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1
Richards, C. Steven, and Michael W. O'Hara. Introduction. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.028.
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In this chapter, we provide a brief introduction to our book. We discuss the following themes, which run throughout this edited book on depressive disorders and comorbidity: assessment and diagnosis, theory and methods, psychiatric comorbidity, health comorbidity, relationship comorbidity, intervention and consultation, and future directions. A number of themes will be apparent, including the incredibly broad scope of depressive comorbidity. Depression goes with many other problems. Another theme is that the specifics of depressive comorbidity—and the implications for theory, research, and practice—vary considerably as we consider one type of comorbidity versus another. For example, the comorbidity of depression and generalized anxiety disorder has very different implications than the comorbidity of depression and alcohol-use disorder, which in turn is different than the comorbidity of depression and cancer, which again has different implications than the comorbidity of depression and severe relationship dysfunction. Each of the chapters in the book highlight some of the themes and issues, but the remarkable breadth and depth of depressive comorbidity becomes clearer as we consider all of the chapters in total. We attempt to bridge some of these differences and look for common themes in the Epilogue at the end of the book, as do some of the contributors in their individual chapters on specific issues or types of comorbidity. In this Introduction, however, we focus more on the specific chapters and a few of the themes that are highlighted in each one. Overarching themes, such as what is meant bycomorbidity, how might future efforts at assessment and treatment be improved, and what future developments may be particularly helpful are discussed in many of the individual chapters. This brief introduction serves to highlight a few of the issues and introduce the reader to the broad array of chapters that await them in the rest of the book.
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Blashill, Aaron J., Janna R. Gordon, Matthew J. Mimiaga, and Steven A. Safren. HIV/AIDS and Depression. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.010.
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Depression is highly prevalent among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Depression not only affects quality of life for this population but also confers significant barriers to optimizing self-care behaviors, which are essential to medical care. Two of the most important HIV/AIDS care behaviors are medication adherence and safe sex practices; inadequacy in both can be associated with depression. Depression among those living with HIV/AIDS also is associated with substance abuse, which in turn predicts poor self-care. Importantly, there has recently been an emphasis on creating and testing integrative psychosocial interventions that address depression and self-care behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS. These combination treatments have displayed initial efficacy and appear to be efficient in addressing multiple health behaviors. This chapter briefly reviews the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and salient biological outcomes in the context of depression. It then discusses the role of depression and self-care behaviors and it concludes with a review of interventions and future research priorities.
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Ha, Thao, and Hanjoe Kim. The Paradox of Love in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.13.
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We investigate whether the amplification of positive affect during conflict discussions or “up regulation” between adolescent romantic partners functions to prevent or terminate interpersonal conflict. Unfortunately, this up regulation strategy may also result in unresolved relationship problems, and ultimately increase adolescent depressive symptoms. The concept of coercion is reviewed as it applies to conflict resolution and avoidance in a sample of 80 adolescent romantic relationships. Results from multilevel hazard models showed that longer durations of observed upregulation states predicted increases in depressive symptoms in both males and females over the course of 2 years. In addition, female depression predicted slower exits from coercive states, which in turn predicted higher levels of males’ depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the possibility that positive affect can be negatively reinforced when it functions to avoid conflict in recently formed close relationships.
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Kessler, Ronald C., Kate M. Scott, Victoria Shahly, and Alan M. Zaslavsky. The Big Picture. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.036.
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This chapter begins with an overview of epidemiological research on comorbidities between major depression and other mental disorders. We emphasize the potential value of future studies building on recent evidence of the importance of latent liabilities in investigating the dynamics of comorbidities between depression and temporally primary and secondary mental disorders. We then turn to an overview of epidemiological and clinical research on comorbidities between major depression and a number of chronic physical disorders. We emphasize the potential value of expanding the number of mental disorders in future studies of this sort to include those known to be highly comorbid with major depression, so as to distinguish between mental/physical comorbidities specific to major depression and those involving a broader latent liability.
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Quiggin, John. Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0009.
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This chapter covers the macroeconomic aspects of the Global Financial Crisis, the subsequent Great Recession/Lesser Depression and the policy responses in developed and developing countries. DESA was one of the first international bodies to recognize the impending threat of financial crisis and to advocate the use of Keynesian fiscal stimulus. In the aftermath of the crisis, the goal of most international institutions was to seek an early return to pre-crisis ‘normality’. This was reflected in a rapid turn towards fiscal consolidation, justified by the expectation that private sector expansion would offset public sector austerity. By contrast, WESP correctly warned of the dangers of a premature end to fiscal stimulus.
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Greene, Alison Collis. Radical Christianity and Cooperative Economics in the Postwar South. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039997.003.0008.
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This chapter tells a pair of stories—a grassroots beginning and a white backlash sparked by charges of outside agitation—that suggest an all-too-familiar civil rights narrative. Yet, in 1940s North Carolina, two communities—the black farmers and professionals in Tyrrell County and the multiracial network of leftist Protestants who applauded and supported their work—open up a new kind of civil rights story. Theirs is a story of interaction, interdependence, and partnerships built on a shared belief in the inseparability of economic and racial justice. Historians have long emphasized the turn from a Depression-era emphasis on economic and racial justice as two parts of a greater whole to a Cold War-era focus on civil rights and racial integration.
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Manning, Susan. Modern Dance in the Third Reich, Redux. Edited by Rebekah J. Kowal, Gerald Siegmund, and Randy Martin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928187.013.36.
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This chapter reviews the literature on modern dance in Germany under National Socialism (1933–1945). In the current consensus, three interrelated explanations are advanced for why so many modern dancers collaborated with the National Socialists: shared roots in the life reform and physical culture movement at the turn of the twentieth century; crises during the Weimar Republic that culminated in the Great Depression; and the changing cultural policy of Goebbels’s Cultural Ministry. This chapter probes varied interpretations of how and why Mary Wigman, Rudolf Laban, and other modern dancers adapted their mode of Ausdruckstanz as Deutscher Tanz (“German dance”) and poses new research questions. The complex question of modern dance in the Third Reich is viewed in relation to changing historiographic models for understanding Germany between the two world wars.
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Wierzbicki, James. Hollywood. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040078.003.0005.
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This chapter explores one of the ironies that color the history of the American film industry—the fact that its most glorious years, in terms of profitability, were those during which the entire nation struggled desperately to pull itself out of the depths of the Great Depression. Hollywood was as hard hit as any other industry by the stock market crash of 1929. But the captains of the film industry took advantage of several of the “New Deal” offers extended in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Owing in part to smart business practices and in large part to an audience desperately in need of inexpensive escapist entertainment, the American film industry after 1933 thrived on a circle of economic dependence on attendance, exhibition, and production; only after World War II did the circle reverse itself and turn vicious.
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Horne, Gerald. Haiti and the Bolshevik Revolution. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041198.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the U.S. occupation of Haiti and the Bolshevik Revolution. Claude Barnett was sufficiently insightful to realize that the U.S. occupation of Haiti, which had commenced in 1915 and was to last until 1934, was not in his or his class's interests. Moreover, as numerous African Americans moved leftward during this same period under the influence of the Bolshevik Revolution and the emergent U.S. Communist Party, Barnett—though a staunch Republican—demonstrated his flexibility by seeking to accommodate them too. Unlike some in his class, Barnett did not instinctively bow to either colonialism or anticommunism. Indeed, the racial and class interests of Barnett directed him toward anticolonialism and thus, in turn, led this Republican toward aligning with a growing left-wing influence among African Americans propelled by the intensified impoverishment brought by the Great Depression.
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Trencsényi, Balázs, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski. The Many Faces of Leftism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737155.003.0003.
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The success of the Bolshevik Revolution confirmed that economic backwardness was not necessarily an obstacle for socialism, as it triggered the radicalization of leftist movements in the region. Yet this also led to polarization of the left on questions of Soviet-Russian developments and possible cooperation with non-socialist parties, as well as agrarian and national questions. While in many countries social democracy entered the political mainstream in the 1920s, its position was undermined by the rise of right-wing authoritarianism. In turn, the Great Depression made the communist position more plausible, but the Stalinization of communist parties and the imposition of socialist realism alienated most intellectual supporters. Eventually, some radical leftists turned against the communist movement attacking its dogmatism and the Stalinist show trials. At the same time, the rise of Nazism forced leftist groups to seek a common ground, first in the form of “Popular Front” ideology, and, during the war, in the form of armed partisan movements.
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Davies, Carole Boyce. Between the Twilight Zone and the Underground Railroad. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038020.003.0002.
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This chapter sets up the discussion of “twilight zones.” Twilight refers to that space of unreality between night and day, where spirits begin to roam and objects that seem perfectly normal in the daylight assume strange patterns and shapes, that gap between different realities, that zone of instability between darkness and light, that time when transformation happens. The author begins by describing how she found herself lost, one rainy night, amid the emptiness and sameness of the buildings and the depressed grayness in the area around Antique Row on Clinton Street in Binghamton, New York. Warehouses from a bustling past of economic vitality either remained empty or hosted quaint antique shops, making the best of postindustrial depression. Driving off the highway, she takes a wrong turn and somehow ends up on a back street. Not sure which direction would take her to Main Street, she panics, observing the strange shapes that meander like ghosts.
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Garratt, Peter. Victorian Literary Aesthetics and Mental Pathology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0024.
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In WHAT GOOD ARE THE ARTS? (2005), a polemic aimed at shredding many longstanding conceptions of art and aesthetic judgement, the literary critic John Carey briefly discusses a bibliotherapy project established over a decade earlier in West Yorkshire by John Duffy. This was a project in which patients with depression, stress and anxiety disorders were given the opportunity to participate in reading groups, book advice surgeries and other literacy activities, having been referred to the service by mental health practitioners – an alternative to the anti-depressant medication commonly prescribed to such patients by GPs. The service users in question were ‘helped by art’, in Carey’s words, not treated by pharmacological means. The initiative demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of reading books, while seeming to dismantle the languid association of art with uselessness or transcendence, as distilled in W. H. Auden’s phrase, ‘poetry makes nothing happen.’ For Carey, bibliotherapy programmes like this one could not help also rubbing up against established notions of literary value, in turn reviving old questions over the nature and ends of art generally.
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Bick, Sally. Unsettled Scores. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042812.001.0001.
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Unsettled Scores treats the Hollywood activities of Aaron Copland and Hanns Eisler, who were among the earliest modernist composers to negotiate the collision of the high/low dichotomy within these two cultural realms. The social and political crises provoked by capitalism and war profoundly affected these ideals and, in turn, the men’s cultural and aesthetic thinking. Confronting and living through social crisis (Eisler during the instability of Weimar Germany and Copland through America’s Depression years), both composers experimented with new artistic forms and values, shaping their musical perspectives. Eventually, they turned to Hollywood, where they found possibilities to negotiate their distinct modernist aesthetics and political beliefs. The book approaches Copland’s and Eisler’s Hollywood activities through a dual study, pairing interpretations of their writings on the subject with close examination of their first film scores: Copland’s music for Lewis Milestone’s 1939 film Of Mice and Men and Eisler’s 1943 score for Hangmen Also Die!, directed by Fritz Lang. This study examines how the highly politicized and topical nature of these films appealed to each composer’s political ideologies concerning society and the human condition. Their scores became agents for political expression as they transformed their individual styles into the commercial sphere.
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Jones, Marilee, Kenneth R. Ginsburg, and Martha M. Jablow. Less Stress, More Success. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581102307.
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The college admissions process is an ideal time to help teens learn to manage stress...before they show up in your office with complaints of anxiety, depression, or the results of risky behavior. Is your teen stressing over college admittance? Are you? Cowritten by a former top college admissions dean and a leading pediatrician, this first-of-its-kind book delivers strategies for surviving the admissions process while strengthening parent-child relationships, managing the stress of applying to college, and building resilience to meet challenges today and in the future. Less Stress, More Success is just what parents and teens need to thrive during this important rite of passage into adulthood. For Parents: How to encourage true high achievement, rather than perfectionism, Important dos and don'ts about the admissions process and how you can most effectively help your child, Why and when some forms of "helping" undermine your teenager's self-confidence and chances of admission, How to turn deadlines into opportunities to learn time-management and organization skills, How you can encourage positive strategies for handling stress and building resilience. For Teens: How to evaluate campus culture to find the right fit for you, Ways to manage your parents and your friends, Tips for the college interview, Letting your true, authentic self come through in your admissions essay, How your body handles stress...and what you can do to feel better and stay healthy. Includes a Personalized Stress Management Plan!
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Watson, Jay, and James G. ,. Jr Thomas, eds. Faulkner and Money. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822529.001.0001.
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The matter of money touches the writer's life at every point:in the need to make ends meet, in daily dealings with agents, editors, and publishers, and in the choice of subject matter and the lineaments of the imagined world.William Faulkner was no exception.The people and communities he wrote about were deeply entangled in personal, local, regional, national, and even global networks of industry, commerce, and finance, as was the author himself, whose economic biography often followed, but occasionally bucked, the tumultuous economic trends of the twentieth century.This collection brings together a distinguished group of scholars to explore the economic contexts of Faulkner's life and work, to follow the proverbial money toward new insights into the Nobel laureate and new questions about his art.Essays address economies of debt and gift-giving in Intruder in the Dust; the legacies of commodity fetishism in Sanctuary and of twentieth-century capitalism's financial turn in The Town; the pegging of self-esteem to financial acumen in the career of The Sound and the Fury's Jason Compson; the representational challenges posed by poverty and failure in Faulkner's Frenchman's Bend tales; the economics of regional readership and the Depression-era literary market; the aesthetic, monetary, and psychological rewards of writing for Hollywood; and the author's role as benefactor to an aspiring African American college student in the 1950s.The Faulkner we meet in these pages is among modern literature's most incisive and encyclopedic critics of what one contemporary theorist calls the madness of economic reason.
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Haywood, D'Weston. Let Us Make Men. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643397.001.0001.
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This book conducts a close, gendered reading of the modern black press to reinterpret it as a crucial tool of black men’s leadership, public voice, public image, gender and identity formation, and a space for the construction of ideas of proper masculinity that shaped the long twentieth-century black freedom struggle to promote a fight for racial justice and black manhood. Moving from the turn of the twentieth century to the rise of black radicalism, the book argues that black people’s ideas, rhetoric, and strategies for protest and racial advancement grew out of a quest for manhood led by black newspapers. Drawing on discourse theory and studies of public spheres to examine the Chicago Defender, Crisis, Negro World, Crusader, and Muhammad Speaks and their publishers during the Great Migration, New Negro era, Great Depression, civil rights movement, and urban renewal, this study engages the black press at the complex intersections of gender, ideology, race, class, identity, urbanization, the public sphere, and black institutional life. Departing from typical histories of black newspapers and black protest that examine the long roots of black political organizing, this book makes a crucial intervention by advancing how black people’s conceptions of rights and justice, and their activism in the name of both, were deeply rooted in ideas of redeeming Black men, prioritizing their plight on the agenda for racial advancement. Yet, the black press produced a highly influential discourse on black manhood that was both empowering and problematic for the long black freedom struggle.
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Collares, Marco Antônio. Civilização Barbárie em Conan, de Robert Howard - Vol. II. Brazil Publising, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-563-7.
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The book discusses the representations of civilization and barbarism considering the narratives of Conan Cycles by Robert Ervin Howard. The adventures of the character Conan the Barbarian were produced between 1932 and 1936. There are twenty-one literary and fictional texts that are part of a specific genre called “Sword and Witchcraft”. Such literary genre approaches fabulous worlds cha racterized by the presence of the superna tural, where fantastic characters venture into action and fantasy plots. Conan’s adventures were published in the so-cal led pulp magazines (or pulp fictions), low-quality graphic magazines — usually processed from paper pulp — that were very popular in the US between the 1920s and 1950s. Despite Howard placed his great famous character in the “Sword and Witchcraft” genre, he drew philosophical aspects in his plots, insofar as the central theme of these narratives is linked to the opposition between civilization and barbarism. Conan usually represents a violent, bloodthirsty, and crude human conduct, but honest and honorable in the face of the corrupt and greedy actions of civilized men, so an expression of barbarism would be somewhat necessary in his creator eyes, especially in the face of a Civilizational crisis. In addition, Conan and other characters have traces of the so-called western frontier men: the men who would represent the Ame rican trailblazers, so much worshiped by the creator of the character, largely because their rusticities were considered to be the basis for the formation of the country. Howard, a Texan native, was very concerned about the historical context of the economic and social crisis of the twentieth century, and more specifically, the Great Depression of the 1930s. Conan, therefore, expresses some aspects of a more rustic and truthful conduct, closer to the idealized manners of the men who made the West and the US, meaning that the narratives of the Conan Cycles are part of so-called fron tier literature. This is not just a study of civilization and barbarism, but it is also about the conception of the US border in Robert Howard’s own historical context
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Hamkins, SuEllen. The Art of Narrative Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199982042.001.0001.
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Narrative psychiatry empowers patients to shape their lives through story. Rather than focusing only on finding the source of the problem, in this collaborative clinical approach psychiatrists also help patients diagnose and develop their sources of strength. By encouraging the patient to explore their personal narrative through questioning and story-telling, the clinician helps the patient participate in and discover the ways in which they construct meaning, how they view themselves, what their values are, and who it is exactly that they want to be. These revelations in turn inform clinical decision-making about what it is that ails them, how they'd like to treat it, and what recovery might look like. The Art of Narrative Psychiatry is the first comprehensive description of narrative psychiatry in action. Engaging and accessible, it demonstrates how to help patients cultivate their personal sources of strength and meaning as resources for recovery. Illustrated with vivid case reports and in-depth accounts of therapeutic conversations, the book offers psychiatrists and psychotherapists detailed guidance in the theory and practice of this collaborative approach. Drawing inspiration from narrative therapy, post-modern philosophy, humanistic medicine, and social justice movements - and replete with ways to more fully manifest the intentions of the mental health recovery model - this engaging new book shows how to draw on the standard psychiatric toolbox while also maintaining focus on the patient's vision of the world and illuminating their skills and strengths. Written by a pioneer in the field, The Art of Narrative Psychiatry describes a breadth of nuanced, powerful narrative practices, including externalizing problems, listening for what is absent but implicit, facilitating re-authoring conversations, fostering communities of support, and creating therapeutic documents. The Art of Narrative Psychiatry addresses mental health challenges that range from mild to severe, including anxiety, depression, despair, anorexia/bulimia, perfectionism, OCD, trauma, psychosis, and loss. True to form, the author narrates her own experience throughout, sharing her internal thoughts and decision-making processes as she listens to patients. The Art of Narrative Psychiatry is necessary reading for any professional seeking to empower their patients and become a better, more compassionate clinician.
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Nielsen, David A., Dmitri Proudnikov, and Mary Jeanne Kreek. The Genetics of Impulsivity. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0080.
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Impulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.