. Poroikov. "Features of formation of high-temperature deposits in lubrication systems of gas turbine engines." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 21, no. 12 (December 1985): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00719459.

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46

Chasalevris, Athanasios, and Gilles Guignier. "Alignment and rotordynamic optimization of turbine shaft trains using adjustable bearings in real-time operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 7 (August 9, 2018): 2379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218791636.

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A study on the use of innovative journal bearings of adjustable geometry/properties in industrial turbines is presented in this paper. The adjustable bearing geometry is investigated in this work as a bearing function which can resolve issues in rotordynamic performance of industrial steam/gas turbines. The rotordynamic issues that the proposed bearing is supposed to resolve are given shortly as (a) rotor–stator contact and eccentric rotor whirling, (b) non-optimum bearing loading, (c) instability (steam or oil whirl) and (d) structural distortions (in casing, pedestal or other component). The functionality of the proposed journal bearing is presented in results of unbalance response obtained through nonlinear transient analysis. The principle of the adjustable bearing is the quasi-static displacement of the bearing pads to locate the journal centre in the desired position and to configure the optimum bearing bore profile achieving the optimum performance regarding key parameters of operation such as concentricity of rotor and stator, optimum bearing loading, power loss, temperature rise, stability characteristics and others. The inner mechanism for applying the bearing pad displacement is not a topic of discussion in this paper, as in the current work, the adjustable bearing operation is studied on its fundamental operations. The journal bearing model concerns nonlinear bearing impedance forces which are assigned in the rotor nodes after solving numerically the Reynolds equation for the two-partial arc journal bearing lubrication of finite length and the configuration of the bearing is similar the bearing type installed in industrial turbine applications (partial arc bearings). The bearing model enables the development of the oil-whirl/whip phenomenon if there is a trend towards instability (e.g. light loaded bearing, high speeds). The study presented in this paper concerns two steam turbine-generator shaft lines of small (∼50 MW) and medium size (∼200 MW) in which the adjustable bearings are demonstrated on resolving different issues.

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Lu, Ling, and Yu Lin Yang. "Experimental Study of Failure Performances of 51306-Coated Bearings under Lubricant Interruption Condition." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3876.

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Some terrible disasters of aircrafts were caused by inadequate lubrication or interruption of lubricant delivery of the gas turbine engine mainshaft bearings. This paper introduces the design of the test equipment, performs the experiments of failure performance for 51306 coated bearings to respond to oil interruption under the actual situation. The main failure performance of test coated bearings has been demonstrated to be the cage damage of the test coated bearing. The failure mechanism model of the damaged cage of test coated bearings under oil interruption condition is established for the failure analysis of damage cages. The failure mechanism of the damaged cages is revealed. The main reason for the damages of test coated bearing cages under lubricant interruption condition is that the perpendicular component force acted on the cage increases continually to go with the increase of the friction force between the balls and the cage due to inadequate lubrication until the cage is broken.

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48

Cerullo, Michele. "Application of Dang Van criterion to rolling contact fatigue in wind turbine roller bearings under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 12 (December 20, 2013): 2079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213516946.

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A 2D plane strain finite element program has been developed to investigate very high cycle fatigue in wind turbine roller bearings due to rolling contact. Focus is on fatigue in the inner ring, where the effect of residual stresses and hardness variation along the depth is accounted for. Both classic Hertzian and elastohydrodynamic lubrication theories have been used to model the pressure distribution acting on the inner raceway and results are compared according to the Dang Van multiaxial fatigue criterion. The contact on the bearing raceway is simulated by substituting the roller with the equivalent contact pressure distribution. The material used for the simulations is taken to be an AISI 52100 bearing steel and linear elastic behavior is here assumed. The effect of different residual stress distributions is also studied, as well as the effect of variable hardness along the depth, relating its values to the fatigue limit parameters for the material. It is found that both for Hertzian and elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts, the Dang Van criterion predicts that fatigue failure will first occur in the subsurface region and that, regardless of the specific pressure distribution used, the hardness distribution can have a significant influence on the safety against failure for bearings subjected to very high cycle fatigue loading.

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49

Guo, Yong, Wei Jun Zhao, Ling Yang, and Xiao Yang Yuan. "Experimental Study on Lubrication Performance of Slide Bearing with Groove on All Pads." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.659.

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This paper reports a case of lubricating property test of bearing. In order to seize the performance and the reasonable work condition of Ф480mm elliptical bearing with groove on all pads for 1000MW steam turbine, an experimental method that load is on the rotor was adopted in this paper. And the test focused on the bearing characteristics which is most concerned by designers such as power loses, temperature, flow, and flow state, etc. The influence on power loses, temperature rise, flow by the temperature and pressure of inlet oil, load, speed was studied in this test. The results show that the flow state in this bearing is changed from laminar to turbulent in the speed range 2000rpm~2200rpm and in the Reynolds number range 1325.8~1556.5. The specific pressure for the bearing with groove on the down pad is proper between 1.57MPa and 1.96MPa.

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50

Zhou, Quan, Yu Hou, and Ru Gang Chen. "Development of Foil Thrust Bearings with Simple Structure for Micro Turbines." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1392.

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Because of the low power loss and high stability, foil bearings are suitable lubrication components for high speed rotational systems. At present, the foil bearings used in actual applications almost have complicated structure and are hard to manufacture. In this paper, two kinds of foil thrust bearings with simple structure are presented. Configurations of these two foil thrust bearings are introduced; meanwhile, the load capacity and running stability are also tested in a high speed micro turbine. It is shown that viscoelastic supported foil thrust bearing has higher load capacity and hemisphere convex dots supported foil thrust bearing is more stable in high speed operational condition.

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