Journal articles: 'Turkana'

1

Keding, Birgit. "Middle Holocene Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers of Lake Turkana in Kenya and Their Cultural Connections with the North: The Pottery." Journal of African Archaeology 15, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 42–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-12340003.

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AbstractDuring the Early and Middle Holocene, large areas of today’s arid regions in North and East Africa were populated by fisher-hunter-gatherer communities who heavily relied on aquatic resources. In North Africa, Wavy Line pottery and harpoons are their most salient diagnostic features. Similar finds have also been made at sites in Kenya’s Lake Turkana region in East Africa but a clear classification of the pottery was previously not available. In order to elucidate the cultural connections between Lake Turkana’s first potters and North African groups, the pottery of the Koobi Fora region that was excavated by John Barthelme in the 1970/80s was re-assessed in detail. It was compared and contrasted – on a regional scale – with pottery from Lowasera and sites near Lothagam (Zu4, Zu6) and – on a supra-regional scale – with the pottery of the Central Nile Valley and eastern Sahara. The analyses reveal some significant points: Firstly, the early fisher pottery of Lake Turkana is clearly typologically affiliated with the Early Khartoum pottery and was thus part of the Wavy Line complex. Secondly, certain typological features of the Turkana assemblages, which include only a few Dotted Wavy Line patterns, tentatively hint to a date at least in the 7th millennium bp or earlier. Thirdly, the pottery features suggest that the East African fisher-hunter-gatherers adopted pottery from Northeast Africa.

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Erukudi, Locha, and Paul Edabu. "INFLUENCE OF FOOD ADEQUACY ON ENROLMENT IN ECE CENTRES IN TURKANA CENTRAL SUB COUNTY, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA." African Journal of Education and Practice 6, no. 6 (September 29, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ajep.1143.

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Purpose: This study sought to establish the influence of SFP on children enrolment in early childhood education centers in Turkana Central Sub-County, Kenya. Specific objective was to establish the influence of food adequacy on enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Turkana County, Kenya. Methodology: The study was based on Maslow hierarchy of needs, the program theory and liberal egalitarian theory. The study used a mixed research method. The study adopted the cross-sectional research design. The target population was 250 schools, 78 teachers and head teachers and 5,000 parents in pre-schools in Turkana Central Sub County. The study used purposive sampling to select respondents. The sample size of the study was 150 schools, 60 teachers and head teachers and 357 parents. Primary data was gathered by use of questionnaires and interviews guides. Secondary data consisted of report forms of pre-schoolers. Quantitative information was analyzed using descriptive statistics which was computed using SPSS version 21. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Multiple regressions were done to analyze the influence of SFPs on children enrolment in ECDE centres in Turkana Central Sub County. Findings: The study found that food adequacy significantly and positively relate with children enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Turkana County, Kenya. Food adequacy had statistically significant effect of school enrolment in ECD (β = 0.415, P = 0.005). It implies that food adequacy significantly and positively relate with children enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Turkana County, Kenya. This implies that increasing food adequacy will lead to increase in children enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Turkana County, Kenya. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study therefore recommends the government to increase food supply to ensure adequacy. There is need to continue supply of balanced diet to children because it improves their growth and learning. Some of the children are from very poor families and during school holidays they suffer because of lack of food; the study therefore recommends orphans, poor and disabled to be fed even during holidays.

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3

Gray, Sandra J. "Comparison of effects of breast-feeding practices on birth-spacing in three societies: nomadic Turkana, Gainj, and Quechua." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021076.

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SummaryVariation in the duration and pattern of breast-feeding contributes significantly to inter-population differences in fertility. In this paper, measures of suckling frequency and intensity are used to compare the effects of breastfeeding practices on the duration of lactational amenorrhoea, and on the length of the birth interval in three prospective studies undertaken during the 1980s, among Quechua Indians of Peru, Turkana nomads of Kenya, and Gainj of Papua New Guinea.In all three societies, lactation is prolonged well into the second year postpartum, and frequent, on-demand breast-feeding is the norm. However, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea and the length of birth intervals vary considerably. Breast-feeding patterns among Gainj and Turkana are similar, but Turkana women resume menses some 3 months earlier than do the Gainj. The average birth interval among the Gainj exceeds that of nomadic Turkana by over 15 months. Suckling activity decreases significantly with increasing age of nurslings among both Gainj and Quechua, but not among Turkana. Earlier resumption of menses among Turkana women may be linked to the unpredictable demands of the pastoral system, which increase day-to-day variation in the number of periods of on-demand breast-feeding, although not in suckling patterns. This effect is independent of the age of infants.The short birth intervals of Turkana women, relative to those of the Gainj, may be related to early supplementation of Turkana nurslings with butterfat and animals' milk, which reduces energetic demands on lactating women at risk of negative energy balance.

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Wymeersch, Patrick, and Dirk Beke. "The Killing Desert? Droogte, Nomadentradities en Ontwikkelingsbestuur bij de Turkana." Afrika Focus 3, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1987): 210–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0030304003.

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The killing Desert? Drought, Nomadic Traditions and Development Administration with the Turkana. The Turkana are nomadic pastoralists who live in the desert regions of northwestern Kenya. The majority of the Turkana practice no agriculture nor fishing and live exclusively from the products of their livestock (milk, blood and meat). They keep multiple species herds (cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys) in order to buffer the variations in the quality and distribution of vegetal resources and water requirements. The Turkana were one of many affected by several droughts. Although the famine which resulted from the sharp drop in food production was dramatized by international press, insecurity of food availability is characteristic of pastoral production systems. One technique used by the Turkana to exploit an environment where the availability of food is inconsistent, sparse and scattered, is the management of herds composed by many species which can be divided in the dry season into different herds. The second technique used to manage livestock is mobility and raiding cattle from neighbouring ethnic groups. In times of stress the Turkana utilize a system of social ties, obligations and rights which they build up over a lifetime. Important social relationships are reconfirmed periodically via the exchange of livestock between friends. The not integrated new projects in Turkana land could lead to destruction of the ecology, and to a breakdown of the pastoral system and of the system of social ties which has enabled generations of Turkana to cope with the stresses imposed by living in a harsh and unpredictable environment.

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5

Donovan, Alan. "Turkana Functional Art." African Arts 21, no. 3 (May 1988): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336442.

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6

Fleagle, John G., and Meave Leakey. "The Turkana Basin." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20, no. 6 (November 2011): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20333.

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7

Scholz, Henning, and Matthias Glaubrecht. "Shell and operculum taphonomy of the bithyniid gastropodGabbiellain the Pleistocene Turkana Basin, North Kenya." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 1 (January 2013): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-041r.1.

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Shells and opercula of bithyniid gastropods assigned toGabbiellaare found in high abundance in the Pleistocene upper Burgi and KBS Members of the Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya. The systematic paleontology of the Turkana BasinGabbiellais revised herein based on morphological comparison with the opercula of other Recent African bithyniids. The fossils from the upper Burgi and KBS Members are here assigned toGabbiella roseaMandahl-Barth, 1968, a species not known from the Turkana fossil record before, but extant in this lake today. A sampling and taphonomic bias is identified which influences the relative abundance ofGabbiellashells and opercula, as a mesh size of 0.63 mm or less is necessary to capture all opercula preserved in the sediments. Accordingly, opercula were found to be significantly more abundant than shells, indicating a different preservation potential of shells and opercula, as the calcitic operculum is more robust than the aragonitic shell. In contrast to previous arguments that most shellbeds in the Turkana Basin sequence represent undisturbed life assemblages, a taphonomic bias is clearly evident reducing the fidelity of the Turkana Basin mollusk assemblages.

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KOROVCHINSKY, NIKOLAI M., ELIZABETH J. WALSH, and RADOSLAV SMOLAK. "Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Sididae) of Lake Turkana (East Africa), with the description of a new species of the genus." Zootaxa 4250, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.6.

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Diaphanosoma turkanae sp. nov. is described from Lake Turkana (Kenya, East Africa). This species is the second Afrotropical endemic in the order Ctenopoda. It is characterized by a distinctive feature, the presence of an unusually small number of setae on the upper two-segmented antennal branch (exopodite); the proximal segment of the branch always bears three setae while the distal segment bears either six or seven setae. Morphologically the new species is most similar to D. orghidani Negrea, also occurring in Africa and presumably sharing an evolutionary affinity. D. turkanae sp. nov. co-occurs with two other species of the genus, D. lacustris Kořinek and D. excisum Sars, which are briefly described here. Temperate-subtropical species of the genus Diaphanosoma penetrate far south along the Nile River system up to the equatorial and Ethiopian lakes and further southwards, often forming multi-species assemblages.

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9

Beck, Catherine C., Craig S. Feibel, James D. Wright, and Richard A. Mortlock. "Onset of the African Humid Period by 13.9 kyr BP at Kabua Gorge, Turkana Basin, Kenya." Holocene 29, no. 6 (March 11, 2019): 1011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831415.

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The shift toward wetter climatic conditions during the African Humid Period (AHP) transformed previously marginal habitats into environments conducive to human exploitation. The Turkana Basin provides critical evidence for a dynamic climate throughout the AHP (~15–5 kyr BP), as Lake Turkana rose ~100 m multiple times to overflow through an outlet to the Nile drainage system. New data from West Turkana outcrops of the late-Pleistocene to early-Holocene Galana Boi Formation complement and extend previously established lake-level curves. Three lacustrine highstand sequences, characterized by laminated silty clays with ostracods and molluscs, were identified and dated using AMS radiocarbon on molluscs and charcoal. This study records the earliest evidence from the Turkana Basin for the onset of AHP by at least 13.9 kyr BP. In addition, a depositional hiatus corresponds to the Younger Dryas (YD), reflecting the Turkana Basin’s response to global climatic forcing. The record from Kabua Gorge holds additional significance as it characterized the time period leading up to Holocene climatic stability. This study contributes to the paleoclimatic context of the AHP and YD during which significant human adaptation and cultural change occurred.

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10

Wakjira, Mulugeta, and Abebe Getahun. "Ichthyofaunal diversity of the Omo-Turkana basin, East Africa, with specific reference to fish diversity within the limits of Ethiopian waters." Check List 13, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.2.2059.

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The freshwaters of the East African nation of Ethiopia are divided into nine main drainage basins. One of these, the Omo-Turkana basin, spans a large part of southwestern Ethiopian highlands and northern Kenya, and consists of the Omo-Gibe (or simply, Omo) River and a northern portion of Lake Turkana. Despite some development activities, including proposed dam construction with potential impacts on ichthyofaunal diversity, the Ethiopian part of the basin generally lacks comprehensive study or full scientific documentation. During the current surveys 31 species were identified from the lower Omo River and Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, with some new records for the basin. The Omo River system was found to be richer in species while Lake Turkana has a higher abundance. Ichthyofaunal diversity within Ethiopian waters is specifically addressed, and an annotated checklist for native species of the basin is provided.

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11

Noske, Manuela. "ATR harmony in Turkana." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 1 (June 1, 1996): 62–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i1.107404.

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This paper analyzes the [ATR] harmony system of Turkana (Eastern Nilotic). The principal claim made in this paper is that Turkana provides evidence for an underlying ternary contrast in the feature [ATR]. This claim is based on the observation that some suffixes alternate in [ATR] in agreement with a preceding root, while other sufflxes surface as either [+ATR] or [-ATR], regardless of the context in which they occur. The claim that non-alternating suffixes are specified for [ATR] is supported by the fact that they cause regressive assimilation: a [-ATR] root surfaces as [+ATR] if followed by a [+ATR] sufflx; a [+ATR] mid vowel root surfaces as [-ATR] if followed by a [-ATR] suffIX. Turkana thus provides evidence that the feature [ATR] is ternary with the three values [+ATR], [-ATR] and [()ATR].

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12

Velpuri, N. M., G. B. Senay, and K. O. Asante. "A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012.

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Abstract. Lake Turkana is one of the largest desert lakes in the world and is characterized by high degrees of inter- and intra-annual fluctuations. The hydrology and water balance of this lake have not been well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable ground truth datasets. Managing surface water resources is a great challenge in areas where in-situ data are either limited or unavailable. In this study, multi-source satellite-driven data such as satellite-based rainfall estimates, modelled runoff, evapotranspiration, and a digital elevation dataset were used to model Lake Turkana water levels from 1998 to 2009. Due to the unavailability of reliable lake level data, an approach is presented to calibrate and validate the water balance model of Lake Turkana using a composite lake level product of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data. Model validation results showed that the satellite-driven water balance model can satisfactorily capture the patterns and seasonal variations of the Lake Turkana water level fluctuations with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE) of 0.80 during the validation period (2004–2009). Model error estimates were within 10% of the natural variability of the lake. Our analysis indicated that fluctuations in Lake Turkana water levels are mainly driven by lake inflows and over-the-lake evaporation. Over-the-lake rainfall contributes only up to 30% of lake evaporative demand. During the modelling time period, Lake Turkana showed seasonal variations of 1–2 m. The lake level fluctuated in the range up to 4 m between the years 1998–2009. This study demonstrated the usefulness of satellite altimetry data to calibrate and validate the satellite-driven hydrological model for Lake Turkana without using any in-situ data. Furthermore, for Lake Turkana, we identified and outlined opportunities and challenges of using a calibrated satellite-driven water balance model for (i) quantitative assessment of the impact of basin developmental activities on lake levels and for (ii) forecasting lake level changes and their impact on fisheries. From this study, we suggest that globally available satellite altimetry data provide a unique opportunity for calibration and validation of hydrologic models in ungauged basins.

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Schofield, Nick, Richard Newton, Scott Thackrey, Douglas Watson, David Jolley, and Chris Morley. "Linking surface and subsurface volcanic stratigraphy in the Turkana Depression of the East African Rift system." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): jgs2020–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-110.

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The Northern Kenya Rift is an important natural laboratory for understanding continental rifting processes. However, much of the current understanding of its geological evolution is based on surface outcrops within footwall highs due to a lack of subsurface geological constraints. In this paper, we present an investigation of the Cenozoic stratigraphy and volcano-tectonic relationship of the volcanic sequences within the Turkana Depression (namely the North Lokichar, North Kerio and Turkana Basins). We integrate regional seismic reflection data collected as part of ongoing petroleum exploration in the area with lithological and biostratigraphic data from new wells that were drilled in 2014 and 2015 (Epir-1 and Emesek-1). This has allowed linking and extrapolation of the detailed stratigraphy of the paleontologically important Lothagam site to the volcanic sequences within the Napedet Hills, North Lokichar, North Kerio and Turkana Basins. The site of the Plio-Pleistocene-age Turkana Fault, which separates the North Lokichar Basin from the Turkana and North Kerio Basins, appears previously to have acted as a focus of Middle Miocene volcanism c. 5 Ma prior to the main period of movement on the fault. Our study highlights how subsurface and outcrop information can be combined to give a more in-depth knowledge of the magmatic history within rift basins.

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Liénard, Pierre. "The making of peculiar artifacts: Living kind, artifact and social order in the Turkana sacrifice." Journal of Cognition and Culture 6, no. 3-4 (2006): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853706778554940.

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AbstractUsing data collected among the Turkana of Kenya, I investigate specific configurations of actions found in sacrifices.I argue that Turkana sacrifice has specific cognitive effects and that those can be explained in terms of the activation of specific cognitive mechanisms. Turkana sacrifice elicits assumptions about living things and artifacts. It does that in a particular way: Living kinds are used as tools and artifacts, as if endowed with an essence. The systematic combination of such manipulations with ordinary action scripts, reoriented to build ritual sequences, and the display of social orders has important effects for participants' cognition.

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Wymeersch, Patrick, Patrick Berben, and Koen Rogers. "De Sacrale Wereld van de Turkana. Ritueel, Symbool en Mythe Bij een Nomadenvolk in Noordwest Kenya." Afrika Focus 10, no. 3-4 (February 2, 1994): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0100304003.

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The Sacred World of the Turkana This article was mostly written by the late Patrick Wymeersch and was meant to be the onset to a broader monographical sketch of the religious world of the Turkana, a nomadic group of north-west Kenya. Attention is drawn to the organisation of the Turkana society and to several rituals which form the basis of the daily life environment. Furthermore the authors looked at the phenomena of the “Ngamoritunga” rocks and the position and the role of “Ang’u”. One last word goes to the value of symbols within that society.

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Miller, Ellen R., D. Tab Rasmussen, John Kappelman, Anthony R. Friscia, Samuel N. Muteti, and Mercedes Gutierrez. "Ptolemaiafrom West Turkana, Kenya." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 56, no. 1 (April 2015): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/014.056.0105.

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17

Martin, Lawrence, Louise Leakey, Meave Leakey, and Richard Leakey. "The Turkana Basin Institute." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 20, no. 6 (November 2011): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20334.

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18

Sungryong Hong. "Lake Turkana in the Rift Valley on Turkana Tribe along Omo River." Journal of the Association of Korean Photo-Geographers 23, no. 2 (June 2013): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35149/jakpg.2013.23.2.008.

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19

Boone, Samuel C., Barry P. Kohn, Andrew J. W. Gleadow, Christopher K. Morley, Christian Seiler, and David A. Foster. "Birth of the East African Rift System: Nucleation of magmatism and strain in the Turkana Depression." Geology 47, no. 9 (August 12, 2019): 886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46468.1.

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Abstract The Turkana Depression of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia contains voluminous plume-related basalts that mark the onset of the Paleogene–recent East African Rift System (EARS) at ca. 45 Ma. Thus, the Turkana Depression is crucial to understanding the inception of intracontinental rifting. However, the precise chronology of early rift-basin formation in Turkana is poorly constrained. We present apatite fission-track and (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology data from basement rocks from the margins of the north-south–trending Lokichar Basin that constrain the onset of rift-related cooling. Thermal history modeling of these data documents pronounced Eocene to Miocene denudational cooling of the basin-bounding Lokichar fault footwall. These results, along with ∼7 km of Paleogene to middle Miocene syn-rift strata preserved in the Lokichar fault hanging wall, suggest that formation of the Lokichar Basin began as early as ca. 45–40 Ma. Preexisting lithospheric heterogeneities inherited from earlier Mesozoic rifting and Eocene plume magmatism likely facilitated the broadly concurrent nucleation of strain in the Turkana Depression, up to ∼15 m.y. earlier than EARS initiation elsewhere. Late Paleogene extension in the Lokichar Basin and other parts of Turkana significantly predate the Miocene creation of pronounced plume-related topography in East Africa, suggesting that other mechanism(s), such as far-field stresses or mantle basal drag, likely played a critical role during EARS inception.

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Wahome, Mary, and Daniel Ng’ang’a. "THE EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM ON INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION SYSTEMS AMONG POKOT AND TURKANA COMMUNITIES." Chemchemi International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/cijhs.v11i1.137.

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Colonialism impacted local cultures far beyond their infrastructure, government and geography. In addition to eroding indigenous power structures, the structural violence inflicted during colonialism left native populations with lasting self-doubt and rejection of traditional practices. Among these rejected traditions were informal processes and mechanisms of resolving conflicts. Conflict resolution methods in different cultures often vary greatly in underlying values and perceptions. Western judicial systems reflect individualistic, high uncertainty-avoidant, low-context tendencies, while indigenous conflict resolution methods reflect collectivistic, minimal uncertainty-avoidant and high-context tendencies. Research into the current state of formal courts and informal justice forums in Pokot and Turkana Counties provides case study-based evidence arguing that the transition from restorative justice (Lapai) ffered by indigenous justice mechanisms to retributive justice catalyzed by colonialism has effectively weakened both the Turkana and Pokot systems of justice. Due to impacted value systems, neither the restorative, socialharmony focus of traditional processes, nor the retributive, compensatory justice focus of the formal judicial system make the available forums wholly appropriate or adequate resources. This has left the two communities torn between two distinct choices - the western and indigenous approaches to conflict management. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of colonialism on indigenous conflict management in Pokot and Turkana counties. These were both positive and negative effects. To achieve this objective the overarching question was;“how did colonialism affect the indigenous approaches to conflict management in Pokot and Turkana counties? The study was designed to apply qualitative research methods. Both structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted along the Turkana-Pokot borders. This paper proposes a hybrid model in conflict management, not only for the Pokot and Turkana pastoral communities, but also to other pastoral communities with similar set-ups.

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McDOUGALL, IAN, and FRANCIS H. BROWN. "Timing of volcanism and evolution of the northern Kenya Rift." Geological Magazine 146, no. 1 (September 19, 2008): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005347.

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AbstractThe northern Kenya Rift is bounded on the west by uplands of Turkana which comprise horst-like blocks that include metamorphic basement rocks, locally overlain unconformably by the Cretaceous Lubur Sandstone, in turn overlain by predominantly volcanic sequences in which relatively thin sedimentary packages occur. Amphibolite facies crystalline rocks of the basement yield Early Palaeozoic K–Ar cooling ages reflecting the Pan-African Orogeny. Volcanism in Turkana was initiated through voluminous eruptions of transitional tholeiitic basalts commencing about 36 Ma ago in the Late Eocene, with some evidence for concomitant rhyolitic volcanism. Volcanism became dominantly rhyolitic in the interval from about 27 to 23 Ma ago, but remained bimodal as basaltic lavas are also known from this period. From about 19 to 15 Ma or younger, basaltic volcanism again dominated, often alkaline in nature, with thin but significant sedimentary sequences interleaved that have yielded important vertebrate faunal assemblages. Parallels exist between the volcanic history recorded in Turkana and that found in the Nabwal Hills east of Lake Turkana. In the southern Turkana region, oil exploration by seismic methods and deep drill holes has shown the existence of northerly-trending half-graben with up to 7 km of fill, and that these developed from at least Oligocene and possibly Late Eocene times. This suggests that the widespread basaltic volcanism at about 36 Ma ago (Late Eocene) heralds an earlier initiation of the Kenya Rift in northern Kenya than most workers have previously suggested.

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HAILEAB, BEREKET, FRANCIS H. BROWN, IAN McDOUGALL, and PATRICK N. GATHOGO. "Gombe Group basalts and initiation of Pliocene deposition in the Turkana depression, northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia." Geological Magazine 141, no. 1 (January 2004): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680300815x.

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A little before 4 Ma ago, deposition of Pliocene and Pleistocene strata described as the Omo Group began in the Turkana and Omo basins of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Soon after, basaltic magma erupted as thin lava flows, and intruded as dykes into the oldest Pliocene strata of the basin. These flows and intrusions are similar petrographically and geochemically, and mark a basaltic magmatic event spanning latitudes from 2° 45′ N to 6° 45′ N at a longitude of about 36° E. By 3.94 Ma, this basaltic magmatic activity had ceased. Previous researchers used these lavas as an important seismic marker in their study of the southern part of the Turkana Basin. Subsequent volcanic eruptions formed North, Central and South islands in Lake Turkana, and the Korath Range in southern Ethiopia. Thus there was a hiatus in basaltic magmatic activity of nearly 4 Ma in the area presently occupied by Lake Turkana and the lower Omo Valley, although volcanism continued on the eastern margin of the basin. Here we review the field occurrences of these basalts, their distinctive petrography, composition, age and significance to Pliocene deposition in the basin.

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OKWIRI, BRIAN, LIANG CAO, DOROTHY WANJA NYINGI, and E. ZHANG. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the catfish species Auchenoglanis occidentalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Pisces: Claroteidae) from Lake Turkana in East Africa: taxonomic implications." Zootaxa 4450, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.8.

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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of two specimens here recognized as Auchenoglanis occidentalis from Lake Turkana in the Ethiopian section were determined. A COI gene-based phylogenetic analysis was performed for these along with sequences of African catfish species from the family Clarotidae available in GenBank. Based on results of this analysis, it is concluded that (1) the currently identified A. occidentalis is a species complex that includes several distinct species; (2) the Niger River basin harbors two distinct species of Auchenoglanis, one of which occurs in Lake Turkana, as well as A. biscutatus; and (3) A. sacchii is likely a valid species, but it is not the endemic species of Lake Turkana. It is suggested here that species diversity of Auchenoglanis requires further study based on molecular and morphological evidence.

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Zefferman, Matthew R., and Sarah Mathew. "Combat stress in a small-scale society suggests divergent evolutionary roots for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 15 (April 5, 2021): e2020430118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020430118.

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Military personnel in industrialized societies often develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during combat. It is unclear whether combat-related PTSD is a universal evolutionary response to danger or a culture-specific syndrome of industrialized societies. We interviewed 218 Turkana pastoralist warriors in Kenya, who engage in lethal cattle raids, about their combat experiences and PTSD symptoms. Turkana in our sample had a high prevalence of PTSD symptoms, but Turkana with high symptom severity had lower prevalence of depression-like symptoms than American service members with high symptom severity. Symptoms that facilitate responding to danger were better predicted by combat exposure, whereas depressive symptoms were better predicted by exposure to combat-related moral violations. The findings suggest that some PTSD symptoms stem from an evolved response to danger, while depressive PTSD symptoms may be caused by culturally specific moral norm violations.

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Birch, Isobel. "Emergency food distribution in Turkana." Gender & Development 2, no. 1 (February 1994): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519995.

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Noske, Manuela. "Feature-changing Harmony in Turkana." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 17, no. 2 (July 25, 1991): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v17i2.1653.

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27

Robbins, L. H. "Lake Turkana Archaeology: The Holocene." Ethnohistory 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-53-1-71.

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Velpuri, N. M., and G. B. Senay. "Assessing the potential hydrological impact of the Gibe III Dam on Lake Turkana water level using multi-source satellite data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 11, 2012): 3561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3561-2012.

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Abstract. Lake Turkana, the largest desert lake in the world, is fed by ungauged or poorly gauged river systems. To meet the demand of electricity in the East African region, Ethiopia is currently building the Gibe III hydroelectric dam on the Omo River, which supplies more than 80% of the inflows to Lake Turkana. On completion, the Gibe III dam will be the tallest dam in Africa with a height of 241 m. However, the nature of interactions and potential impacts of regulated inflows to Lake Turkana are not well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable in situ datasets. In this study, we used 12 yr (1998–2009) of existing multi-source satellite and model-assimilated global weather data. We used a calibrated multi-source satellite data-driven water balance model for Lake Turkana that takes into account model routed runoff, lake/reservoir evapotranspiration, direct rain on lakes/reservoirs and releases from the dam to compute lake water levels. The model evaluates the impact of the Gibe III dam using three different approaches – a historical approach, a rainfall based approach, and a statistical approach to generate rainfall-runoff scenarios. All the approaches provided comparable and consistent results. Model results indicated that the hydrological impact of the Gibe III dam on Lake Turkana would vary with the magnitude and distribution of rainfall post-dam commencement. On average, the reservoir would take up to 8–10 months, after commencement, to reach a minimum operation level of 201 m depth of water. During the dam filling period, the lake level would drop up to 1–2 m (95% confidence) compared to the lake level modeled without the dam. The lake level variability caused by regulated inflows after the dam commissioning were found to be within the natural variability of the lake of 4.8 m. Moreover, modeling results indicated that the hydrological impact of the Gibe III dam would depend on the initial lake level at the time of dam commencement. Areas along the Lake Turkana shoreline that are vulnerable to fluctuations in lake levels due to the Gibe III dam were also identified. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using existing multi-source satellite data in a basic modeling framework to assess the potential hydrological impact of an upstream dam on a terminal downstream lake. The results obtained from this study could also be used to evaluate alternative dam-filling scenarios and assess the potential impact of the dam on Lake Turkana under different operational strategies.

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Velpuri, N. M., and G. B. Senay. "Assessing the potential hydrological impact of the Gibe III Dam on Lake Turkana water level using multi-source satellite data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2012): 2987–3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-2987-2012.

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Abstract. Lake Turkana, the largest desert lake in the world, is fed by ungauged or poorly gauged river systems. To meet the demand of electricity in the East African region, Ethiopia is currently building the Gibe III hydroelectric dam on the Omo River, which supplies more than 80% of the inflows to Lake Turkana. On completion, the Gibe III dam will be the tallest dam in Africa with a height of 241 m. However, the nature of interactions and potential impacts of regulated inflows to Lake Turkana are not well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable in-situ datasets. In this study, we used 12 years (1998–2009) of existing multi-source satellite and model-assimilated global weather data. We use calibrated multi-source satellite data-driven water balance model for Lake Turkana that takes into account model routed runoff, lake/reservoir evapotranspiration, direct rain on lakes/reservoirs and releases from the dam to compute lake water levels. The model evaluates the impact of Gibe III dam using three different approaches such as (a historical approach, a knowledge-based approach, and a nonparametric bootstrap resampling approach) to generate rainfall-runoff scenarios. All the approaches provided comparable and consistent results. Model results indicated that the hydrological impact of the dam on Lake Turkana would vary with the magnitude and distribution of rainfall post-dam commencement. On average, the reservoir would take up to 8–10 months, after commencement, to reach a minimum operation level of 201 m depth of water. During the dam filling period, the lake level would drop up to 2 m (95% confidence) compared to the lake level modelled without the dam. The lake level variability caused by regulated inflows after the dam commissioning were found to be within the natural variability of the lake of 4.8 m. Moreover, modelling results indicated that the hydrological impact of the Gibe III dam would depend on the initial lake level at the time of dam commencement. Areas along the Lake Turkana shoreline that are vulnerable to fluctuations in lake levels were also identified. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using existing multi-source satellite data in a basic modeling framework to assess the potential hydrological impact of an upstream dam on a terminal downstream lake. The results obtained from this study could also be used to evaluate alternate dam-filling scenarios and assess the potential impact of the dam on Lake Turkana under different operational strategies.

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Wachira, T. M., C. N. L. Macpherson, and J. M. Gathuma. "Release and survival of Echinococcus eggs in different environments in Turkana, and their possible impact on the incidence of hydatidosis in man and livestock." Journal of Helminthology 65, no. 1 (March 1991): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010440.

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ABSTRACTIn Turkana, Kenya, a prevalence of hydatidosis of nearly 10% has been recorded among the pastoralists yet their livestock have a much lower prevalence of the disease. The present study investigated the release from dogs and subsequent survival of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana huts, water-holes and in the semi-arid environment. The results were compared with the survival of eggs of Taenia hydatigena and T. saginata. The study was repeated under the cooler and moister conditons found in Maasailand where livestock have a greater incidence of hydatid disease than in Turkana but where the incidence in man is ten times lower. The average number of Echinococcus eggs per proglottid is 823. Nine percent of these remain in proglottids 15 minutes after release from a dog and the released eggs lose their viability in less than two, 48 and 300 hours in the sun, huts and water in Turkana respectively; the major influencing factor being temperature. The greater survival of eggs in the houses, coupled with the fact that dogs congregate for most of the day in the small houses facilitating a close man:dog contact, provide ideal conditions for the trasmission of the parasite to man. The hostile environmental conditions and lack of contact between dogs and livestock contributes to the lower infection rate in livestock. Conversely in Maasailand, Echinococcus eggs survive in the environment for longer than three weeks and in addition, dogs are used for herding. This partly explains the higher infection rate among Maasai livestock but the low human infection rate remains arcane and requires further study. The rapid mortality of the majority of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana suggests that control measures aimed at dog control and a decreased man:dog contact should have a profound effect on the incidence of the disease in an area intrinsically unsuitable for the parasites' survival.

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Mutu, Paul Lopodo. "Drought Coping Mechanisms among the Turkana Nomadic Pastoral Community of Ilemi Triangle Region of Northern Kenya." Research in Health Science 2, no. 2 (April 4, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v2n2p104.

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Drought has remained a major disaster that has contributed to a higher vulnerability among the mobile pastoral population because of its slow onset and accumulative impact over period. Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Diseases (CRED) has quantitatively provided that Kenya has experienced about 19 droughts from 1989 to 2010.These drought scenarios are mainly in arid and semi-arid areas where Turkana belongs but the Turkana nomadic pastoral population has been surviving in such harsh environment where humanitarian assistance is barely absent. Therefore, the researcher in the objective prompts to ask, and find out how this pastoral community do survive and cope with this repeated drought in such isolated and tough environment. The studies available for this region have concentrated mainly to specific areas of Turkana without touching Ilemi triangle belt in Northern Turkana areas that is more prone to droughts. The study utilises multiple research design and a multistage random, purposive and quota sampling methods. The qualitative and quantitative data were analysed and the findings indicated that migration remain the most common method of coping with drought and it recommended for the supporting of the traditional coping mechanisms and promoting viable programs that support livestock and livelihoods.

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Boës, Xavier, Sandrine Prat, Vincent Arrighi, Craig Feibel, Bereket Haileab, Jason Lewis, and Sonia Harmand. "Lake-level changes and hominin occupations in the arid Turkana basin during volcanic closure of the Omo River outflows to the Indian Ocean." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 892–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.118.

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AbstractIn the East African Rift, the western margin of Lake Turkana (northern Kenya) exposes Mio-Plio-Pleistocene lake sediments with dated volcanic horizons constraining basin dynamics at the astronomical time scale. Since the late Pliocene, coastal archaeological sites have formed within the lacustrine dynamics. Here, lake levels are reconstructed from 2.4 to 1.7 Ma using sedimentary facies and water/depth-controlled sediment association. The lacustrine stratigraphy is measured with a total station, and cyclostratigraphy is derived from tephrochronology. The water depths are evaluated from paleochemical properties of lake sediments analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our reconstruction highlights that Lake Turkana rose during 100 ka insolation/eccentricity maxima periods in response to higher monsoonal inputs of the Omo River. However, Lake Turkana also expanded through an insolation minimum at 2.17–1.95 Ma. This asynchronous lake phase coincides with volcanic closure of the Omo River and Lake Turkana outflow sill to the east and the Indian Ocean. An archaeological hiatus occurs during this endorheic lake phase, and alkalinity increases at the beginning of the hiatus. The lake rose again during insolation/eccentricity maxima at 1.9–1.7 Ma, and a new outflow sill opened to the west and the Nile basin. Hominin coastal occupations return during this exorheic/freshwater lake phase.

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Ghrear, Siba, Maciej Chudek, Klint Fung, Sarah Mathew, and Susan A. J. Birch. "Cultural Variations in the Curse of Knowledge: the Curse of Knowledge Bias in Children from a Nomadic Pastoralist Culture in Kenya." Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, no. 3-4 (August 7, 2019): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340064.

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AbstractWe examined the universality of the curse of knowledge (i.e., the tendency to be biased by one’s knowledge when inferring other perspectives) by investigating it in a unique cross-cultural sample; a nomadic Nilo-Saharan pastoralist society in East Africa, the Turkana. Forty Turkana children were asked eight factual questions and asked to predict how widely-known those facts were among their peers. To test the effect of their knowledge, we taught children the answers to half of the questions, while the other half were unknown. Based on findings suggesting the bias’s universality, we predicted that children would estimate that more of their peers would know the answers to the questions that were taught versus the unknown questions. We also predicted that with age children would become less biased by their knowledge. In contrast, we found that only Turkana males were biased by their knowledge when inferring their peers’ perspectives, and the bias did not change with age. We discuss the implications of these findings.

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Akolom, Ignatius Ekitela, Edwin Nyongesa Masibo, and Ben Nyongesa. "Innovative Instructional Strategies Used in Teaching of English Subject in Public Secondary Schools in Turkana Central Sub-County." East African Journal of Education Studies 3, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.3.1.363.

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The aim of this paper is to look at how teachers of English used various instructional strategies in teaching the subject in public secondary schools in Turkana Central Sub-County, Kenya. This paper is guided by Rogers’s innovation-decision process theory. The study specifically examined the commonly used innovative instructional strategies in the teaching of English in public secondary schools and their effect on students’ performance in English subjects in secondary schools in Turkana Central Sub-County. The study was anchored on mixed-method research methodology. The study target population involved all Heads of Department of Languages (10), Teachers of English (35) and Form III students (486) from 10 public secondary schools in Turkana Central Sub-County. A sample of 10 HODs, 35 teachers of English and 146 students was selected to represent the entire population. Data collection was through questionnaires and interview schedules. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Research results showed that the two most commonly used innovative teaching strategies were communicative language teaching and constructivist language teaching. It was found out that majorly many teachers resort to the conventional teacher centred approaches of teaching. The research recommends that KICD needs to align secondary school syllabus with innovative instructional approaches, teachers need to be trained regularly on innovative instructional strategies, and supportive infrastructure to be provided in schools to ensure innovative and technological approaches are used in English subject teaching and learning in secondary schools in Turkana Central Sub-County.

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Erukudi, Locha, and Paul Edabu. "Influence of the Balanced Diet on Enrolment in ECE Centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Turkana County, Kenya." East African Journal of Education Studies 2, no. 1 (November 22, 2020): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.2.1.238.

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School Feeding Programmes (SFP) were created for the purpose of eradicating hunger, supporting education, health and development. Although SFP is offered in Kenya, approximately 55% of children in do not go to school. According to CBS, roughly 50% of ECDE children do not attend school in Turkana Central Constituency. Therefore, the introduction of SFP in schools was envisioned to improve enrolment in schools. This study sought to establish the influence of SFP on children enrolment in early childhood education centres in Turkana Central Sub-County, Kenya. The specific objective was to determine the influence of the balanced diet on student enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County, Kenya. The study was based on program. The study used a mixed research method. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. The target population was 250 schools, 78 teachers and headteachers and 5,000 parents in pre-schools in Turkana Central Sub County. The study used purposive sampling to select respondents. The sample size of the study was 150 schools, 60 teachers and headteachers and 357 parents. Primary data was gathered by the use of questionnaires and interview guides. Secondary data consisted of report forms of pre-schoolers. Quantitative information was analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. Multiple regression was done to analyse the influence of SFPs on children enrolment in ECDE centres the county. The study found that a balanced diet positively relates to children enrolment in ECE centres in Turkana Central Sub County. The study therefore recommends the government to increase food supply to ensure adequacy. There is a need to continue the supply of balanced diet to children because it improves their growth and learning. Some of the children are from very poor families and during school holidays they suffer because of lack of food; the study, therefore, recommends orphans, poor and disabled to be fed even during holidays.

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Agyemang, Prince C. Owusu, Eric M. Roberts, Bob Downie, and Joseph J. W. Sertich. "Sedimentary provenance and maximum depositional age analysis of the Cretaceous? Lapur and Muruanachok sandstones (Turkana Grits), Turkana Basin, Kenya." Geological Magazine 156, no. 08 (December 3, 2018): 1334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000663.

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AbstractThe Turkana Basin of northwestern Kenya is well known for its rich Neogene–Quaternary vertebrate fossil record; however, it also represents one of the few locations in sub-Saharan Africa where Cretaceous vertebrate fossils, including dinosaurs and other archosaurs, are preserved. These Cretaceous deposits are colloquially referred to as the ‘Turkana Grits’, and assumed to be Cretaceous in age based on their limited biostratigraphy. The ‘Turkana Grits’ are overlain by Palaeogene volcanic rocks (<35 Ma), which are widely considered to record the earliest evidence of plume-related volcanism in the East African Rift System. In this study, we present the results of an integrated sedimentary provenance investigation of two units within the ‘Turkana Grits’ called the Lapur and Muruanachok sandstones. Analysis of U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf initial ɛHf(t) values from 1106 detrital zircons demonstrate that sediments are primarily derived from Neoarchaean and Neoproterozoic basement sources, except for six Palaeogene grains from the upper Lapur Sandstone, which are of unknown provenance. Considered together, these data point to the Mozambique Belt, which makes up the nearby rift flanks, as the primary provenance source. This is consistent with palaeocurrent data, and suggests localized sediment input by alluvial fans, which fed into NNW-directed fluvial systems. Perhaps the most surprising finding is the identification of the late Paleocene detrital zircons, which not only demonstrate that the depositional age for the top of the formation is Paleocene rather than Cretaceous, but also provides possible evidence for the oldest Palaeogene volcanic activity within the East African Rift System.

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Mkutu, Kennedy, and Anna Mdee. "Conservancies, Conflict and Dispossession: The Winners and Losers of Oil Exploration in Turkana, Kenya." African Studies Review 63, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 831–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2020.2.

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AbstractFormerly marginal areas are increasingly the focus of extractive mega-projects, which are framed as necessary for economic growth and a modern industrial economy. Yet there are concerns that such projects are unjustly displacing local populations, facilitated through the alliances of local elites with foreign investors. This article asks, who are the winners and losers from oil exploration in the Turkana region of Kenya? Using longitudinal ethnographic research on the dynamics of local government, oil exploration, and pastoralist livelihoods in Turkana, Mkutu and Mdee highlight how current processes may exacerbate inequality and marginalization, with the potential for increasingly violent consequences.

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Scholz, Henning, and Matthias Glaubrecht. "A New and Open CoiledValvata(Gastropoda) from the Pliocene Koobi Fora Formation of the Turkana Basin, Northern Kenya." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 5 (September 2010): 996–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-014.1.

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New field collections allow the study and description ofValvata juliaenew species from the Pliocene upper Burgi Member of the Koobi Fora Formation of Kenya. The shell morphology of this species varies from trochospiral to planispiral to open coiled. The species is restricted to a short stratigraphic interval.Valvata juliaeis considered as an invader of the Turkana Basin during a lacustrine transgression event. The open coiling of the species is interpreted as an ecophenotypic response to a high level of environmental stress caused by lake level fluctuations and emergence of delta systems. These environmental conditions broughtValvata juliaeto extinction soon after it invaded the Turkana Basin.

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Mathew, Sarah. "How the Second-Order Free Rider Problem Is Solved in a Small-Scale Society." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171090.

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Moralistic punishment enables human cooperation, but an outstanding question is why people voluntarily sanction when they can obtain the benefits of punishment without being enforcers themselves. To address how decentralized societies solve this second-order free rider issue, I examine why people punish among the Turkana, a population in Kenya in which informal peer sanctioning sustains participation in high-stakes interethnic warfare. Using vignette experiments I show that Turkana subjects express punitive sentiments toward second-order free riders and those who sanction irresponsibly. The prevalence of such meta norms regulating punishment reveal a possible pathway by which moralistic punishment could have evolved.

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Liti, David, Torsten Källqvist, and Leif Lien. "Limnological aspects of Lake Turkana, Kenya." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 24, no. 2 (March 1991): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1989.11898924.

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Collins, R. O. "The Turkana Patrol of 1918 Reconsidered." Ethnohistory 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-53-1-95.

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Sugden, Andrew M. "A massive cemetery at Lake Turkana." Science 361, no. 6409 (September 27, 2018): 1351.1–1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6409.1351-a.

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Mutu, Paul Lopodo. "Causes of Drought Vulnerability and Indigenous Drought Early Warning Methods among the Turkana Nomadic Pastoralists of Ilemi Triangle Region of Northern Kenya." Research in Health Science 2, no. 2 (May 28, 2017): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v2n2p209.

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Drought has remained a major disaster that has contributed to a higher vulnerability among the mobile pastoral population because of its slow onset and accumulative impact over period. Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Diseases (CRED) has quantitatively provided that Kenya has experienced about 19 droughts from 1989 to 2010. These drought scenarios are mainly in arid and semi-arid areas where Turkana belongs but the Turkana nomadic pastoral population has been surviving in such harsh environment where humanitarian assistance is barely absent. Therefore, the researcher in the objective prompts to ask, and find out what mainly causes their vulnerability to drought in such isolated and tough environment and what early warning methods are utilised in Ilemi triangle region. The studies available for this region have concentrated mainly to specific areas of Turkana without touching Ilemi triangle belt in Northern Turkana areas that is more prone to droughts. The study utilises multiple research design and a multistage random, purposive and quota sampling methods. The qualitative and quantitative data were analysed and the findings indicated that low rainfall, recurrent drought and extreme weather conditions are the main cause of vulnerability to drought and it recommended for a comprehensive framework for drought management in Ilemi triangle, preparing population for eventual drought and development of adequate water resources and Government must not only recognise, strengthen, and incorporate the importance the pastoralist’s indigenous early warning processes in order to have capacity to predict drought but also ensure the pastoralists are involved in their own drought management plans.

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Lamphear, John. "The People of the Grey Bull: the Origin and Expansion of the Turkana." Journal of African History 29, no. 1 (March 1988): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700035970.

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While archaeology and linguistics provide an important basis for the reconstruction of the early history of those parts of eastern Africa inhabited by pastoral societies, oral traditions also can make a valuable contribution. In this paper an examination of the traditions of the Turkana of north-western Kenya reveals an often remarkably sophisticated rendering of complex processes of origin and migration. Moreover, those traditions also embody insights into basic factors concerning the development and spread of pastoralism in East Africa that the methodologies of other disciplines have only recently begun to identify.Turkana traditions suggest that their society had not just one, monolithic ‘origin’, but rather what might be seen as a whole series of them. Highly dramatic and memorable tales of genesis provide vivid idioms of socio-political identity and also contain fundamental cosmological messages. But they also correspond to important stages of change in the development of the Turkana community, and, as such, they (together with less ‘formal’ traditions associated with them) provide vital historical information.The factors which combined to enable the Turkana to carry out their vast and rapid territorial expansion are identified. For instance, one early tradition suggests a fundamental change in their pastoral system – the acquisition of Zebu cattle-while others emphasize important commercial contacts which provided a steady flow of iron-ware and grain. Still others trace the development of the office of Great Diviner, revealing how it became a primary focus of economic and cultural redefinition and corporate identity as alterations to the earlier generation-set system occurred. Another tradition provides a glimpse of Turkana expansion from the point of view of peoples absorbed by it.

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Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. "Attitude Markers and Conversational Implicatures in Turkana Speech Acts." Studies in Language 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.20.2.02dim.

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Turkana has a set of particles expressing attitudes on the part of the speaker towards the propositional content of utterances in which such markers are used. Attitude markers in Turkana form a closed set whose distributional behavior partly follows from syntactic principles of the language. The absence of these attitude markers from certain syntactic positions follows from their lexical meaning and from pragmatic structure. Their current meaning is argued to have emerged through metonymic extension in certain lexical items, and through conventionalisation of their conversational implicatures. In addition some methodological issues are discussed concerning the interaction between grammar and culture-specific language use, by means of a comparison with similar markers in a number of other languages.

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Fortelius, Mikael, Indrė Žliobaitė, Ferhat Kaya, Faysal Bibi, René Bobe, Louise Leakey, Meave Leakey, David Patterson, Janina Rannikko, and Lars Werdelin. "An ecometric analysis of the fossil mammal record of the Turkana Basin." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1698 (July 5, 2016): 20150232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0232.

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Although ecometric methods have been used to analyse fossil mammal faunas and environments of Eurasia and North America, such methods have not yet been applied to the rich fossil mammal record of eastern Africa. Here we report results from analysis of a combined dataset spanning east and west Turkana from Kenya between 7 and 1 million years ago (Ma). We provide temporally and spatially resolved estimates of temperature and precipitation and discuss their relationship to patterns of faunal change, and propose a new hypothesis to explain the lack of a temperature trend. We suggest that the regionally arid Turkana Basin may between 4 and 2 Ma have acted as a ‘species factory’, generating ecological adaptations in advance of the global trend. We show a persistent difference between the eastern and western sides of the Turkana Basin and suggest that the wetlands of the shallow eastern side could have provided additional humidity to the terrestrial ecosystems. Pending further research, a transient episode of faunal change centred at the time of the KBS Member (1.87–1.53 Ma), may be equally plausibly attributed to climate change or to a top-down ecological cascade initiated by the entry of technologically sophisticated humans. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’.

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Park, Paula. "Social dimensions of harvesting rainwater in Turkana." Waterlines 4, no. 4 (April 1986): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.018.

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Wymeersch, Patrick. "Les Turkana : aperçu général d'une société pastorale." Civilisations, no. 41 (September 1, 1993): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.1691.

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Dunkelman, Thomas J., Jeffrey A. Karson, and Bruce R. Rosendahl. "Structural style of the Turkana Rift, Kenya." Geology 16, no. 3 (1988): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0258:ssottr>2.3.co;2.

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Brainard, Jean. "Differential mortality in Turkana agriculturalists and pastoralists." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 70, no. 4 (August 1986): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330700411.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Turkana'

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