Academic literature on the topic 'Turks of Bulgaria'
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Journal articles on the topic "Turks of Bulgaria"
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Hergüvenç, Begüm, and Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu. "Inclusion and Exclusion: Image and Perceptions of Turkish Migrants in Bulgaria and Turkey." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.3.
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This paper deals with the image and perceptions that Turkish migrants from Bulgaria had about the Turks in Turkey, the Turkish state, Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian state both before and after 1989. Perceptions of the Turkish minority among the Bulgarian communist elite are analysed according to published reports and statements made by Bulgarian Communist Party members. The perceptions that Turkish migrants had about Bulgaria and Turkey are the main focus of this study which is based on field research and interviews conducted with Turkish migrants from Bulgaria now living in Turkey. This article shows that these migrants held both positive and negative perceptions of Bulgaria and Turkey, largely depending on the context. The Turkish minority in Bulgaria was regarded as a problem for the Communist government and as an in-ternal enemy to the Bulgarian state. Moreover, the locals in Turkey regarded the Turkish migrants from Bulgaria as “Bulgarian migrants” who possessed a non-Muslim or “liberal” culture. In this way, they experienced exclusionary attitudes from their neighbours both in Bulgaria and in Turkey. The Turks of Bulgaria perceived the Communist regime as oppressive and as a threat to their Turkish identity. Despite their dislike of the regime, prior to the period of forced assimilation that began in 1984, they still possessed a relatively positive perception about the Bulgarian people. Interestingly, while they perceive Turkey as their homeland, they nonetheless held certain prejudices against the local population in Turkey. All of these various interaction helped to strengthen their group identity as migrants from Bulgaria.This paper deals with the image and perceptions that Turkish migrants from Bulgaria had about the Turks in Turkey, the Turkish state, Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian state both before and after 1989. Perceptions of the Turkish minority among the Bulgarian communist elite are analysed according to published reports and statements made by Bulgarian Communist Party members. The perceptions that Turkish migrants had about Bulgaria and Turkey are the main focus of this study which is based on field research and interviews conducted with Turkish migrants from Bulgaria now living in Turkey. This article shows that these migrants held both positive and negative perceptions of Bulgaria and Turkey, largely depending on the context. The Turkish minority in Bulgaria was regarded as a problem for the Communist government and as an internal enemy to the Bulgarian state. Moreover, the locals in Turkey regarded the Turkish migrants from Bulgaria as “Bulgarian migrants” who possessed a non-Muslim or “liberal” culture. In this way, they experienced exclusionary attitudes from their neighbours both in Bulgaria and in Turkey. The Turks of Bulgaria perceived the Communist regime as oppressive and as a threat to their Turkish identity. Despite their dislike of the regime, prior to the period of forced assimilation that began in 1984, they still possessed a relatively positive perception about the Bulgarian people. Interestingly, while they perceive Turkey as their homeland, they nonetheless held certain prejudices against the local population in Turkey. All of these various interaction helped to strengthen their group identity as migrants from Bulgaria.
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Forrest, Duncan, and Ruth Horne. "TURKS IN BULGARIA." Lancet 334, no. 8663 (September 1989): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90741-1.
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Karpat, Kemal H. "The Turks of Bulgaria: The Struggle for National-Religious Survival of a Muslim Minority." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 4 (December 1995): 725–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408413.
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In May 1989, two series of demonstrations in Turkish villages of northeast Bulgaria was followed by a massive gathering of more than 50,000 Muslim Turks in the town of Shumnu in the same area. The Turks had converged to Shumnu from the surrounding villages and smaller towns in order to protest the forced changes of names and the bulgarization imposed by the government of Todor Zhivkov, then undisputed ruler of Bulgaria. The demonstration was put down in the usual brutal Bulgarian way; some twenty to thirty-five demonstrators were killed and hundreds were injured. However, the Turks had made their point; they were not going to give up, however fierce the official terror, their Islamic identity and culture.
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Sarp Solakoğlu, Memed, and Begüm Hergüvenç. "Turkish Historiography on the Forced Migration of the Turks of Bulgaria to Turkey of 1989." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.4.
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The history of the Turks of Bulgaria, following the forced migration that took place in 1989, became a topic highly studied in the Turkish academia. Although many scholars who are focused on the topic are in consensus about what happened between 1984 and 1989, it is less so the case in the period prior to it. In this study of reviewing the Turkish literature (or literature in Turkish) on the Forced Migration of 1989, it is aimed to provide the opinions and comments written by the Turkish scholars on the relations between the Turks and the Bulgarians of Bulgaria regarding the Forced Migration of 1989 and to show that there are discrepancies in the periodizations of the history of Bulgaria even though the main narratives overlap each other almost unanimously. To do so, this study features the interpretations of the agricultural and educational policies in Bulgaria and the dates of changes in these policies according to the scholars and researchers will be provided. The basis of their interpretations will also be included. Finally the perception of the identity of the Turks of Bulgaria prior to 1984 and its relations to that of Turks of Turkey after 1989 will be examined.
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Vasileva, Darina. "Bulgarian Turkish Emigration and Return." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600209.
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The history of the emigration of Bulgarian Muslim Turks to Turkey is more than a century old. The violation of the human rights of ethnic Turks by the totalitarian regime during the 1980s resulted in the most massive and unpredictable migration wave ever seen in that history. This article examines the complexity of factors and motivations of the 1989 emigration which included almost half of the ethnic Turks living in Bulgaria and constituting until that time 9 percent of the total population. The author considers the strong and long-lasting effect of this emigration—followed by the subsequent return of half of the emigrants after the fall of the regime—both on Bulgaria's economy and on the political life of the society. The article aims also at providing a better understanding of the character of ethnic conflicts in posttotalitarian Eastern Europe.
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Leоntyeva, Anna A., and Ekaterina N. Struganоva. "Features of spiritual culture and historical memory of people in Bulgarian-Turkish village of Slavyanovo." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.3.03.
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The field research in village of Slavyanovo (community of Popovo, Targovishte region, Bulgaria) was held in August 2019. The village was chosen because of its mixed national composition specificity: the basis of Slavic part of the village consists of the descendants of Bulgarians from the Balkan, which came there after the Ottoman-Russian war. Turkish people of Slavyanovo are divided into indigenous people, whose ancestors lived there in Ottoman time, and migrants from Kardzali and other traditionally Turkish regions of Bulgaria, which appeared in the village in the second half of the 20th century. There are several folk versions of the history of migrations, which are significantly different. The task of the study was to collect linguistic, ethnographic and historical material for further analyses of the basic values in the life of the modern Turkish-Bulgarian village, namely: language and communication, tolerance, ancestral memory, history of the homeland, faith and religious denominations, rituals, folklore etc. During the field work we looked at the history of the village and historical memory of its villagers, linguistic situation. The analyses of the data helps us infer, that cultural differences gradually lessen. Also, there are no contradictions between Turks and Bulgarians. We can observe the borrowings and infiltrations of the language elements (given the dominance of the Bulgarian as the state language), while Turks borrow the most frequent words, denoting household objects, and cliched expressions from Bulgarian language.
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Popovic, Alexandre. "The turks of Bulgaria (1878–1985)." Central Asian Survey 5, no. 2 (January 1986): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634938608400541.
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Muratova, Nurie. "Baku instead of Ankara – Turkish Students from Bulgaria in Azerbaijan during 1950s." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.2.
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The paper presents the nonresearched question about the Turks from Bulgaria who studded in Baku in the 1950s. In this period in Bulgaria the Soviet policy for acknowledging of the rights of the national minorities was applied and the communist regime aimed at directing Bulgarian Turks to the Turkic republics of Soviet Union and especially to Azerbaijan. This policy changed at the end of the 1950s. From 1952 to 1960 more than 50 students graduated from Azerbaijan Peda-gogical Institute and Azerbaijan State University. They were prepared to teach in the Turkish schools in Bulgaria (around 1100 at the beginning of 1950s) but when they returned there were not anymore Turkish schools in Bulgaria. The processes in the sphere of the national languages and educational policies in USSR for this period have been researched. The alumni from the universities in Baku have to experience the contradictions between the Soviet policies to national republics and dynamic of the policy of the communist regime in Bulgaria concerning the Turkish population. The research is based on documents from the State Archive of Azerbaijan, documents from the Central State Archive in Sofia and oral testimonies.
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Eminov, Ali. "The Turks in Bulgaria: Post-1989 Developments*." Nationalities Papers 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009059999109172.
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This article explores the status of Turks in Bulgaria under the transition from Communism to post-Communism. After a summary of the demography of the Turkish population in Bulgaria, the paper focuses on developments in three specific areas: religious, political, and educational issues. For each issue a brief historical background is given but the emphasis is on developments since 1989. Since the article is an expanded version of a presentation on East European Linguistic Minorities, the issue of Turkish language and Turkish language education in Bulgaria is discussed in greater detail than religious and political issues. This in no way implies that the latter are any less important.
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Methodieva, Milena B. "How Turks and Bulgarians Became Ethnic Brothers." Turkish Historical Review 5, no. 2 (October 7, 2014): 221–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00502005.
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In 1905 the Bulgarian authorities initiated preparations for a large-scale propaganda project in order to advertise the wellbeing of Bulgaria’s Muslims among the Muslim inhabitants of Ottoman Macedonia. Its purpose was to dispel inter-communal hostility during particularly turbulent times in the area. The project capitalized on arguments about ethnic and historical connections between Turks and Bulgarians by developing a novel theory maintaining that Bulgaria’s Turks were descendants of the Bulgars who founded the first Bulgarian state in the seventh century. However, Young Turk activists from the area were also involved in the enterprise hoping to use it for their own purposes. The article uses this interesting background to explore questions concerning Bulgarian policies and narratives about the local Muslim Bulgarian aspirations in Ottoman Macedonia, relations between Young Turks and Bulgarians, and Young Turk revolutionary strategies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Turks of Bulgaria"
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Mintchev, Nikolay Dimitrov. "Subjectivity, ethnicity, and social transformation : a study of Turks and Bulgarians in socialist and postsocialist Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708229.
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Ismail, Tefik Eliz. "Dynamics Of Social Citizenship And Identity Perceptions: Immigrant Turks From Bulgaria In Northern Cyprus." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609116/index.pdf.
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The aim of this research thesis is to analyze comparatively migration experiences in reference to changing citizenship rights of Turks from Bulgaria in northern Cyprus. Out-migrations in Bulgaria occurred in various historical chronologies out of different motivation for migration factors, and to places of different destinations. Despite the fact that mass migration flows of Turks from Bulgaria happen to be directed to Turkey, northern Cyprus was selected as a special case for this thesis, where Turks from Bulgaria immigrated during 1990&rsquos in great numbers. For the fieldwork, conducted in northern Cyprus in 2006, a research sample of 30-immigrant households of Turks from Bulgaria was interviewed with a qualitative in-depth and face-to-face interaction interview technique. The interview questionnaire was directed either towards one female or male member from each household. During the interviews, lived experiences of immigrant Turks from Bulgaria in both the countries of origin and also destination were asked. Therefore, a comparative before and after migration analyses was aimed. In the light of this, specified socio-economic and socio-cultural research themes referred to the overall interpretations of whether citizenship status of immigrant Turks from Bulgaria was inclusive or exclusive of both into the Bulgarian and northern Cypriot societies. The thesis draws a conclusion of notably revealed relationship between citizenship experiences and the shifting identity perceptions as a result of migration. Interview findings indicate that related to the conditions of their socio-economic and cultural environments in both Bulgaria and northern Cyprus, they were either included or excluded from social citizenship status. Immigrant respondents perceived themselves as excluded in the areas of employment and educational opportunities, cultural activities and in establishing associations in Bulgaria. On the other hand, in northern Cyprus they have perceived themselves as excluded in terms of work life and finding an occupation, high-income opportunities, finding decent accommodation and neighborhood relations. Besides, in the former they perceived themselves as discriminated because of their Muslim-Turkish identity and in the latter because they have been accepted as migrants and a marginally subordinate group in the social hierarchy.
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Karabencheva-Lévy, Katerina. "Politiques publiques à l'égard des minorités ethniques et religieuses après 1989 : étude comparative entre la Roumanie et la Bulgarie." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595290.
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Cette thèse analyse les politiques à l'égard des minorités ethniques et religieuses sous une perspective comparative entre la Roumanie et la Bulgarie. La première partie s'interroge sur les politiques à l'égard des minorités dès la création des Etats-Nations et ensuite leur situation durant les régimes communistes dans les deux pays. La deuxième partie met l'accent sur l'analyse des deux modèles d'intégration des minorités après 1989 et étudie la question de l'émergence de la représentation politique des Turcs en Bulgarie, des Hongrois en Roumanie et des Roms dans les deux pays. La recherche étudie comment les politiques et les dispositifs sont destinés à favoriser l'intégration des groupes minoritaires dans les deux pays. Une attention est accordée à la genèse et à l'évolution, ainsi qu'à la mise en œuvre de ces projets d'action publique.Cette recherche est enrichie par l'analyse des entretiens semi directifs, des observations ainsi qu'une analyse des statistiques, de la presse nationale et locale, des dispositifs juridiques et des programmes des partis. Quatre hypothèses principales sont défendues dans cette thèse : la transformation des identités ethniques en identités politiques- l'idéologisation des politiques à l'égard de minorités- l'autonomisation du religieux par rapport à l'ethnique et, enfin, de l'impact indirect de l'européanisation sur le traitement des minorités.
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Mihaylov, Dimitrina. "'Bulgarian', 'Turk', 'Pomak' : discerning nation-state borders and identity frontiers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424778.
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Gadjeva, Snejana. "Les turcismes dans la langue bulgare contemporaine." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0019.
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Le présent travail de thèse étudie les emprunts lexicaux du bulgare au turc, communément désignés par le terme turcismes. Il se propose d'examiner d'éventuels nouveaux emplois des turcismes en bulgare. Dans cet objectif, l'étude est fondée sur un corpus extrait à partir des oeuvres littéraires bulgares contemporaines et complété par des exemples tirés de la presse actuelle. Le recours à d'autres corpus disponibles constitués à des époques antérieures sert à dégager d'éventuels changements d'emploi que connaissent ces emprunts. Le travail est constitué de cinq chapitres. Le premier pose les questions de la définition du concept d'emprunt linguistique et de la détermination des critères de son analyse. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l'éclaircissement du contexte social dans lequel se produit le contact linguistique, ses particularités et son incidence sur la nature des mots empruntés. Le troisième chapitre situe le cas des turcismes par rapport à d'autres changements que la langue bulgare connaît à la suite de son contact avec le turc. Il dresse un inventaire des turcismes et fait un commentaire sur leur classification. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré aux modalités d'adaptation phonétique et graphique, morphosyntaxique, sémantique et fonctionnelle des turcismes dans la langue bulgare. Il analyse également l'aptitude des turcismes à servir de base de néologie lexicale. Le dernier chapitre propose une réflexion autour de la question du sentiment d'extranéité chez les locuteurs vis-à-vis des turcismesIn this thesis we study the lexical borrowings from Turkish to Bulgarian, commonly referred to as turcisms. The study aims to investigate if currently there exists new uses of turcism. For this purpose, it is based on a corpus extracted from the contemporary Bulgarian literary works, and supplemented by examples from the contemporary newspapers. We also refer to other available lists of turcisms made in the past in order to identify possible changes in the use of these loanwords. The work consists of five chapters. The first raises issues of defining the concept of linguistic borrowing and determining the criteria for its analysis. The second chapter is devoted to the elucidation of the social context in which the language contact occurs, its particularities and its impact on the nature of the loanwords. The third chapter sets turcisms in the context of other changes of the Bulgarian language induced from its contact with Turkish. It provides an inventory of turcisms and comments on their classification. The fourth chapter is devoted to the phonetic, graphic, morphosyntactic, semantic and functional changes of the turcisms in Bulgarian. It also analyses the ability of turcisms to serve as a basic of lexical neologisms in Bulgarian. The final chapter offers a reflection on the question of the sense of foreignness expressed by the users towards turcisms
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Boteva, Orlina. "The Bulgarian-Turkish interethnic problem in modern Bulgaria and its educational system /." 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BotevaO2004.pdf.
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Baumann, Andreas 1969. "Johannes Lepsius' missiologie (the missiology of Johannes Lepsius)." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1795.
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Text in GermanForschungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist Johannes Lepsius' Missiologie. Aufgabe der Untersuchung ist es, die wichtigsten missiologischen Auffassungen und Überzeugungen von Johannes Lepsius aus der Vielzahl seiner veröffentlichten Schriften zu erheben und sie dann erstmals systematisiert in einem Ge¬samtüberblick darzustellen. Die Besonderheit besteht dabei darin, dass sich die Missiologie von Johan¬nes Lepsius nur aus der Zusammenschau von zahlreichen Einzeläußerungen erschließen lässt, die sich zumeist in kleineren Aufsätzen und Zeitschriftenartikeln finden lassen. Somit ist es notwendig, seine einzelnen Schriften in ihrem jeweiligen - auch biographischen - Kontext wahrzunehmen und zu inter¬pretieren. Aus der Aufarbeitung der theologischen Grundlagen von Johannes Lepsius' Missiologie, sei¬ner Ansichten bezüglich der Missionsarbeit unter Muslimen und einiger weiterer spezieller missiologi¬scher Fragestellungen wird deutlich, dass Johannes Lepsius trotz durchaus vorhandener Parallelen zu anderen missiologischen Entwürfen in theologischer und missiologischer Hinsicht als eigenständiger Denker zu betrachten ist. Die Kenntnis der missiologischen Überzeugungen, die hinter Lepsius' so viel¬fältigen missionarischem, theologischem, sozialdiakonischem und politischem Wirken stehen, macht es möglich, seine äußerlich so wechselhafte Biographie besser zu verstehen. Darüber hinaus bietet seine Missiologie - besonders sein Reich Gottes-Verständnis - interessante Impulse für die heutige missiolo¬gische Diskussion, insbesondere was die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Missionsauftrag und gesell¬schaftlichem Engagement betrifft. SUMMARY The object of this research work is the missiology of Johannes Lepsius. The task of the investigation is to collate the most important missiological opinions and beliefs of Johannes Lepsius from the large number of his published writing and then to present them in a systematic overview for the first time. They are characterised specifically by the fact that the missiology of Johannes Lepsius can only be de¬veloped from an overview summary of numerous individual statements which are generally to be found in smaller papers and journal articles. Therefore it is necessary to appreciate and interpret his individual writings in their specific - and also biographical - contexts. From the reworking of the theological prin¬ciples of Johannes Lepsius' missiology, his views on mission work amongst Muslims and some other special missiological questions, it becomes clear that Johannes Lepsius - despite existing parallels with other missiological models from a theological and missiological point of view - is to be viewed as an independent thinker. The knowledge of the missiological beliefs which underpin Lepsius' very varied missionary, theological, socio-diaconical and political activities makes it possible to have a better un¬derstanding of his biography that from the outside seems so incoherent. His missiology - especially his un¬derstanding of the Kingdom of God - also offers interesting inputs for today's missiological discus¬sions, especially as far as the question of the relationship between missionary work and social commit¬ment is concerned.
The object of this research is the missiology of Johannes Lepsius. The task of the investigation is to collate the most important missiological opinions and beliefs of Johannes Lepsius from the large number of his published writing and then to present them in a systematic overview for the first time. They are characterised specifically by the fact that the missiology of Johannes Lepsius can only be developed from an overview summary of numerous individual statements which are generally to be found in smaller papers and journal articles. Therefore it is neccessary to appreciate and interpret his individual writings in their specific - and also biographical - contexts. From the reworking of the theological principles of Johannes Lepsius' missiology, his views on mission work amongst Muslims and some other special missiological questions, it becomes clear that Johannes Lepsius - despite existing parallels with other missiological models from a theological and missiological point of view - is to be viewed as an independent thinker. The knowledge of the missiological beliefs which underpin Lepsius' very varied missionary, theological, socio-diaconical and political activities makes it possible to have a better understanding of his biography that from the outside seems so incoherent. His missiology - especially his understanding of the Kingdom of God - also offers interesting inputs for today's missiological discussions, especially as far as the question of the relationship between msiionary work and social commitment is concerned.
Christian Spirituality, Church History, Missiology
D.Th.(Missiology)
Books on the topic "Turks of Bulgaria"
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Laber, Jeri. Destroying ethnic identity: The Turks of Bulgaria. New York, NY: Helsinki Watch Committee, 1986.
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Laber, Jeri. Destroying ethnic identity: The Turks of Bulgaria. New York, NY: Helsinki Watch Committee, 1987.
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Şimşir, Bilâl N. Glimpses on the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. Ankara: Directorate General of Press and Information, 1986.
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Georgiev, Antonin, 1963- author, translator, Matanov Khristo author, and Yovchev Vassil translator, eds. A guide to Ottoman Bulgaria. [Sofia]: Vagabond Media, 2011.
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Kamil, İbrahim. Bulgaristan'daki Türklerin hakları. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu Matbaası, 1989.
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Turan, Ömer. The Turkish minority in Bulgaria, 1878-1908. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1998.
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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs., ed. Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria. London: Hurst, 1997.
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Eminov, Ali. Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Turks of Bulgaria"
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Karakusheva, Slavka. "A “Place for Our Small Problems”: Online Ethnic Media of the Turks in/from Bulgaria." In Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South, 155–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76163-9_9.
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Yanovski, Roumen. "THE IMAGE OF THE TURKS IN THE BULGARIAN PRESS." In The Image of the Turk in Europe from the Declaration of the Republic in 1923 to the 1990s, edited by Nedret Kuran Burçoglu, 309–34. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463230074-021.
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Bibina, Iordanka. "THE IMAGE OF THE TURKS IN BULGARIAN LITERATURE AND PAINTING." In The Image of the Turk in Europe from the Declaration of the Republic in 1923 to the 1990s, edited by Nedret Kuran Burçoglu, 335–94. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463230074-022.
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Frolova, Marina M. "Russian civil administration in Bulgaria and the problem of Bulgarian refugees in the light of the formation of Bulgarian statehood (1877–2/19/1878)." In Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries), 106–50. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.08.
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The paper examines the activities of the Russian civil administration in Bulgaria and the bodies of the new administration made up of representatives of the Bulgarian people, and aimed at alleviating the plight of Bulgarian refugees during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878. The research is based on published documents, letters and memoirs. The study reveals the reasons for the flight of the Bulgarians fearing retribution of the Turks, who returned to Lovcha (now Lovech) and the Rose Valley after retreat of the Russian troops. The author reveals what measures were taken by the Russian civil administration aimed at rendering assistance to refugees and their implementation by the officials of the Bulgarian administration.
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Methodieva, Milena B. "Introduction." In Between Empire and Nation, 1–10. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503613379.003.0001.
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In addition to providing an overview of the existing scholarship on the Muslims and Turks in Bulgaria, the introduction presents the subject of this book. The book follows the history of the Muslims in Bulgaria (mostly Turks but also Pomaks, Tatars, and Roma) in the first crucial decades after the establishment of modern Bulgaria on former Ottoman territories. More specifically, it focuses on the activities of a movement for cultural reform and its efforts to reshape local Muslim society, a phenomenon neglected by scholarship so far. The book seeks to bring out the history of Bulgaria’s Muslims from the confines of “minority studies,” and put it in a new framework of inquiry, while underscoring how the community also remained a part of the Ottoman world.
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Llewellyn-Smith, Michael. "War Against Bulgaria." In Venizelos, 369–78. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586495.003.0043.
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The chapter describes the approach of the three claimants to territory in Macedonia, and how Bulgaria, an ally in the first Balkan War, broke with her two allies and attacked them, provoking the second. Greek opposition parliamentarians criticized Venizelos savagely for alleged weakness towards Bulgaria and for abandoning Greek communities to their fate, but since the second war was in progress, he had little difficulty in justifying the former alliance. Greece cleared Salonika of Bulgarians and advanced to occupy much of eastern Macedonia. Attacked on three fronts, the Bulgarians retreated. The Turks won back territory and the Romanians too made territorial gains. Once the outcome was clear there was a new row. Constantine wanted to exploit Greece's position to crush Bulgaria by dictating a harsh piece on the field of battle. Venizelos, under pressure from the Powers, wanted to agree a peace that reflected a fair balance of strength in the Balkans. With help from the exhausted Greek army, and from the Kaiser, he won his point in negotiations at Bucharest and secured the important Aegean port Kavalla for Greece. This war had been brutal and the outcome was a catastrophe for Bulgaria, leaving her looking for revenge.
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Methodieva, Milena B. "Homeland, Nation, and Community." In Between Empire and Nation, 211–33. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503613379.003.0008.
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The chapter explores the emergence of new ideas about community and belonging among Bulgaria’s Muslims. For many reformist Muslims the homeland was the most sacred ideal; it could be Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or an abstract place. During the period under consideration “Muslim” was the most common term of self-designation regardless of the Muslims’ background. But at the beginning of the 20th century “Turk” started to acquire wider popularity within certain circles, while an argument between Turks and Tatars provides an opportunity to explore the different perceptions of identity. At the same time Bulgaria’s Muslims became increasingly aware of being part of a larger world in which many of their coreligionists shared similar challenges. The chapter looks specifically at the contacts with Crimean Tatars and the Muslims of Habsburg Bosnia, and visions of Pan Islamic unity. The chapter ends with the reactions to the Young Turk revolution.
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Methodieva, Milena B. "A Quiet Upheaval." In Between Empire and Nation, 101–35. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503613379.003.0005.
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The chapter traces the origins of the reform movement in Bulgaria to three interrelated developments: the emergence of an independent Muslim press which served as the means for the spread and coordination of reform initiatives, the rise to prominence of a younger generation of Muslims, most of them teachers and journalists, who were the primary driving force of these endeavors, and the spread of the Young Turk opposition organization to Bulgaria. The reformist Muslims saw a common cause with the Young Turks, many turning into sympathizers of the opposition organization. Young Turk anti-establishment rhetoric and their emphasis on the importance of modern science resonated with many reformist Muslims. This chapter presents the biographies of some of the most important figures involved in the events under discussion.
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"TURKS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BULGARIAN LITERATURE: HISTORICAL ROOTS OF PRESENT-DAY ATTITUDES IN BULGARIA." In Rumeli under the Ottomans, 15th-18th Centuries, 217–24. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463225865-009.
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Methodieva, Milena B. "The Ottoman Imperial Context." In Between Empire and Nation, 11–32. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503613379.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter begins with an overview of the Ottoman imperial context and the processes leading to formation of Muslim communities in the Balkans. Then it turns to the events leading to the establishment of modern Bulgaria. The Bulgarian uprisings of the 1870s and the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78 were crucial events. They had important consequences for intercommunal relations, as well as for the emergence of civilizational and humanitarian discourses that influenced the views of Bulgarians, Ottomans, and Bulgaria’s Muslims. Hailed by Bulgarians as their “liberation war,” the Russo-Ottoman War was a formative experience for the Muslims as it was accompanied by violence, mass flight, and destitution. The chapter underscores the unique features of the 1878 San Stefano and Berlin Treaties that sought to provide guarantees for the protection for all communities, including, for the first time, the Muslims.