Journal articles on the topic 'Turner, Harry'

A biographical profile of Decherd Turner, director of the Bridwell Library at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX from 1950-80, and director of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas in Austin from 1980-88. This profile focuses on Turner's remarkable personality and his accomplishments in building the special collections of these institutions.

-A. James Arnold, Michael Gilkes, The literate imagination: essays on the novels of Wilson Harris. London: Macmillan, 1989. xvi + 180 pp.-Jean Besson, John O. Stewart, Drinkers, drummers, and decent folk: ethnographic narratives of village Trinidad. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1989. xviii + 230 pp.-Hymie Rubinstein, Neil Price, Behind the planter's back. London: MacMillan, 1988. xiv + 274 pp.-Robert Dirks, Joseph M. Murphy, Santería: an African religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988. xi + 189 pp.-A.J.R. Russell-Wood, Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1720-1830. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xxx + 770 pp.-Anne Pérotin-Dumon, Lawrence C. Jennings, French reaction to British slave Emancipation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. ix + 228 pp.-Mary Butler, Hilary McD. Beckles, White servitude and black slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: University of Tennesse Press, 1989. xv + 218 pp.-Franklin W, Knight, Douglas Hall, In miserable slavery: Thomas Thistlewod in Jamaica, 1750-1786. London: MacMillan, 1989. xxi + 322 pp.-Ruby Hope King, Harry Goulbourne, Teachers, education and politics in Jamaica 1892-1972. London: Macmillan, 1988. x + 198 pp.-Mary Turner, Francis J. Osbourne S.J., History of the Catholic Church in Jamaica. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988. xi + 532 pp.-Christina A. Siracusa, Robert J. Alexander, Biographical dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean political leaders. New York, Westport, London: Greenwood Press, 1988. x + 509 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Brenda F. Berrian ,Bibliography of women writers from the Caribbean (1831-1986). Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1989. 360 pp., Aart Broek (eds)-Romain Paquette, Singaravélou, Pauvreté et développement dans les pays tropicaux, hommage a Guy Lasserre. Bordeaux: Centre d'Etudes de Géographie Tropicale-C.N.R.S./CRET-Institut de Gépgraphie, Université de Bordeaux III, 1989. 585 PP.-Robin Cohen, Simon Jones, Black culture, white youth: the reggae traditions from JA to UK. London: Macmillan, 1988. xxviii + 251 pp.-Bian D. Jacobs, Malcom Cross ,Lost Illusions: Caribbean minorities in Britain and the Netherlands. London: Routledge, 1988. 316 pp., Han Entzinger (eds)

Like all babies, Harry Potter was born vulnerable. Like most babies, he was cared for and loved by those closest to him. When Harry was still an infant, however, the most horrible thing imaginable happened. His parents were killed by Voldemort; in turn, the evil wizard turned his murderous wrath on baby Harry. But Harry was too strong for Voldemort. Without realising it, he destroyed Voldemort’s powers and survived with only a jagged scar on his forehead. Harry Potter may have been vulnerable. But he was also capable of directing the history of the entire wizard world.

By using scalar similarity transformation, nonlinear model of time-fractional diffusion/Harry Dym equation is transformed to corresponding ordinary fractional differential equations, from which a travelling-wave similarity solution of time-fractional Harry Dym equation is presented. Furthermore, numerical solutions of time-fractional diffusion equation are discussed. Again, through another similarity transformation, nonlinear model of space-fractional diffusion/Harry Dym equation is turned into corresponding ordinary differential equations, whose two similarity solutions are also worked out.

Commencing his teaching career as a university students’ English teacher in a religious surrounding, Harry, with his free-will and open-minded personality, has experienced a turbulent feeling. He was sometimes confused to situate himself in certain situations which turned him out to be a little bit more clunky. Within the framework of Hargreaver’s (2001) emotional geography, this present study explores the life of Harry amidst his two years teaching experience at one university in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. This scrutiny was geared by employing in-depth interviews. Utilizing narrative inquiry as the research methodology, the researchers share the stories of Harry when updating into a novel teaching and cultural circumstance and delving into his emotional ups and downs. The findings of this study revealed five major issues, namely (1) Harry needs to be more careful when engaging with the students (2) teaching is the work of the soul, no matter what (3) exhaustion is very human, (4) experienced-based teaching practice, and (5) having supportive colleagues truly help.

Harry Smith was the person who, more than any other in the latter half of the twentieth century, prompted a renaissance of interest in the pathogenesis of microbial disease. A chemist turned microbiologist, his work on Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax, led to the discovery in the serum of infected animals of the tripartite toxin that brings about the death of the host. These studies not only identified the first bacterial toxin, inspiring parallel work in related fields, but were seminally important in two further respects: first, they showed that toxins can be complexes of multiple components that, when studied individually, are nontoxic; and, second, they emphasized that research into infectious disease pathogenesis needs to focus on the biology of infection in vivo .

Since the publication of Harry Braverman's Labor and Monopoly Capital in 1974, an increasing number of social historians have turned their attention towards the workplace as a major site of class struggle. In particular, social historians have focussed on the unequal struggle between employers and craft-workers to determine patterns of work organisation and the balance of power in the labour market. However, despite the growth of interest in the historical relationship between the division of labour, trade unionism and business strategy, no academic work has yet considered the development of apprenticeship in the post-1914 period.

The hairy root cultures are promising sources of secondary metabolites of plants, including rare and endangered species. They possess genetic and biochemical stability, unlimited growth rate in free-hormone medium, short doubling times, high biosynthetic activity and ecological purity of plant raw materials. The hairy root cultures of Tagetes patula L. can be used to produce biologically active substances with biocidal activity. The study aimed to determine the virulent strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the most effective period of co-cultivation of T. patula leaf explants with an agrobacterium to induce actively growing hairy root cultures. We used 3 strains (A-4b, 8196RT and 15834). The time of infection ranged from 3 to 33 hours in increments of 3 hours. We found that 24 h is the best time of infection to induce hairy roots with the highest transformation efficiency (92%). The wild strain A. rhizogenes 15834 turned out to be the most virulent when infected leaf explants of spreading marigold. This strain provided the maximum transformation effect, reaching 85.4%. We have identified 5 actively growing clones of hairy roots with intensive branching, the growth indices of which were 64-75. In the future, they will be transferred to a liquid medium for biomass accumulation and scaling.

In 1971 and early 1972, as a final-year Cambridge undergraduate, I turned to the study of the English Reformation, under the able supervision of Felicity Heal, while attending the lectures of a wonderfully rackety and quirkily learned Fellow of Selwyn College, the late and much lamented patron of the Cambridge Footlights, Harry Porter. The course was entitled ‘Thought and Religion in England 1500 to 1650’, and it was fairly cutting-edge by the standards of its day: a genuine effort to reach across the divide then standard between the history and divinity faculties. It also tried to integrate England with mainland Europe – what in those days, we would routinely call with sublime and literal insularity ‘the Continent’.

AbstractThe recently introduced concept of ${\mathcal D}$-variation unifies previous concepts of variation of multivariate functions. In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to the open question from [20] whether every function of bounded Hardy–Krause variation is Borel measurable and has bounded ${\mathcal D}$-variation. Moreover, we show that the space of functions of bounded ${\mathcal D}$-variation can be turned into a commutative Banach algebra.

“A disgrace to the State of Iowa”, moaned the Des Moines Register concerning the events that had transpired at Sioux City's Memorial Park Cemetery. On 28 August 1951, mourners had departed after paying their last respects to Sergeant First Class John Raymond Rice, an eleven-year veteran of the United States Army who had been killed in the Korean War, when cemetery officials halted the burial before the casket had entered the earth. Lots at Memorial Park, it turned out, had clauses in their contracts restricting burial to Caucasians, and Rice was Native American, a member of the Winnebago tribe. The insult enraged many Americans, including President Harry S. Truman, who soon arranged for the soldier's burial in Arlington National Cemetery.

Secondary metabolite production by plant cell culture has been become of interest because of its commercial value in use. However, cultured plant cells usually yield lower levels of secondary metabolites than those of intact plants. In order to improve the anthocyanin productivity in hairy root culture of Daucus carota, fungal elicitors from 8 species of Fungi were examined. Through the studies of fungal elicitors in this work, it was turned out that fungal elicitors were very effective to improve the yield of anthocyanin. Despite of its low yield of anthocyanin, high density culture of hairy roots is achieved in fluidized-bed bioreactor, Anthocyanin production in fluidized-bed bioreactor with fungal elicitor treatment was increased greatly. We are currently researching more detailed aeration effects and scale-up in air-lift bioreactors. And these studies could provide important data to establish mass production system for secondary metabolites.

Ron Ottewill was educated at Southall County School and at Queen Mary College, London, where he obtained a first-class honours degree in chemistry and then a PhD, under the supervision of Dr D. C. Jones. He moved to Cambridge (Fitzwilliam College) in 1952 on a Nuffield Fellowship, and joined the famous Colloid Science Department, which had been founded by Eric Rideal FRS. There Ron worked with Paley Johnson on antibody–antigen interactions, before becoming an assistant director of research in 1958. After a six-month spell in Theo Overbeek's laboratory in Utrecht during 1956, Ron's research interests turned to what was to become his main research theme over the years, namely the preparation, characterization and properties of model colloidal dispersions. In particular, he became interested in the interactions between particles, which underpin the stability of particulate dispersions. In 1964 Ron Ottewill was invited to move to Bristol University, in the main to set up a new one-year postgraduate MSc course in surface chemistry and colloids. At Bristol, Ron's research group expanded greatly, as did his international reputation. He was promoted to Reader in 1966 and to a personal chair in 1971. In 1982 he became the fourth Leverhulme Professor and Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry. He also served periods as Chair of the School of Chemistry and as Dean of Science. He received many prizes and honours, the two greatest being his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1982 and the award of an OBE in 1989. He was invited to give seminars and to collaborate with academia and with industry, all around the world. Outside the university he served on many committees and was involved in the foundation of several academic societies. Ron Ottewill supervised 99 successful PhD students and published more than 300 scientific papers. He formally retired in 1992 but retained an active interest in science till the last.

Thomas Hardy came to the writer’s life with prodigious endowments and little self-confidence. His struggle with this unlikely predicament shows up repeatedly in his career, but nowhere so often as in its early stages. The “Studies and Specimens” Notebook, completed in the mid-1860s, bears touching witness to the labor of a greatly gifted writer teaching himself the very rudiments of literary form. The editors of the notebook speak accurately of the “diligence and doggedness” of his striving (Dalziel and Millgate xv). At the time his striving was dedicated to mastering poetry, the first and always most favored of his muses. But in 1867 “under the stress of necessity” he shifted his focus to “a kind of literature in which he had hitherto taken but little interest – prose fiction” (Life and Work of Thomas Hardy 58). With varying results he turned to writing novels, still testing his vocation until 1873 when he published A Pair of Blue Eyes, which, together with his impending marriage, fixed his literary course for decades to come.

Samuel Beckett, famed for his strikingly negative approach in his stage play Waiting for Godot (1953), also has a string of prose and poetry in similar vein to his credit over the years. So it was that Spitalfields Festival came to commission Alec Roth to write music to accompany a performance of Beckett's ‘Old Earth’ from his prose work Fizzles written 1972–75. This received its world première at Spitalfields Summer Festival 2012, suitably housed in the stark dark space of The Village Underground, a disused warehouse resembling an abandoned railway tunnel in London's East End. Trying to find my seat in the dark, when I attended the first night, 15 June 2012, shadowy figures were already chanting what turned out to be verses from James Joyce's Ulysses as a fittingly mysterious, if unheralded, informal prologue. This was followed by drama directed by Jonathan Holmes, founder of Jericho House, with music by The Sixteen under their founder-conductor Harry Christophers.

Film products to induce tourism is a new phenomenon for tourists to visit a destination that inspired by films and television. For example; film The Beach (Thailand), Tomb Raider (Cambodia), Entrapment (Malaysia), Lord of The Rings trilogy (New Zealand), Harry Potter trilogy (UK) and others. Many of this destination has turned into a popular tourist attraction. However, film products to induce tourism can also be unpredictable. The success of any film or television is not guaranteed, and the effects on inducing visits can be complex. Thus, this paper will analyze six of the characteristics of film products namely on location, off location, storyline, celebrity, film genres and film festivals. By understanding these characteristics of film products, this paper can help to increase a better understanding of the context of film products to induce tourism. Indeed, this paper also opens an opportunity for future researchers to study film products as a new strategy to induce the tourism industry where it can increase the number of tourists visiting.

This article compares the efforts of two Australian entrepreneurs to import Japanese entertainments for theatres in mid-twentieth-century Australia. David N. Martin of the Tivoli Circuit and Harry Wren, an independent producer, were rivals in the business of touring variety-revue. Both travelled to Japan in 1957, the year that the governments of Australia and Japan signed a landmark trade agreement. Whereas Martin's efforts were hampered by the legacy of wartime attitudes, Wren embraced the post-war optimism for trade. Wren became the Australian promoter for the Toho Company of Japan, touring a series of Toho revues until 1968. These Toho tours have been overlooked in Australian histories of cultural exchange with Japan. Drawing on evidence from archival sources and developing insights from foreign policy of the time, this article examines why Australian entrepreneurs turned to Japan, what Toho sent on tour, and how Toho's revues played in Australia. It analyses trade in touring entertainment as a form of entrepreneurial diplomacy that sought to realize the prospects of regional integration.

This article explores the little known yet intriguing life of Harry Compton (c. 1743–c. 1814), who first comes to our attention in the 1883 narrative of the life of his famed granddaughter, Silvia Dubois. An enslaved person turned independent businessman, Compton constructed a complex and evolving concept of masculinity in the face of oppression, encouraging us to understand black masculinity in slavery and freedom as a life-long pursuit of self-empowerment and personal reinvention. His story, which occurred mostly in rural New Jersey, adds nuance to scholars’ understanding of early black masculinity as a public performance that showcased one’s power and authority, or self-worth, while also providing an important example of black masculinity as a developing process. In telling Compton’s story, the article advances a number of narrative threads pertaining to eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century New Jersey, including slavery, gender, culture and economy, and the law. An analysis of Compton allows the reader to learn a great deal about the world in which he lived and, ultimately, overcame through his dynamic masculinity performed in various public settings.

Prunus pumila L. is a winter-hardy Siberian species widely used in kitchen-gardens, as well as in nurseries as a seed stock for plums and apricots and development of hybrids for stocks of these cultures. Rare cases of emergence of polyploids among introduced seedlings are known. Chromosome numbers of 11 morphologically different plants of this species from Chelyabinsk Oblast were studied in comparison with some plants from Barnaul with already known ploidy by cytological and cytometric methods. With the help of both methods it was established that all plants from Chelyabinsk Oblast turned out to be diploids. Ploidy of the control specimens from Barnaul was supported by the cytometric method. A rare emergence of polyploids when introducing P. pumila in the climatic conditions differing from the natural ones was confirmed.

This essay argues that the phenomenology of light in Thomas Hardy's novels affords a key to his representation of subjectivity. The lighting of most scenes in nineteenth-century fiction is never specified. But from the spectacular lighting effects of Hardy's early sensation novel, Desperate Remedies (1871), to the futile quest for the "City of Light" in Jude the Obscure (1895) and the burned-out pyrotechnics of his last narrative, The Well-Beloved (1897), the light of Hardy's fiction is marked in a double sense——both described in detail and registered as exceptional. Rather than a figure for enlightenment, as in the realist novels of George Eliot and others, Hardy's light is the medium of subjectivity, and it characteristically occludes and distorts as much as it illuminates. Like the painter J.M.W. Turner, whose art the novelist excitedly recognized as an analogue of his own, Hardy represents light not as an absence to be looked through but as something to be looked at and closely observed in all its varieties.

- Kirsch et al. (2002) studied all 47 randomized clinical trials (RCT) submitted by pharmaceutical companies to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of the six most prescribed Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) antidepressants. The mean difference between drug and placebo was less than 2 points on the 21-item (62- point) Hamilton Depression Scale (which is the version used in many of the these RTCs). This superiority to placebo, although statistically significant, was not clinically significant. Furthermore, 57% of the trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry failed to show a significant difference between drug and placebo. Most of these negative data were not published and were accessible only thanks to the Freedom of Information Act. Also other studies confirming this research (Whittington et al., 2004; Moncrieff & Hardy, 2007; Turner et al., 2008) are presented. These data are discussed in light of the wider problem of the roles of interpersonal relationship in psychiatric practice.KEY WORDS: antidepressants drugs, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), placebo, Kirsch, Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT)]

Background:The Phase 3b/4 study ORAL Shift demonstrated sustained efficacy and safety of tofacitinib modified-release (MR) 11 mg once daily (QD) following methotrexate (MTX) withdrawal that was non-inferior to continued tofacitinib + MTX use (per DAS28-4[ESR]), in patients (pts) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieved CDAI-defined low disease activity (LDA) with tofacitinib + MTX at Week (W)24.1Objectives:To assess the performance of alternative disease activity measures at W24 (randomisation) and W48 (study endpoint) in ORAL Shift.Methods:ORAL Shift (NCT02831855) enrolled pts aged ≥18 years with moderate to severe RA and an inadequate response to MTX. Pts received open-label tofacitinib MR 11 mg QD + MTX for 24 weeks. Achievement of CDAI LDA (≤10) at W24 was set as the criteria for entry to the 24-week double-blind MTX withdrawal phase, with pts randomised 1:1 to receive tofacitinib MR 11 mg QD + placebo (PBO) (ie blinded MTX withdrawal) or continue tofacitinib + MTX. In this post hoc analysis, efficacy analyses were performed in 8 subgroups defined by achievement of various disease activity criteria at W24: DAS28-4(ESR) remission (<2.6) or LDA (≤3.2); DAS28-4(CRP) <2.6 or ≤3.2; RAPID3 remission (≤3) or LDA (≤6); CDAI remission (≤2.8); and SDAI remission (≤3.3). For each subgroup, the proportion of pts who achieved the corresponding disease activity criterion at W48 was calculated, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated using the normal approximation to the binomial distribution. The change (Δ) from W24 to W48 in least squares (LS) mean DAS28-4(ESR) and DAS28-4(CRP) was also calculated in each subgroup, with a 95% CI for the difference between treatment groups estimated using a mixed model with repeated measures. Nominal p values were calculated and are presented with no formal statistical hypothesis testing formulated.Results:Overall, 694 pts entered the open-label phase of ORAL Shift, and 530 were randomised and received treatment in the double-blind phase; 264 and 266 pts received tofacitinib + PBO and tofacitinib + MTX, respectively (Figure 1a). Considering those pts who were randomised and treated, the proportion of pts achieving each disease activity criterion at W24 varied, but was similar between treatments within each subgroup (Figure 1a). Among pts who met each disease activity criterion at W24, generally the majority of pts in both treatment groups also met the same criterion at W48 (Figure 1b). Numerically more pts receiving tofacitinib + MTX vs tofacitinib + PBO continued to meet the corresponding criterion at W48. Regardless of the disease activity criterion met at W24, differences between treatment groups in LS mean ΔDAS28-4(ESR) (Figure 1c) and ΔDAS28-4(CRP) (data not shown) from W24 to W48 favoured tofacitinib + MTX vs tofacitinib + PBO.Conclusion:This post hoc analysis of data from pts randomised and treated in ORAL Shift demonstrated that, regardless of the disease activity state criterion met at W24, generally a majority of pts receiving tofacitinib maintained achievement of the corresponding disease activity criterion at W48, with or without continued MTX. Differences between treatment groups in LS mean ΔDAS28-4(ESR) from W24 to W48, as defined by achievement of LDA or remission with a variety of disease activity measures, were less than a change of 1.2, which is considered to be the threshold for a minimal clinically important improvement.2References:[1]Cohen et al. Lancet Rheumatol 2019; 1: E23-34.[2]Ward et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 1691-1696.Acknowledgements:Study sponsored by Pfizer Inc. Medical writing support was provided by Gemma Turner, CMC Connect, and funded by Pfizer Inc.Disclosure of Interests:Roy Fleischmann Speakers bureau: Pfizer Inc, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Samumed, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, VORSO, Boulos Haraoui Speakers bureau: Amgen, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Maya H Buch Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Gilead, MSD, Pfizer Inc, Roche, Sanofi, Grant/research support from: Pfizer Inc, Roche, UCB, David Gold Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Gosford Sawyerr Consultant of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Syneos Health Inc, Harry Shi Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Annette Diehl Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Kristen Lee Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc.

The events surrounding the pandemic have forced us to redefine the importance of distance education (DEC) both in the globalized world and in Ukraine in particular. The speed of the unfolding events did not leave an opportunity to prepare in advance for the new educational conditions. Moreover, many had the impression that a week or two of forced vacation will pass quickly and everything will return to normal. But everything turned out much worse than anyone could have predicted.Therefore, there was an urgent need to restructure the entire educational process in a short time, to transfer it to a remote mode, relying only on available, albeit limited, strength and resources.The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of HarRI NAPA under the President of Ukraine in the implementation of distance learning during quarantine activities.

Abstract Cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale are commonly planted cover crops in corn and soybean systems and have the potential to provide early spring grazing. The three cover crops differ in growth pattern. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the grazing potential of the three species, including the timing of the start of grazing and nutritive value of forage as measured by growing calf gain. A 7.3 hectare field was divided into 9, 0.81-hectare paddocks. Three paddocks (n = 3 replicates per treatment) were randomly assigned to each treatment: variety not stated cereal rye, Pronghorn winter wheat, or NT11406 triticale. Pastures were seeded in Mid-September following early maturity soybean harvest and received no fertilizer. Fifty-four steers (305 kg SD ± 5 kg) were stratified by weight and assigned to one of nine groups which were then assigned to a paddock. The paddocks were split in half. Steers were turned out when forage reached a 12.7 cm height and rotated to the other half once the occupied half reached 5 cm. Grazing began April 3 for rye pastures and April 9 for triticale and wheat pastures. Two groups of cattle grazing rye were pulled April 29 due to limited forage. All remaining cattle were pulled May 8 to allow for soybean planting. Throughout the grazing period pre and post-graze biomass did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) among treatments. Average daily gain did not differ among treatments (P = 0.88) averaging 1.79, 1.86, 1.84 kg/day for rye, wheat and triticale, respectively. Likewise, gain per hectare did not differ (P = 0.80) among treatments with 378, 399, 394 kg/ha for rye, wheat, and triticale, respectively. Rye offered grazing a full week before triticale and wheat, but all three small grain cereal species resulted in desirable animal performance.

Abstract Sexual symmetry, defined as equal allelic frequencies among reproduction effective gametes of both sexes, was analysed by means of 10 isozyme loci in three natural populations of Austrocedrus chilensis (dioecious and wind pollinated tree species). Haplotypes of effective gametes were inferred by analysing side-by-side both the embryo and the endosperm of seeds collected from 20 to 27 trees per population. The allelic frequencies of effective ovules and pollen were compared in each of the three populations. The hypothesis of sexual symmetry could only be rejected in case of one locus in two out of three analysed populations. That is, most of the loci surveyed turned out to be symmetric in the three sampled populations in spite of their contrasting environmental conditions. Therefore, sexual symmetry in A. chilensis seems to be mainly uninfluenced by the environment. On the other hand, all loci showed Hardy- Weinberg (HW) proportions in the three populations, even those that resulted asymmetric. HW structure is usually considered as enough evidence of panmixia, what implies sexual symmetry, and consequently this result gives an example of the low reliability of indirect methods of testing genetic processes, such as the classical HW test.

Thomas Hardy was a very famous and the last important novelist of the Victorian age in England, his novels and poems have a great influence in the literature in 20 century. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one among his works. This novel describes a miserable and hard life of one beautiful and pure girl named Tess after being seduced. The article reveals the society environment, the peasant poverty family, the inequality of gender and the false moral value at that time by describing Tess’ life. Tess’ tragic life is caused by many factors and it’s the result of the burden of society. Except this, her own weakness in character cannot be separated from her tragedy, because she obviously has the dual nature — resistance and compromise, which seems like the nature of many women. As a poor peasant girl, Tess once tried to fight with destiny, but she failed. In the end, she turned out to be a murderer and also the victim of society like all other things which disobey the rules at that time. Eventually, she was separated from her lover and hanged. A beautiful and pure girl came to such a miserable life and tragic ending.

Freezing is the major abiotic stress that limits geographical distribution of warm-season turfgrasses. Prior studies have indicated variation in freezing tolerance in saltgrass clones. Therefore, this 2-year study examined the freezing tolerance of 27 saltgrass clones as related to collection sites in three zones of cold hardiness. Furthermore, these clones were evaluated for time of leaf browning in the fall with the intent to determine if there was a correlation between this trait and freezing tolerance. Rhizomes were sampled during 2004 and 2005 midwinters from clones established in Fort Collins, Colo., and then subjected to a freezing test. Saltgrass freezing tolerance was highly influenced by the climatic zone of clone origin in both years of the experiment. Clones with greater freezing tolerance turned brown earlier in fall in both seasons. Ranking of zones for the average LT50 was: zone 4 (–17.2 °C) < zone 5 (–14.4 °C) < zone 6 (–11.1 °C) in 2004 and zone 4 (–18.3 °C) < zone 5 (–15.7 °C) < zone 6 (–13.1 °C) in 2005. Clones from northern areas tolerated lower freezing temperatures better overall. This confirmed that freezing tolerance is inherited. Large intraspecific variation in freezing tolerance may be effectively used in developing cold-hardy cultivars.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were subjected to genotyping via microarrays. A total of 24 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within tested genes were investigated. Two CSN1S1 SNPs were monomorphic, while allele CSN1S1_3*G in CSN1S1_3 SNP dominated with a frequency of 99.39%. Out of seven CSN2 SNPs, four were polymorphic; however, only for CSN2_3 all three genotypes were detected. Only three out of nine SNPs within CSN3 were monomorphic. Three PAEP SNPs were also found to be polymorphic with heterozygotes being most frequent. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for eight variants. It was shown that only CSN3_6 was not in HWE. The fact that many of investigated SNPs were monomorphic may suggest that in the past the reproduction program favored one of these genotypes. SNPs that are included in commercially available microarrays should be monitored in relation to changes in their frequencies. If a SNP has turned monomorphic, maybe it should be considered for removal from the microarray.

The subfamily Aphyssurinae, herein established, comprises only the precinctively Australian genus Aphyssura Hardy. These flies are all small (overall length up to ca. 5 mm) and of fairly uniform structure. The subfamily and genus are characterised as follows: the long arista is sparsely plumose on the basal quarter of its third segment, and thence spiculate to the apex; the prosternum is sparsely bristled; some bristles (anterior presutural intraalar, immediately presutural intraalar, lateral scutellars and intrapostalar) are lacking; cell r 4+5 is closed or even has a short appendix; the calypteres are bare; the males have a relatively narrow frons, an uncleft fifth sternite armed with a down-turned subapical spine; the cerci are completely fused. The females often completely different from the males in coloration, and the dorsal sclerites of the ovipositor are greatly reduced; reproduction is by larviparity. The previously described species – A. minuta (Malloch), A. dubia (Walker) and A. pusilla (Macquart) – are characterised. The following new species are described: A. arenicola, A. attonita, A. banksi, A. contexta, A. crassigaster, A. cygnea, A. eyrei, A. halli, A. humei, A. ioannes, A. liepae, A. mongensis, A. narrogina, A. nigricans, A. rubida, A. rustica, A. southcotti, A. sturti, A. tanni, A. territorialis, A. therribriana, A. tonnoiri, A. ungarrana, and A. zentae. A key to species is given. Illustrations of diagnostic features of the male and female terminalia are given.

Freezing is the major abiotic stress that limits geographic distribution of warm season turfgrasses. Prior studies have indicated variation in freezing tolerance in saltgrass clones. Therefore, this study examined freezing tolerance of 27 saltgrass clones as related to collection sites in three zones of cold hardiness. Furthermore, these clones were evaluated for time of leaf browning in the fall with the intent to determine if there was a correlation between this trait and freezing tolerance. Rhizomes were sampled during 2004 and 2005 midwinters from clones established in Fort Collins, Colo., and then subjected to a freezing test in a programmable freezer. Saltgrass freezing tolerance was highly influenced by the climatic zone of clone origin in both years of the experiment. Clones with greater freezing tolerance turned brown earlier in fall in both seasons. Ranking of zones for the average LT50 (lethal temperature at which 50% of rhizomes died) was: zone 4, most northern (−17.2 °C) < zone 5 (−14.4 °C), < zone 6, most southern (−11.1 °C) in 2004, and zone 4 (−18.3 °C), < zone 5 (−15.7 °C) < zone 6 (−13.1 °C) in 2005. Clones from northern areas tolerated lower freezing temperatures overall. This likely indicates that freezing tolerance is inherited. Large intraspecific variation in freezing tolerance may be effectively used in developing cold hardy cultivars.

Surprise best seller fails to capture the triumph of azar nafisi's reading lolita in tehran (2003). This “memoir in books” recounting the cultural politics of postrevolutionary Iran—not exactly the subject matter that typically sends a book to the top of the literary charts—turned out to be “a bookseller's dream” (Burwell 143). It sold millions, was translated into thirty-two languages, and—perhaps most impressively—generated a critical lovefest that united neocon hawks like Bernard Lewis with progressive luminaries like Margaret Atwood. Far less surprising, however, was the familiar canard of “Oriental darkness” dominating the book's mainstream reception: the idea that non-Westerners have no literature of their own and know nothing about the Western canon. Many commentators refused to consider the radical possibility that Iranians may have already been acquainted with some canonical occidental texts. Nowhere to be found in this discussion was the name Ibrahim Younisi (1926-2012), whose fifty-year career in literary translation underscores that Iranians have long been avid readers and enthusiastic translators of world literature. Sadly, this ignorance is not limited to mainstream literary publications; John O. Jordan and Nirshan Perera's Global Dickens fails to mention that Charles Dickens's works have been in widespread circulation in Iran since the 1960s. Decades before Nafisi supposedly led her students to Western literary civilization, Younisi had translated not just Dickens but also Thomas Hardy, Henry Fielding, Shakespeare, and George Eliot. By the time of his death, Younisi's résumé included more than seventy translations, encompassing literary texts, criticism, memoir, and historical scholarship.

Diptera is a megadiverse order, reaching its peak of diversity in Neotropics, although our knowledge of dipteran fauna from this region is grossly lacking. This applies even to the most studied families, such as Drosophilidae. Despite its prominence, most aspects of the biology of these insects are still poorly understood, especially those linked to natural communities. Field studies on drosophilids are highly biased towards fruit-breeding species. Flower-breeding drosophilids, however, are worldwide distributed, especially in tropical regions, although being mostly neglected. The present paper shows the results of a biodiversity inventory of flower-breeding drosophilids carried out in several localities in Brazil, based on samples of 125 plant species, from 47 families. Drosophilids were found in flowers of 56 plant species, from 18 families. The fauna discovered turned out to be mostly unknown, comprising 28 species, with 12 of them (> 40%) still undescribed. Not taking into account opportunistic species, two-thirds of the flower-exclusive diversity was undescribed. The Drosophila bromeliae species group was the most representative taxon, with eight species (six undescribed), including four polyphagous and four Solanum-specialized species. This specialization on Solanum is reported for the first time for Drosophilidae. Other taxa of restricted flower-breeding drosophilids were the Drosophila lutzii species group and two species of the genus Zygothrica Wiedemann. Some specimens of the genera Cladochaeta Coquillett, Rhinoleucophenga Hendel and Scaptomyza Hardy were found, but their relations to flowers are unclear. Additionally, ten species of broad niche were found using flowers opportunistically. Localities and host plants were recorded for all species collected.

Leptin is an important regulator of energy metabolism and reproduction and is mainly synthesized in the adipocytes and then secreted into bloodstream. Leptin receptor is one of regulating components of organism energetic homeostasis. Receptor influences on leptin effects by regulating feed intake, body weight and fat deposition. Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) is located in the sixth chromosome in the region that correlates with content of intramuscular fat, thickness of back fat, growth rate and pig carcass parameters. Due to these correlations, LEPR is known to be gene candidate that controls quantitative traits. Leptin receptor gene consists of 20 exons; not less than 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in gene structure in different gene sites (exons, introns, 5’ and 3’ regions). SNPs of LEPR gene can be chosen as useful markers for predicting breeding value in pigs. For the experiment SNP c.232T>A was chosen; it is located in the second exon of LEPR gene. The aim of work was to study spreading of SNP c.232Т>А in LEPR gene of breeds under Ukrainian selection; to estimate if marker selection for proving meat quality is possible using chosen SNP as a marker. Materials and methods. For genetic population analysis, DNA samples of Large White breed (bred in Stepne farm, Poltava region, Ukraine) and Mirgorod breed (bred in Dekabristy farm, Poltava region, Ukraine) were used; 50 samples of each breed were taken for the research. Samples were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. Deviations from genetic equilibrium found using the Hardy-Weinberg coefficient were signified with chi-square criterium, the frequency of alleles, estimation of gene frequencies, determination of heterozygosity were counted using GenAlex 6.0. Results. Genetic researches showed polymorphism c. 232Т>А in LEPR gene to be spread in population of Large White breed and Mirgorod breed under Ukrainian selection. Polymorphism with AA genotype was shown to be spread the most. In studied Large White population highly probable deviation of the actual distribution of genotypes of the expected value for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2 = 15.759, p ≤ 0.001) was found. The deviation was caused by increasing homozygotes (АА = 0.680). Small amount of heterozygotes (АТ = 0.160) and alternative homozygotes (ТТ = 0.160) was found. Positive designation of Rayt index (0.561) and the advantage of expected heterozygosis (0.365) on the actual (0.160) also show existence of selection pressure of LEPR in this herd. In Myrgorod pig population big amount of animals turned out to be homozygotes АА (0,720), small amount of heterozygotes was found (АТ=0.280), alternative homozygotes TT were not found. Deviation from spreading of genotypes of the expected value for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not significant and did not have a significant nature (χ2 = 1.325); SNP variety (c. 232Т>А) in LEPR gene is not spread, so this SNP in Mirgorod breed wasn’t under selection pressure. The fact of low selection pressure of (c. 232Т>А) in LEPR gene in Mіrgord breed can also be proved of negative designation of Rayt index (-0,163) and domination of heterozygotes (0.280). Allele A is found to be dominative above allele T in both studied populations. Conclusions. After DNA analysis of two breeds under Ukrainian selection (Mirgorod and Large White breeds) polymorphism c. 232Т>А in LEPR gene SNP was found to be spread; chosen SNP can be used for further researches in association analysis for finding correlation between SNP and meat traits.

For over 25 years, rootstocks for sweet cherries are evaluated in different locations in the german federal state of Rhenania Palatinate. They are situated in a vine growing climate and have medium-heavy soils. Replant disease of stone fruit plays a significant role in most orchards. In general, all trees in the rootstock trials are trained as central leader and planted 4.0 to 4.5 m by 2.0 to 3.0 m depending on the expected vigour. In addition to the common performance parameters, tree health, anchorage and tendency for root suckers are observed. In 2013 a new rootstock trial has been established including, inter alia, the new Weigi series and some recent Gisela numbers. In the experimental orchard of Oppenheim, replanted soil can be compared to new land. Up to now, Weigi 2 is slightly more dwarfing but also less productive in this trial what is no disadvantage regarding the fruit size. In the group of semi-dwarfing rootstocks Weigi 1, Weigi 3, Gisela 13 and Gisela 17 seem to be similar both in vigour and yield efficiency. In this group there is an interest to replace PiKu 1 which turned out to be not winter hardy enough and susceptible to heavy soils and bark beetles under German conditions. Training trials revealed that also with low tree forms, yields and qualities comparable to the spindle can be obtained. The picking performance can be improved in many cases. Mechanical pruning only makes sense if it is combined with manual correction pruning. An exclusive mechanical pruning reduces the fruit size and can also reduce the picking performance.

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to present a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of the Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned entrepreneur regarding the evolution, commercialization and challenges of bringing a technological invention to market. Design/methodology/approach – The interviewee is Professor Moshe Shoham, Director of the Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology. Professor Shoham is also the Founder of Mazor Robotics Ltd. and the co-founder of Microbot Medical. As a pioneer of new and developing fields in medical robotics, Shoham describes his major advancements and innovative approaches. Findings – Professor Moshe Shoham has BSc in Aeronautical Engineering, MSc and DSc in Mechanical Engineering from Technion, where he has been teaching for the past nearly 30 years, and is currently the Tamara and Harry Handelsman Academic Chair in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. The Technion is renowned for the ingenuity of its graduates, who comprise 70 per cent of Israel’s founders and managers of high-tech industries, making Israel the greatest concentration of high-tech start-up companies anywhere outside of Silicon Valley, California, USA. Along with Technion’s expert faculty, students and facilities, Professor Shoham founded Mazor Robotics in 2001 and co-founded Microbot Medical Ltd. in 2010. Originality/value – Professor Shoham, a worldwide acclaimed authority in the field of robotics whose life work is dedicated to developing technologies that improve patient care, is the inventor of the first commercially available mechanical guidance system for spine surgery, the Mazor Robotics Renaissance™ Guidance System. He is also the visionary and creator of the unprecedented Microbot ViRob, an Autonomous Advancing Micro Robot, <1 mm in diameter, which has the ability to crawl within cavities/lumens, allowing physicians to target a disease site with exquisite precision. His latest work includes a revolutionary swimming Micro Robot and the new Mazor Renaissance® Brain Surgery. Professor Shoham holds 30 patents and more than a dozen awards, including the recent prestigious 2013 Thomas A. Edison Patent Award and the election into the National Academy of Engineering.

John Collier was a chemical engineer who, in his earlier career, was a specialist in two–phase flow and heat transfer. He was formerly Chairman of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and was Chairman of Nuclear Electric plc when he died on 18 November 1995. John Collier was born in London on 22 January 1935. His father, Jack Collier, was a musician who was one of the country's leading double–bass players. Jack had turned down the job of lead bass with the Hallé Orchestra at the age of 20 and set out to see the world. While playing in the ship's band on a transatlantic trip he met John's mother (Edith Georgina de Ville, a passenger on the same ship) and married her soon afterwards, in 1925. John was their only child and his infant years were spent in prewar London, his father making a name for himself playing music of a wide variety. During the war, Jack Collier became a member of ENSA, the Forces' entertainment service. His attempts to protect his wife and child against the bombing seemed to be relatively unsuccessful; he moved them to Southampton, Coventry and Manchester in turn! The young John Collier, at the age of six, was actually machinegunned by a German fighter plane flying down a Southampton street. John and his mother finally returned to London just in time for the start of the V1 (flying bomb) raids. All these moves meant that John attended nine different schools during the war years–a very disruptive experience. The family was reunited again after the war but their happiness was short–lived; John's mother (Edith) had a recurrence of the cancer she had suffered towards the end of the war and died in 1948. In 1951, Jack Collier married Guinevere (Jean) Olga Northcote. By this time, he was working freelance, playing with the major London orchestras; he was much in demand. He still did some work with lighter music, particularly on the radio where he played in such programmes as ITMA (Tommy Handley) and The Goon Show (Spike Milligan, Harry Secombe and Peter Sellers), and he later played on television shows such as The Morecombe and Wise Show.

Christoph Antons (ed.); Law and development in East and South-East Asia (Adriaan Bedner) David B. Dewitt, Carolina G. Hernandez (eds); Development and security in Southeast Asia (vol. 1 & 2) (Freek Colombijn) Lily Kong, Brenda S.A. Yeoh; The politics of landscape in Singapore; Constructions of ‘nation’ (Ben Derudder) Andrew Hardy; Red hills; Migrants and the state in the highlands of Vietnam (Hans Hägerdal) Hanneman Samuel, Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds); Indonesia in transition; Rethinking ‘civil society’, ‘region’, and ‘crisis’ (david Henley) S. Margana; Pujangga Jawa dan bayang-bayang kolonial (Mason Hoadley) Karel E.M. Bongenaar; De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturend landschap in Nederlandsch-Indie: 1855-1942 (Gerry van Klinken) Pamela J. Stewart, Andrew Strathern; Humors and substances; Ideas of the body in New Guinea (Michael Lieber) Wu Xiao An; Chinese business in the making of a Malay state, 1882-1941 (Loh Wei Leng) Mikihiro Moriyama; Sundanese print culture and modernity in 19th-century West Java (Julian Millie) Yunita T. Winarto; Seeds of knowledge; The beginning of integrated pest management in Java (Simon Platten) Jelle Miedema, Ger Reesink; One head, many faces; New perspectives on the Bird’s Head Peninsula of New Guinea (Anton Ploeg) Christopher R. Duncan (ed.); Civilizing the margins; Southeast Asian government policies for the development of minorities (Nathan Porath) Rosario Mendoza Cortes, Celestina Puyal Boncan, Ricardo Trota Jose; The Filipino saga; History as social change (Portia L. Reyes) Stephen Dobbs; The Singapore River; A social history, 1819-2002 (Victor R. Savage) Michael Wood; Official history in modern Indonesia; New Order perceptions and counterviews (Henk Schulte Nordholt) Claudio O. Delang (ed.); Living at the edge of Thai society; The Karen in the highlands of northern Thailand (Nicholas Tapp) Andrew C. Willford, Kenneth M. George (eds); Spirited politics: Religion and public life in contemporary Southeast Asia (Bryan S. Turner) Hans Straver, Chris van Fraassen, Jan van der Putten (eds); Ridjali: Historie van Hitu; Een Ambonse geschiedenis uit de zeventiende eeuw (Edwin Wieringa) Z.J. Manusama; Historie en sociale structuur van Hitu tot het midden der zeventiende eeuw (Edwin Wieringa) Edwin Jurriëns; Cultural travel and migrancy; The artistic representation of globalization in the electronic media of West Java (Tim Winter) In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (BKI), no. 162 (2006), no: 1, Leiden

Abstract Introduction: In plasma, factor XI (FXI) circulates as a homodimeric precursor of a serine protease (FXIa), which plays an essential role in the contact activation of coagulation through the conversion of FIX to FIXa in a calcium-dependent manner. Each FXI monomer contains a heavy chain and a light chain that are joined together by disulphide bonds. The heavy chain contains all four apple domains and the light chain contains the serine protease domain. The fourth apple domain is necessary for dimerization. The gene for FXI is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q35) and contains 15 exons and 14 introns. To date, more than 240 mutations have been reported (http://www.factorxi.org). The prevalence of FXI deficiency in Caucasians is reported as low, but might be underestimated. Women with low FXI levels (<70%) are prone to excessive bleeding during menstruation. However, bleeding manifestations are not well correlated with the plasma FXI levels and bleeding episodes can vary widely among patients with similar low FXI levels. In our previous study (Knol et al, AJOG, 2013), we found 4% FXI deficiency (< 70%) in unselected Dutch women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). We also found that patients had significantly longer APTT compared to controls (26.5 vs 25.0 sec; p=0.001), despite higher levels of factor VIII. This turned out to be caused by lower median levels of FXI (100 vs 124 IU/dL; p<0.001). These lower levels of FXI and increased bleeding tendency could be caused by the presence of specific single-nucleotide variants in the FXI gene in women with HMB. To our knowledge, systemic analysis of FXI gene variants in women with HMB has not been reported. Aim: to determine the single-nucleotide variants of the FXI gene in women with heavy menstrual bleeding. Methods: the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Center of Groningen. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. We included patients referred for heavy menstrual bleeding (PBAC-score >100). We measured the Tosetto bleeding score by questionnaire. FXI activity levels were determined by an one-stage clotting assay (Siemens, Marburg, Germany). Reference interval was 65-150%. Direct sequencing analysis of all 15 exons and flanking introns of the factor XI gene was performed to detect single-nucleotide variants. Results were compared with the HapMap and 1000 genome database using the Fisher exact probability test on a 2x3 contingency table. In addition, we tested each single-nucleotide variant for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Results: We included 49 patients. Median FXI level was 96% (range 61%-155%). We found 31 different single-nucleotide variants in 49 patients with HMB. Seven out of 31 could not be compared to the control group due to small numbers, unknown frequency, or absence from the database. From the remaining 24 single-nucleotide variants (Figure 1), two (rs925451 and rs2241817) showed a significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.01). These two single-nucleotide variants showed also a significant departure from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.01). There was no correlation between the number of single-nucleotide variants and the FXI level, PBAC-score or bleeding score. Conclusions: Our study provides a detailed analysis of single-nucleotide variants of the factor XI gene. Among these 31 variants, rs925451 and rs2241817 seem to be associated with heavy menstrual bleeding.Overall, these data may serve as reference group for future studies on the molecular background of factor XI deficiency and heavy menstrual bleeding. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Two sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] genotypes (TU-82-155 and NCC-58) were grown hydroponically and subjected to a temporary loss of lighting in the form of 14 days of prolonged darkness compared with a lighted control under standard daily light periods to determine the impact on growth responses and storage root yield. Vine cuttings of both genotypes were grown in rectangular channels. At 65 days after planting, lights were turned off in the treatment chambers and replaced by a single incandescent lamp, providing between 7 and 10 µmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) for 18 hours, and the temperature lowered from 28/22 °C light/dark, to a constant 20 °C. Plants remained under these conditions for 14 days after which the original light level was restored. Growth chamber conditions predark included, a PPF mean provided by 400-W metal halide lamps, of 600 ± 25 µmol·m−2·s−1, an 18-hour light/6-hour dark cycle and a relative humidity of 70% ± 5%. The nutrient solution used was a modified half-Hoagland with pH and electrical conductivity (EC) maintained between 5.5–6.0 and 1000–1200 μS·cm−1, respectively, and was adjusted weekly. Storage root number and fresh weight were similar regardless of treatments. Plants exposed to prolonged darkness produced 10.5% and 25% lower fibrous root fresh and dry mass, respectively, but similar foliage yield and harvest index (HI). ‘NCC-58’ produced an average of 31% greater storage root yield than that of ‘TU-82-155’ but the number of storage roots as well as % dry matter (%DM) were similar. ‘NCC-58’ also produced 31% greater fibrous root dry weight, whereas ‘TU-82-155’ produced a 44% greater HI. The significant interaction between prolonged darkness and cultivars for %DM of the storage roots showed that DM for ‘TU-82-155’ was 18.4% under prolonged darkness and 17.9% in the light. That for ‘NCC-58’ was 16.4% under prolonged darkness compared with 19.4% (14.8% greater) for plants that were not subjected to prolonged darkness. The evidence that there were no adverse impacts on storage root yield following the exposure to prolonged darkness suggests that the detrimental effects were below the detectable limits for these cultivars in response to the short perturbation in the available light and that sweetpotatoes would be hardy under short-term failure situations.

In contemporary science of population genetics it is equally complex and important to visualize how adaptive limits of individual variation are determined, as well as to describe the amount and sort of this variation. Almost all century the scientists devoted their efforts to explain the principles and structure of biological variation (genetic, developmental, environmental, interactive, etc.), basing its maintenance within existing limits mostly on equilibria proclaimed by Hardy-Weinberg rules. Among numerous model-organisms that have been used to prove these rules and demonstrate new variants within mentioned concepts, Drosophila melanogaster is a kind of queen that is used in thousands of experiments for almost exactly 100 years (CARPENTER 1905), with which numerous discoveries and principles were determined that later turned out to be applicable to all other organisms. It is both, in nature and in laboratory, that Drosophilids were used to demonstrate the basic principles of population-genetic variation that was later applied to other species of animals. In ecological-genetic variation their richness in different environments could be used as an exact indicator of the status of a determined habitat, and its population-genetic structure may definitely point out to a possibility that specific resources of the environment start to be in danger to deteriorate, or to disappear in the near future. This paper shows clear-cut differences among environmental habitats, when populations of Drosophilidae are quantitatively observed in different wild, semi-domestic and domestic environments, demonstrating a highly expressed mutual dependence of these two parameters. A crucial approach is how to estimate the causes that determine the limits of biological, i.e. of individual and population-genetic variation. The realized, i.e. adaptive variation, is much lesser than a total possible variation of a polygenic trait, and in this study, using a moderately complex gene-enzyme system, is estimated to be smaller than 0.2%. For an allozymic system based on 9 loci at three D. melanogaster chromosomes, the estimate is that chromosomal types are reduced, on the average, to ca. 3% during meiotic divisions, and that available gene-enzyme combinations are reduced further 15 times in gamete selection. So finalized metabolic or adaptive developmental programs are emphasized to be the basic targets of Darwinian selection, rather than chromosomes or individual genes, that are involved in these programs.

Woodland sage (Salvia nemorosa L.; Lamiaceae) is a hardy herbaceous perennial plant that is easy to grow and propagate and is used in parks and grown as potted plants. During the summer of 2009 in a nursery near Torino in northern Italy, a leaf blight was observed on 30-day-old plants of cv. Blau Koenigin grown in pots under shade. Semicircular, water-soaked lesions developed on leaves just above the soil line at the leaf-petiole junction and later along leaf margins. Lesions expanded along the midvein until the entire leaf was destroyed. Blighted leaves turned brown, withered, and clung to the shoots. No symptoms were observed on the roots. Severely infected plants died. Diseased tissue was disinfested for 10 s in 1% NaOCl, rinsed with sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin sulfate. A fungus with morphological characters of Rhizoctonia solani (3) was consistently recovered. Ten-day-old mycelium grown on PDA at 22 ± 1°C appeared light brown, rather compact, and with radial growth. Sclerotia were irregular and measured between 0.5 and 2 mm. Pairings were made with tester isolates of AG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, and AG B1. The only successful anastomosis was with tester isolate AG 1 (ATCC 58946). The hyphal diameter at the point of anastomosis was reduced, the anastomosis point was obvious, and cell death of adjacent cells was observed. Results were consistent with other reports on anastomosis reactions (2). The description of sclerotia of the isolate AG1 was typical for subgroup 1A Type 2 (3). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 688 bp showed a 100% homology with the sequence of R. solani AG-1A and the nucleotide sequence has been assigned (GenBank Accession No. HM044764). For pathogenicity tests, the inoculum of one isolate of R. solani from the nursery was prepared by growing the pathogen on PDA for 7 days. The foliage of 30-day-old potted plants of S. nemorosa cv. Blau Koenigin was artificially inoculated with an aqueous suspension of PDA and mycelium fragments (1 g per mycelium per plant) prepared from cultures with a blender. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 3 days. Plants inoculated with water and PDA fragments alone served as control treatments. Plants were maintained in a glasshouse at 20 to 25°C. The first symptoms, similar to those observed in the nursery, developed 7 days after foliar inoculation. R. solani was consistently reisolated from infected leaves. Control plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight of S. nemorosa caused by R. solani in Italy as well as worldwide. The importance of the disease is still unknown. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) D. E. Carling. Page 35 in: Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 1996. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1991.

Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) is widely cultivated in Korea as an ornamental houseplant and succulent garden plant because of its ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors. In August 2010, suspected nursery-stage kalanchoe leaf scorch was found at a grower's greenhouses located in Gimhae, Korea. In some greenhouses, 20 to 30%, and occasionally as much as 50%, of the plants were affected. Symptoms on kalanchoe include browning of the leaf margins and yellowing or darkening of tissues between the main leaf veins. As the disease progresses, affected leaves dried up, turned brown, and became brittle. A velvety, blackish olive mold formed on the surface of the dead tissue, followed by plant defoliation. Fresh leaf specimens were collected from infected plants and the causal pathogen was purified with a single-spore isolation technique and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies on PDA developed a gray or grayish brown, hairy, velvety mycelium that was mostly immersed and also formed conidia. Conidia were pale to mid brown, oblong, smooth or verruculose, with three to five transverse and one to two longitudinal septa in two to three transverse divisions, and 32 to 55 × 11 to 18 μm. Conidiophores were pale to mid brown, solitary or in fascicles, unbranched or occasionally branched, straight or flexuous, more or less cylindrical but enlarged slightly at one to three apical percurrent proliferations, septate, and 80 to 300 × 2 to 5 μm. A representative isolate of the pathogen was inoculated on kalanchoe leaves for pathogenicity testing. Cultures grown on PDA were flooded with sterile distilled water and after rubbing with an artist's paintbrush with hair bristles, the resulting suspensions were filtered through sterile cheesecloth. Conidial suspensions were adjusted to 2.5 × 104 conidia/ml with sterile distilled water. The leaves of five 1-month-old potted plants were wounded by applying pressure with forceps having serrated teeth, bruising the tissue. Wounded plants were sprayed with a conidial suspension until runoff. Five plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. The plants were maintained for 48 h at 25°C in a humidity chamber with 100% relative humidity and were then moved to a greenhouse. Symptoms similar to those observed in the farmer's greenhouse developed on wounded leaves within 9 days. The causal pathogen was reisolated from the lesions to prove Koch's postulates. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) gene were amplified and sequenced (1). Amplification of the ITS region generated a 579-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ840713) and gpd was 558 bp (GenBank Accession No. JF776462). The ITS and gpd sequences were 100% similar to the sequences of Stemphylium xanthosomatis (GenBank Accession Nos. AF442804 and AF443903, respectively). On the basis of symptoms, mycological characteristics, pathogenicity, and molecular data, this fungus was identified as S. xanthosomatis. The type culture of the fungus is stored at the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC 45812), National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf scorch caused by S. xanthosomatis on kalanchoe in Korea. Reference: (1) M. P. S. Câmara et al. Mycologia 94:660, 2002.

Hairy crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.) is a troublesome weed in most agricultural crops worldwide. Considerable efforts are made to limit the invasiveness and impact of crabgrass on crop productivity, including evaluation of fungi as biocontrol agents (3). In September 2005, a severe disease was observed on crabgrass plants in Zhejiang Province. Leaves and stems of the affected plant showed small, water-soaked, brownish spots that rapidly turned into longitudinal elliptic or spindle-shaped lesions, 6.5 to 8 × 22 to 24 mm, with a brown outer edge and a gray sunken central area. Coalescence of large lesions gave rise to extensive rotting and necrosis, and the stems were broken when the lesions encircled. Acervuli with brown setae and falcate single-celled spores, typical of some Colletotrichum species (2), formed on the lesions at this late stage. One fungal isolate (Col-68) was obtained from symptomatic tissues on potato dextrose agar that led to white-to-gray appressed mycelium growth with orange conidial masses at 28°C in darkness. Setae were septate, dark brown, rounded and sometimes lobed at base, 32.0 to 116.5 × 3.2 to 6.0 μm, with apices acute. Hyphae were septate, hyaline, 1.0 to 6.5 μm, and sometimes guttulate. Conidia were falcate or fusiform, apices acute or obtuse, and 8.16 to 26.37 × 2.9 to 9.2 μm with an average of 18.15 × 5.65 μm. Hyphopodial appressoria were smooth, globose to prolate, ovoid or obovoid with obtuse or cylindrical apices, edges entire, and 4.17 to 14.25 × 3.77 to 8.94 μm with an average of 7.0 × 6.9 μm. The pathogen was initially identified as a Colletotrichum species based on morphology. Suspensions of 3-day-old spores collected from potato dextrose liquid cultures (106 conidia per ml) were used to spray inoculate (15 ml per pot) three 9-cm-diameter pots of crabgrass seedlings at the three- to four-leaf growth stage. Another three pots of healthy crabgrass were simultaneously sprayed with sterilized distilled water without conidia, which served as noninoculated checks. The seedlings were kept at 25 to 28°C for 24 h under a polyethylene sheet cover in the greenhouse. Symptoms that developed in all inoculated seedlings were identical to those observed on the affected crabgrass in the field, meanwhile the seedlings inoculated with sterilized water had no significant symptoms, and the reisolated strain had the same characteristics as the original isolate. To diagnose the pathogen to the species level, three isolates were tested and an approximately 580-bp DNA amplicon of this isolate was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. GQ456160) had 98% sequence identity with the sequences of Colletotrichum hanaui (GenBank Accession Nos. EU554101and EU554124), which is supported by phylogenetic analysis with bootstrap support. On the basis of the morphological, pathological characteristics, and phylogenetic tree, the isolated strain was identified as C. hanaui (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of anthracnose of D. sanguinalis caused by newly described C. hanaui in China. References: (1) J. A. Crouch et al. Mycologia, 101:717, 2009. (2) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. CAB International Publishing, New York, 1980. (3) Y. Z. Zhu and S. Qiang. Chin. J. Biol. Control 20:206, 2004.

Promising types of climbing shrubs have important aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic importance as types of multi-purpose use in the development of urban and agroecosystems in arid regions (Volgograd region). The purpose of the research is to determine the prospects for the use of climbing shrubs in the vertical gardening of residential areas on chestnut soils based on the study of their biological potential. The object of research was climbing shrubs growing in the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the landscaping of Volgograd and Kamyshin. In collection plantings, 5 species of different geographical origin grow: Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera caprifolium. Under the conditions of introduction, all types of climbing shrubs bloom and bear fruit. The ability of climbing shrubs to self-reproduce indicates the degree of their adaptation to new environmental conditions. Plants of all studied species reached the generative phase of development. Studies on the negative effects of low temperatures on plants in the winter showed that they are mostly frost and winter hardy and suitable for vertical gardening of residential areas of Volgograd and Kamyshin. It was revealed that climbing shrubs are quite resistant to the transfer of a complex of winter factors. North American, European and Far Eastern (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata) winter the best in the collections. They have a high winter hardiness score. The area of their natural distribution is located at the same geographical latitudes as the Lower Volga. Campsis radicans freezes when lowering winter temperatures to -37°C. It has been established that the climate of the region of their natural distribution is largely similar to the area of introduction, therefore, they turned out to be quite adapted to the new growing conditions. The distribution range of the Caucasian-Mediterranean and East Asian species is much to the south. Campsis radicans and Lonicera caprifolium tolerate lower freezing temperatures worse. These species should be introduced into the southern regions of the Volgograd region. In plants at a young age and with increasing temperature and falling humidity of air and soil by the end of the growing season, the water deficit increases. The greatest water deficit during drought (July, August) as a percentage is observed in Vitis amurensis at about 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia has a water deficit of about 18%, then Campsis radicanswithin 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. The lowest water deficit is observed in Lonicera caprifolium (about 10%). Studies have shown that vertical landscaping involving climbing shrubs improves the microclimate. Wall plantings of maiden grapes in the hot summer months (July, August) reduce the air temperature by an average of 3 - 4 ° C, increase air humidity to 55 - 60% and bring microclimate parameters closer to the zone of hygienic comfort. A high yield of planting material can be achieved due to the optimal harvesting time of cuttings. The economic efficiency of production, expressed as a percentage, was 186 for Campsis radicans and 212% for Lonicera caprifolium. Вьющиеся кустарники имеют важное эстетическое и санитарно-гигиеническое значение как виды многоцелевого использования при развитии городских и агроэкосистем в засушливых районах (Волгоградская область). Объекты исследования – 5 видов вьющихся кустарников(Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera Caprifolium) в коллекциях Федерального научного центра агроэкологии Российской академии наук. Выявлено, что устойчивы к переносу комплекса зимних факторов североамериканские, европейские и дальневосточные виды (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata), естественный ареал которых расположен в тех же географических широтах, что и Нижнее Поволжье. Ареал кавказско-средиземноморских и восточноазиатских видов значительно южнее. Campsis radicans и Lonicera caprifoliumрекомендуются для южных районов Волгоградской области. Установлено, что с повышением температуры и падением влажности воздуха и почвы к концу вегетации наибольший дефицит наблюдается у Vitis amurensis - 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia–18%, Campsis radicans– 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. Низкий дефицит воды у Lonicera Caprifolium (около 10%). Исследования показали, что вертикальное озеленение с использованием вьющихся кустарников улучшает микроклимат в жаркие летние месяцы.

Родовой комплекс Robinia L. представляет большой интерес для мобилизации генетических ресурсов в лесозащитные и озеленительные насаждения аридного региона. В настоящее время широкое распространение в озеленении и лесомелиорации на юге страны получил только один вид робинии Robinia pseudoacacia L. ( Р. лжеакация, или белая акация). Объектами исследований стали виды и формы рода Robinia: R. viscosa Vent. R. luxurians (Dieck) S.K. Schneid. R. pseudoacacia L. R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. unifoliola (Talou) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., интродуцированные в дендрологических коллекциях Волгоградской области: ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10 и Нижневолжской станции по селекции древесных пород, 34:36:0000:14:0178. Цель работы изучить особенности роста и развития видов и форм рода Robinia в условиях интродукции и определить отношение к лимитирующим экологическим факторам сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. В результате проведенных исследований были установлены особенности роста и развития видов и форм рода Robinia в условиях интродукции, выявлены экологические закономерности формирования плодов и семян, определены пороговые значения климатических факторов по отношению к процессам жизнедеятельности, установлены особенности ростовых процессов в засушливых условиях. Выявлено, что основными факторами, лимитирующими процессы адаптации видов и форм рода Robinia в сухостепных условиях Нижнего Поволжья, является засуха и экстремально высокие и низкие температуры воздуха (40, 43). Толерантность растений к данным климатическим факторам является важным показателем успешности их интродукции. Исследования показывают, что существовавшие ранее различия в степени морозостойкости и засухоустойчивости между видами в процессе постепенной адаптации значительно сократились. Данный факт объясняется высокими темпами адаптации Robinia pseudoacacia к лимитирующим факторам окружающей среды. Еще недавно критической для этого вида считалась температура воздуха 25С. Как показали наши исследования, этот порог в процессе акклиматизации значительно снизился и составляет 37С. Все изучаемые виды робинии имеют относительно высокую степень зимостойкости в условиях сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. Менее зимостойкими оказались только декоративные формы Robinia pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. и Robinia pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., размножаемые в культуре преимущественно вегетативным способом. Определено, что робиния может успешно выращиваться в разных почвенногеографических районах сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. Максимальных размеров и долговечности насаждения из робинии достигают на черноземных почвах. Высота насаждений в 20летнем возрасте составляет 912 м. Посадки на темнокаштановых почвах к 20летнему возрасту достигают 810 метровой высоты, а на светлокаштановых 56 метров. The generic complex Robinia L. is great interest for the mobilization of genetic resources in forest protection and landscaping of the arid region. Currently wide spread in planting and forest reclamation in the South received only one kind of locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. ( R. leachate, or black locust). The objects of research were species and forms of the genus Robinia: R. viscosa Vent. R. luxurians (Dieck) S. K. Schneider. R. pseudoacacia L. R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. unifoliola (Talou) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., introduced in the dendrological collections of the Volgograd region: FSC Agroecology RAS, cadastral number 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10 and the lower Volga station for selection of wood species, 34:36:0000:14:0178. The aim of the work is to study the features of growth and development of species and forms of the genus Robinia in terms of introduction and to determine the attitude to the limiting environmental factors of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga Region. As a result of the research, the features of the growth and development of species and forms of the genus Robinia in terms of introduction were established, the ecological regularities of the formation of fruits and seeds were revealed, the threshold values of climatic factors in relation to the processes of life were determined, the features of growth processes in arid conditions were established. It was found that the main factors limiting the adaptation of species and forms of the genus Robinia in the dry steppe conditions of the Lower Volga region is drought and extremely high and low air temperatures (40, 43). Tolerance of plants to these climatic factors is an important indicator of the success of their introduction. Studies show that preexisting differences in frost and drought resistance between species have been significantly reduced through gradual adaptation. This fact is explained by the high rate of adaptation of Robinia pseudoacacia to the limiting factors of the environment. Until recently, the air temperature of 25C was considered critical for this species. As our studies have shown, this threshold in the process of acclimatization has significantly decreased and is 37C. All studied species of Robinia have a high degree of winter hardiness in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region. Less hardy turned out to be only ornamental forms of Robinia pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. and Robinia pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., propagated in culture mainly vegetative way. It is determined that Robinia can be successfully grown in different soilgeographical areas of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region. Maximum size and longevity of the plantings of locust reach on Chernozem soils. The height of the plantings in the 20yearold whoplant is 912 m. Planting on dark chestnut soils to 20yearold reach 810 meter height, and on light chestnut56 meters.

Fred Turner is considered one of the most influential experts on, and critical observers of, cyberculture. He is Harry and Norman Chandler Professor of Communication at Stanford University in the Department of Communication. Through his work, he provided a thoughtful analysis of the politics and culture of Silicon Valley. In his books, he explored the connections between the collaborative and interdisciplinary research culture of the Second World War, the protest movements of the 1960s, and the managerial ethos permeating digital and new media industries. In this interview, we discuss about the consequences that the countercultural movements had on the organization of labor in modern tech giants, especially in relation to the substitution of hierarchies for flat and more entrepreneurial structures. We also talk about the consequences that a code of ethics might have in the democratization of technology and the responsibility that we have as citizens and academics.

The Harry Potter (HP) Fan Fiction (FF) phenomenon offers an opportunity to explore the nature of fame and the work of fans (including the second author, a participant observer) in creating and circulating cultural products within fan communities. Matt Hills comments (xi) that “fandom is not simply a ‘thing’ that can be picked over analytically. It is also always performative; by which I mean that it is an identity which is (dis-)claimed, and which performs cultural work”. This paper explores the cultural work of fandom in relation to FF and fame. The global HP phenomenon – in which FF lists are a small part – has made creator J K Rowling richer than the Queen of England, according to the 2003 ‘Sunday Times Rich List’. The books (five so far) and the films (three) continue to accelerate the growth in Rowling’s fortune, which quadrupled from 2001-3: an incredible success for an author unknown before the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone in 1997. Even the on-screen HP lead actor, Daniel Radcliffe, is now Britain’s second wealthiest teenager (after England’s Prince Harry). There are other globally successful books, such as the Lord of the Rings trilogy, and the Narnia collection, but neither of these series has experienced the momentum of the HP rise to fame. (See Endnote for an indication of the scale of fan involvement with HP FF, compared with Lord of the Rings.) Contemporary ‘Fame’ has been critically defined in relation to the western mass media’s requirement for ‘entertaining’ content, and the production and circulation of celebrity as opposed to ‘hard news’(Turner, Bonner and Marshall). The current perception is that an army of publicists and spin doctors are usually necessary, but not sufficient, to create and nurture global fame. Yet the HP phenomenon started out with no greater publicity investment than that garnered by any other promising first novelist: and given the status of HP as children’s publishing, it was probably less hyped than equivalent adult-audience publications. So are there particular characteristics of HP and his creator that predisposed the series and its author to become famous? And how does the fame status relate to fans’ incorporation of these cultural materials into their lives? Accepting that it is no more possible to predict the future fame of an author or (fictional) character than it is to predict the future financial success of a book, film or album, there is a range of features of the HP phenomenon that, in hindsight, helped accelerate the fame momentum, creating what has become in hindsight an unparalleled global media property. J K Rowling’s personal story – in the hands of her publicity machine – itself constituted a magical myth: the struggling single mother writing away (in longhand) in a Scottish café, snatching odd moments to construct the first book while her infant daughter slept. (Comparatively little attention was paid by the marketers to the author’s professional training and status as a teacher, or to Rowling’s own admission that the first book, and the outline for the series, took five years to write.) Rowling’s name itself, with no self-evident gender attribution, was also indicative of ambiguity and mystery. The back-story to HP, therefore, became one of a quintessentially romantic endeavour – the struggle to write against the odds. Publicity relating to the ‘starving in a garret’ background is not sufficient to explain the HP/Rowling grip on the popular imagination, however. Instead it is arguable that the growth of HP fame and fandom is directly related to the growth of the Internet and to the middle class readers’ Internet access. If the production of celebrity is a major project of the conventional mass media, the HP phenomenon is a harbinger of the hyper-fame that can be generated through the combined efforts of the mass media and online fan communities. The implication of this – evident in new online viral marketing techniques (Kirby), is that publicists need to pique cyber-interest as well as work with the mass media in the construction of celebrity. As the cheer-leaders for online viral marketing make the argument, the technique “provides the missing link between the [bottom-up] word-of-mouth approach and the top-down, advertainment approach”. Which is not to say that the initial HP success was a function of online viral marketing: rather, the marketers learned their trade by analysing the magnifier impact that the online fan communities had upon the exponential growth of the HP phenomenon. This cyber-impact is based both on enhanced connectivity – the bottom-up, word-of-mouth dynamic, and on the individual’s need to assume an identity (albeit fluid) to participate effectively in online community. Critiquing the notion that the computer is an identity machine, Streeter focuses upon (649) “identities that people have brought to computers from the culture at large”. He does not deal in any depth with FF, but suggests (651) that “what the Internet is and will come to be, then, is partly a matter of who we expect to be when we sit down to use it”. What happens when fans sit down to use the Internet, and is there a particular reason why the Internet should be of importance to the rise and rise of HP fame? From the point of view of one of us, HP was born at more or less the same time as she was. Eleven years old in the first book, published in 1997, Potter’s putative birth year might be set in 1986 – in line with many of the original HP readership, and the publisher’s target market. At the point that this cohort was first spellbound by Potter, 1998-9, they were also on the brink of discovering the Internet. In Australia and many western nations, over half of (two-parent) families with school-aged children were online by the end of 2000 (ABS). Potter would notionally have been 14: his fans a little younger but well primed for the ‘teeny-bopper’ years. Arguably, the only thing more famous than HP for that age-group, at that time, was the Internet itself. As knowledge of the Internet grew stories about it constituted both news and entertainment and circulated widely in the mass media: the uncertainty concerning new media, and their impact upon existing social structures, has – over time – precipitated a succession of moral panics … Established commercial media are not noted for their generosity to competitors, and it is unsurprising that many of the moral panics circulating about pornography on the Net, Internet stalking, Web addiction, hate sites etc are promulgated in the older media. (Green xxvii) Although the mass media may have successfully scared the impressionable, the Internet was not solely constructed as a site of moral panic. Prior to the general pervasiveness of the Internet in domestic space, P. David Marshall discusses multiple constructions of the computer – seen by parents as an educational tool which could help future-proof their children; but which their children were more like to conceptualise as a games machine, or (this was the greater fear) use for hacking. As the computer was to become a site for the battle ground between education, entertainment and power, so too the Internet was poised to be colonised by teenagers for a variety of purposes their parents would have preferred to prevent: chat, pornography, game-playing (among others). Fan communities thrive on the power of the individual fan to project themselves and their fan identity as part of an ongoing conversation. Further, in constructing the reasons behind what has happened in the HP narrative, and in speculating what is to come, fans are presenting themselves as identities with whom others might agree (positive affirmation) or disagree (offering the chance for engagement through exchange). The genuinely insightful fans, who apparently predict the plots before they’re published, may even be credited in their communities with inspiring J K Rowling’s muse. (The FF mythology is that J K Rowling dare not look at the FF sites in case she finds herself influenced.) Nancy Baym, commenting on a soap opera fan Usenet group (Usenet was an early 1990s precursor to discussion groups) notes that: The viewers’ relationship with characters, the viewers’ understanding of socioemotional experience, and soap opera’s narrative structure, in which moments of maximal suspense are always followed by temporal gaps, work together to ensure that fans will use the gaps during and between shows to discuss with one another possible outcomes and possible interpretations of what has been seen. (143) In HP terms the The Philosopher’s Stone constructed a fan knowledge that J K Rowling’s project entailed at least seven books (one for each year at Hogwarts School) and this offered plentiful opportunities to speculate upon the future direction and evolution of the HP characters. With each speculation, each posting, the individual fan can refine and extend their identity as a member of the FF community. The temporal gaps between the books and the films – coupled with the expanding possibilities of Internet communication – mean that fans can feel both creative and connected while circulating the cultural materials derived from their engagement with the HP ‘canon’. Canon is used to describe the HP oeuvre as approved by Rowling, her publishers, and her copyright assignees (for example, Warner Bros). In contrast, ‘fanon’ is the name used by fans to refer the body of work that results from their creative/subversive interactions with the core texts, such as “slash” (homo-erotic/romance) fiction. Differentiation between the two terms acknowledges the likelihood that J K Rowling or her assignees might not approve of fanon. The constructed identities of fans who deal solely with canon differ significantly from those who are engaged in fanon. The implicit (romantic) or explicit (full-action descriptions) sexualisation of HP FF is part of a complex identity play on behalf of both the writers and readers of FF. Further, given that the online communities are often nurtured and enriched by offline face to face exchanges with other participants, what an individual is prepared to read or not to read, or write or not write, says as much about that person’s public persona as does another’s overt consumption of pornography; or diet of art house films, in contrast to someone else’s enthusiasm for Friends. Hearn, Mandeville and Anthony argue that a “central assertion of postmodern views of consumption is that social identity can be interpreted as a function of consumption” (106), and few would disagree with them: herein lies the power of the brand. Noting that consumer culture centrally focuses upon harnessing ‘the desire to desire’, Streeter’s work (654, on the opening up of Internet connectivity) suggests a continuum from ‘desire provoked’; through anticipation, ‘excitement based on what people imagined would happen’; to a sense of ‘possibility’. All this was made more tantalising in terms of the ‘unpredictability’ of how cyberspace would eventually resolve itself (657). Thus a progression is posited from desire through to the thrill of comparing future possibilities with eventual outcomes. These forces clearly influence the HP FF phenomenon, where a section of HP fans have become impatient with the pace of the ‘official’/canon HP text. J K Rowling’s writing has slowed down to the point that Harry’s initial readership has overtaken him by several years. He’s about to enter his sixth year (of seven) at secondary school – his erstwhile-contemporaries have already left school or are about to graduate to University. HP is yet to have ‘a relationship’: his fans are engaged in some well-informed speculation as to a range of sexual possibilities which would likely take J K Rowling some light years from her marketers’ core readership. So the story is progressing more slowly than many fans would choose and with less spice than many would like (from the evidence of the web, at least). As indicated in the Endnote, the productivity of the fans, as they ‘fill in the gaps’ while waiting for the official narrative to resume, is prodigious. It may be that as the fans outstrip HP in their own social and emotional development they find his reactions in later books increasingly unbelievable, and/or out of character with the HP they felt they knew. Thus they develop an alternative ‘Harry’ in fanon. Some FF authors identify in advance which books they accept as canon, and which they have decided to ignore. For example, popular FF author Midnight Blue gives the setting of her evolving FF The Mirror of Maybe as “after Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and as an alternative to the events detailed in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, [this] is a Slash story involving Harry Potter and Severus Snape”. Some fans, tired of waiting for Rowling to get Harry grown up, ‘are doin’ it for themselves’. Alternatively, it may be that as they get older the first groups of HP fans are unwilling to relinquish their investment in the HP phenomenon, but are equally unwilling to align themselves uncritically with the anodyne story of the canon. Harry Potter, as Warner Bros licensed him, may be OK for pre-teens, but less cool for the older adolescent. The range of identities that can be constructed using the many online HP FF genres, however, permits wide scope for FF members to identify with dissident constructions of the HP narrative and helps to add to the momentum with which his fame increases. Latterly there is evidence that custodians of canon may be making subtle overtures to creators of fanon. Here, the viral marketers have a particular challenge – to embrace the huge market represented by fanon, while not disturbing those whose HP fandom is based upon the purity of canon. Some elements of fanon feel their discourses have been recognised within the evolving approved narrative . This sense within the fan community – that the holders of the canon have complimented them through an intertextual reference – is much prized and builds the momentum of the fame engagement (as has been demonstrated by Watson, with respect to the band ‘phish’). Specifically, Harry/Draco slash fans have delighted in the hint of a blown kiss from Draco Malfoy to Harry (as Draco sends Harry an origami bird/graffiti message in a Defence against the Dark Arts Class in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban) as an acknowledgement of their cultural contribution to the development of the HP phenomenon. Streeter credits Raymond’s essay ‘The Cathedral and the Bazaar’ as offering a model for the incorporation of voluntary labour into the marketplace. Although Streeter’s example concerns the Open Source movement, derived from hacker culture, it has parallels with the prodigious creativity (and productivity) of the HP FF communities. Discussing the decision by Netscape to throw open the source code of its software in 1998, allowing those who use it to modify and improve it, Streeter comments that (659) “the core trope is to portray Linux-style software development like a bazaar, a real-life competitive marketplace”. The bazaar features a world of competing, yet complementary, small traders each displaying their skills and their wares for evaluation in terms of the product on offer. In contrast, “Microsoft-style software production is portrayed as hierarchical and centralised – and thus inefficient – like a cathedral”. Raymond identifies “ego satisfaction and reputation among other [peers]” as a specific socio-emotional benefit for volunteer participants (in Open Source development), going on to note: “Voluntary cultures that work this way are not actually uncommon [… for example] science fiction fandom, which unlike hackerdom has long explicitly recognized ‘egoboo’ (ego-boosting, or the enhancement of one’s reputation among other fans) as the basic drive behind volunteer activity”. This may also be a prime mover for FF engagement. Where fans have outgrown the anodyne canon they get added value through using the raw materials of the HP stories to construct fanon: establishing and building individual identities and communities through HP consumption practices in parallel with, but different from, those deemed acceptable for younger, more innocent, fans. The fame implicit in HP fandom is not only that of HP, the HP lead actor Daniel Radcliffe and HP’s creator J K Rowling; for some fans the famed ‘state or quality of being widely honoured and acclaimed’ can be realised through their participation in online fan culture – fans become famous and recognised within their own community for the quality of their work and the generosity of their sharing with others. The cultural capital circulated on the FF sites is both canon and fanon, a matter of some anxiety for the corporations that typically buy into and foster these mega-media products. As Jim Ward, Vice-President of Marketing for Lucasfilm comments about Star Wars fans (cited in Murray 11): “We love our fans. We want them to have fun. But if in fact someone is using our characters to create a story unto itself, that’s not in the spirit of what we think fandom is about. Fandom is about celebrating the story the way it is.” Slash fans would beg to differ, and for many FF readers and writers, the joy of engagement, and a significant engine for the growth of HP fame, is partly located in the creativity offered for readers and writers to fill in the gaps. Endnote HP FF ranges from posts on general FF sites (such as fanfiction.net >> books, where HP has 147,067 stories [on 4,490 pages of hotlinks] posted, compared with its nearest ‘rival’ Lord of the rings: with 33,189 FF stories). General FF sites exclude adult content, much of which is corralled into 18+ FF sites, such as Restrictedsection.org, set up when core material was expelled from general sites. As an example of one adult site, the Potter Slash Archive is selective (unlike fanfiction.net, for example) which means that only stories liked by the site team are displayed. Authors submitting work are asked to abide by a list of ‘compulsory parameters’, but ‘warnings’ fall under the category of ‘optional parameters’: “Please put a warning if your story contains content that may be offensive to some authors [sic], such as m/m sex, graphic sex or violence, violent sex, character death, major angst, BDSM, non-con (rape) etc”. Adult-content FF readers/writers embrace a range of unexpected genres – such as Twincest (incest within either of the two sets of twin characters in HP) and Weasleycest (incest within the Weasley clan) – in addition to mainstream romance/homo-erotica pairings, such as that between Harry Potter and Draco Malfoy. (NB: within the time frame 16 August – 4 October, Harry Potter FF writers had posted an additional 9,196 stories on the fanfiction.net site alone.) 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Watson, Nessim. “Why We Argue about Virtual Community: A Case Study of the Phish.net Fan Community.” Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. Ed. Steven G. Jones. London: Sage, 1997. 102-32. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Green, Lelia, and Carmen Guinery. "Harry Potter and the Fan Fiction Phenomenon." M/C Journal 7.5 (2004). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/14-green.php>. APA Style Green, L., and C. Guinery. (Nov. 2004) "Harry Potter and the Fan Fiction Phenomenon," M/C Journal, 7(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/14-green.php>.