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1
Lewis, John B. "A SUCCESS STORY REVISITED." Wildlife Society Bulletin 2000, S1 (2000): 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.2000.tb00248.x.
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Abstract:Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were in serious trouble, especially in the eastern part of the country during the 1940s and 1950s. Years of overharvest, habitat degradation and a total disregard by the public were responsible for the complete loss of wild turkeys in 19 states. Faced with the problem of bringing back the wild turkey, wildlife managers resorted to using game‐farm‐reared turkeys. All of the states attempting to restore turkey populations using game‐farm turkeys reported their efforts failed, except for Michigan. Perfecting the technique of cannon‐netting of native wild turkeys was responsible for what has proved to be a success story unequalled in the annals of wildlife restoration. Wild turkeys are firmly established throughout the U.S. and in Ontario, Canada. The wild turkey's ability in adapting to areas previously thought unsuitable was a complete surprise and contributed to the successful restoration of wild turkey populations during the last half of the 20th century.
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Makarynska, A., and N. Vorona. "PECULIARITIES OF GROWING AND ANALYSIS OF FEEDING PROGRAMS TURKEYS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1509.
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According to the literature poultry occupies a leading position in the structure of the meat market. The leader in poultry farming is the production of broiler meat both in the world and in Ukraine. However, in recent years the interest in growing turkeys and turkey meat production increased sharply, as a lucrative business and an alternative to pork and beef. It is estimated that in the world turkey's meat consumption has increased from 1,5 million tones to 5,5 million tones in recent years Israel is the world leader in annual consumption of turkey meat (13.1 kg per head), and USA is the world leader in production of turkey meat (42% of total production). In 2017 turkey meat production in the world amounted to 6.4 million tones, only 34 thousand tones were produced inUkraine of them.The main characteristics of the two turkey breeds are given. They are the bronze-breasted and white-breasted breeds. Almost all modern turkey industrial crosses have come from them. All high-productive turkey crosses are divided into types depending on the weight: light, medium, medium heavy, heavy. Each has its own purpose for use. As a result of the analysis of the literature data, the production indicators for modern turkey crosses and norms of the content of nutrients and biologically active substances in feeds for turkeys of heavy and medium types were generalized. We developed turkey feeding programs based on years of experience, scientific achievements in the industry and fruitful collaboration with feed manufacturers. There are several periods during the life of the turkeys: the period of rearing, pre-laying (rearing of the repair young turkeys) and productive. It is established that young turkeys of various purposes are fed the same rations forup to 17 weeks. According to the developed turkey feeding program the period of rearing consists of 3 phases, during which use starter (1 - 4 weeks for heavy type turkeys and 1 - 8 weeks for medium type turkeys), grower (5 - 13 weeks for heavy type turkeys and 9 - 13 weeks for medium type turkeys) and finisher (14-17 weeks) feed. The pre-laying diet is fed from 18 to 30 weeks to repair young turkeys, and productive diet is fed from 31 weeks.
3
Stover, Kristin K., David A. Sleboda, Elizabeth L. Brainerd, and Thomas J. Roberts. "Gastrocnemius Muscle Structural and Functional Changes Associated with Domestication in the Turkey." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071850.
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Selection for increased muscle mass in domestic turkeys has resulted in muscles twice the size of those found in wild turkeys. This study characterizes muscle structural changes as well as functional differences in muscle performance associated with selection for increased muscle mass. We compared peak isometric force production, whole muscle and individual fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), connective tissue collagen concentration and structure of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle in wild and adult domestic turkeys. We also explored changes with age between juvenile and adult domestic turkeys. We found that the domestic turkey’s LG muscle can produce the same force per cross-sectional area as a wild turkey; however, due to scaling, domestic adults produce less force per unit body mass. Domestic turkey muscle fibers were slightly smaller in CSA (3802 ± 2223 μm2) than those of the wild turkey (4014 ± 1831 μm2, p = 0.013), indicating that the absolutely larger domestic turkey muscles are a result of an increased number of smaller fibers. Collagen concentration in domestic turkey muscle (4.19 ± 1.58 μg hydroxyproline/mg muscle) was significantly lower than in the wild turkeys (6.23 ± 0.63 μg/mg, p = 0.0275), with visible differences in endomysium texture, observed via scanning electron microscopy. Selection for increased muscle mass has altered the structure of the LG muscle; however, scaling likely contributes more to hind limb functional differences observed in the domestic turkey.
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Minser, William G., J. Mark Fly, and John D. Murrey. "STOCKING OF PEN‐REARED “WILD” TURKEYS BY THE PUBLIC: A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF STATE WILDLIFE AGENCIES." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1995, S1 (1995): 225–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1995.tb00234.x.
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Abstract:A questionnaire to determine the extent of the problem of releases of pen‐reared “wild” turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) by the public was mailed to state wild turkey project leaders in 49 states in 1992‐93. Responses were received from all 49. Results showed that 92% of wild turkey project leaders believed that releases of pen‐reared turkeys by the public were a problem, 94% indicated that releases of pen‐reared turkeys are a potential problem, 58% thought that shipments of pen‐reared turkeys from out‐of‐state suppliers were part of the problem, and 65% believed that wild turkeys interbreeding with free‐ranging domestic turkeys was a problem. Seventy‐six percent of wildlife agencies allowed, in some form, possession of wild turkeys or release of pen‐reared turkeys. Of the 19 states without possession laws, respondents believed that their state legislatures would be cooperative in enacting legislation banning the importation or possession of pen‐reared “wild” turkeys. Public education and laws prohibiting the possession of wild turkeys or pen‐reared “wild” turkeys in all states are suggested for reducing the threat of disease or gene‐pool contamination of wild turkeys by pen‐reared “wild” turkeys.
5
Mallia, J. G. "Indigenous domestic turkeys of Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico." Animal Genetic Resources Information 23 (April 1998): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001085.
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SummaryThe presence and role of indigenous turkeys in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico, were investigated by means of on-site assessment and an orally administered questionnaire. Questions included breed characteristics, uses, management conditions, advantages and limitations of the breed. An indigenous breed of turkey in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo was described. A strong interest in the raising and commerce of turkeys in Oaxaca was noted, however in Quintana Roo substantial reductions in numbers of turkeys have occurred over the last two decades. Mortalities of turkey poults ranging from 50–100% due to a disease with symptoms compatible with Histomonas meleagridis infection were reported. This appears to be the most significant limiting factor to raising turkeys in a back-yard type of system in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo. Raising turkeys separately from chickens is probably the most effective strategy for decreasing indigenous turkey poult mortality of this type.
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Welsh, Robert J., and Richard O. Kimmel. "TURKEY SIGHTINGS BY HUNTERS OF ANTLERLESS DEER AS AN INDEX TO WILD TURKEY ABUNDANCE IN MINNESOTA." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1990, S1 (1990): 126–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1990.tb00191.x.
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Abstract:Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) sightings by hunters of antlerless deer provide an effective indicator of annual fluctuations in wild turkey abundance in Minnesota. During fall 1987 and 1988, we surveyed a random sample of antlerless‐deer hunters within Minnesota's wild turkey range. Differences in mean number of turkeys seen per day were used to detect population changes between geographical areas within a year and between years within an area. Estimates of wild turkey population densities by wildlife personnel in fall 1987 were correlated with mean number of turkeys seen per hunter per day (r = 0.94, n = 28, P = 0.0001) and with percentage of hunters seeing turkeys (r = 0.93, n = 28, P = 0.0001). A survey of antlerless‐deer hunters can give management personnel the ability to detect 10‐15% changes in turkeys seen per hunter per day at a relatively low cost.
7
Davlatov, Ravshan, Baxtiyor Rustamov, and Asqar Bo‘ronov. "Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of turkey histomonosis." BIO Web of Conferences 95 (2024): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249501047.
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The scientific significance of the research results lies in the analysis of the epizootological features of helminthiasis and histomoniasis of turkeys in farms and private farms engaged in turkey breeding, the clinical course of the disease, hematological and biochemical changes in the body of turkeys when using some new anthelmintics and vitamin complexes, theoretical and practical justification for the effectiveness of the drugs. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that with widespread helminthiasis and histomoniasis in turkeys, the use of antiparasitic drugs and vitamin complexes in turkey farms leads to the recovery of turkey poults, an increase in their viability, growth and development, weight gain, and the achievement of an increase in productivity for through their use in disease prevention. The epizootology and causes of the spread of helminthiasis and histomonosis of turkeys in turkey poultry farms managed by farmers and private individuals of the republic were identified. The use of vitamin complexes in addition to antiparasitic drugs is scientifically substantiated in order to reduce the duration of treatment for turkey histomoniasis, their positive effect on the hemomorphological and hemobiochemical parameters of turkeys. Practical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of turkey histomoniasis have been developed for the widespread use of effective, cost-effective diagnostic methods.
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Amundson, Terry E. "HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN WILD TURKEY RESTORATION PROGRAMS." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1985, S1 (1985): 285–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1985.tb00167.x.
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Abstract:An important consideration for introduction of wildlife populations is the risk of disease introduction or dissemination. During the mid‐1970s, a wild turkey restoration program was begun in Wisconsin. The objective of this program was to reestablish a naturally reproducing population of wild turkeys, while minimizing the potential for transmission of avian pathogens to other wild gamebird populations or domestic turkey flocks. A program of health inspection and disease monitoring was implemented to test wild turkeys brought into Wisconsin for release. Serologic evidence of Mycoplasma spp. was detected in a significant number of imported turkeys. The significance of these and other findings of mycoplasmosis in wild and game farm turkeys prompted the development of detailed guidelines for disease monitoring in wild turkey relocation and restoration programs. These guidelines recommend health inspections of representative turkeys from prospective trap sites prior to a relocation program. Disease monitoring, including field testing of sera for Mycoplasma spp. and Salmonella spp. was further recommended for all imported turkeys prior to release with subsequent testing for additional avian pathogens by diagnostic laboratories suggested, depending on availability of technical and financial support.
9
Marable, M. Kyle, Jerrold L. Belant, Dave Godwin, and Guiming Wang. "Seasonal Resource Selection and Use of Hardwood Regeneration by Translocated Wild Turkeys in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley." Diversity 15, no. 9 (2023): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15091007.
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Reforestation practices have intensified in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) of the United States of America with the aid of Farm Bill programs during the past three decades. Increases in reforested land also enhance possibilities to restore once-abundant but currently sparse species, such as eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in the MAV. However, it is unknown whether <20-year-old hardwood regeneration provides a suitable habitat for re-establishing wild turkey populations in the MAV. We translocated wild turkeys to two study sites in reforested areas of the MAV. We monitored 74 wild turkeys’ habitat use and resource selection using radio telemetry from February 2009 to June 2010. We developed land use and land cover maps for the resource selection analysis of translocated wild turkeys. We found that turkey habitat use varied by site, sex, season, land cover type, and distance to mature hardwoods. Habitat use by wild turkeys decreased as distance to mature hardwood forest increased. Female wild turkeys used more hardwood regeneration during nesting and post-nesting seasons than during pre-nesting seasons. Although wild turkeys did not use regenerating and mature hardwood forests to the same extent, management of these forests appears critical to restoring wild turkeys in the MAV.
10
Śliżewska, Katarzyna, Paulina Markowiak-Kopeć, Anna Sip, Krzysztof Lipiński, and Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek. "The Effect of Using New Synbiotics on the Turkey Performance, the Intestinal Microbiota and the Fecal Enzymes Activity in Turkeys Fed Ochratoxin A Contaminated Feed." Toxins 12, no. 9 (2020): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090578.
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The feed supplementation of probiotic microorganisms is a promising method for detoxification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of newly elaborated synbiotics on the turkey performance, the intestinal microbiota and its enzymatic activity in turkeys (0–15 weeks) fed OTA contaminated feed (198.6–462.0 µg/kg) compared to control group (OTA-free feed). The studies determined the composition of intestinal microorganisms by the culture method and the activity of fecal enzymes by spectrophotometry. It was found that OTA had an adverse effect on the body weight, the intestinal microbiota and the fecal enzymes activity in turkeys. On the other hand, synbiotics resulted in an increase in the count of beneficial bacteria while reducing the number of potential pathogens in the digestive tract. Moreover, synbiotics caused an increase in the activity of α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase, while decreasing the activity of potentially harmful fecal enzymes (β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase) in the turkey’s excreta. Results indicate a beneficial effect of elaborated synbiotics on the health of turkeys and a reduction of the negative impact of OTA contaminated feed. These synbiotics can be successfully used as feed additives for turkeys.
11
Abdel-Kafy, El-Sayed M., Samya E. Ibraheim, Alberto Finzi, Sabbah F. Youssef, Fatma M. Behiry, and Giorgio Provolo. "Sound Analysis to Predict the Growth of Turkeys." Animals 10, no. 5 (2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050866.
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Protocols for manual weighing of turkeys are not practical on turkey farms because of the large body sizes, heavy weights and flighty nature of turkeys. The sounds turkeys make may be a proxy for bird weights, but the relationship between turkey sounds and bird weights has not been studied. The aim of this study was to correlate peak frequency (PF) of vocalization with the age and weight of the bird and examine the possibility using PF to predict the weight of turkeys. The study consisted of four trials in Egypt. Sounds of birds and their weights were recorded for 11 days during the growth period in each trial. A total 2200 sounds were manually analyzed and labelled by extracting individual and general sounds on the basis of the amplitude and frequency of the sound signal. The PF of vocalizations in each trial, as well as in pooled trails, were evaluated to determine the relationship between PF and the age and weight of the turkey. PF exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with the weight and age of the turkeys showing that PF of vocalizations can be used for predicting the weight of turkeys. Further studies are necessary to refine the procedure.
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Dingman, Kari L., Richard O. Kimmel, John D. Krenz, and Brock R. McMillan. "FACTORS AFFECTING WILD TURKEY SPRING HUNT QUALITY IN MINNESOTA." Wildlife Society Bulletin 2005, S1 (2005): 319–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.2005.tb00325.x.
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Abstract:Increased hunting of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) has resulted in concerns regarding hunt quality, especially on public lands. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that influence wild turkey hunt quality in Minnesota. Spring turkey hunters from 8 permit areas in Minnesota were surveyed by mail during 2002 and 2003. The most significant factors that defined a quality spring turkey hunt in Minnesota were number of turkeys shot at, number of turkeys seen in the field, and ease of access to land for hunting. To improve and maintain the quality of spring turkey hunting, we suggest that wildlife managers strive to increase turkey numbers in order to increase the potential for hunters to see/shoot at birds, and improve access to private land.
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Shehata, Awad A., Dörte Lüschow, and Hafez M. Hafez. "History and current status of Marek's disease in turkeys." Turkey Diseases, Production and Management 1, no. 3 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0013.
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Marek's disease (MD), caused by a highly contagious and oncogenic herpesvirus, causes immunosuppression and tumors in chickens. Although several reports on the occurring lymphomas (MD-like conditions) in turkeys have been published, less attention has been paid to the disease in this species. Recently, Marek's disease virus (MDV) has been demonstrated in lymphomatous tumors in commercial turkeys in several countries. The present review aimed to describe the past and recent situation of MD in turkeys, including clinical picture and methods used for diagnosis. Additionally, three hypotheses that might explain the emergence of MDV in turkeys, including virus evolution and evolution of MDV variants, modern hybrid turkeys, and raising of turkeys close to chickens, were discussed. The pathogenesis of MDV infection in turkeys remains unclear, and further investigations are necessary. Although herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine didn't protect turkeys against challenge with a virulent MDV, Rispens strain is effective, highlighting the need for further assessment of the effectiveness of MDV vaccines in turkeys.
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ARAKCHEEVA, Е. N., H. H. ZABASHTA, I. A. SINELSHCHIKOVA, E. N. Golovko, and E. P. LISOVITSKAYA. "COMPLEX USE OF PROBIOTIC «PROLAXIM-V» AND SELENIUMCONTAINING DRUG «NUTRISEL» FOR TURKEY FATTENING." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 69, no. 1 (2024): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2024-69-1-60-65.
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The industrial cultivation of turkey is a profitable area of agriculture. Turkey care is the same as for many other domestic birds. But the main difference lies in the size of this bird. This is a relatively large poultry. Today, industrial turkey breeding is a very popular business. And its popularity is gradually growing. For profitable meat production, it is necessary to use certain breeds of modern turkeys, which are distinguished by the highest conversion of feed into meat. They consume less food and turn it into meat in a very short time. Each period of the life of a turkey grown on factory farms is controlled in such a way as to maximize the final weight of the turkey in order to make a profit. The industry has increased the number of poultry raised in factories, thanks to breeding, various feed formulations and modern management methods. In modern production, all turkeys grown in factories are bred exclusively by artificial insemination in order to make production as efficient as possible. Turkeys grown at enterprises are too large and muscular to reproduce naturally, so sperm is collected from male turkeys and injected into female turkeys. Feeding turkeys is a serious matter. The food changes several times during the life of the birds. It is always a feed based on corn and soy, but with a different content of additional vitamins and minerals, depending on the stage of growth of turkeys. The texture of the feed also changes as the birds mature. The results of studies on the effect of the combined use of the probiotic «Prolaxim-B» and the seleniumcontaining drug «NutriSel» on the safety of livestock, the growth of experimental poultry and feed consumption per 1 kg of gain, the chemical composition of the total minced meat of the pectoral and femoral muscles are presented. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the farm of IP Ermakov on turkeys of the Hybrid Converter cross. To conduct the experiment, a control group and two experimental groups of 250 heads each were formed. The chemical composition of turkey meat was carried out at the age of 120 days
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DO, Oguntade. "Characteristics of Intron 17 and Exon 18 of Leptin Receptor Gene in Nigerian Locally Adapted and Exotic Turkeys." Annals of Experimental and Molecular Biology 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/aemb-16000113.
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Leptin Receptor gene (LEPR) gene has been implicated as the activator of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and plays an important role in regulating body energy storage and metabolism. Identification of Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were carried out in intron 17 and exon 18 of LEPR gene in 200 turkeys comprising 100 each of Nigerian locally adapted and exotic (Nicholas White) turkeys. Blood samples for DNA extraction were collected at 20 weeks. DNA extraction was carried out using whole blood collected with Quick- DNA Miniprep Plus extraction kits by strictly followed the manufacturer’s protocol. The sequence data obtained were analyzed using GeneScan and Sequencing software (Applied Biosystems). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in LEPR gene of the two turkey genotypes were identified using DnaSP 6 software. The allele frequency of each SNP, Heterozygosity (He) and Polymorphic information content (PIC) of the SNPs were calculated. Out of six SNPs identified in intron 17 of the turkey LEPR gene, four were found in local turkeys while all the six were found in exotic turkey. The major allele frequency of the SNPs ranged from 0.86 to 0.96. The SNP 28C>G in exotic turkey had the highest HE while SNPs 7T>G, 67A>T and 85G>C in local turkey had the least. The PIC ranged from 0.077 in local turkey to 0.211 in exotic turkey. In addition, ten SNPs were identified in exon 18 of the turkey LEPR gene, out of which eight were detected in local turkeys while seven were detected in exotic turkeys. The major allele frequency of the SNPs identified in exon 18 ranged from 0.54 in 602A>C in local turkey to 1.00 in 60T>G, 267A>G, 274A>G alleles that are fixed in both local and exotic turkeys. Also, SNP 602A>C in local turkey had the highest HE while incidentally SNPs 130G>C, 166G>A and 789G>A also in local turkey had the least heterozygosity. PIC discovered in exon 18 of LEPR gene ranged from 0.077 to 0.377 in local turkey. Intron 17 and exon 18 of LEPR gene is polymorphic in both Nigerian locally adapted and exotic turkeys and therefore could be used for further analysis to form a basis for genetic variation in growth in the two genotypes
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McDougal, Leigh A., Michael R. Vaughan, and Peter T. Bromley. "WILD TURKEY AND ROAD RELATIONSHIPS ON A VIRGINIA NATIONAL FOREST." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1990, S1 (1990): 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1990.tb00188.x.
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Abstract:We studied the response of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) to roads and road use on the George Washington National Forest, Virginia. Radio‐equipped wild turkeys used the area within 150 m of state roads less than expected (P < 0.05). Turkeys were seen crossing state roads only in locations where the road was bordered by woods or fields <80 m wide. Turkey use of the area surrounding U.S. Forest Service roads was not strongly correlated with road use. Seasonal habitat preferences seemed to dictate turkey use of the surrounding area more than road use levels. Turkey mortality was not closely related to road type or road use levels.
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Leif, Anthony P. "SURVIVAL, REPRODUCTION, AND HOME RANGES OF TRANSLOCATED WILD TURKEYS IN SOUTH DAKOTA." Wildlife Society Bulletin 2000, S1 (2000): 211–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.2000.tb00272.x.
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Abstract:I evaluated survival, reproduction and home range land‐use composition for 46 eastern wild turkey females (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) released on 6 sites on the northwestern fringe of historic wild turkey range in eastern South Dakota. Annual survival of female turkeys was 77.7 ± 5.7% (SE) with 8 of 13 deaths resulting from predation. Ninety‐one percent of females initiated nests, 47% of nesting turkeys hatched clutches, and 75% of successfully nesting turkeys raised ≥1 poult to 4 weeks of age. The median date of initial nest incubation was 22 May. Only 26% of turkeys unsuccessful in initial nesting attempts attempted a second nest, none attempted a third. Most (68%) turkeys selected nesting sites in treeless habitats (open pastures, hayland, and idled cropland). Nests were generally concealed in grasses and/or legumes (39%) or mixed grass/shrub cover (34%). Seasonal home ranges (90% utilization) of females contained less woodlands (P < 0.001) and water (P = 0.029) and more cropland (P = 0.046), hayland (P < 0.001), idled cropland (P < 0.001), and farmsteads (P < 0.001) than core area (50% utilization) polygons. During breeding seasons (1 Apr–31 Jul), female turkey home ranges and core areas contained less woodlands (P < 0.001) and water (P < 0.001) and more hayland (P = 0.002) and farmsteads (P = 0.008) than during postbreeding (1 Aug–30 Nov). Female turkeys used the mostly treeless upland landscapes adjacent to lowland forests only during breeding seasons. During the remainder of the year, turkeys tended to use habitats located in or near riparian woodlands. Survival and reproductive rates indicate that populations of turkeys should establish on landscapes with minimal (<15%) woodland habitat.
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Criado, Miriã F., Christina M. Leyson, Sungsu Youk, et al. "The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens." Viruses 13, no. 9 (2021): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091851.
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An outbreak caused by H7N3 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) occurred in commercial turkey farms in the states of North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), United States in March of 2020. Subsequently, H7N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected on a turkey farm in SC. The infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the H7N3 HPAIV and two LPAIV isolates, including one with a deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) protein stalk, were studied in turkeys and chickens. High infectivity [<2 log10 50% bird infectious dose (BID50)] and transmission to birds exposed by direct contact were observed with the HPAIV in turkeys. In contrast, the HPAIV dose to infect chickens was higher than for turkeys (3.7 log10 BID50), and no transmission was observed. Similarly, higher infectivity (<2–2.5 log10 BID50) and transmissibility were observed with the H7N3 LPAIVs in turkeys compared to chickens, which required higher virus doses to become infected (5.4–5.7 log10 BID50). The LPAIV with the NA stalk deletion was more infectious in turkeys but did not have enhanced infectivity in chickens. These results show clear differences in the pathobiology of AIVs in turkeys and chickens and corroborate the high susceptibility of turkeys to both LPAIV and HPAIV infections.
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Van Alstine, W. G., and L. H. Arp. "Effects of Bordetella avium infection on the pulmonary clearance of Escherichia coli in turkeys." American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, no. 6 (1987): 922–26. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1987.48.06.922.
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SUMMARY Thirty-six 1-day-old turkeys were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella avium (ba) strain 838. Noninoculated hatchmates (n = 36) were housed separately. At 2 and 4 weeks of age, 15 inoculated (ba+) and 15 noninoculated (ba-) turkeys were exposed to an aerosol of virulent Escherichia coli. The remaining six ba+ turkeys and six ba-turkeys were used as controls (ie, not exposed to E coli). Turkeys were necropsied on postaerosolization days 0 (immediately after aerosolization), 1, 3, 5, and 7. Lung and tracheal specimens were collected from each turkey for bacterial quantitation and histologic examination. A 1-ml blood sample was collected for detection of bacteremia. Numbers of E coli in lung specimens from 2- and 4-week-old turkeys were not significantly different between ba+ and ba- groups (pooled data over time); however, numbers of E coli isolated from tracheal specimens were significantly greater in ba+ turkeys than those in ba- turkeys. Although the incidence of pulmonary abcesses and E coli bacteremia was greater in 2-week-old turkeys than in 4-week-old turkeys, the incidence was not different between ba+ and ba- turkeys. At both ages, air sacculitis developed more often and was more severe in ba+ turkeys than in ba- turkeys. Hyperplastic bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue was found more often in ba+ turkeys than in ba- turkeys and appeared to be the first site of heterophil infiltration after E coli aerosolization.
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Prastowo, Joko, Dwi Priyowidodo, Wisnu Nurcahyo, et al. "Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia." April-2020 13, no. 4 (2020): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.782-788.
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Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed. Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Menacanthus) were identified. Lipeurus was the most frequently identified genera in turkeys, whereas Menacanthus was the most rarely identified one. The White Holland breed had the highest number of lice infestations, whereas the Jersey Buff breed exhibited the highest diversity of lice genera. The average number of lice infestations was higher in male turkeys than in female turkeys. Conclusion: The occurrence of ectoparasites in domestic turkeys indicates that the existence and diversity of lice genera in the study location can be influenced by turkey type, turkey maintenance system, enclosure sanitation measures, lack of strategic ectoparasite control, and environmental factors.
21
Kimmel, Richard O., and Wendy J. Krueger. "NORTHERN WILD TURKEYS: ISSUES OR OPPORTUNITY." Wildlife Society Bulletin 2005, S1 (2005): 263–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.2005.tb00317.x.
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Abstract:State and provincial wildlife management agencies adjoining the Canadian/United States border are faced with public interest for expanding wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations northward. This manuscript reviews research on tolerance of wild turkeys for severe winter weather conditions and survival in northern climates and suggests future research necessary for northern turkey introduction programs. A survey of northern state and provincial wildlife agency biologists indicated that most agencies have successfully translocated wild turkeys north of the ancestral limit and that the most important management concerns for northern turkeys were weather, food availability, and habitat limitations. In responding to requests to move wild turkeys northward while implementing sound natural resources management policies, wildlife managers are faced with both potential issues and opportunities relating to wildlife management, ecosystem concerns, economics, and recreation.
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Haroldson, Kurt J. "ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR WINTER SURVIVAL OF WILD TURKEYS." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1995, S1 (1995): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1995.tb00206.x.
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Abstract:As wildlife managers expand the range of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) beyond ancestral northern limits, information on the tolerance of wild turkeys for severe winter weather becomes increasingly important. I used predictive models based on time‐energy budgets to estimate winter food requirements of wild turkeys. An average 4.23kg wild turkey would require 11.3 kg of a mixed diet during a 120‐day winter with a mean temperature ≥ 11°C. Winter food requirements would increase by 2.4 kg/bird for every 10°C drop in mean winter temperature. Because wild turkeys in northern climates often supplement natural foods with corn during winter, I estimated size of corn food plots needed to sustain wild turkeys based on average winter temperature.
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Abd El-Wahab, Amr, Christian Visscher, Wolfram Haider, and Radko Dimitri. "A case study of histomoniasis in fattening turkeys identified in histopathological investigations." Turkey Diseases, Production and Management 1, no. 3 (2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0015.
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Histomoniasis is a parasitic disease of poultry with worldwide prevalence, having significant negative impacts on infected turkey health and welfare. A total of 53,000 male fattening turkeys (British United Turkeys, BUT6) of 140-day-old were admitted to the slaughterhouse in central Ukraine. No clinical signs were reported in the turkeys during the production cycle. Slaughtering of the turkeys revealed enlargement of the livers, most of which had a greenish color with alterations in the hepatic tissues (fibrosis). No other gross lesions were noted in other organs of the slaughtered birds. Fresh liver tissues were submitted to the laboratory to measure the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc to detect possible intoxication and/or differential diagnosis. The concentrations of measured heavy metals in the affected liver tissues were within the recommended normal ranges. Histological examination revealed microscopically proliferative changes in liver sections in different turkeys. Suspected tissue sections were stained with Periodic Acid Schiff and found positive for Histomonas meleagridis trophozoites. Overall, macroscopical or microscopical examinations of turkey livers are essential to confirm infection with histomonads, even if the clinical signs are unapparent. As outbreaks of histomoniasis in turkey focks are increasing approaches to prevent and treat histomoniasis are urgently needed.
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Penchev, G. "GROSS MORPHOMETRICAL STUDY ON BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN DEVELOPING BRONZE TURKEY (MELEAGRIS GALOPAVO)." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.001.
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The aim of the study was an evaluation of the age related development of bronze turkey's bursa of Fabricius. The obtained data gave information about the standard actual values of the metric parameters in the investigated organ. The bursa of sixty healthy clinically bronze turkeys (30 males and 30 females) was studied metrically by ruler, graph paper and automatic balance. The birds were distributed in 10 age related groups at the 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 56, 90, 120 and 240 days. Each group consisted of 6 turkeys. The absolute and relative weight, length, perimeter and diameter of the organ were determined. During the period the absolute weight of the bronze turkeys' bursa increased by 76.5 times, the absolute length – 3.5 times. The relative weight of the organ was with the highest values at the 14 days of age. The relative length reached peak values at the 1 day. The relative perimeter was highest at 7 days. The obtained results gave a motivation to make the conclusion that the development of the bronze turkey bursa of Fabricius weight and length were highest from hatching to the sexual maturity.
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Krsteska, Meri, Ljubica Trajkoska, and Vesna Karapetkovska - Hristova. "Meat Quality Parameters at Domestic Turkeys Fed Various Dietary Rations." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 10, no. 1-2 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2021.1-2.59-64.
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In relation to other poultry species, turkeys belong to the largest poultry and the best producers of high-quality poultry meat, because it contains a high percentage of protein, especially essential amino acids and low fat content. Turkeys used for this study were originated from the domestic breed of turkey (white and black). A total of 30 turkeys were grown under the so-called indoor keeping system in Pelagonia region, North Macedonia. The aim of the research was to determine the differences in the body weight in the period of 10 - 90 days and the slaughtering characteristics of turkeys fed with two different rations in relation to the origin of feed proteins (group R - fed with fish flour and group S - fed with whey powder). An analysis of the chemical composition of the large breast muscle (Musculus pectoralis superficialis -MPS) was also performed on samples of the two groups of turkeys. Statistics (ANOVA) on turkey growth (10-90 days) show significant differences in body mass between the two groups of S and R for different feeding intervals. The results of the examinations of the chemical composition of the MPS showed higher values for protein and fat in the meat of turkeys fed with whey powder and were (protein 25% and fat 8.67%) compared to the values of turkeys fed with fish flour and were 23.27 and 6.5% respectively. At the same time, protein and fat values were significantly different among the groups.
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Bogach, M., P. Liulin, D. Bohach, and A. Rachynskyi. "Diversity of gastrointestinal parasites of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) under different housing systems in Bessarabia, Ukraine." Helminthologia 61, no. 3 (2024): 244–53. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2024-0029.
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Summary The development of turkey farming is significantly restrained by parasitic diseases, which have become widespread and cause significant economic losses to specialized- and homestead farms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in turkeys of different age groups under different maintenance systems and the nature of patho-anatomical changes depending on the course of the disease. A total of 1,869 samples of fecal from turkeys were studied. From turkeys kept in poultry houses, 925 fecal samples and 944 fecal samples from free-range turkeys were examined. In turkeys that were kept in a poultry house, the total infection with endoparasites was 59.8 %, while in free range, it was 63.3 %. The most common in turkeys 30-60 days old from poultry houses are Histomonas meleagridis (21.5 %), Eimeria spp. (11.5 %) and Cryptosporidium baileyi (15.5 %) and in free-range turkeys – Histomonas meleagridis (15.6 %), Eimeria spp. (7.2 %) and Cryptosporidium baileyi (10.8 %). Cryptosporidium baileyi was not observed in turkeys 360 days old or older. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was most frequently recorded in turkeys 90 – 120 days old from poultry houses (3.8 %) and turkeys 150 – 180 days old in free range (3.7 %). Ascaridia dissimilis is most common in free-range turkeys 90 – 120 days old (11.8 %) and turkeys 150 – 180 days old from poultry houses (9.5 %). Heterakis gallinarum was primarily recorded in turkeys 150 – 180 days old under both systems of keeping with a value range from 16.2 to 17.2 %. Infestation of 150 – 180-day-old free-range turkeys by cestodes Davainea meleagridis and Raillietina echinobothrida was 15.0 % and 12.9 %, respectively. Thus, the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal tract invasions depend on the age and housing system of the poultry.
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Das, Shubash Chandra, Md Yahya, Md Shamim Hasan, Md Altaf Hossain, Tanzina Akter, and Mahbuba Sultana. "Growth performance of white, black and bronze color heritage turkeys under semi-intensive system." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 3 (2018): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39419.
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The present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of White, Black and Bronze color type of turkeys, which have been currently introduced in Bangladesh. The birds were reared under semi-intensive system at BAU Poultry Farm with supplementation of commercial broiler grower and layer feeds. Key objectives were to investigate the growth performance of locally found turkeys (known as heritage turkeys) under semi-intensive rearing system and to recommend turkey as a supplementary part of existing poultry business in the country. A total of 46 poults of White, Black and Bronze color type unsexed birds of 5 weeks age were housed. Birds were reared under similar management conditions and feeds were purchased from local market. No significant difference (p>0.05) in live weight for three color types were found. At the end of 21 weeks rearing, Bronze type turkeys attained highest live body weight (3720.71g/bird) while White type turkeys attained lowest (3282.29g/bird). The Black type turkeys however, attained 3552.86g/bird body weight. The live weight gain was increased gradually but decreased again after 18 weeks of age. Weekly weight gains were highest in all color types at 18 weeks of age where white type male turkey attained the highest (440.71g/bird) and black type showed the lowest weight gain (345.00g/bird). No significant difference (p>0.05) in FCR among the three color types were found. Survivability under semi intensive system of three different color types, White, Black and Bronze were 100%, 88.46% and 91.67% respectively. Taken together, the growth performance of Bronze type turkey was superior to other color types used in this experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that turkey farming will viable in Bangladesh with available local varieties under semi-intensive system through feeding of commercial broiler and layer feeds.
 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 471–477, December 2018
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Ayinmode, A. B., O. O. Obebe, and C. O. Aiki-Raji. "Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Farmed Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo)." Folia Veterinaria 61, no. 2 (2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2017-0011.
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Abstract Several seroprevalence studies have been conducted on the natural infections of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic chickens around the world but only a few have published data on turkeys. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of exposure of farmed Nigerian turkeys to T. gondii infection. Sera obtained from 320 turkeys reared intensively in 3 states of southwest Nigeria were screened for T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test. Antibodies were detected in 4.1 % (13/320) of the turkeys with titres of 1 : 20 in 7 turkeys, 1 : 40 in 5 and 1 : 80 in 1, while none was seropositive at 1 : 160 or 1 : 320. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was comparable among turkeys regardless of their breed, age, location and management system (P > 0.05). None of the variables were significantly associated with T. gondii antibodies by multivariate logistic regression. This first report of T. gondii infections in Nigerian turkeys recommends that turkey meat and its products be adequately processed before consumption.
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McCaffery, Harlan, Robert H. Tykot, Kathy Durand Gore, and Beau R. DeBoer. "Stable Isotope Analysis of Turkey (Meleagriscc Gallopavo) Diet from Pueblo II and Pueblo III Sites, Middle San Juan Region, Northwest New Mexico." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (2014): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.337.
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AbstractThe transition from the Pueblo 11 Period (A.D. 1050–1150) to the Pueblo III Period (A.D. 1150–1300) in the San Juan Basin marks an intensification of turkey use, evidenced by an increase in the percentage of faunal assemblages representing turkey bones. We examine stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen ( δ15N) isotopic values of turkey bones from three ancestral Puebloan sites in the Middle San Juan Region to test the hypothesis that this intensification is linked to an increase in the amount of maize in the turkeys’ diets. We find no significant change in δ13C or δ15N across the two time periods, and all of the specimens’ values indicate maize consumption. A plot of bone apatite δ13C against collagen δ13C is consistent with a model of diets high in C4protein, indicating that the turkeys did not use an alternative source of protein to maize and/or fauna that fed on maize. The reliance of both humans and turkeys on maize indicates a degree of turkey-human interdependency not previously known in the Middle San Juan Region. Future inquiries into the paleodiet of turkeys should target times and places where there is likely to have been a transition from hunting to domestication.
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Rumble, Mark A., and Stanley H. Anderson. "A TEST OF THE HABITAT SUITABILITY MODEL FOR MERRIAM'S WILD TURKEYS." Wildlife Society Bulletin 1995, S1 (1995): 165–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.1995.tb00227.x.
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Abstract:An important research area regarding the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is development of sound habitat models. Habitat models provide standardized methods to quantify wild turkey habitat and stimulate new research hypotheses. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models show species‐habitat relationships on a scale of 0‐1, with 1 being optimum. A proposed HSI model for Merriam's turkeys (M. g. merriami) was applied to data we collected at Merriam's turkey locations and random sites in the Black Hills, South Dakota. We tested this model, assuming that if all available habitats were suitable for turkeys, HSIs of random sites should not exceed those of turkey locations. Several variables and one component of the proposed model had higher HSIs from random sites than from turkey locations. The overall HSI from the Lindzey‐Suchy (L‐S) model suggested low habitat suitability for an area with an abundant and productive turkey population. We propose a revised HSI model that contains winter and summer brood components. Optimum values for some variables of our model are similar to those from other subspecies of wild turkeys.
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Gamawa, Yusuf Ibrahim. "Turkey's E.U Membership: Perceptions, Possibilities, and Implications." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 1, no. 2 (2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v1i2.86.
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The membership of Turkey into the European Union has remained as controversial as ever, even at this point when countries like U.K are leaving the EU, Turkey's membership in the Union is still being discussed in many circles. Though at this point it is clear Turkeys drive to join the EU appears to have dropped drastically and many believe that citizens of Turkey may no longer be interested in being part of the EU, the truth, however, remains that Turkey will always want to be in the EU, despite whatever disappointment. The pessimistic views are seen to be the result of previous disappointments and not that the Turks have lost hope or interest in the EU project. This paper aims to analyze the possibilities and implications of Turkey's membership of the EU and argues that membership of Turkey into the Union is still a possibility despite whatever implications it would have for Europe, especially if one considers the change in perception on both the side of Turkey and the EU regarding Turkey's membership bid.
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Mazur-Kuśnirek, Magdalena, Krzysztof Lipiński, Zofia Antoszkiewicz, and Katarzyna Śliżewska. "The Effect of Synbiotics and Probiotics on Ochratoxin Concentrations in Blood and Tissues, Health Status, and Gastrointestinal Function in Turkeys Fed Diets Contaminated with Ochratoxin A." Animals 14, no. 20 (2024): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14203024.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate carcass quality and analyze gastrointestinal functional status, ochratoxin A (OTA) accumulation in tissues and organs, and the health status of turkeys fed diets contaminated with OTA and supplemented with synbiotic preparations in comparison with commercial probiotic feed additives. The research involved 120 female BIG 6 turkeys, divided into six treatment groups (five replicates, four birds per replicate). Wheat naturally contaminated with OTA (662.03 μg/kg) was used in turkey diets. Turkeys in group 1 received an OTA-contaminated diet without additives. Groups 2 and 3 received 0.4 g/kg of probiotic preparation BioPlus 2B or Cylactin. Groups 4, 5, and 6 received 0.5 g/kg of synbiotics S1, S2, or S3. The following parameters were monitored: growth performance, carcass quality, gastrointestinal tract structure and digesta pH, health status, and concentrations of OTA in the blood and tissues of turkeys. The study found no significant differences in the growth performance and carcass quality of turkey. However, the introduction of probiotics or synbiotics into OTA-contaminated feed mixtures resulted in a reduced pH of the digesta in certain sections of the turkey digestive tract (p < 0.05). Additionally, the tested synbiotic additives significantly reduced liver weight in turkeys at weeks 6 and 15 (p < 0.05). The addition of probiotic and synbiotic preparations based on lactic acid bacteria strains, inulin, and S. cerevisiae yeasts to OTA-contaminated diets in commercial turkey farming may improve health status (p < 0.05) and reduce mycotoxin accumulation in organs and tissues of poultry (p < 0.05).
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Chadwick, Steven B. "FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF WILD TURKEYS IN MICHIGAN." Wildlife Society Bulletin 2005, S1 (2005): 303–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2328-5540.2005.tb00322.x.
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Abstract:Prior to European settlement, wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were present in Michigan south of a line from Saginaw Bay to the mouth of the Muskegon River. Habitat loss and overexploitation during settlement led to the extirpation of turkeys from Michigan in the late 1800s. Several restoration attempts followed in the early 1900s; however, it was not until the mid to latter part of the last century that restoration efforts were successful. As a result, wild turkeys currently occupy much of their ancestral range and beyond, providing Michigan residents with quality hunting and wildlife viewing opportunities on both public and private lands. The expansion of wild turkey range has led wildlife biologists to debate how far north turkeys should be introduced and actively managed. Northern range expansion in Michigan can be attributed to alteration of Michigan's native habitats and human activities that promote turkey survival throughout the year. A literature review was conducted to determine how the major limiting factors of winter weather and lack of suitable habitat influence wild turkey survival in northern regions of Michigan. These limiting factors may be overcome in some portions of the state through habitat management programs that mitigate winter loss.
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Czech, Anna, Piotr Domaradzki, Mateusz Niedzielak, and Joanna Stadnik. "Nutritional Value and Physicochemical Properties of Male and Female Broad-Breasted Bronze Turkey Muscle." Foods 13, no. 9 (2024): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13091369.
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Colored varieties of turkeys, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, not currently subject to intensive breeding work, are kept only in amateur breeding and treated rather as ornamental poultry. They are raised in extensive systems, which undoubtedly affects the quality of the meat obtained. Consumers are looking for meat with specific and unique sensory qualities; hence, the interest in meat from turkeys with a slower-than-typical growth rate, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, is justified. The object of this research was to analyze the physicochemical properties and nutritional value (amino acid, fatty acid, and antioxidant profile) of the breast and thigh muscles of broad-breasted Bronze turkeys with regard to gender. It was shown that gender had little effect on muscle chemical composition, amino acid, and fatty acid content (p > 0.05), as well as most oxido-reduction indices. However, significant differences were noted in muscle quality traits such as color brightness (L*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.023), proportion of red (a*; turkeys < indors; p = 0.048) and yellow (b*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.039), and water absorption (turkeys < indors; p = 0.009). The type of muscle also had a significant effect on quality characteristics. Higher a*, b*, C*, pH, water absorption, and thermal leakage were shown in the femoral muscle (p < 0.001), while L* and h were higher in the pectoral muscle (p < 0.001). Turkey meat was characterized by a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA ~68%), favorable FA index values, and low lipid oxidation indices. Thigh muscles (especially turkey) were more caloric, and contained significantly (p < 0.001) more fat and all major FA groups. Breast muscles (especially of turkeys) were characterized by a high protein content (about 25%) and a high proportion of essential amino acids. The data obtained indicate that broad-breasted Bronze turkeys can provide high-quality meat, and are an excellent option for meeting modern consumer needs.
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Bakharev, A. A., A. Sh Khamidullina, and V. N. Yolgina. "New branch of poultry breeding in the Tyumen region." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2111-05.
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In many regions of the Russian Federation, the turkey breeding industry is just beginning to develop, which determines the relevance of research at the regional level. The purpose of the research was to analyze the production activity of a new branch of turkey breeding in the Tyumen region. The technology of keeping turkeys of the cross Hybrid Converter under the conditions of LLC “Absolut-Agro” at the Yurginskaya poultry farm has been analyzed in the paper. LLC “Absolut-Agro” is a large and promising poultry enterprise that has a closed production cycle. The cross Hybrid Converter was obtained as a result of crossbreeding two breeds: Bronze broad-chested and White Dutch. The analysis of the rearing of young turkeys from the daily age to slaughter has been carried out. In order to conduct the research 3 groups of turkeys have been formed by the years of rearing – 2017, 2018 and 2019. The dynamics of the growth of young turkeys has been presented, the effectiveness of feed use, the livability of poultry has been analyzed, and the economic effectiveness of rearing has been calculated. In order to determine the effectiveness of feed use, we studied the growth dynamics of young turkeys. During the rearing periods, observations were made on the livability of poultry, the state of health, and the feed consumption. The change in live weight has been determined by weighing the young turkeys every seven days during the rearing period. The group of rearing turkeys in 2019 surpassed the groups of 2017 and 2018 in all indicators, which were due to the enterprise reaching full production capacity in 2018. The poultry raised in 2019 showed the highest production effect. Feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain during the rearing period amounted to 2,25 kg in 2017, 2,19 kg in 2018, the lowest feed consumption was in 2019 and amounted to 2,16 kg. Thus, the current state of the turkey breeding industry has just begun its activity in the Tyumen region. In the company LLC “Absolut Agro” the most modern equipment has been installed and created conditions for turkey rearing, which allow improving the production indicators of the enterprise every year and developing the new poultry industry in the region.
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Nielsen, C. K., C. R. Bottom, R. G. Tebo, and E. Greenspan. "Habitat overlap among bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in an agricultural landscape." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 5 (2018): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0079.
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Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) populations have grown considerably in the Midwestern U.S. alongside mesocarnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)). However, few studies have assessed habitat overlap between mesocarnivores and turkeys with a goal to understand potential impacts of mesocarnivores on turkeys. We captured and radiomarked bobcats, coyotes, and Wild Turkey hens in southern Illinois during 2011–2013 in an agricultural landscape and created single-species resource selection and overlap models. Wild Turkeys and bobcats demonstrated concentrated use in forested areas, whereas coyote use was highest in agricultural areas. We documented Wild Turkey nests (n = 107) and hen mortalities (n = 28), which were used to model the effect of bobcat, coyote, and Wild Turkey habitat use on turkey nest success and mortality. Increased coyote use was associated with higher nest success and increased turkey use was associated with higher probability of mortality. These findings suggest that top predators, such as coyotes, may be important and beneficial for ground-nesting avian species. With coyotes acting as the top predator throughout much of the Midwest, they are likely reducing densities of other important turkey nest predator species, thereby increasing nest success.
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Jankowski, Jan, Katarzyna Ognik, Krzystof Kozłowski, Anna Stępniowska, and Zenon Zduńczyk. "Effect of Different Levels and Sources of Dietary Copper, Zinc and Manganese on the Performance and Immune and Redox Status of Turkeys." Animals 9, no. 11 (2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110883.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the combined use of Cu, Zn, and Mn nanoparticles in the diet of turkeys with regard to potential reduction of the levels of these elements added to feed. The experiment was carried out on turkeys’ hens assigned to four groups. Turkeys from the PC group received feed with the addition of inorganic forms of Cu, Zn, and Mn in the B.U.T. (British United Turkeys) recommended levels, from group IR received the addition in amounts reduced to 10% of the recommended levels, and from group NR received the addition of elements in the form of nanoparticles in the same amounts as in group IR. The turkeys from group NC received feed without the addition of these elements. The research showed that the addition of Cu, Zn, and Mn to turkey diets, in both inorganic forms and as nanoparticles, in quantities covering only 10% of B.U.T. recommendations had no adverse effect on growth performance or on the antioxidant and immune defense of turkeys. The changes in the redox status of the turkeys whose diet was not supplemented with Cu, Zn, and Mn indicate reduced oxidation processes in the tissues.
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Jeremiah, Taiwo Boluwatife, Taofeek Abdulrahman, Aishat Bukolami Olaogun, et al. "Evolution of TLR3 gene in Nigerian indigenous and exotic turkeys." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 5 (2023): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.406.
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This experiment was carried out to determine the evolution of the TLR3 gene in Nigerian indigenous and exotic turkeys. A total of 150 turkeys i.e. 100 exotic and 50 indigenous were used for this study. Birds were allotted treatments and fed formulated grower diets that meet the NRC—Turkey grower nutritional requirements. Genomic DNA was isolated from each blood sample, and the concentration and purity of each DNA sample was determined using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. After DNA extraction and quantification, three DNA samples from each genetic group (or breed) were taken for TLR3 gene discovery and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The source sequence and the retrieved sequences were trimmed and edited while the amino acid sequences of the new turkey TLRs were predicted based on the open reading frames of the expressed nucleotide sequences, and the nomenclatures of turkey TLRs were based on the best hits of the proteins in the database. From the findings of the study, the SNP (172N>N) detected at position 516 was synonymous in both exotic and local turkey breeds, and this resulted in amino acid changes from Alanine to Threonine in exotic turkeys and Cysteine to Tyrosine in local turkeys. Also, in this study, the SNP (7 Q>*) detected in exon 4 was non-synonymous, resulting in amino acid changes from Cytosine to Threonine in the exotic turkey. Positive Tajima's D values were the same for exotic and local turkey breeds. The findings of this study suggest significant instances of purifying selection acting on the gene. Based on the results of this research, the populations of local and exotic turkeys showed a low level of heterozygosity at TLR3 locus and may be homogenous. Also, there was low genetic diversity in the TLR3 gene of both local and exotic turkey breeds. This suggests potential vulnerabilities and challenges for their long-term health and adaptability. Strategies that aim to increase genetic diversity, like cross-breeding should be implemented.
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Sharafeldin, Tamer A., Qingshan Chen, Sunil K. Mor, Sagar M. Goyal, and Robert E. Porter. "Altered Biomechanical Properties of Gastrocnemius Tendons of Turkeys Infected with Turkey Arthritis Reovirus." Veterinary Medicine International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7829138.
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Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) causes lameness and tenosynovitis in commercial turkeys and is often associated with gastrocnemius tendon rupture by the marketing age. This study was undertaken to characterize the biomechanical properties of tendons from reovirus-infected turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults were orally inoculated with O’Neil strain of TARV and observed for up to 16 weeks of age. Lameness was first observed at 8 weeks of age, which continued at 12 and 16 weeks. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, samples were collected from legs. Left intertarsal joint with adjacent gastrocnemius tendon was collected and processed for histological examination. The right gastrocnemius tendon’s tensile strength and elasticity modulus were analyzed by stressing each tendon to the point of rupture. At 16 weeks of age, gastrocnemius tendons of TARV-infected turkeys showed significantly reduced (P<0.05) tensile strength and modulus of elasticity as compared to those of noninfected control turkeys. Gastrocnemius tendons revealed lymphocytic tendinitis/tenosynovitis beginning at 4 weeks of age, continuing through 8 and 12 weeks, and progressing to fibrosis from 12 to 16 weeks of age. We propose that tendon fibrosis is one of the key features contributing to reduction in tensile strength and elasticity of gastrocnemius tendons in TARV-infected turkeys.
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Niedzielski, Britney, and Jeff Bowman. "Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14061.
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Context In an era of rapid environmental change, many species are shifting their distributions. As temperate-zone species’ expand their ranges north, different and potentially severe limiting factors may begin to affect their ability to survive and reproduce. The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is one example of a species undergoing rapid northern expansion. Aims An improved understanding of wild turkey demography at the species’ northern range periphery would facilitate effective management of this important game species. Therefore, we undertook a study to evaluate survival, causes of mortality, and behavioural strategies that may govern survival of female wild turkeys. Methods We captured 53 female wild turkeys, and used backpack transmitters to monitor their individual fates during 2012–13. Key results The annual survival estimate was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.25–0.55), with the lowest seasonal survival in the winter. The most frequent cause of mortality was mammalian predation, predominately by coyotes (Canis latrans). Age, proximity to supplemental food, and habitat use did not affect risk of mortality. Conclusions Northern wild turkeys in our study exhibited lower survival and suffered higher predation than did populations in the species’ historic range. Despite our findings, the wild turkey has expanded its range northwards and continues to exist in these peripheral areas. This may be due to high productivity or a source–sink dynamic, whereby high mortality is offset by immigration from the south. Implications The low survival and high predation of wild turkeys in the north must be considered when developing management strategies, particularly if interest exists in translocating turkeys farther north. Further research is needed to better understand whether northern turkey populations persist as sinks.
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Tawyabur, Md, Md Saiful Islam, Md Abdus Sobur, et al. "Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from Healthy and Diseased Turkeys." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110770.
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Diseases caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. can negatively impact turkey farming. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and Salmonella spp. in healthy and diseased turkeys. A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy turkeys and 25 intestinal samples from diseased turkeys that died of enteritis were collected. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion. The tetracycline-resistance gene tetA was detected by PCR. All samples were positive for E. coli. Only 11 samples (11/30; 36.67%) were positive for Salmonella spp. from healthy turkeys, whereas 16 (16/25; 64%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. E. coli isolated from diseased turkeys showed higher resistance to levofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy turkeys exhibited higher resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, imipenem, and meropenem. All E. coli and Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to erythromycin. Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed in both E. coli and Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. Finally, the tetA gene was detected in 93.1% of the E. coli isolates and in 92.59% of the Salmonella spp. isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and characterize tetA-gene-containing MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. from healthy and diseased turkeys in Bangladesh. Both microorganisms are of zoonotic significance and represent a significant public health challenge.
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Dong, Yiru, Gregory S. Fraley, Janice M. Siegford, Fengqing Zhu, and Marisa A. Erasmus. "Comparing different environmental enrichments for improving the welfare and walking ability of male turkeys." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285347.
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This study investigated age-related changes in turkey welfare measures (wounds, feather quality (FQ), feather cleanliness, and footpad condition (FCON)) and walking ability (gait) as influenced by different types of environmental enrichment (EE). Tom turkeys (n = 420) were randomly assigned to: straw bale (S), platform (P), platform + straw bale (PS), pecking block (B), tunnel (T) or control (C; no enrichment) group. Welfare measures and gait were assessed at 8, 12, 16 and 19 wk and analyzed using PROC LOGISTIC with Firth bias-correction. Better wing FQ with age was observed in turkeys in S and T groups. Turkeys in the S group had better wing FQ at 16 (P = 0.028) and 19 wk (P = 0.011) vs. 8 wk. Wing FQ (P = 0.008) was better at 19 vs. 8 wk for T turkeys. FCON worsened over time for turkeys in all treatment groups except for the S group. FCON was worse at 19 vs.8 wk for P (P = 0.024), PS (P = 0.039), B (P = 0.011), T (P = 0.004) and C (P = 0.014) turkeys and was worse at 19 vs. 12 wk for B (P = 0.038), T (P = 0.015) and C (P = 0.045) turkeys. FCON was worse at 19 vs. 16 wk for T (P = 0.007) and C (P = 0.048) turkeys. FCON was also worse at 16 vs. 8 wk for B (P = 0.046) turkeys. Gait worsened with increasing age in all treatment groups. Gait was worse at 19 wk for S (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.001), PS (P < 0.001) and B turkeys (P < 0.001) vs. earlier ages, while gait in T (P < 0.001) and C turkeys (P < 0.001) worsened starting at 16 wk.
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Bennett, Richard S., Rebecca LaRue, Daniel Shaw, et al. "A Wild Goose Metapneumovirus Containing a Large Attachment Glycoprotein Is Avirulent but Immunoprotective in Domestic Turkeys." Journal of Virology 79, no. 23 (2005): 14834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.23.14834-14842.2005.
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ABSTRACT The genomic structure and composition of an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) recently isolated from wild Canada geese (goose 15a/01) in the United States, together with its replication, virulence, and immunogenicity in domestic turkeys, were investigated. The sizes of seven of the eight genes, sequence identity, and genome organization of goose aMPV were similar to those of turkey aMPV subtype C (aMPV/C) strains, indicating that it belonged to the subtype. However, the goose virus contained the largest attachment (G) gene of any pneumovirus or metapneumovirus, with the predicted G protein of 585 amino acids (aa) more than twice the sizes of G proteins from other subtype C viruses and human metapneumovirus and more than 170 aa larger than the G proteins from the other aMPV subtypes (subtypes A, B, and D). The large G gene resulted from a 1,015-nucleotide insertion at 18 nucleotides upstream of the termination signal of the turkey aMPV/C G gene. Three other aMPV isolates from Canada geese had similarly large G genes, whereas analysis of recent aMPV strains circulating in U.S. turkeys did not indicate the presence of the goose virus-like strain. In vitro, the goose virus replicated to levels (2 × 105 to 5 × 105 50% tissue culture infective dose) comparable to those produced by turkey aMPV/C strains. More importantly, the virus replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of domestic turkeys but with no clinical signs in either day-old or 2-week-old turkeys. The virus was also horizontally transmitted to naïve birds, and turkey infections with goose 15a/01 induced production of aMPV-specific antibodies. Challenging day-old or 2-week-old turkeys vaccinated with live goose aMPV resulted in lower clinical scores in 33% of the birds, whereas the rest of the birds had no detectable clinical signs of the upper respiratory disease, suggesting that the mutant virus may be a safe and effective vaccine against aMPV infection outbreaks in commercial turkeys.
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Spears, Brian L., Warren B. Ballard, Mark C. Wallace, Roger D. Applegate, and Phillip S. Gipson. "Coyote, Canis latrans - Rio Grande Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo intermedia, Interactions." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 4 (2003): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i4.816.
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Coyotes (Canis latrans) are widely known to be predators of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopauo sspp.). We describe two observations of single Coyotes coming within 10 m of feeding Wild Turkey flocks without attempting to predate them in Stevens County, Kansas. We relate these observations to Coyote predation on turkeys and mobbing behavior.
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Chartrin, Pascal, Thierry Bordeau, Estelle Godet, et al. "Is Meat of Breeder Turkeys so Different from That of Standard Turkeys?" Foods 8, no. 1 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8010008.
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The technological, nutritional, and sensorial quality of breasts and thighs with drumsticks of turkey male and female breeders was characterized by comparison with breasts and thighs with drumsticks of growing male and female turkeys from the Grademaker line (hybrid turkeys, n = 20 birds per sex and per physiological stage). The breeder turkeys were slaughtered at 397 and 410 days of age and 10.42 and 32.67 kg of body weight for the females and males, respectively. The standard turkeys were slaughtered at 75 and 103 days of age and 5.89 and 13.48 kg of body weight for the females and males, respectively. The differences observed between males and females on one hand and between standard and breeder turkeys on the other hand were mainly induced by differences in slaughter ages and sexual dimorphism on body weight. The meat of female breeders had characteristics close to those of female and male standard turkeys, whereas the meat of male breeders was clearly distinguishable, particularly by displaying lower tenderness and water holding capacity.
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Ersoy, I. E., M. Mendeş, and S. Aktan. "Growth curve establishment for American Bronze turkeys (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 49, no. 3 (2006): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-293-2006.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to establish the growth curves parameters of American Bronze turkeys. The weekly body weight changes of male and female turkeys were recorded during 11 to 24 weeks of age. The Richards' growth model fitted the turkey weight and age (week) data. Profile analysis was also applied to weight-age data in order to get more detailed information about the differences in the live weights of male and female turkeys in consecutive weeks. Estimates for mature body weight were found as 9720.40 ± 971.33 g and higher for males than for females as 6029.96 ± 316.55 g. Based on Richards’ model, male turkeys matured more slowly and it was needed that a more time to reach mature body weight than female turkeys. Results of profile analysis supported those results. Estimates for the absolute growth rate, absolute maturing rate and relative growth rate values were higher for females when compared to males. Male turkeys reached the maximum growth rate at 16.30 weeks of age whereas female ones reached the maximum growth rate at 12.85 weeks of age. Live weights of male and female turkeys, when both reached the maximum growth rate, were 3475.61 g and 2156.06 g, respectively. Male turkeys reached 80 % of their mature weights at 24 weeks of age, whereas female ones reached 92% of their mature weight.
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Avatkov, Vladimir Alekseevich. "Populism in the Foreign Policy of the Turkish Republic." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 3 (2021): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-543-554.
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The paper explores the role and peculiarities of the populism in the modern foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. Populism became especially popular in Turkeys foreign policy discourse when the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002 and R.T. Erdoğan as President in 2014. Special attention is paid to R.T. Erdoğans populist statements made in the context of the key foreign policy ideologies - Neo-Ottomanism, Neo-Panturkism and Islamism. The propaganda of Neo-Ottoman ideas is aimed at restoring Turkey to its former Imperial greatness. The ultimate goal of Turkeys populism in Turkic states is to form a new Turkish-centric subsystem of international relations - the Turkic world. Turkeys Islamic populism within the country is primarily aimed at the conservative part of the population and at the world Islamic community on the international arena. The main task of such populism is the gradual abandonment of the principles of M.K. Ataturk and the secularism, as well as the formation of public opinion that Ankara is the center of the Islamic world. The author comes to the conclusion that Turkeys populism is quite effective and assists the ruling elite in achieving its foreign policy goals. In many ways, the success of Turkeys populism depends on the competent policy of its implementation by R.T. Erdoğan - a classic example of an Eastern politician with a charismatic type of leadership. However, the situation may change significantly in case of the power change in Turkey, emergence of a new leader and, consequently, new populist mechanisms.
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Wójcik, A., J. Sowińska, K. Iwańczuk-Czernik, and T. Mituniewicz. "The effect of a housing system in slaughter turkeys on mechanical damage to carcass and meat quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 2 (2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4283-cjas.
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The aim of the experiment was to find out whether the housing of Polish white broad-breasted heavy type turkeys J-22 on slatted floor (group I) and litter floor (group II) has an effect on the final body weight, body weight loss during transportation, mechanical damage to carcass and physical and chemical properties of breast meat. The turkeys were kept in controlled environment: turkey hens for 16 weeks (group I &ndash; 29 birds; group II &ndash; 30&nbsp;birds) and turkey cocks for 23 weeks (group I &ndash; 21 birds; group II &ndash; 28 birds) in compliance with the parameters recommended for this species. The turkey cocks kept on the slatted floor made of metal mesh had lower final body weight (11 929 g), higher body weight losses during transportation (2.41%) and higher number of birds with damaged carcasses (95%) in comparison with the turkey cocks kept on the litter floor (13 307 g, 1.94% and 54%, respectively). Moreover, higher levels of lactic acid (turkey hens 119.83 &micro;M/g; turkey cocks 148.09 &micro;M/g) and larger juice area (6.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, 8.27 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) in breast meat after slaughter were found in the turkeys of both sexes kept on the slatted floor compared to the turkeys kept on the litter floor (108.79 &micro;M/g and 6.25 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey hens and 128.29 &micro;M/g and 5.23 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey cocks). The values of meat pH<sub>1</sub>, pH<sub>2</sub> and pH<sub>3</sub> for all the groups were typical of good quality meat and ranged between pH<sub>1</sub> 6.22&ndash;6.27, pH<sub>2</sub> 5.85&ndash;6.06 and pH<sub>3</sub> 5.55&ndash;5.64. However the production performance results indicate that the housing of heavy turkeys on slatted floor is not recommended. &nbsp;
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Monckton, Valerie, Nienke van Staaveren, Christine F. Baes, et al. "Are Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Motivated to Avoid Excreta-Soiled Substrate?" Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112015.
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The soiling of bedding on modern turkey farms combined with turkeys’ reduced ability and opportunity to perch and roost at elevation, forces them to spend most, if not all, of their time in contact with their excreta. To determine turkeys’ perspective on these conditions and the value they place on unsoiled bedding vs. soiled litter (collectively, substrates), we used twenty-four eleven-week-old turkey hens divided into six two-compartment pens. In the “home” compartment (H), we placed soiled wood shavings, while the “treatment” compartment (T) contained no substrate (NS), fresh pine and spruce wood shavings (FP), soiled pine and spruce wood shavings (SP), ammonia reductant-treated soiled pine and spruce wood shavings (TSP), or a feed treatment. One-way push-doors separated the two compartments. The door leading to T weighed an additional 0%, 20% or 40% of the turkeys’ body weight while the door to H remained unweighted. All birds were exposed to each resource and door weight combination in a systematic order. We measured the turkeys’ motivation based on the number of birds that pushed the maximum weight to access each resource, the amount of time spent in T, and the number of visits to T. Our findings show that turkeys worked harder to access feed compared to all the floor substrate treatments. Additionally, they were equally motivated to access all the substrate treatments.
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Erdélyi, István, Péter Bársony, Tamás Pálfy, Istvánné Hermán, and Tamás Pálfy. "Heat treated feeds in turkey feeding." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3047.
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The main aim of our study was to determine the effect of expanded and pelleted feeds, as well as the only pelleted feed based on wheat and corn, on the production of turkeys. In May 2006,, a fattening experiment on turkeys was started on the starter farm of Habar Ltd in Szarvas, owned by the Gallicoop Corporation. 17 day old male turkeys were involved in the fattening experiment. The experiment lasted 117 days. At that time, theanimals were 134 days old. After the experiment was completed, they were slaughtered. The following parameters were examined: growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits. Turkey feed were produced separately at different times. Similarly to the standard method of turkey fattening, 8 phases feeding was carried out. The fattening experiment was adjusted on male turkeys in 4×12×6 grouping (4 treatments: expanded and pelleted, and only pelleted corn and wheat feed; 12 repeats: number of pens/treatments; 6 birds/pen) 6-6 turkeys from 12 pens per each treatments were measured individually from the 17th day (starter) and at the time of each following feeding changes and mortality. The average of the group was calculated. The average daily weight gain, proportion of the given feed per pen, feeding changes and mortality were determined. The average daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio were calculated.