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1
Fontaine, Philippe. "L'entrepreneur chez Turgot." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010032.
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Chez Turgot, le comportement d'entrepreneur désigne une séquence : la formation de l'épargne, sa transformation en capital, l'utilisation de celui-ci a la constitution d'avances. Il est l'expression d'une norme qui règle l'activité économique et permet d'expliquer le mouvement des richesses : l'égalisation de l'épargne et de l'investissement. Deux conditions apparaissent alors déterminantes pour la réussite de l'entreprise : la possession d'un capital et la disposition de qualités d'"intelligence". Satisfaisant a ces deux exigences, l'entrepreneur-capitaliste occupe une place essentielle dans l'enrichissement de la sociétéIn Turgot's works, the entrepreneur's behaviour refers to a sequence : the saving process, the transformation of saving into capital, the employment of this capital for making "advances". This behaviour corresponds to a norm the levelling of saving with investment -, which determines the economic activity and enables to explain the circulation of wealth. Then, two prerequisites appear as determining for the success of the undertaking : the entrepreneur is assumed to be a wealthy and intelligent man. While fulfiling both requirements, the "capitalist-entrepreneur" plays an essential part in the enrichment of the society
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van, den Berg T. G. "Dissident physiocrats : value, surplus and distribution in the economic writings of Le Trosne, Turgot, Morellet and Isnard." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10750.
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The economic writings of G.-F. Le Trosne (1727-1780), AR.J. Turgot (1727-1781), A Morellet (1727-1819) and AN. Isnard (1749-1803) can be understood as attempts to develop F. Quesnay's seminal conception of the economy as a reproductive system. The idea that the economy annually produces a 'net product' or surplus, above the reproductive requirements of the economy elicits questions such as "what is the 'origin' of the surplus?", and "how is the surplus normally distributed among the social classes?". These and other questions are treated by this younger generation of writers in an original manner. The rejection by Isnard of the physiocratic doctrine of the exclusive productivity of agriculture or Turgot's notion of profit as a return on capital are amendments, rather than rejections, of Quesnay's basic economic model. The later developments in physiocratic theory evince that it was an auspicious approach to economic theory.
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Vaitkevičiūtė, Austė, and Saulius Sinkevičius. "Virtualaus turo panaudojimo nekilnojamojo turto sektoriuje galimybių analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100614_121245-66398.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos vienos iš šiuolaikinių vizualizacijos priemonių – virtualaus turo – aktualijos, įžvelgtos analizuojant pasaulinę virtualaus turo taikymo praktiką. Aprašomi apžvalginio tyrimo, atlikto siekiant išsiaiškinti virtualaus turo klasifikaciją, paplitimą, pranašumus bei trūkumus ir kitą aktualią informaciją, rezultatai. Nagrinėjamos virtualaus turo kūrimo technologijos. Aptariamos virtualaus turo pritaikymo galimybės nekilnojamojo turto sektoriaus subjektams. Pateikiami pasiūlymai tinkamiausio virtualaus turo tipo pritaikymui atskiriems nekilnojamojo turto atvejams priklausomai nuo nekilnojamojo turto tipo. Aprašomos virtualaus turo taikymo galimybės turizmo sektoriuje ir nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo vertybių skaitmeninimo bei populiarinimo srityje. Apibendrinant virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybes, pateikiama SSGG analizė. Nagrinėjama virtualaus turo reikšmė visuomenei žmogaus gyvenimo kokybės kontekste. Išnagrinėjus teorines ir praktines virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybes, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, virtualaus turo reikšmė nekilnojamojo turto sektoriuje, situacijos analizė: virtualaus turo apžvalga, virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybės, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas.The final master’s thesis examines the issues related to one of contemporary means of visualisation, virtual tours, and determined in the analysis of the global practice related to the application of virtual tours. The thesis describes the results of the study, which aimed to discover classification, penetration, advantages and disadvantages, and other relevant information about virtual tours. The technologies used in development of virtual tours are analysed. The potential of virtual tours to be employed by subjects operating in the real estate sector is discussed. Suggestions are made how to select the best type of a virtual tour for specific cases of real estate depending on its types. The potential of virtual tours in the tourism sector and in the area of discretisation and promotion of real estate heritage is described. A SWOT analysis summarises the potential use of virtual tours. The significance of virtual tour to society in the context of the quality of human life is analysed. Analysis of theoretical and practical possibilities to employ virtual tours is made and the final thesis ends with the conclusions and suggestions. The thesis comprises of six parts: introduction; significance of virtual tours in the real estate sector; the analysis of the situation: review of virtual tours; the potential of virtual tours; the conclusions and suggestions; and the list of literature.
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Pichavant-Rafini, Karine. "Contribution à l'étude des capacités adaptatives du turbot (scophthalmus maximus) et du bar (dicentrarchus labrax) à une hypoxie exogène : aspects metaboliques et cellulaires." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2016.
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Face à une hypoxie modérée à long terme, les premières stratégies mises en oeuvre par le turbot et le bar consistent à diminuer certaines dépenses énergétiques compressibles associées au métabolisme de routine : prise alimentaire et croissance. Le turbot est un poisson oxyrégulateur. A partir du point critique, l'hyperventilation n'est plus suffisante pour compenser le déficit en o 2 du milieu. L’hypothèse d'un recours au métabolisme anaérobie est discutée. En hypoxie sévère, la diminution importante de la pression partielle d'o 2 du sang artériel jusqu'a un seuil de 32 mmhg induit la libération de catécholamines dans la circulation sanguine. Le maintien de la charge énergétique adenylique du muscle et du foie pourrait indiquer l'efficacité de la production d'atp par la glycolyse anaérobie. L’affinité de l'hémoglobine pour l'o 2 n'est pas modifiée chez le bar confronté à une hypoxie de longue durée quelle que soit sa sévérité. Il en est de même chez le turbot lors d'une hypoxie modérée à long terme. Par contre, pour des pressions partielles d'o 2 basses (40 mmhg), une diminution de l'affinité de l'hémoglobine a été mise en évidence chez cette espèce. Cette adaptation, permettant une meilleure libération de l'o 2 au niveau des tissus consommateurs, est pour la première fois mise en évidence chez les poissons. Chez le turbot, un échangeur na +/h + de la membrane érythrocytaire est mis en évidence in vitro par stimulation adrénergique. L’alcalinisation intracellulaire qui en résulte pourrait permettre au turbot de moduler rapidement l'affinité de l'hémoglobine pour l'o 2 via l'effet bohr suite à une hypoxie. Ce travail réalisé chez le turbot et le bar a permis de préciser des éléments sur les capacités adaptatives de ces deux espèces de téléostéens marins à une hypoxie exogène. D’après l'ensemble des résultats, ces poissons apparaissent résistants à l'hypoxie.
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Serot, Thierry. "Les composes volatils de la chair de turbot (scophthal mus maximus) et leurs precurseurs : etude comparative du turbot sauvage et du turbot d'elevage." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT2104.
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La perception de la qualite organoleptique des poissons d'elevage par les consommateurs est souvent negative. Le turbot n'echappe pas a cette regle. Les consommateurs souhaitent disposer de produits possedant des caracteristiques sensorielles les plus proches possibles de celles des poissons preleves dans le milieu naturel. Cette these a donc pour objectif d'evaluer les caracteristiques des composes impliques dans la flaveur de la chair de turbot sauvage et de turbot d'elevage ; en particulier celles des composes responsables de l'odeur de la chair de turbot apres cuisson mais aussi de leurs precurseurs lipidiques et amines. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus de lipides principalement sous forme de triglycerides la repartition des classes de phospholipides est identique dans la chair des deux groupes de poissons. Toutes les classes de lipides de la chair de turbot d'elevage contiennent des proportions plus faibles d'acides gras polyinsatures de la serie n3 mais des proportions plus elevees d'acides gras polyinsatures de la serie n6 et d'acides gras monoinsatures (20:1, 22:1). Le rapport n3/n6 est plus eleve dans toutes les fractions lipidiques de la chair du turbot sauvage excepte dans la fraction phosphatidyl inositol. Ces differences de compositions sont liees a des differences d'alimentation des deux populations de turbot. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus d'acides amines libres. Elle contient plus d'acides amines polaires alors que la chair de turbot sauvage contient plus d'acides amines apolaires. La majorite des composes volatils extraits de la chair du turbot sont des composes issus de l'oxydation des lipides. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus de composes volatils. Cependant, nous n'avons pas montre de difference quant a la nature des composes volatils presents dans la chair des deux groupes de poissons. Par des techniques d'olfactometrie nous avons montre que les composes qui contribuent a l'odeur de la chair de turbot cuit proviennent de l'oxydation des acides gras ((z)-4-heptenal (e, z)-2,6-nonadienal, (e, e)-2,4-decadienal). Mais des composes comme la trimethylamine ou la 2,3 butanedione presentent egalement des frequences de detection elevees et une forte intensite. Les resultats des tests sensoriels ne montrent de difference ni pour l'intensite ni pour les caracteristiques de l'odeur entre le turbot sauvage et le turbot d'elevage.
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Manson, Forbes Donald Castell. "Chitinolytic enzymes of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277191.
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Hernàndez, Hernàndez Valeria. "Interaction between turgor pressure and plasmodesmata permeability." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN076.
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Les cellules végétales sont entourées par une paroi cellulaire rigide, ce qui qui exclut des processus essentiels au développement animal, comme la migration cellulaire et le réarrangement des tissus. Au lieu de cela, le développement des plantes repose sur la division et l'expansion cellulaires. Le paradigme actuel suppose que l’expansion cellulaire dépend des propriétés biomécaniques de la paroi cellulaire et de la génération de la pression de turgescence. Les plasmodesmes sont des canaux membranaires qui relient des cellules voisines et permettent la libre circulation des molécules plus petites que leur diamètre (définissant leur perméabilité). Il est établi que la perméabilité des plasmodesmes change au cours du développement de la plante et que ces modifications peuvent affecter le mouvement des sucres. Pour cette raison, la perméabilité des plasmodesmes semble être un bon candidat pour la régulation de la pression de turgescence lors de l'expansion cellulaire, cependant, son rôle reste largement inexploré. Ainsi, des études antérieures suggèrent que les plasmodesmes peuvent répondre aux changements de pression de turgescence. Dans ce travail, nous avons avancé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la pression de turgescence et la perméabilité des plasmodesmes pourraient s’influence au cours du développement de la plante. Nous avons abordé ce problème en mettant tout d'abord en avant un réseau d'interactions entre différents facteurs cellulaires et moléculaires susceptibles de médier ces rétroactions entre la turgescence et les plasmodesmes. Deuxièmement, nous avons généré un modèle informatique pour explorer une direction de ces interactions: le rôle de la perméabilité des plasmodesmes sur la régulation de la pression de turgescence. Notre modèle utilise les équations de Lockhart décrivant l’expansion cellulaire irréversible, auxquelles sont ajoutées les flux d'eau et de solutés à travers les plasmodesmes. Nous avons utilisé la fibre de coton comme système d’étude car il s’agit d’une cellule unique qui ne se divise pas et qui augmente généralement en longueur. De plus, des études expérimentales antérieures dans ce système ont montré une corrélation entre la fermeture de plasmodesmes et des valeurs maximales de la pression de turgescence. Les résultats de notre modèle suggèrent que la perméabilité des plasmodesmes est en effet un facteur clé dans la régulation de la turgescence et de la croissance de la fibre du coton. De plus, nous suggérons que des changements dynamiques de la perméabilité des plasmodesmes soient nécessaires pour récupérer les comportements de pression de turgescence qui ont été rapportés expérimentalementPlant cells are surrounded by the rigid cell wall that precludes developmental processes that are central in animal development, like cell migration and tissue rearrangement. Instead, plant development relies on cell division and expansion. The current paradigm assumes that cell expansion depends on the biomechanical properties of the cell wall and on the generation of turgor pressure. Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that connect neighboring cells and allow free movement of molecules that are smaller than their diameter (i.e., permeability). It is known that plasmodesmal permeability changes during plant development and that these modifications can affect movement of sugars. Because of this, plasmodesmal permeability seems to be a good candidate for the regulation of turgor pressure during cell expansion, however, its contribution remains largely unexplored. In turn, previous studies suggest that plasmodesmata may respond to changes in turgor pressure. In this work we put forward the hypothesis that turgor pressure and plasmodesmal permeability may affect each other during plant development. We addressed this problem by, first, putting forward a network of interactions between different cellular and molecular factors that might mediate these feedbacks between turgor and plasmodesmata. Second, we generated a computational model to explore one direction of these interactions: the role of plasmodesmal permeability on turgor pressure regulation. Our model uses Lockhart's equations for irreversible cell expansion with addition of plasmodesmal-dependent fluxes of water and solutes. We used cotton fiber as a study system because it is a single cell without division that mostly increases in length. Furthermore, previous experimental studies in this system have correlated closure of plasmodesmata with peak values of turgor pressure. The results of our model suggest that plasmodesmal permeability is, indeed, a key factor in regulating turgor and cotton fiber growth. Moreover, we suggest that dynamical changes of plasmodesmal permeability are needed in order to recover turgor pressure behaviors that have been experimentally reported. Finally, we explored with our collaborators the potential contribution of plasmodesmal permeability in the evolution of complex multicellular plants using the "Dynamical Patterning Modules" (DPMs) framework. These ideas can be useful in understanding how plant body plans originated
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Stanforth, Gregory Owen. "Turret envy /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11954.
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Horiuchi, Yusaku 1968. "Turnout twist : higher voter turnout in lower-level elections." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8240.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-195).
American and European political scientists have claimed that subnational elections record lower voter turnout than national elections in most democracies. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, Japanese municipal elections often record considerably higher voter turnout than national elections, particularly in small towns and villages. Why is Japan different from most other democracies? Is Japan the only exception? What explains such exceptionally high local turnout in rural Japan? Under what conditions do lower-level elections produce higher voter turnout? By examining these questions, this dissertation aims to improve our understanding of incentives affecting electoral participation both at national and subnational levels. First, I show that Japan is not the only exception. There are some other important cases of higher voter turnout in lower-level elections, which I define as the "turnout twist" phenomenon. They can be found in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, India, Italy, Northern Ireland, Spain, and Switzerland. Second, I hypothesize that relative voter turnout in subnational vs. national elections is determined by the relative magnitudes of how much is at stake and how much votes count ("vote significance") in these elections. In lower-level elections, electoral outcomes may less significantly affect public policies, but citizens may be able to affect the electoral outcomes more significantly by voting. Therefore, if the effect of vote significance outweighs the effect of stake, "turnout twist" is a logically possible consequence.
(cont.) I statistically test this model using cross-national data, cross-municipality Japanese data, and individual-level survey data from Japan. The results show that the model has impressive explanatory power. Finally, based on findings from my field research, I show that the electoral system used in Japanese municipal assembly elections (i.e., the single non-transferable vote system with an at-large district) produces very small vote margins between candidates, and thus gives a strong incentive to both voters and candidates to think hard about how much votes count.
by Yusaku Horiuchi.
Ph.D.
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Holland, Daryl Phillip. "Measurements on planktonic cyanobacteria : sinking, survival & turgor." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441382.
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Šedý, Jakub. "Turbo konvoluční a turbo blokové kódy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219287.
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The aim is to explain the Turbo convolutional and block turbo codes and decoding the secure message. The practical part focuses on the design of a demonstration program in Matlab. The work is divided into four parts. The first two deal with theoretical analysis of coding and decoding. The third section contains a description created a demonstration program that allows you to navigate the process of encoding and decoding. The fourth is devoted to simulation and performance of turbo codes.
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Mallekh, Ridha. "La demande alimentaire du turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. En conditions d'élevage intensif : rôle de la variabilité environnementale et contrôle bioacoustique." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA06A654.
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Le premier volet de ce travail traite du rôle des facteurs environnementaux dans la variabilité de la demande alimentaire du turbot Scophthalmus maximus en élevage intensif. A l'échelle de la journée, les facteurs de l'environnement n'expliquent que 26% de cette variabilité. L'appétit est meilleur à une température d'environ 18°C, une durée du jour > 15h et une eau peu turbide. En revanche, la sursaturation en oxygène (> 110% de saturation) n'améliore en rien l'appétit des poissons. A l'échelle de 15 jours la température et la durée du jour expliquent 86% de la variabilité de la demande alimentaire. A hautes températures, les poissons consomment plus le matin par rapport à l'après-midi. Cette tendance s'inverse à des températures plus basses. Le turbot retient 36% de l'azote et 42% du phosphore alimentaires. Ce qui implique qu'un kg de biomasse produite engendre le rejet de 51g d'N et 8. 7 g de P. La mesure au laboratoire de la consommation d'oxygène du turbot à différentes températures montre que son potentiel métabolique atteint un maximum autour de 18°C. Le taux métabolique maximum augmente avec l'oxygène ambiant jusqu'à un niveau situé entre 100 et 110% de saturation puis se stabilise. La relation entre le potentiel métabolique et la demande alimentaire du turbot en élevage intensif à différentes classes de température est linéaire. Ce résultat montre que la capacité du poisson à fournir l'énergie nécessaire à la digestion contraint l'expression de sa demande alimentaire. Le second volet s'intéresse à la recherche d'un nouveau moyen permettant la détection et le contrôle de l'activité alimentaire du turbot. Lorsque le poisson aspire l'aliment, il émet des signaux sonores de hautes fréquences facilement identifiables au sein du bruit ambiant. Ces signaux sont plus puissants chez les individus de plus petite taille. A partir de ces signaux, nous avons pu mettre au point le principe de fonctionnement d'un détecteur acoustique de prise alimentaire. Les tests d'efficacité de ce détecteur montrent qu'il est très sensible aux fluctuations des signaux acoustiques accompagnant la prise alimentaire et pourrait être utilisé pour automatiser le nourrissage des poissons d'élevageThe first part of this thesis deals with the role of environmental factors in appetite variability of turbot Scophthalmus maximus under intensive rearing conditions. These factors explain only 26% of the day-to-day variation in feed demand. Long day length (> 15h), temperature about 18°C and low turbidity all enhanced appetite, but oxygen supersaturation (>110%) was of no advantage. Over a scale of a fortnight, temperature and day length explained most (86%) of the variation in appetite. At high temperature, the turbot consumed more during the morning then the afternoon meal, but at lower temperature this tendency was reversed. The overall retention efficiency of dietary nitrogen by turbot was 36% and that of dietary phosphorus was 42 %. Production of 1 kg biomass generated a loading of 51 g total N and 8. 7 g total P. In the laboratory, measurement of oxygen consumption of turbot at different temperatures shows that the metabolic scope of the fish reaches a maximum around 18°C. Maximum metabolic rate increases with ambient O₂up to 100-110% of saturation, and then stabilizes. Relation between metabolic scope and demand feeding of turbot under intensive rearing conditions at different temperatures is linear. This result demonstrates that the ability of fish to mobilize the energy required for digestion limits the expression of its feed demand. The second part of the present study deals with the development of a new technique allowing the detection and monitoring of the feeding activity of turbot. When fish suck food pellets it produces a high frequency sound easily identifiable from background noise. Smaller turbots produce sound of higher intensity then larger ones. By using these signals we elaborated the theoretical basis of a feeding activity detector. This acoustic detector allows the precise monitoring of the appetite fluctuation and it can be used for the automation of food distribution in aquaculture
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Uzgel, İlhan. "Ulusal çıkar ve dış politika Tü[r]k dış politikasının belirlenmesinde ulusal çıkarın rolü, 1983-1991 /." Kızılay, Ankara : İmge Kitabevi, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/57302474.html.
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Dietz, Carsten [Verfasser]. "Investigations on energy metabolism of juvenile turbot / Carsten Dietz." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025465083/34.
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Waring, Colin Peter. "Physiological effects of handling on turbot, flounders, and Atlanticsalmon." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/890.
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Hauser, Vavra Kim Santiago Maria. "Caracterización de Turbina Hidráulica Tipo Turgo para Microgeneración." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104103.
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Ingeniero Civil MecánicoLas microcentrales hidráulicas (centrales de menos de 100 [kW]) representan en Chile un campo de exploración obligatorio en el intento de avanzar hacia un modelo energético país eficiente y sustentable. Diversifican la matriz energética, aumentando la confiabilidad global del sistema, y son aptas para generación distribuida, es decir, inyección y venta de potencias excedentes en la red de distribución, lo que constituye un incentivo directo al consumo eficiente de energía por parte del usuario. En este contexto, el Centro de Energía de la Universidad de Chile desarrolla un proyecto de Micro Central Hidráulica Plug & Play. El objetivo general de este Trabajo de Título consistió en la caracterización de una turbina hidráulica tipo Turgo con dos inyectores, dilucidando entre otras cosas la validez de regular el caudal que pasa a través de los inyectores con válvulas mariposa en vez de válvulas de aguja, que son diseñadas para tal propósito. Se diseñó e instaló un laboratorio de pruebas para la turbina hidráulica tipo Turgo en el Taller Mecánico del DIMEC. Particularmente se midió un conjunto de valores de caudal, altura equivalente neta y potencia eléctrica generada, lo que permitió obtener el diagrama de explotación de la turbina hidráulica, del cual se desprende valiosa información en términos de selección de recursos hídricos, regulación de caudal y otros aspectos técnicos específicos y propios de esta turbina. Los resultados del diagrama de explotación muestran diferencias con los datos del fabricante. Particularmente, entre los puntos de operación nominal obtenidos y los que entrega el fabricante se observan diferencias de rendimiento cercanas a un 10%. El autor recomienda instalar la microcentral en recursos hídricos de las siguientes características, que entregan la potencia eléctrica nominal del generador, 10 [kW] (a 50 [Hz] y 220 [V]): Q=59,4 [l/s], Hn1=34,9 [m] y Q=38,1 [l/s], Hn1=49,1 [m]. Los rendimientos globales respectivos son eta_g=0,493 y eta_g=0,546. Se mostró que existe un conjunto de recursos hídricos fQ, Hng en los que la microcentral no puede operar de buena forma. Se ha destacado que la utilización de válvulas mariposa es el factor principal para esta limitación y que el uso de válvulas de aguja debería reducir tal rango. Además, se encontró que existen importantes imperfecciones en el diseño de los elementos del conjunto turbina-inyectores, como el diámetro de los inyectores, que disminuyen la capacidad del conjunto. A pesar de que el conjunto turbina-inyectores es mejorable, se ha aportado elementos de juicio que permiten validar la utilización de válvulas mariposa para regular caudal de la microcentral. En este contexto, se recomienda regular caudal sólo con la válvula mariposa principal.
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Fournier-Betz, Véronique. "Le système immunitaire intestinal du turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L. ) : relation avec le système immunitaire général et recherche des mécanismes immuns induits lors de vaccinations par voie orale contre la vibriose à Vibrio anguillarum." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2011.
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Afin d'étudier la distribution des lymphocytes b-like et t-like dans les organes lymphoïdes rein, rate, thymus et le tissu lymphoïde associe à l'intestin du turbot et de la truite arc-en-ciel, des ac polyclonaux de lapin dirigés spécifiquement contre les immunoglobulines (ig) et les thymocytes de chaque espèce ont été produits. Un manque de spécificité des sérums antithymocytes n'a pas permis la détection des lymphocytes t-like. Seuls les anticorps anti-ig ont donc été utilisés dans cette étude menée sur des poissons, indemnes de toute maladie. Quels que soient les organes considérés, un plus grand nombre de cellules ig + est observé chez la truite. En ce qui concerne l'intestin des différences majeures sont notées entre les deux espèces : les cellules ig + sont présentes à la fois dans la lamina propria et la lamina epithelialis chez la truite alors qu'elles ne sont détectées que dans la lamina propria chez le turbot. Dans un second temps la mise au point de techniques de prélèvement du mucus intestinal, et d'isolement des cellules mononuclées présentes dans l'intestin postérieur du turbot, avec la possibilité d'obtenir séparément les cellules issues de la lamina epithelialis et de la lamina propria, a permis d'appréhender les mécanismes de déclenchement de la réponse immune au niveau intestinal a la suite de vaccinations orales (vo) contre la vibriose à vibrio anguillarum. L’absorption de l'ag et la réponse immune systémique ont également été étudiées. Différentes formulations vaccinales ont été testées : des vaccins constitués de corps bactériens entiers, gastroproteges (vog) ou non (voe), et des vaccins constitués d'ag solubles (vos). La voie intraperitoneale a toujours été testée en parallèle car utilisée comme référence. A la suite des vaccinations par vo, l'ag est detecte dans la lamina propria et dans les organes systémiques, où il est transporte jusqu'aux cellules immunocompetentes. En réponse a cette stimulation antigénique des cellules b-like et/ou des plasmocytes apparaissent dans l'intestin au niveau de la lamina propria, puis dans la rate et le rein. Contrairement aux cellules intestinales issues de la lamina propria et aux cellules rénales qui possèdent une aptitude a la phagocytose et sont capables de sécréter des ac, aucune activité comparable n'est mise en évidence sur les cellules issues de la lamina epithelialis. Les réponses observées dans l'intestin restent modérées. A la suite d'une vaccination par vo, une réponse immunitaire locale et générale existe donc et ceci malgré l'absence d'ac anti-vibrio anguillarum, dans le mucus intestinal et dans le sérum. L’injection parentérale, a montré quant à elle que l'ag atteint les organes systémiques mais parvient également dans la lamina propria, dans laquelle une lymphoprolifération de cellules b-like est observée. De plus des ac sont détectés dans le plasma et le mucus indiquant que le système immunitaire général et intestinal sont conjointement sollicites. Enfin, l'étude d'un transfert passif d'immunité, démontre l'existence d'une réaction immunitaire humorale consécutive aux vaccinations par ip mais aussi par vo avec l'ag soluble, sans que la protection induite soit réellement attribuable aux ig.
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Fouchs, Audrey. "Stress osmotique et activation des MAP Kinases ERK1/2 chez les hépatocytes de turbot, Scophthalmus maximus : implication des voies de signalisation intracellulaire du processus de RVD." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2045.
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Parmi les voies de signalisation intracellulaire, les MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein I: Kinases) ERK1/2 (Extracellular-signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2) jouent un râle central : elles sont activées par une grande variété de facteurs environnementaux et sont impliquées dans de nombreuses fonctions cellulaires. Chez les hépatocytes de turbot, un choc hypo-osmotique, contrairement à un choc hyper-osmotique, entraîne une augmentation rapide de la phosphorylation de ERK1/2, qui se maintient ensuite pendant au moins 50 minutes. Malgré leur activation rapide, les protéines MAP kinases ERK1/2 ne semblent pas impliquées dans le processus de RVD mis en place par les cellules pour contrer le gonflement cellulaire induit par les conditions aniso-osmotiques. Il existe toutefois un lien très étroit entre ces deux mécanismes, les voies de signalisation impliquées dans le RVD étant capables de moduler le signal ERK1/2. En effet, chez les hépatocytes de turbot, l’activation de ERK1/2 se produit en deux temps : une activation à très court terme (de O à 5 minutes après le choc hypo-osmotique) et une activation à plus long terme (10 minutes après le choc). Celle activation à plus long terme est dépendante de I’ATP, du calcium, de kinases comme PKC, Pl3K ou PTK, du cytosquelette et des canaux SAC mécanosensibles, toutes des voies majeures du RVDAmongst intracellular signalling pathways, the MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) ERK1/2 (Extracellular-signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2) play a central role: they are activated by a wide range of environmental factors and can be involved in many cellular functions. In turbot hepatocytes, a hypo-osmotic shock, but not a hyper-osmotic shock, induces a rapid increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, maintained for at least 50 minutes. Despite being rapidly activated by a decrease in extracellular osmolality, the ERK1/2 do not seem to play a role in the RVD process established to counteract the volume changes induced by the aniso-osmotic conditions. However, there is a strong link between these two mechanisms, the signaling pathways involved in RVD being able to modulate the ERK1/2 signal. Indeed, in turbot hepatocytes, the ERK1/2 activation occurs in two stages: a transient activation (from O to 5 minutes after the hypo-osmotic shock) and a sustained activation (10 minutes after the shock). This sustained activation is dependent on ATP, calcium, cytoskeleton, stretch activated channels and protein kinases such as PKC, PI3K or PTK, all of the aforementioned being major signaling pathways of the RVD process
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Bergström, Jimmy. "Closeness and voter turnout." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185455.
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In this paper I examine how closeness between the traditional political blocks affects voter turnout in the Swedish municipal elections 2014 and 2018. The results of the two elections shows that closeness between the traditional blocks is not a relevant factor for individuals when they decide to vote or abstain. The voter turnout do not increases when its close between the political blocks. The rapport argument for the complexity in predicting coalition government in multi-party systems. This makes voters consider other factors then closness when they decide to vote or abstain. Despite the none statistic significant results of closeness and turnout, the most relevant factors when individuals decide to vote or abstain is based on socioeconomic variabels. The voter turnout is therefore more likley to be affected by socioeconomic characteristics than a tight race between political blocks.
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Ollivier, Hélène. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de régulation du volume des hépatocytes isolés de turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) en condition hypo-osmotique : principaux effecteurs et voies de signalisation intracellulaire." Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES0002.
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Lorsque les hématocytes de turbot sont exposés à une diminution de l'osmolalité de leur milieu environnant, leur volume augmente d'environ 20 % dès les premières minutes suivant le choc-osmotique. Ces cellules recouvrent ensuite leur volume initial grâce au processus de RVD ("Regulatory Volume Decrease") dont la mise en oeuvre requiert la coopération de mécanismes élaborés pour percevoir les perturbations du volume cellulaire, amplifier et propager le signal puis activer les systèmes effecteurs de la régulation. Cette réponse cellulaire adaptative se caractérise principalement par une sortie d'ions K+ et Cl- et d'eau osmotiquement liée via des canaux Cl- et K+ distincts, des co-transporteurs K+/Cl- et des échangeurs Cl-/HCO3-. Les voies de signalisation intracellulaire impliquent diverses protéines kianses (PTK, PI3K, PKC, p38MAPK. . . ), les phospholipases A2, C et D, l'acide arachinodique et ses dérivés eicosanoïdes ou encore le calcium dont la concentration intracellulaire augmente fortement après la stimulation hypo-osmotique. Les protéines cytosquelettiques contribuent également au processus de RVD. De même, l'ATP libéré dans le milieu extracellulaire par action d'un canal de type CFTR ou par exocytose constitue un second messager clé de la régulation en agissant de façon autocrine ou paracrine via la stimulation des récepteurs purinergiques. L'objectif de ce travail était de caractériser les évènements cellulaires majeurs inhérents au processus de RVD des hépatocytes de turbot et de tenter de les replacer, les uns par rapport aux autres, dans le contexte d'une réponse complexe et intégrativeWhen turbot hepatocytes are exposed to a reduction of extracellular osmolality, they swell by about 20 % within first minutes after the hyposmotic shock. Cells subsequently undergo a RVD (Regulatory Volume Decrease) process to recover their original volume. This volume regulation process require coordinated mechanisms to sense volume perturbations, amplify and transduce the signal to the RVD effectors. Cell volume is regulated by the loss of K+ and Cl- with osmotically obligated water by activation of separate K+ and Cl- channels as well as K+/Cl- co-transporter and Cl/HCO3- exchanger. Signaling pathways involve many kinases ( PTK, PI3K, PKC, p38MAPK). . . ), phospholipases A2, C and D, arachinodic acid and eicosanoids and calcium, whose concentration strongly increases after hyposmotic stimulation. Cytoskeletal proteins also contribute to RVD process. Moreover, ATP released in extracellular medium by action of a CFTR-type channel or exocytosis is an important second messenger which acts as an auto/paracrine factor via purinergic receptors activation. The aim of this study was to determine the main cellular events linked to turbot hepatocytes RVD process and to attempt to replace them in the context of a complex and integrative response
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Gouillou-Coustans, Marie-Françoise. "Etude des effets de la carence en acide ascorbique chez le turbot Scophthalmus maximus L." Brest, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BRES2016.
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Depuis une dizaine d'annees est identifiee chez le turbot une pathologie particuliere: le syndrome granulomateux renal, caracterisant une perturbation du metabolisme de la tyrosine. La guerison ayant ete obtenue par injection de vitamine c, la singularite du turbot compare a d'autres teleosteens en cas d'avitaminose c apparaissait donc, mettant en evidence le role de l'acide ascorbique chez ce poisson, role etudie dans ce travail. Deux techniques de dosage, automatisees, en flux continu, a detection spectrofluorimetrique de la vitamine c et de la tyrosine ont ete adaptees aux besoins de l'experimentation. Les resultats des experiences de carence indiquent que selon le poids initial il faut des delais de 90-130 jours, 90-150 jours, 100-200 jours pour observer respectivement une elevation de la tyrosinemie, une difference de croissance, et une apparition de symptomes ainsi que les premieres mortalites. Bien qu'une baisse de l'hydoxylation du collagene provoquant le scorbut chez les autres teleosteens ait ete obtenue chez des turbots carences, la carence en acide ascorbique entraine toutefois des symptomes specifiques du poisson etudie. Alors que les essais de rehabilitation par administration orale d'acide ascorbique sont concluants, ceux realises avec l'acide folique et le sulfate d'ascorbyle echouent dans les conditions experimentales retenues. Les phenomenes de regulation de la tyrosinemie plasmatique peuvent etre interpretes a l'aide du concept de vicariance vitaminique (terroine): tous les symptomes d'avitaminose c, excepte la diminution de l'hydroxylation de la proline sont nettement attenues par un complement d'autres vitamines ou aggraves par un faible taux de ces vitamines. Le turbot, qui presente une sensibilite a la carence en acide ascorbique assez voisine de celle des autres poissons manifeste donc cette carence de maniere originale. Cette caracteristique proviendrait de la tres grande sensibilite de la parahydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, une des enzymes responsables de la degradation de la tyrosine
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Coombs, Isabel Alexander. "Nutritional physiology of turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) : implications to aquaculture." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245324.
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Fournier, Stéphan. "Turbo codes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22763.pdf.
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Yan, Yun. "Turbo codes." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175200238.
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Riboldi, Lucas Baiochi. "Variação da pressão de turgor de plantas de milho em condições de déficit hídrico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-17032014-101852/.
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O milho é relativamente tolerante ao estresse hídrico, principalmente nas suas fases iniciais de crescimento, mas caso sujeito ao déficit hídrico apresenta diminuição do crescimento pela redução da taxa fotossintética e da disponibilidade de água em seus tecidos. O monitoramento do potencial da água da planta é importante indicador do grau de déficit hídrico. Porém, os métodos existentes para sua determinação não são passíveis de automatização e por serem de natureza destrutiva, nem sempre se mostram adequados na determinação do estresse hídrico. Com a nova sonda magnética desenvolvida por Zimmermann e colaboradores (2008) para a determinação do turgor foliar, pode-se avaliar o status hídrico da planta e, em certos casos, até indicar o momento ideal para a irrigação. Ela é altamente sensível, versátil, não destrutiva, fácil de manusear, apresentando resultados imediatos e disponíveis online. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se plantas de milho em crescimento, submetidas a ciclos de estresse hídrico possuíam a capacidade de recuperação, além de testar a eficácia desta nova técnica para o monitoramento do estresse. As plantas cresceram em vasos em casa de vegetação, onde além das medidas de turgor expressas pela variável Pp (\"pressão resultante\" da sonda) foram monitorados, também, o potencial da água foliar, a condutância estomática, a assimilação de CO2 e variáveis de crescimento por 30 dias, a partir de um mês e meio após a semeadura. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos, um em que a planta era mantida irrigada e outro onde foi suspensa a irrigação. Conforme o passar dos dias, as plantas mostraram os primeiros sinais visuais de estresse, como o enrolamento das folhas. Nesse período foi possível observar uma flutuação dos valores de Pp ao longo do dia, mas com uma recuperação do turgor no período noturno. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para condutância estomática, potencial da água, Pp e fotossíntese. Após cada irrigação, notou-se uma recuperação rápida em todos os parâmetros analisados. Deste modo, foi possível concluir que as plantas de milho foram capazes de se recuperar do déficit hídrico rapidamente, apresentando uma recuperação total em apenas um dia para todos os ciclos analisados. A sonda de turgor foi capaz de indicar e monitorar o status hídrico da planta, mas nos 10 dias finais de estresse no último ciclo de secagem do solo, as suas medidas sinalizavam uma possível manutenção do turgor não condizente com a condição real das plantas, que nesse momento apresentavam baixos valores de potencial da água, de condutância estomática e de assimilação de CO2, além de enrolamento das folhas. Portanto, maiores estudos são necessários para conhecer as possíveis causas desse comportamento da sonda nessas circunstâncias.Maize is a relatively tolerant plant water stress, especially in their early stages of growth. Plants subjected to water deficit have reduced growth by decreased photosynthetic rate and the availability of water in their tissues. The monitoring of water potential is important as an indicator of water stress, but the few methods for determining it .are not amenable to automation and for being destructive nature; the results are not always consistent with the actual conditions. With the new leaf patch clamp pressure probe developed by Zimmermann et al (2008) for the determination of leaf turgor, one can assess the water status of the plant and in some cases up to indicate the ideal time for irrigation. It is highly sensitive, versatile, non-destructive, easy to handle, with immediate results and available online. Thus the aim of this study was to determine if the maize plants subjected to drought cycles, had the ability to recover from water deficit, in addition to testing the effectiveness of this new method for monitoring stress. Plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse, where the leaf status was monitored through the leaf water potential, stomata conductance, leaf turgor pressure and photosynthesis. Plant growth (height, leaf area and dry mass) was continuously evaluated. Measures initiated one and half month after sowing and plants were monitored for about 30 days, by using the variable Pp (resulting pressure) given by de probe. Two treatments were imposed, one where the plant was kept irrigated and another where irrigation was suspended were established. As the days passed, the plants showed the first visual signs of stress, such as curling leaves. During this period we observed a fluctuation in the values of Pp throughout the day signaling loss of turgor, but with a recovery at night. There were significant differences between treatments for stomata conductance, water potential, photosynthesis and Pp over the days. After each irrigation, noticed a rapid recovery in all parameters analyzed. Thus, we concluded that maize plants were able to recover quickly from the water deficit, with a full recovery in just one day for all cycles analyzed. The turgor probe was able to display and monitor the water status of the plant, but in the last ten days of deficit it was not signaling an evident turgor loss as demonstrated by other indicators, as leaf curling, low leaf water potential, CO2 assimilation and stomata conductance. So, more studies are required to explain the probe response under these circumstances.
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Rowe, Kelly T. "Turnout models and election context." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/276166.
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The number of people choosing to vote or abstain varies over elections and across
countries. The reasons why individuals may choose to vote in one election but not the
next are not completely known. Election context seems to play a role but there is not a
clear set of contextual variables that political scientists employ that capture why turnout
- or individual decisions to vote - fluctuates from one election to the next. There
remains a need fill this literature gap. This dissertation attempts to move our
understanding of turnout variation forward. It does so by analysing three election
contexts with cross-national as well as individual-level data for specific countries. The
results suggest that factors such as emotional responses to election issues, the economy,
the party system, and class voting, have an impact on whether people vote or not.El número de personas eligiendo si votar o abtenerse varia entre elecciones a tavés de países. Las razones por la que un individuo pueda decidir votar en unas elecciones, pero no en las siguientes són completamente desconocidas. El contexto de las elecciones parece desempeñar un papel, pero no hay un claro grupo de variables contextuales que politólogos usen que explique porque la participación electoral fluctúe de unas elecciones a las siguientes. Sigue existiendo la necesidad de llenar este vacío en la literatura. Esta tesis doctoral intenta mover la comprensión de la variación de la participación hacia adelante. Mediante el analisis de tres contextos electorales y usando datos de varios paises así como a nivel individual para ciertos países, los resultados sugieren que factores como respuestas emocionales a temas electorales, la economia, el sistema de partidos y el voto de clase, tienen un impacto en si la población votará o no.
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Reynolds, Miron R. "Political knowledge and voter turnout." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/441.
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Raorane, Pooja Prakash. "Sampling Based Turbo and Turbo Concatenated Coded Noncoherent Modulation Schemes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1279071861.
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Campos, Iris Catarina Ventura. "Consequências do trabalho por turnos: a influência do sono no quotidiano dos trabalhadores por turnos." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/8208.
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Jorge, Andreia Filipa Martins. "Trabalho por Turnos: O impacto do Trabalho por Turnos na Segurança e Saúde dos Trabalhadores." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/9469.
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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau
de
Mestre em Segurança e Higiene no TrabalhoÉ objectivo deste estudo avaliar o impacto do trabalho por turnos, na segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores, para tal, diagnosticou-se o nível de perturbação do sono e a capacidade para o trabalho de um grupo de 72 trabalhadores em regime de turnos rotativos, através de questionário. Na primeira parte deste trabalho é feita uma revisão de literatura sobre a problemática, na segunda parte é apresentada a metodologia utilizada no estudo, bem como descrita a amostra, os procedimentos e instrumentos, e na terceira parte são apresentados, analisados e discutidos os resultados obtidos por meio do instrumento de recolha de dados. No que respeita aos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que 73,61% dos trabalhadores apresentam um nível de perturbação do sono moderada e 63,89% apresentam uma boa capacidade para o trabalho. Observou-se que, a carga de trabalho influencia significativamente a perturbação do sono, bem como a perturbação do sono influencia significativamente a capacidade para o trabalho. Verificou-se ainda uma diferença significativa entre a perturbação do sono nos diferentes turnos de trabalho, tendo sido o turno da manhã a obter pior avaliação, seguindo-se o turno da noite. Este trabalho permitiu uma melhor compreensão do impacto dos turnos de trabalho, na segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores, bem como da sua capacidade para o trabalho, identificando potenciais áreas de intervenção.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to calculate the impact of shift work on safety and health of workers. Therefore was diagnosed the levels of sleep disorder and the capacity to work in a group sample of 72 workers throughout a survey. In the first part was made a review around the content literary of the issue, in the second part are presents the methodology used in the study and described the sample, procedures and instruments, and in the third part are introduced, analyzed and discussed the results obtained by data collection. As regards of the results, we can verify that 73,61% of workers suffer from a moderate level of sleep disorder and 63,89% still presents efficiency at work. We can also bring to conclusion, by observation: the workload have a fundamental influence on sleep disorder and the opposite naturally decreases work capacity; as well as significant deviation between sleep disorder on different shifts, where the morning shift gets the worst outcome followed by the night shift. This research provided is with a better understanding on the impact that shift work raises on safety and health and well as affect the capacity and efficiency of the worker, helping to identify potential areas of intervention.
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Lott, Leslie. "Primary Systems and Voter Turnout: Measuring the Institutional Effect of Primary Type on Voter Turnout." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/956.
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Using the 1990, 1994 and 1998 Congressional mid-term elections, this study looks at whether the type of primary system in a person's state has an effect on whether or not that person will vote in the general election. The five types of primary systems (closed, semi-closed, semiopen, open and blanket) are explained as well as traditional factors for likelihood of voting. It is hypothesized that the more closed the primary system, the less likely a person is to vote. Data analysis shows that when significant, living in an open primary state does significantly increase the likelihood that a person will vote. However, primary type was significant in only six of the nine models studied here.
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Ruzgytė, Inga. "Turto patikėjimo sutartis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20110709_152127-75002.
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Priėmus naują LR CK buvo detalizuota turto patikėjimo teisė įtvirtinta dar sename LR CK, tuo pačiu įvedant naują teisės institutą – turto patikėjimo sutartį. Šio instituto įvedimą į Lietuvos teisės sistemą lėmė privačios nuosavybės sukūrimas, ekonominių santykių kaita, bei užsienio šalių praktika. Turto patikėjimo institutas atsirado dar 11 a. – 13 a. Anglijoje ir per ilgą laiką vystėsi, plėtojosi ir buvo perimtas daugelio pasaulio šalių. Turto patikėjimo teisei tik atsiradus plačiai buvo naudojama šeimos turtiniuose santykiuose, tačiau laikui bėgant išplito turto patikėjimo naudojimo sfera ir pradėta naudoti komerciniuose santykiuose. Nuo pat turto patikėjimo sutarties įtvirtinimo LR CK šis institutas Lietuvos autorių nebuvo analizuotas, o taip pat iki šiol teismų praktikos nagrinėjamu klausimu nėra, todėl labai svarbu išanalizuoti turto patikėjimo sutarties reglamentavimą Lietuvoje, jo privalumus, trūkumus. Darbe nagrinėjami šie pagrindiniai klausimai: 1) Turto patikėjimo teisės kilmė ir raida: nagrinėjamos turto patikėjimo teisės atsiradimo priežastys, vystymasis, šio instituto panaudojimo sferos; 2) Turto patikėjimo teisės samprata pagal LR CK: atskleidžiamas turto patikėjimo sutarties turinys lyginant jį su nuosavybės teisės turiniu, nagrinėjamos turto perdavimo patikėjimo teise priežastys; 3) Turto patikėjimo sutarties prigimties analizė: aiškinamasi turto patikėjimo sutarties santykių prigimtis, analizuojamas turto patikėjimo sutarties santykis su kitomis panašiomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]After adoption of the new Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania (CC RL), the property trust right, which had been established already in the old CC RL, was stipulated in detail by introducing the new legal institute – the contract on property trust. Introduction of this institute into the legal system of Lithuania was determined by development of private property, changes in economic relations and practices of foreign countries. The property trust institute developed already in the 11th - 13th centuries in England, was evolving in a long run and later adopted by numerous countries of the world. Upon the onset of the property trust right, it was widely used in proprietal relations but in the course of time the scope of application of property trust has expanded, and it was introduced also to commercial relations. From the very enforcement of the contract on property trust in the CC RL, this institute was not analysed by Lithuanian authors, and no practice on this issue exist up to this date, therefore it is very important to analyse the regulation of contract on property trust in Lithuania, its benefits and advantages. The following main issues are analysed in the work: 1) Origins and development of the property trust right: reasons for origination of the property trust institute, its development and scope of application; 2) Concept of property trust law according to the CC RL: by disclosing the contents of contract on property trust and comparing it to the contents of... [to full text]
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Abbara, Mamdouh. "Turbo-codes quantiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00842327.
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L'idée des turbo-codes, construction très performante permettant l'encodage de l'information classique, ne pouvait jusqu'à présent pas être transposé au problème de l'encodage de l'information quantique. En effet, il subsistait des obstacles tout aussi théoriques que relevant de leur implémentation. A la version quantique connue de ces codes, on ne connaissait ni de résultat établissant une distance minimale infinie, propriété qui autorise de corriger un nombre arbitraire d'erreurs, ni de décodage itératif efficace, car les turbo-encodages quantiques, dits catastrophiques, propagent certaines erreurs lors d'un tel décodage et empêchent son bon fonctionnement. Cette thèse a permis de relever ces deux défis, en établissant des conditions théoriques pour qu'un turbo-code quantique ait une distance minimale infinie, et d'autre part, en exhibant une construction permettant au décodage itératif de bien fonctionner. Les simulations montrent alors que la classe de turbo-codes quantiques conçue est efficace pour transmettre de l'information quantique via un canal dépolarisant dont l'intensité de dépolarisation peut aller jusqu'à p = 0,145. Ces codes quantiques, de rendement constant, peuvent aussi bien être utilisés directement pour encoder de l'information quantique binaire, qu'être intégrés comme modules afin d'améliorer le fonctionnement d'autres codes tels que les LDPC quantiques.
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Barros, Jose da Silva. "Codigos turbo quaternarios." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259772.
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Orientador: Renato Baldini FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação
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Xu, Lei. "OFDM turbo transceivers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64480/.
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In this thesis a variety of different techniques designed for the sake of improving the attainable efficiency of wireless system are considered in the context of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). More explicitly, powerful turbo transceivers invoking Sphere Packing (SP) modulation are designed using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts for both single-user and multi-user transmission. In order to provide an attractive suite of single-user OFDM transceivers, we contrive a SP-aided OFDM scheme for maximizing the achievable coding advantage. The corresponding capacity equation shows that the SP-OFDM scheme exhibits a higher capacity than its counterpart dispensing with SP. Furthermore, a carefully designed Sphere Packing symbol To Sub-Carrier Mapping (SPTSCM) scheme is contrived, which results in an improved Discrete Input Continuous Output Memoryless Channel (DCMC) capacity. This is achieved by reducing the correlation between the multiple OFDM sub-carriers conveying a specific SP symbol. In order to enhance the attainable BER performance of the SP-OFDM scheme, iterative detection is invoked for exchanging extrinsic information between the SP symbol-to-bit demapper and the channel decoder. In contrast to the classic SP signal construction, sophisticated SP schemes are designed with the aid of EXIT charts for the sake of improving the convergence behaviour of the iteratively detected schemes. Explicitly, an approximately 0.15bit/s/Hz DCMC capacity improvement is achieved and the proposed iterative detection aided SP-OFDM scheme becomes capable of performing within 2.1dB of the maximum achievable rate limit obtained using EXIT charts at BER = 10−4. Some of the proposed advances are then extended to a multi-user Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) OFDM scheme. Novel turbo MUDs are designed and investigated in terms of their complexity, EXIT characteristics and BER performance. More explicitly, the linear turbo MUDs considered include the Complex-valued Minimum Mean Square Error (SIC-CMMSE) scheme, the Soft Interference Cancellation based Real-valued Minimum Mean Square Error (SIC-RMMSE) arrangement and the Soft Interference Cancellation based Minimum Bit-Error Rate (SIC-MBER) MUD schemes. The SIC-RMMSE is only applicable in the context of BPSK modulated schemes. A Reduced-complexity Minimum Bit-Error Rate (RMBER) is also designed for the sake of arriving at a complexity reduction by slightly compromising the attainable performance in comparison to the SIC-MBER MUD. Furthermore, a hybrid scheme was designed to eliminate the performance degradation imposed by the RMBER MUD. In contrast to above-mentioned linear schemes, Bayesian turbo MUD and the K-best iterative Sphere Decoder (SD) belong to the family of non-linear MUDs. Then a general complexityreduction technique was contrived in order to reduce the complexity imposed by the turbo MUDs, which was referred to as the A-priori-LLR-Threshold (ALT) aided MUD algorithm, which was introduced for the sake of striking an attractive trade-off between the attainable complexity-reduction and the performance degradation imposed. Finally, the novel framework of Transmit Domain Processing based Detectors (TDPD) was contrived for a generalized multi-access or multiplexing based channel model in order to circumvent the exponentially increasing complexity imposed by the Maximum Likelihood (ML) MUD as a function of both the number of antennas and the number of bits per symbol. Explicitly, the TDPD may be separated into three basic steps including the MUD’s Search Center (SC) calculation, detection candidate list generation and LLR output calculation. A range of different schemes were considered for each of the three steps, and the SIC-CMMSE SC aided hybrid K-best subset combination based iterative TDPD was capable of achieving a similar BER performance to the optimal ML detector at a significantly reduced-complexity.
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Burrows, Amanda Susan. "Cellular aspects of the immune response of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1990.
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Peripheral blood leucocytes of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, were characterised into 4 distinct groups following morphological, morphometric and histochemical examination. Total and differential cell counts were determined. Thrombocytes, the most abundant leucocyte type (52%), were highly mobile and encountered in several morphological forms. Granulocytes, representing 5.6% of the leucocyte population, histochemically most resembled the mammalian neutrophil. Both large and small lymphocytes (40.8%), were encountered. Monocytes were rarely observed (1.6%). Thrombocytes and monocytes were phagocytic in vitro at 12oc and 22oc, showing increased phagocytic activity at the higher temperature. The thymus was paired and consisted of a well developed outer cortex and an inner meduallary region. The spleen was bounded by a fibrous tissue capsule and contained a large volume of blood. Diffuse areas of red and white pulp, ellipsoids and melanomacrophage centres were apparent. Lymphocytes, thrombocytes and mature erythrocytes made up the cellular components. The kidney, located beneath the vertebral column contained haemopoietic tissue throughout. Excretory tubules were evident posteriorly. Cellular elements included developing granulocytes, large and small lymphocytes and melanomacrophages. Investigation of ontogenic development of the lymphoid tissue, from 24h post-hatch to the completion of metamorphosis (Day 63) revealed thymic, splenic and kidney rudiments all present at Day 4 with the first lymphoid cells appearing in thymus and kidney by Day 8. Splenic lymphoid cells and the development of areas of white pulp were apparent by Day 28. Differentiation of the thymus had occurred and melanomacrophage centres were seen in the spleen, completing structural lymphoid development by Day 63. Critical stages of lymphoid ontogeny were correlated with easily recognisable external morphological features. A study of the kinetics of carbon clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, revealed a phagocytic capacity in the spleen, kidney and heart. Splenic carbon was seen at 20min post injection, accumulating around ellipsoids and rising to a maximum level at 24h. By Day 5 carbon levels within phagocytes, by now more distant from the ellipsoids, had begun to decrease and carbon was seen within melanomacrophages. Levels of kidney carbon, present within large macrophage-like cells which increased in size forming larger aggregations, increased to a maximum at Day 3. Clearance appeared more rapid in the posterior kidney. Low level uptake was seen within the epicardium. Carbon uptake was not observed in the liver or gill. Kidney leucocyte migration in vitro was examined to a range of chemoattractants using a number of assays. 24h bacterial culture supernatants of Vibrio alginolyticus induced significant cellular responses. The under agarose assay demonstrated migration inhibition to 100%, 50% and 40% supernatant dilutions. Enhanced migration was detected to dilutions of 5-50% in the microchemotaxis chamber, being optimal at 20%. The leucocyte polarisation assay demonstrated cell orientation in response to I 00% culture filtrate and the capillary tube migration assay revealed cellular inhibition at concentrations of 10% & SO%. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) also induced migration in the filter-based assay, being optimal at to-7M. Cellular migration and orientation were observed in filter and polarisation assays to turbot serum, with normal and activated serum inducing elevated responses in the filter based assay. No response was detected by any of the assay systems to n-formylmethionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine (FMLP) or casein at any concentration tested. Results are discussed in relation to the cellular defence mechanisms of fish.
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Stephens, Susan M. "The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the early life stages of turbot." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361319.
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Tutundjian, Renaud. "Caractérisation d'un système de résistance multixénobiotique (MXR) chez le turbot, Scophthalmus maximus." Le Havre, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2002LEHA0010.
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Ce mémoire présente la mise en évidence d'un gène codant pour une protéine de type MXR chez un poisson benthique, le turbot Scophthalmus maximus, l'évaluation de son expression constitutive dans plusieurs tissus et la mesure de son activité au sein d'hépatocytes en culture. Afin d 'étudier l'activité du système MXR dans les hépatocytes de turbot juvénile, un protocole de culture cellulaire en agrégats a été développéHere we report the existence of a gene encoding a MXR-related protein in a benthic fish species, the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, its constitutive expression in several tissues and the assessment of its activity in cultured fish hepatocytes. In order to study the activity of this system in juvenile turbot hepatocytes, a cell culture protocol was developped
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Arvidsson, Lina. "Vem är turisten i tidningen Turist : en analys av tolv resereportage ur Svenska Turistföreningens medlemstidning Turist." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29257.
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Den här uppsatsen analyserar tolv texter från Svenska Turistföreningens medlemstidning Turist. Texterna är hämtade från 1964 till 2014 med två nedslag vart tionde år. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på vem turisten i de analyserade reportagen är, hur hen ser på sig själv och på andra som hen möter under sina resor och hur landskap, väder, miljöer och människor beskrivs. Analysen är gjord med ett frågeschema som skapats med stöd från massmedieretorisk och narratologisk metod. De aspekter som undersöks handlar framför allt om hur människor på resmålet beskrivs, hur landskap, djur och väder beskrivs och används i berättelserna, hur turisten ser på sig själv och andra och vilka värderingar som framkommer. De teoretiska ramar som används utgår från romantikens syn på besjälade landskap samt en postkolonial syn på turism och turister och deras påverkan på turistmål. Resultatet visar att turisten ser både resmål, miljö och människorna på resmålen med exotifierande ögon. Turisten längtar efter äkthet och strävar under sin semester efter att bli en mer äkta, rejäl och hälsosam människa. Det framkommer också att bildspråk och sätt att skildra naturen har starka kopplingar till romantikens strömningar. Landskapet beskrivs som besjälat och vädret speglar turistens sinnesstämningar.
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Robert, John M. "The Issue with Latino Voter Turnout: How Does the Issue of Immigration Affect Latino Voter Turnout?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500164/.
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In this study, I investigate how the issue of immigration affects Latino voter turnout. I hypothesize that U.S. Latino citizens who view immigration as highly important and helpful to the United States will be more likely to turn out to vote in midterm and presidential elections. In addition to a contextual analysis on elections in Arizona and California, I perform a probit regression analysis on survey data from Pew Hispanic's 2004 National Survey of Latinos on Politics and Civic Participation. The results are mixed with respect to the initial expectations. While respondents who view immigration as important and helpful are more likely to turn out than those who view immigration as important and hurtful, the results suggest that respondents who find immigration as unimportant may not be less likely to turn out. Further, there are some differences between Latino subgroups, although these differences are minor. Ultimately, the hypotheses presented in this study find moderate support.
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Toledo, Gabriel Ricardo Aguilera de. "TRANSMISSÃO DE SINAL DE FALTA DE ÁGUA ENTRE PLANTAS: EFEITOS SOBRE A TEMPERATURA E A PRESSÃO DE TURGOR FOLIAR." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2015. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/342.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-03A growing body of evidence shows that plants anticipate responses of stress as a result of signals transmitted by neighboring plants. Transmit signal of lack of water between plants is a factor that adds complexity in the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems. Knowing more about this ability of plants can be useful for agriculture, mainly agro-forestry systems, and for reforestation efforts. By this way, this job was done to try to find more evidences of lack of water signaling transmission. To do this, stomata aperture related parameters (leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure) were used to find possible effects of plants under lack of water on their neighborhood. Stomatal aperture, leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure are parameters that indicates plant water status. Two experiments were done, one measured leaf temperature, and other leaf turgor pressure. Glycine max was used as experimental model. The seedlings roots were pruned, leaving only two roots similar per plant ("split-root"). The split-root plants were arranged in sets, with 4 pots and 3 plants (with each plant roots was divided into two pots). To induce sudden lack of water, mannitol solution was used (-2MPa), applied in the first pot. Leaf temperature was monitored by thermographic camera, and the leaf turgor was monitored by magnetic probe leaf turgor pressure (ZIM-probe). Data analysis was based on graphic interpretation. Leaf temperature variation was synchronous among plants of each set. The variation of leaf turgor in the day of induction to stress was completely changed from the previous day in half of sets. The sets which turgor variation was changed also showed sync. Environmental conditions, namely air temperature, and air relative humidity, were monitored and showed no correlations with the variation in leaf temperature or leaf turgor pressure. Sync indicates that there was communication. It is possible that lack of water communication among plants increases population stability. Stability in population can increase the fitness. So, it is possible that communication of lack of water among plants is a characteristic that has been shaped by natural selection, and distributed among taxa.
É crescente o número de evidências de que plantas antecipam respostas a estresses em consequência da sinalização emitida por plantas vizinhas. Transmitir sinal de falta de água entre plantas é um fator que acrescenta complexidade na dinâmica de populações, comunidades e ecossistemas. Conhecer mais sobre essa capacidade das plantas pode ser útil para agricultura, principalmente sistemas agro- florestais, e para esforços de reflorestamento. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi realizado para tentar encontrar mais evidências da transmissão de sinal de falta de água entre plantas. Para tanto, foram utilizados parâmetros relacionados à abertura estomática (temperatura e turgor foliar) para medir os efeitos de uma planta sob falta de água sobre plantas vizinhas. A abertura estomática, a temperatura e o turgor foliar são parâmetros indicativos do status hídrico. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um medindo a temperatura, outro a pressão de turgor foliar. Foi usado Glycine max como modelo experimental. As plântulas foram submetidas à poda, deixando-se apenas duas raízes semelhantes por planta ( split-root ). As mudas foram arranjadas em séries com 4 potes e 3 plantas (cada planta ficou com suas raízes divididas entre dois potes). Para induzir falta de água repentina, foi utilizada solução de manitol (-2 MPa), aplicado no primeiro pote. A temperatura foliar foi monitorada com uma câmera termográfica e o turgor foliar foi monitorado pela sonda magnética de pressão de turgor foliar (ZIM-probe). A análise dos dados foi feita em cima da interpretação dos gráficos. A variação de temperatura foliar aconteceu de forma sincrônica entre as plantas de cada série. A variação do turgor foliar foi totalmente alterada depois do estresse em metade das repetições. Nas séries onde o turgor foi alterado houve sincronia também. As condições ambientais de temperatura do ar, e de umidade relativa do ar, foram monitoradas e não mostram correlação com as variações de temperatura e turgor foliar. A sincronia indica que tenha havido comunicação. É possível que a comunicação de falta de água aumente a estabilidade de populações. Populações mais estáveis podem ter mais chances de deixar mais descendentes para próximas gerações. Assim, é provável que a capacidade de comunicar a falta de água a outras plantas seja uma característica moldada pela seleção natural e distribuída dentre os táxons.
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Boroughs, Bryan. "Social networking websites and voter turnout." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm) Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/647748328/viewonline.
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Aggeborn, Linuz. "Voting System, Voter Turnout, Policy Outcome." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156872.
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In the last decades a number of countries in the developed world have experienced a drop in voter turnout. The public sector is in the end run by politicians who are elected by the people and for that reason it is interesting to study how a variation in turnout will affect public policy outcome. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to investigate the potential causal link that runs between voting system, turnout and policy by empirically testing the Meltzer & Richard’s theory from 1981. I use Swedish and Finnish municipal panel data and apply IV-regression. The constitutional change in 1970 when Sweden changed from having separate election days for the central and the local governments into having one joint election day, is used as instrument for turnout. I find that an increased turnout rate also leads to higher local tax rate indicating that turnout actually has an impact on policy outcome.
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Dray, James Daniel. "Voter turnout in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4889265-1bae-45cc-b12a-4fa92d441800.
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This thesis addresses the question of who votes in Africa and why. It uses three sets of quantitative data at three different levels to test its claims: an original compilation of national level institutional and socioeconomic indicators for over 700 elections from independence until 2006 compiled by the author; the Afrobarometer survey of almost 50 000 voters in 17 multiparty African regimes; and the first ever purpose-built survey aimed at testing rational choice turnout models in an African case study, which was designed, administered and analysed by the author in 2005 in Durban, South Africa. It uses a mixture of statistical methods to test comprehensively the determinants of voting in pooled and multilevel, logistic and linear, individual and national level models. It finds that the central claims of the rational choice model do not generally apply in African elections. Both the closeness of the election and the costs of participation are not found to be central to the voting calculus of African voters. Instead those citizens who face the highest barriers to participation in the West: the rural, poor and minimally educated, are the citizens who vote most in Africa. The thesis argues that this is because turnout in Africa is mobilised turnout and these are the groups of people targeted by mobilising agents. It further finds that three central institutions of African politics; ethnicity, clientelism and regime type further structure patterns of mobilisation in ways that have been entirely neglected in studies of turnout until now. Finally, it confirms that voting is habitual and that voters are socialised by formative experiences in their youth, especially the nature of the regime that they grow up in and how democratic they think the country is.
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Mach, Jan. "Ocenění společnosti ENERGO EKOPROJEKT TURNOV, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76166.
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The main goal of this work is to evaluate the company ENERGO EKOPROJEKT TURNOV, s.r.o. for the management purposes. First step is financial analysis, followed by strategic analysis and financial plan. Finally the company is evaluated on the basis of yield valuation.
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Švancar, Adam. "Integrace dvou kulturních zařízení města Turnov." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194077.
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The diploma thesis deals with the integration of Kulturní centrum Turnov and Městská knihovna Antonína Marka v Turnově. The theoretical part briefly describes the area of culture, public cultural services and strategic management of cultural organizations, followed by selected techniques and methods of strategic management analysis of both organizations. In the practical part horizontal and vertical analysis of functioning of both organizations is made and their strengths and weaknesses, critical points and opportunities are described. Following the SWOT analysis there is a summary of the outcomes and strategic actions for the period of integration. The main goal of the thesis is making a decision regarding the feasibility of integration. The secondary targets are vision of future operation of the integrated organization and finding alternative book allocations.
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Zulkifli. "Digestive protease capacity in fish in relation to species, body size, growth and dietary composition." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/71.
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Campagne, Gérard. "Le syndrome de turcot : polypose recto-colique familiale et tumeurs malignes du systeme nerveux central : a propos d'une observation : revue de la litterature." Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR25117.
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Obach, Medrano Alejandro. "Influence de différents facteurs de l'environnement sur certains aspects de l'immunité chez le turbot Scophtalmus maximus L. , le bar Dicentrarchus labrax L. Et la daurade Sparus aurata L." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2006.
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Les effets de certains facteurs nutritionnels, éléments physico-chimiques du milieu et traitements thérapeutiques, sur divers paramètres hématologiques et immunologiques sont étudiés chez trois espèces marines d'élevage. Un apport de lipides oxydes dans l'aliment associé à une carence en anti-oxydants (notamment en vitamine E) entraîne chez le turbot, la daurade et le bar une diminution de l'activité phagocytaire, les leucocytes du rein antérieur, mesurée par chimioluminescence. De tels aliments provoquent également une baisse de l'activité du lysozyme plasmatique chez le bar et le turbot, chez qui, par ailleurs, il est observé un effondrement de l'activité hémolytique spécifique du complément. Une sensibilité accrue à l'infection par Vibrio anguillarum est constatée chez les turbots et les daurades consommant ces aliments altérés. Chez ces dernières, la production d'anticorps agglutinants anti-v. Anguillarum est également diminuée. La substitution de l'huile de foie de morue utilisée pour la fabrication des aliments de poisson par de l'huile d'arachide ne provoque aucune modification des paramètres immunitaires étudiés chez des turbots élevés a 20°C pendant 34 semaines. Par contre, après douze semaines d'acclimatation à 10°C, les poissons nourris avec un aliment contenant de l'huile d'arachide présentent un nombre de leucocytes totaux circulants plus faible, une diminution du lysozyme plasmatique, de l'activité phagocytaire et de la réponse lymphoproliférative. La thermodépendance de la production d'anticorps est confirmée chez le turbot. Les poissons élevés à 10°C pendant 25 semaines présentent une diminution du nombre de leucocytes totaux par rapport a ceux acclimates à 20°C, qui s'explique par une lymphopénie et une granulopénie. Une baisse de la salinité de 35°/°° à 10°/°° provoque chez cette même espèce une diminution de l'activité du lysozyme plasmatique. Un traitement par bain au dichlorvos et l'administration par voie orale de fumagilline produisent chez le bar, des modifications du nombre de leucocytes circulants et des activités du lysozyme et du complément plasmatiques. Une diminution de l'activité phagocytaire est observée chez les animaux traités à la fumagilline, associée à une hausse de la sensibilité à l'infection par V. Anguillarum.
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Mysore, Naveen. "Combined turbo coding and turbo equalization for wireless systems with antenna diversity." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33983.
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Emerging wireless communication systems strive for very high data rates, increased coverage and good quality of service. To achieve these goals under harsh conditions on many wireless channels (e.g., due to fading, multipath interference, power constraints and bandwidth limitations), both antenna diversity schemes and channel coding should be utilized.This thesis focuses on achieving reliable transmission over a class of multi-input multi-output Rayleigh faded channels at very low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs). The transmitter and receiver designs are based on turbo coding, multiple transmit/receive antennas and turbo equalization. Simulation studies were performed for systems with different coding rates, numbers of antennas and interleaving strategies. They show the ability to achieve small bit error rates (10-4--10-5) for negative values of SNR.