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Ahrens, Christian. "Richard Wagner's Twelve Organ Pipes." Galpin Society Journal 50 (March 1997): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/842572.
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Wu, Shen Chun, Jhih Huang Gao, Zih Yan Huang, Dawn Wang, Cho Jeng Huang, Hsih Shing Li, Sheng Jwu Su, and Ya Wei Lee. "Effect of Increasing Wick Evaporation Area on Heat Transfer Performance for Loop Heat Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.223.
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This study investigates the effects of increasing the evaporating area of wick in a loop heat pipe (LHP). This work attempts to improve the performance of the loop heat pipe by increasing the number of grooves and thereby the surface area of the wick. The number of grooves is increased from eight to twelve. Experimental results show that increasing the number of grooves not only increases the surface area of the wick but also enhances LHP performance. When the evaporating surface area increases by 50%, which corresponds to increasing the number of grooves from eight to twelve, the heat transfer capacity increases from 310W to 470W and the thermal resistance is reduced from 0.21°C/W to 0.17°C/W. According to preliminary measurements, increasing the number of grooves in the loop heat pipe is highly promising for improving the heat transfer performance.
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Trebuňa, František, František Šimčák, Miroslav Pástor, and Patrik Šarga. "Balancing of Forces in Segments of Axial Bearing by Dynamometers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 816 (November 2015): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.816.437.
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The Francis turbine in water power plant station is positioned at top and bottom axial hanging bearings. During reparation work the turbine was disassembled and during assembling the adjusting segments in the hanging bearings were released. In the paper are described procedures that are necessary in order to provide correct distribution of axial forces in twelve segments of upper axial hanging bearing by strain-gages applied on elastic pipes positioned under individual bearing segments.
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Bloom, J. M. "Validation of Creep Crack Growth Life Estimation Methodology/Hot Reheat Steam Pipes." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929597.
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This paper documents a validation study of a creep crack growth life estimation methodology developed by Riedel and Rice, Saxena, and Bassani which has been implemented into a Babcock & Wilcox computer code. This computer code called PCCREEP was developed for estimation of remaining lives of fossil power plant components with both postulated and in-service determined defects. The initial validation was performed through comparisons with other computer codes. However, these comparisons were limited to continuous operating conditions (steady-state creep) and bulk creep deformation properties for secondary creep only. Even with the independent comparison with other available life estimation codes, the question still remained of how well can the creep crack growth methodology estimate actual field lives? This paper presents the results of a study of a life estimation scheme for hot reheat steam pipes having defects found in service. The initial survey was conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) of U.S. electric utility problems with hot reheat steam pipes. The primary reason for that study was three catastrophic failures of hot reheat steam pipes in 1979, 1985, and 1986. These pipes were seam-welded 1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo and 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo. All these ruptures initiated from flaws (near the weld fusion line) which grew by a creep mechanism. This EPRI data base consisted of twelve pipes with flaws found from inspection. While several assumptions relating to material properties and operating conditions were required (due to insufficient information), predictions demonstrated that life estimation is possible provided material property data representative of the material condition for the component in question is available. Discussion is given regarding the significance of the postulated flaw location, constraint (stress triaxiality) effects for buried flaws, and the importance of weld metal, heat-affected zone, and base metal properties to the accuracy of the life estimations.
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Tamarkin, Elisa. "The Chestnuts of Edwin Austin Abbey: History Painting and the Transference of Culture in Turn–of–the–Century America." Prospects 24 (October 1999): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000442.
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When edwin austin abbey, with eleven other artists and all the ritual of a new male order — round table, cob pipes, stone bottles of cider — founded the Tile Club in 1877, his sobriquet was “The Chestnut.” If not boating down the Erie Canal or on holiday in Easthampton, the men would make tiles for the home, ceramic wares of Shakespeare or rustics and florals, in the style of William Morris and his decorative arts. Twenty years before Charles Eliot Norton's Society of Arts and Crafts, such Tilers as Abbey, Augustus Saint–Gaudens, and Elihu Vedder would draw on the same crafts ideal, namely, an aesthetic for hard work and the “simple” productions of artisanal labor as an antidote to urban luxury. The club would find in guild fraternalism a weekly hobby, twelve men with sardines and crackers, noms de plume and seals, to revive a handicraft seen as both republican in its ethic and fashionably medieval. If modern life meant the enervation of Veblen's foppish and leisured class, the Tile Club was an authentically male pastime.
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Harris, Nicole, Gordon Lee Gillespie, and Kermit G. Davis. "Electronic Cigarettes: Exposure to secondhand vapors at a long-term healthcare company." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 11, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n2p1.
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Introduction: Healthcare workers in long term care settings have limited control over their occupational secondhand exposure to electronic cigarettes and other tobacco products.Methods: The study aimed to identify the perceived frequency of exposure to exhaled electronic cigarette vapor on healthcare workers within two sites of a long-term healthcare company. An online survey was completed by 149 (out of approximately 500) employees that asked about electronic cigarette personal usage, concerns for exposure, exposure times, and demographic data.Results: Twelve percent of all survey respondents expressed concerns related to second-hand exposure. Of those exposed, employee estimated exposure time was 2.1 minutes per shift for electronic cigarettes compared to 12.1 minutes per shift for cigarettes/cigars/pipes.Conclusions: Overall self-reported secondhand exposure to electronic cigarettes and cigarettes/cigars/pipes was low. To determine a definitive exposure level, quantitative sampling can be done related to chemical exposure via passive inhalation of the smoke and vapor cloud for cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, respectively. Education can be provided to healthcare workers and residents in long-term care facilities regarding risk of exposure to secondhand smoke to alleviate employees' concerns with exposure.
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Lumnwi, Modeste, Wilson Yetoh Fantong, and Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe. "CHALLENGES OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN BAFUT SUB-DIVISION, NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 10 (October 31, 2018): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i10.2018.1192.
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Drinking water if not monitored could be a vehicle for diseases of public health concern in Bafut Sub-Division Cameroon. The present study sought to assess the challenges faced by community water supply schemes based on the evaluation of quality and quantity. This study was a cross sectional community survey marked by field survey involving mapping, discharge measurement, potable water samples collection (springs, streams, rain, wells and boreholes) and laboratory analysis. Twelve pipe born water supply schemes and thirty-eight water sources were appraised within two intervals (March-July 2015 and October 2017-March 2018). Chemical analysis was done using an Ion Chromatography and microbial analyses using the presumptive test method and standard plate count. Hospital registers were reviewed on prevalence of water borne diseases. The results showed that major challenges of water supply included; dilapidated pipes, spring inputs and climate variability. Hydro chemical faces were sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride water types. A total Coliform count of 43 to >1100 per 100ml was recorded for March and July 2015 and 0-236Tcfu in March 2018. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were probably responsible for high rate of water borne diseases. There is need to develop standardize integrated water management plan in this area.
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Gill, L. W., A. Hand, and C. O'Súlleabháin. "Effective distribution of domestic wastewater effluent between percolation trenches in on-site treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0349.
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On-site treatment systems discharging to groundwater rely on the effective distribution of effluent across a percolation area to provide an appropriate loading rate for the subsoil. In Ireland, this is achieved in a distribution box which splits the effluent evenly between the requisite number of percolation pipes. The flow regime experienced at four different distribution boxes was monitored continuously over twelve month periods which established that the most common flow rates at the distribution unit were in the range 1–4 litres/minute for a four to five person dwelling. In addition, the average flow rate from the four sites was only 100 litres per person per day, compared to recommended design value of 180 litres per person per day. Two distribution boxes were also tested in the laboratory to assess their distribution efficiency over a range of loading rates. The most commonly installed unit was found to significantly favour two out of the four trenches and both units were shown to perform particularly poorly at a range of different off-level installation angles. Modifications to the boxes were also tested, involving plastic V-notch inserts which were shown to greatly improve the hydraulic distribution and make the unit much less sensitive to off-level installation or subsidence.
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Li, Hui, Shan Zeng, Xiwen Luo, Longyu Fang, Zhanhao Liang, and Wenwu Yang. "Design, DEM Simulation, and Field Experiments of a Novel Precision Seeder for Dry Direct-Seeded Rice with Film Mulching." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050378.
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Existing devices for dry direct-seeded rice with film mulching in northern China have limitations such as imprecise sowing, unadjustable sowing depth, and seeding device blocking. In this regard, this study proposes a combined seeding method of ‘mini shovel + telescopic pipe’ for dry direct-seeded rice with film mulching. A precision seeder for dry direct-seeded rice with film mulching was developed through theoretical calculations, discrete element modelling (DEM) simulations, and field experiments. The configuration and diameter of the rollers were obtained. Twelve telescopic pipes were evenly distributed on the circumference of the roller, with a contact ratio exceeding one. This ratio reduced the slip rate of the roller effectively. Subsequently, DEM was used to develop a 33 central composite design. The response surface was established with the sowing depth as the response value. According to agronomic requirements, the sowing depth was set to 20 mm. The optimal combination of working parameters was obtained by optimizing the regression equation. The field experiments showed that the performance of the precision seeder for dry direct-seeded rice with film mulching satisfied the requirements of agricultural production, working stably and reliably. The developed device represents a useful solution for dry direct-seeded rice with film mulching.
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Nolasco, Gisele Maria Correr, Genine Moreira de Freitas Guimarães, Ricardo Bressan, Rafaella Ronchi, Carla Castiglia Gonzaga, and Adilson Yoshio Furuse. "Influence of the conditioning technique of a lithium disilicate vitroceramic." RSBO 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v1i1.586.
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Introduction: Lithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramics are materials that require good adhesion to ensure clinical success. Objective: To evaluate the bond strength of resin cements to lithium-disilicateenhanced vitroceramics using different cleaning techniques of recently conditioned ceramics. Material and methods: Twelve ceramic discs (IPS Empress II) were made and inserted into PVC pipes using acrylic resin. The ceramic surface was designed and submitted to a 10% hydrofluoric acid conditioning process for 20s. Then, the specimenswere divided into 3 groups (n = 16) according to the cleaning techniques of recently conditioned ceramics: 1) control - conventional technique (no cleaning after the conditioning process); 2) application of 37% phosphoric acid for 20s; 3) 90% ethyl alcohol bath in a ultrasound tub for 4 min. After cleaning, the silane agent was applied for 1 minute and silicon matrices (1 mm in diameter x 1 mm in height) were made for further application of the resin cement (Vitique, DMG), which was handled according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Four cylinders were prepared on each ceramic surface. The specimens were storedin distilled water for 48 hours and subjected to the micro-shear test in a universal testing machine. After the micro-shear test, a failure analysis of the specimens was performed. Data were submitted to ANOVA (analysis of variance for a criterion) with a significance level of 5%. Results: There was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: the cleaning technique of the recently conditioned ceramics does not interfere with the resin/cement bond strength values
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Gisele Maria Correr Nolasco, Genine Moreira de Freitas Guimarães, Ricardo Bressan, Rafaella Ronchi, Carla Castiglia Gonzaga1, and Adilson Yoshio Furuse. "Influence of the conditioning technique of a lithium disilicate vitroceramic." RSBO 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 20–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v15i1.610.
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Lithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramics are materials that require good adhesion to ensure clinical success. Objective: To evaluate the bond strength of resin cements to lithium-disilicateenhanced vitroceramics using different cleaning techniques of recently conditioned ceramics. Material and methods: Twelve ceramic discs (IPS Empress II) were made and inserted into PVC pipes using acrylic resin. The ceramic surface was designed and submitted to a 10% hydrofluoric acid conditioning process for 20s. Then, the specimens were divided into 3 groups (n = 16) according to the cleaning techniques of recently conditioned ceramics: 1) control - conventional technique (no cleaning after the conditioning process); 2) application of 37% phosphoric acid for 20s; 3) 90% ethyl alcohol bath in a ultrasound tub for 4 min. After cleaning, the silane agent was applied for 1 minute and silicon matrices (1 mm in diameter x 1 mm in height) were made for further application of the resin cement (Vitique, DMG), which was handled according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Four cylinders were prepared on each ceramic surface. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours and subjected to the micro-shear test in a universal testing machine. After the micro-shear test, a failure analysis of the specimens was performed. Data were submitted to ANOVA (analysis of variance for a criterion) with a significance level of 5%. Results: There was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: the cleaning technique of the recently conditioned ceramics does not interfere with the resin/cement bond strength values.
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Draaijer, H., J. A. W. Maas, J. E. Schaapman, and A. Khan. "Performance of the 5 MLD UASB Reactor for Sewage Treatment at Kanpur, India." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (April 1, 1992): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0145.
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The present paper describes the performance of a 1200 m3 UASB reactor treating 5000 m3 municipal waste water per day at Kanpur, India. The reactor was constructed in three parallel compartments of 600, 300 and 300 m3 respectively to study the influence of various design and operational parameters on process performance. The 600 m3 compartment is the reference unit. In one of the 300 m3 compartments the effluent overflow gutters are provided with baffles to prevent overflow of floating material. The other 300 m3 compartment is provided with a double amount of inlet pipes at the bottom of the reactor to assess the effect of a more dense distribution of the influent. The start-up of the reactor was carried out without addition of seed sludge since the influent contained the necessary seeding material. Data collected over a period of twelve months showed that there was an average reduction in COD, BOD, and TSS concentrations of respectively 74, 75, and 75 % at a hydraulic retention time of 6 hours. Excess sludge production was 0.2 kg TSS/m3 waste water, having 60-70 percent ash. It could be dried in six days on open sludge drying beds. The biogas yield was 0.05 to 0.10 m3/kg COD removed. The gas had 75 to 80 percent methane. Also during winter time the treatment efficiency and process stability remained good. The compartment provided with baffles showed better removal efficiencies for COD, BOD, and TSS than the other compartments. A double number of inlet points did not show an increase in removal efficiency. A density of one inlet point per 3.7 m2 is sufficient to provide a properly distributed influent in the reactor.
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Setzer, William N., Grace Park, Brittany R. Agius, Sean L. Stokes, Tameka M. Walker, and William A. Haber. "Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Leaf Essential Oils of Twelve Species of Piper from Monteverde, Costa Rica." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 8 (August 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300823.
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The leaf essential oils of twelve species of Piper (Piperaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica ( Piper aequale, Piper amalago, Piper biasperatum, Piper bredemeyeri, Piper dotanum, Piper fimbriulatum, Piper glabrescens, Piper imperiale, Piper lanceifolium, Piper nemorense, Piper oblanceolatum, and Piper sp. A near aereum) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The Piper leaf oils have been screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli; for Artemia salina (brine shrimp) lethality; for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (human breast tumor) cells; and inhibition of the cysteine protease cruzain. A cluster analysis comparison with previously published Piper leaf oil compositions was carried out in order to discern the differences and similarities between the volatile chemical compositions of Piper species.
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Shirley, Larissa, Morgan Burgett, Tyler Field, Allan P. Schinckel, Kara R. Stewart, Ricardo M. Garcia, Jay S. Johnson, and Robert Stwalley. "PSVIII-19 Evaluation of Cooling Pads on Late Lactating Sows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.389.
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Abstract An electronically controlled cooling pad has been developed to remove excess heat from sows using water cooled by flowing through underground pipes. This study was designed to evaluate different water flush rates on physiological measures of heat stress on day 16 to 21 of lactation. Twelve sows were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (control (CN), flush 2.0 L over 30 sec every 2.5 minutes (F2.5), or flush every 5 minutes (F5)) in a Latin square design. Feed intake (FI) was recorded daily at 0700 h. Temperatures were gradually increased from 22°C at 0800 h to 32°C by 0930 h. Then 32°C was maintained until 1500 h, when cooling of the room began. After 1800 h, the cooling pads were flushed every 9 minutes. Rectal temperature (RTemp), skin temperature (STemp), and respiration rates (RR) were measured at 0700, 0730, 0900, 1200, 1500, and 1800 h daily, with thermal imaging (IR) being taken at 1200 and 1500 h. The effects of flush rate (amount of water flushed) on STemp were linear (P=0.023), with means of 35.9, 35.0, and 35.9°C for the CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments. Pad flush rate effects of RTemp were linear (P< 0.001) and were greater in CN sows compared to F2.5 and F5 (39.3°, 38.8°, and 38.9°C), P< 0.0001). RR was affected by treatment (60 vs 42 and 50 breaths/min, P< 0.005 for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Treatment by time interactions were significant for RR (P=0.0003) and RTemp (P=< 0.0001), with the greatest differences at 1200 and 1500 times (RR = 89, 48, & 65; and RTemp 39.9, 39.0, & 39.2°C for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Skin temps measured by thermal imaging were not different among treatments (P=0.38) nor DFI (P=0.41). Cooling pad use with a flush rate of 2.0 L/2.5 min reduced body temperature to euthermia without increasing RR most effectively. This has implications toward reducing energy expenditure for thermoregulatory processes, which can increase nutrient availability for lactation during HS.
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Olver, Ian N., Kate M. Gunn, Vikki E. Knott, Alwin Chong, Kristiaan Spronk, and Joan Cunningham. "Communicating cancer and its treatment to Australian Aboriginal patients with cancer: A qualitative study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24188-e24188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24188.
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e24188 Background: To enable clinicians to effectively communicate about cancer and its treatment to Aboriginal and Torres Strait (Aboriginal) people with cancer who need to make informed choices about the Western medicine offered, we sought strategies from health professionals with experience in that field. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to face or via telephone with the experienced health professionals and audio-recorded. Thematic analysis using a bottom up, essentialist/realist approach was employed to analyse the data, when data saturation was reached. Results: The 23 health professionals interviewed were medical and radiation oncologists, oncology nurses and Aboriginal health workers. Twelve were female, 11 were male with 5 identifying as Aboriginal. Six themes emerged. (1) Create a safe environment, engender trust and build rapport. This involves avoiding assumptions, allowing time, considering the physical environment, asking about home and family, being aware of gender issues and noting non-verbals. (2) Employ specific strategies to explain cancer, treatment and its side effects by using simple language, employing visual aids such as drawings, metaphors and relatable analogies such as trees with roots, weeds, abandoned rusty cars and blocked pipes. Use repetition and ensure alignment with patient needs. Warning about upcoming sensitive issues minimised the chance of disengagement. (3) Obtain support from those who can assist in communication. This includes interpreters, aboriginal liaison officers and health workers, and patient escorts. (4) Consider the culture which involves collective decision-making, strong connection to country and community, with cultural obligations and unique understanding of cancer which can involve curses, shame and utilise bush medicine. (5) Develop personal qualities of good communicators, including showing respect, patience, empathy, honesty, being person centred and embracing personal reflection. (6) Understand the contextual complexity of multiple languages, possible disengagement with treatment, difficulty maintaining contact with patients, conflicts between Western medicine and Aboriginal culture and late stage presentations. Be aware of practitioner bias. Conclusions: These insights will help foster more positive interactions with the health system and promote optimal outcomes for Aboriginal people with cancer and enable the creation of educational modules for inexperienced clinicians.
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Cain, Michael D., and James P. Barnett. "Effects of Early Release on Natural Versus Container Loblolly Pines 12 Years After Field Establishment." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/26.4.173.
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Abstract Genetically improved, container loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were compared to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site. Crop pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 2 ft radius of each stem. On release plots, woody competition was controlled by hand-cutting for 5 consecutive yr and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive yr after pine establishment. Competition control increased 12 yr survival by 68 percentage points for natural pines and by 47 percentage points for planted pines. Twelve years after field establishment, mean-tree volume of planted pines was no different than that of naturally established pines. Nevertheless, volume gains of 150% to 200% were achieved within regeneration techniques as a result of release. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):173–180.
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Cai, Cheng-Cheng, Ma-Cheng Yan, Hui Xie, and Sheng-Li Pan. "Simultaneous Determination of Ten Active Components in 12 Chinese Piper Species by HPLC." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39, no. 05 (January 2011): 1043–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11009391.
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Piper is a genus that is recently valued for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The major constituents, amides and lignans, are responsible for the antinociceptive and antidepressant activities. This study developed a RP-HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of eight amides and two lignans in twelve different species of Piper. HPLC separation was accomplished on a C18 analytical column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d.) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. All the calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients (r > 0.9997) over the test ranges. The relative standard deviation of the current method was less than 2.90% for intra- and inter-day assays and the average recoveries were between 98.25% and 103.08%. The HPLC method established is appropriate for quality control purposes and allows for the differentiation of Piper species.
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Zhu, Guangheng, Michelle Lee Webster, Adili Reheman, Pingguo Chen, Ebrahim Sayeh, Hong Yang, Ming Wang, John Freedman, and Heyu Ni. "Novel Mouse Anti-Mouse β3 Integrin Monoclonal Antibodies: Development and Characterization of New Reagents for Research in Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.2107.2107.
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Abstract Background: Platelets are critical for maintaining hemostasis, but inappropriate platelet activation can lead to pathogenic thrombosis. It has been demonstrated that the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 is essential for platelet aggregation and is also a major target antigen in immune thrombocytopenias (e.g. ITP). Current monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against this protein complex have been generated using traditional methods involving cross-species immunization (e.g. mouse proteins into rat hosts). These approaches may generate a limited repertoire of anti-β3 mAbs since the antigenicity of the protein and the variety of epitopes targeted are based on amino acid sequence differences between the two species and integrin family members are highly conserved. Additionally, studies in murine models of ITP are hampered by the use of xenogeneic antibodies rather than syngeneic antibodies. Methods: We developed a method to generate mouse anti-mouse β3 integrin mAbs utilising β3 gene deficient mice (β3−/−) immunized with wild-type platelets. To generate antibodies specific to the PSI domain (HPA-1 region) of β3 integrin, β3−/− mice were immunized with the recombinant murine PSI domain of β3 integrin. Platelet binding and specificity were determined by flow cytometry and western blot. In vitro effects on platelet function were measured using aggregometry. Different doses of mAbs (5, 10, and 15 μg/mouse) were injected intravenously to induce thrombocytopenia in vivo. Results: A total of twelve mAbs were generated against native β3 integrin (JAN A1, B1, C1, D1 and DEC A1 and B1, 9D2, M1) or recombinant PSI domain (PSI A1, B1, C1, E1). The mAbs were specific for β3 integrin; no binding was observed using β3−/− platelets. Isotyping showed that DEC A1 and DEC B1 are IgG3, PSI E1 is IgG2b, and all other mAbs are IgG1. The anti-PSI domain mAbs recognized linear epitopes and the anti-native β3 mAbs recognized conformational epitopes. All mAbs, with the exception of JAN A1 and B1, cross-reacted with human platelets. JAN C1, JAN D1, DEC A1, 9D2, M1, and all anti-PSI antibodies inhibited mouse platelet aggregation. These antibodies, except DEC A1, 9D2 and M1, also inhibited human platelet aggregation. One anti-PSI domain antibody (PSI B1), however, directly induced human platelet aggregation in the absence of agonist in platelet rich plasma but not in PIPES buffer. This suggests that PSI B1 may initiate conformational changes in β3 integrin and promote fibrinogen binding. Six anti-β3 mAbs (JAN A1, B1, C1 and D1, 9D2 and M1) induced severe dose-dependent thrombocytopenia in mice, while the anti-PSI domain mAbs induced only a mild decrease in platelet count. Interestingly, the two IgG3 mAbs (DEC A1 and B1) did not induce thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: This approach to generating mouse anti-mouse β3 integrin mAbs using β3−/− mice was successful. Different anti-β3 mAbs had different effects on platelet aggregation, and on the induction of thrombocytopenia. These mAbs may be useful reagents for research in thrombosis and immune thrombocytopenia and as novel anti-thrombotic therapeutics.
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Shukla, Rashmi, and Varsha Kashaw. "Wound healing prospective of pongamia glabra, piper nigrum and momordica charantia on albino rats using anemic burn wound model." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6-s (December 15, 2018): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2104.
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Objective: The objective of present work was to evaluate wound healing potential of pongamia glabra, piper nigrum and momordica charantia using as herbal ointment formulation on albino rats using burn wound model. All the plant has the rich source of alkaloid, glycoside, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids content and were used as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-malarial and having wound healing potential. Materials and Methods: Extract of all three plants has been separated by the Soxhlet extraction. Herbal ointment formulation has been prepared by mixing the extract of momordica charantia, pongamia glabra and piper nigrum with the wool fat and paraffin. Burn wound model has been utilized for the evaluation of wound healing potential. Histopathological evaluation has been also carried-out for the physical verification wound healing potential. Results and Conclusion: The studies on burn wound healing model reveals that all twelve groups showed decreased wound area on the time and there was no mortality observed in the course of study. Discussion: These studies have indicated that herbal ointment formulation of pongamia glabra, piper nigrum and momordica charantia has been utilized for wound healing and it is safer for topical application. No toxicity and mortality have been observed during the experimental tenure.
Keywords: Wound healing, momordica charantia, pongamia glabra, piper nigrum, burn wound model
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Provan, Jim, Wayne Powell, and Robbie Waugh. "Analysis of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) using intermicrosatellite amplification." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-096.
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Twelve potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars were analysed using intermicrosatellite amplification with two 5′-anchored repeat primers. Amplification products were resolved on polyacrylamide gels. In total, 24 polymorphic bands were scored and used to construct a dendrogram showing the relationships between the cultivars. The three late 19th – early 20th century cultivars studied were grouped together, as were the three accessions directly descended from S. tuberosum cv. Maris Piper. These results suggest that intermicrosatellite amplification is a potentially useful tool for both phenetic and genotyping studies. Key words : potato, microsatellites, intermicrosatellite amplification, genotyping.
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Kinn, D. N. "Incidence of pinewood nematode dauerlarvae and phoretic mites associated with long-horned beetles in central Louisiana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-032.
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In central Louisiana, Monochamustitillator and M. carolinensis are the principle vectors of dauerlarvae of the pinewood nematode. Although proportionally more M. carolinensis carry the nematode, M. titillator is the more abundant species. Neacanthocinusobsoletus, a common long-horned beetle found in dead pines, seldom carries the pinewood nematode. Twelve species of mites are found to have instars phoretic on these cerambycids. More species of mites are associated with M. titillator than with N. obsoletus and, with the exception of Histiogasterarborsignis, mites are more numerous on M. titillator. Longoseiuscuniculus, Trichouropodalamellosa, T. hirsuta, and Histiogaster spp. are the most common mite species. Deutonymphs of the two Trichouropoda spp. and Dendrolaelapsvaripunctatus were observed to prey upon the pinewood nematode under laboratory conditions.
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Kong, Suk-Min, Dong-Wook Oh, Seong-Won Lee, Chang-Yong Kim, and Yong-Joo Lee. "Effects of Pile Installation on Existing Tunnels Using Model Test and Numerical Analysis with Medium Density Sand." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 6904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156904.
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Vital underground structures such as sewers, power transmission lines, subways, and underpasses are potentially vulnerable to adverse effects from aboveground construction. In this study, the influence of pile installation on nearby existing tunnels was investigated. Both a laboratory model test and finite-element numerical analysis were conducted. Twelve different combinations of horizontal and vertical offsets between the pile and the tunnel were investigated. Different surcharge loads (allowable and ultimate) were also considered. In this way, the appropriate separation distance between the existing tunnel and the piles was established for sandy, medium-compaction soil. Although this study considers simple ground conditions, it facilitates safe construction by confirming the appropriate separation distance and comparing the areas that cannot be penetrated by the structures of each standard.
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Zhuang, Ning, Yujue Zhou, Yeming Ma, Yingdi Liao, and Da Chen. "Corrosion Activity on CFRP-Strengthened RC Piles of High-Pile Wharf in a Simulated Marine Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7185452.
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We report test results from an experimental study to investigate the effectiveness of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) against reinforcing steel bar corrosion. Twelve reinforced-concrete pile specimens of 180 mm square by 1,600 mm long were cast. Three pile specimens were corroded to 5% steel mass loss and then strengthened with CFRP sheets; four specimens were strengthened by using CFRP sheets, whereas the remaining five specimens were not strengthened. The specimens were placed in a simulated marine environment, and corrosion was induced by an impressed current technique. At different theoretical corrosion degrees, nondestructive tests were performed to investigate the corrosion activity of the pile specimens, and destructive tests were performed to determine reinforcing steel bar mass loss. Based on the findings, the effectiveness of the CFRP-strengthened RC piles under aggressive marine environmental conditions was established.
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Dong, Honghan, Yujue Zhou, and Ning Zhuang. "Study on Corrosion Characteristics of Concrete-Filled CFRP-Steel Tube Piles under Hygrothermal Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (February 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4849038.
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The corrosion damage of pile foundations caused by a hygrothermal environment is a significant factor that influences the service life of high-pile wharf structures. The concrete-filled CFRP-steel tube (CFRP-CFST) pile is a composite structure composed of external Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets and inner concrete-filled steel tubes. It has a high-bearing capacity and excellent corrosion resistance and is an ideal structure for pile foundations in aggressive environments. In this paper, twelve CFRP-CFST pile specimens with diameters of 114 mm and heights of 1200 mm and another forty-two CFRP-steel plate specimens with CFRP widths of 30–50 mm were built. A high hot and humid environment simulation system was designed to conduct corrosion experiments with these specimens. At different theoretical corrosion degrees, the half-cell potential, corrosion products, corrosion expansion, and adhesive property were investigated. The test results showed an obvious increase in the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when the concrete-filled steel tube was externally bonded to CFRP sheets. The experimental results show that the CFRP-CFST pile is an effective way to protect piles from corrosion and can be widely used for high-pile wharfs in aggressive environments.
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Quimque, Mark Tristan J., Mark John P. Mandigma, Justin Allen K. Lim, Simon Budde, Hans-Martin Dahse, Oliver B. Villaflores, Arnold V. Hallare, and Allan Patrick G. Macabeo. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking Studies of N-Acylated Butyro and Valerolactam Derivatives with Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activities." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 17, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666190716141524.
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Background: Electrophilic compounds bearing Michael acceptors present great promise in anticancer drug discovery. Methods: Drawing inspirations from cytotoxic Piper lactam alkaloids, twelve N-acylated butyro- and valerolactams were prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against the normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), chronic human myeloid leukemia cells (K- 562), and Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cells used as model cell lines. Molecular docking of bioactive derivatives was performed against tyrosine kinase. Results: Results of the MTT assay showed the crotonylated (5) and nitro-containing cinnamoyl (8) butyrolactams, and, the crotonylated (10), trifluoromethylated (13), and chlorinated (14) cinnamoyl valerolactam derivatives as the most antiproliferative against human myeloid leukemia cells. The trifluoromethylated cinnamoyl valerolactam (13) displayed the best selectivity on K-562 cells. Molecular docking studies of 13 against tyrosine kinase provided evidence as tyrosine kinase inhibitor, having comparable binding energy and receptor interaction with imatinib. Conclusion: The presence of electrophilic N-acrylic moieties contributes to the potential of a compound as inspiration to develop anti-leukemia drugs.
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Bhatter, Purva D., Pooja D. Gupta, and Tannaz J. Birdi. "Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts on Multiplication ofMycobacterium tuberculosisunder Reduced Oxygen Conditions Using Intracellular and Axenic Assays." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8073079.
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Aim.Test the activity of selected medicinal plant extracts on multiplication ofMycobacterium tuberculosisunder reduced oxygen concentration which represents nonreplicating conditions.Material and Methods.Acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plantsAcorus calamusL. (rhizome),Ocimum sanctumL. (leaf),Piper nigrumL. (seed), andPueraria tuberosaDC. (tuber) were tested onMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv intracellularly using an epithelial cell (A549) infection model. The extracts found to be active intracellularly were further studied axenically under reducing oxygen concentrations.Results and Conclusions.Intracellular multiplication was inhibited ≥60% by five of the twelve extracts. Amongst these 5 extracts, in axenic culture,P. nigrum(acetone) was active under aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions indicating presence of multiple components acting at different levels andP. tuberosa(aqueous) showed bactericidal activity under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions implying the influence of anaerobiosis on its efficacy.P. nigrum(aqueous) andA. calamus(aqueous and ethanol) extracts were not active under axenic conditions but only inhibited intracellular growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting activation of host defense mechanisms to mediate bacterial killing rather than direct bactericidal activity.
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Raja Mazlan, Raja, Yaya Rukayadi, M. Maulidiani, and Intan Ismail. "Solvent Extraction and Identification of Active Anticariogenic Metabolites in Piper cubeba L. through 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071730.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different solvents for extraction, liquid–liquid partition, and concentrations of extracts and fractions of Piper cubeba L. on anticariogenic; antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity against oral bacteria. Furthermore, 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) coupled with multivariate data analysis (MVDA) was applied to discriminate between the extracts and fractions and examine the metabolites that correlate to the bioactivities. All tested bacteria were susceptible to Piper cubeba L. extracts and fractions. Different solvents extraction, liquid–liquid partition and concentrations of extracts and fractions have partially influenced the antibacterial activity. MTT assay showed that P. cubeba L. extracts and fractions were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells at selected concentrations. Anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cells showed a reduction in NO production in cells treated with P. cubeba L. extracts and fractions, compared to those without treatment. Twelve putative metabolites have been identified, which are (1) cubebin, (2) yatein, (3) hinokinin, (4) dihydrocubebin, (5) dihydroclusin, (6) cubebinin, (7) magnosalin, (8) p-cymene, (9) piperidine, (10) cubebol, (11) d-germacrene and (12) ledol. Different extraction and liquid–liquid partition solvents caused separation in principal component analysis (PCA) models. The partial least squares (PLS) models showed that higher anticariogenic activity was related more to the polar solvents, despite some of the active metabolites also present in the non-polar solvents. Hence, P. cubeba L. extracts and fractions exhibited antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity and have potential to be developed as the anticariogenic agent.
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Grant, Melita, Tim Foster, Dao Van Dinh, Juliet Willetts, and Georgia Davis. "Life-cycle costs approach for private piped water service delivery: a study in rural Viet Nam." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.037.
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Abstract Sustaining rural water services in Viet Nam requires an improved understanding of the costs and relative opportunities, especially given the government's support for private sector involvement in expanding water schemes. In particular, the life-cycle costs associated with the delivery of safe and sustainable water services in rural Viet Nam, as indeed elsewhere, are not well known, potentially compromising their long-term sustainability. To address this gap, this study assessed the cost structures of 14 water schemes in Viet Nam managed by private enterprises. Results showed that both capital and operational expenditures varied widely across the schemes assessed, reflective of the diversity of the age and characteristics of the schemes studied. Twelve of the 14 schemes generated a cash profit in the most recent calendar year; however, when taking into account depreciation, as well as historical subsidies and connection fee payments, only four of the schemes were profitable based on a 20-year design life assumption. The study complements previous research demonstrating barriers to achieving universal access when relying on user-pays systems. The results provide a useful reference point to inform business planning for enterprises, as well as policy and support mechanisms important for securing sustainable rural water supply services.
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Zeiner, Michaela, Ana Kuhar, and Iva Juranović Cindrić. "Geographic Differences in Element Accumulation in Needles of Aleppo Pines (Pinus halepensis Mill.) Grown in Mediterranean Region." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101877.
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Pine needles are widely used as bio-indicators due to their worldwide distribution and the ease of sample collection. In contrast to deciduous trees, conifers offer the possibility of monitoring long-term exposure through older needles. Pinus halepensis Miller is a pine species native to the Mediterranean region, which has been used for restoration activities in arid and semiarid areas leading to vast spatial expansion. Needles from pine trees collected in the southeastern to northwestern extension of Croatia’s coastal area at twelve sampling sites were analysed for twenty-one metals and metalloids. Statistical evaluation of the obtained data revealed significant differences for Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, and Sr between the different regions. Needles from trees growing on islands did not show elevated levels of Mg and/or Na as a result of the sea spray influence. The differences in metal accumulation are supposed to be linked to the environmental conditions at the respective sampling site, since the species was the same everywhere. By comparing the elemental contents of the soil those of with needles, it can be clearly seen, that the root as well as the foliar uptake contribute to the final amount.
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Azuero, Andrea, Carmita Jaramillo Jaramillo, Diana San Martin, and Haydelba D'Armas Regnault. "Análisis del efecto antimicrobiano de doce plantas medicinales de uso ancestral en Ecuador / Analysis of antimicrobial effect of twelve medicinal plants of ancient use in Ecuador." Ciencia Unemi 9, no. 20 (December 20, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol9iss20.2016pp11-18p.
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Los ejemplares de las especies vegetales Lippia citriodora K (cedrón), Ambrosia artemisifolia L (altamisa), Taraxacum officinale Weber (diente de león), Ageratum conyzoides L (mastrante), Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav (guaviduca), Borago officinalis L (borraja), Coriandrum sativum L (cilantro), Melissa officinalis L (toronjil), Cymbopogon citratus S (hierba luisa), Artemisia absinthium L (ajenjo), Momordica charantia L (achochilla) y Moringa oleífera Lam (moringa) se recolectaron al azar en las localidades de Machala y Santa Rosa, Ecuador. Las hojas fueron lavadas, secadas, molidas y extraídas por maceración con metanol; los filtrados concentrados por evaporación a presión reducida. Para determinar la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos metanólicos obtenidos, se utilizó la técnica de difusión en agar, mediante la cual éstos se probaron frente a cepas de bacterias Gram positiva (Staphyloccocus aureus) y Gram negativa (Escherichia coli y P. aeruginosa), y una cepa del hongo (Candida albicans). Todos los extractos analizados, a excepción de los de L. citriodora y A. conyzoides, exhibieron una acción bactericida contra todas las cepas bacterianas ensayadas, lo cual refleja la importancia de estas especies en la producción de fitofármacos antibióticos. T. officinale y P. carpunya presentaron un efecto antibacteriano alto contra E. coli; sin embargo, S. aureus no presentó sensibilidad frente los extractos de L. citriodora y P. carpunya. El bioensayo de actividad antifúngica realizado a los extractos de las especies estudiadas contra C. albicans, mostró que todos tienen acción fungicida alta, a excepción de T. officinale con un menor efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento fúngico. Se puede inferir que estas plantas constituyen una fuente promisoria de compuestos químicos antimicrobianos de gran valor farmacológico. ABSTRACTThe specimens of plant species Lippia citriodora K (cedrón), Ambrosia artemisifolia L (altamisa), Taraxacum officinale Weber (diente de león), Ageratum conyzoides L (mastrante), Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav (guaviduca), Borago officinalis L (borraja), Coriandrum sativum L (cilantro), Melissa officinalis L (toronjil), Cymbopogon citratus S (hierba luisa), Artemisia absinthium L (ajenjo), Momordica charantia L (achochilla) y Moringa oleífera Lam (moringa) were collected randomly in the towns of Santa Rosa and Machala, Ecuador. The leaves were washed, dried, ground and extracted by maceration with methanol; the filtrates concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. A diffusion technique in agar was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the obtained methanolic extracts, by which they were tested against strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa), and a strain of fungus (Candida albicans). All extracts analyzed, except for those of L. citriodora and A. conyzoides showed a bactericidal action against all bacterial strains tested, reflecting the importance of these species in the production of herbal medicines antibiotics. T. officinale and P. carpunya showed a high antibacterial effect against E. coli; however, S. aureus did not show sensitivity to P. carpunya and L. citriodora extracts. The antifungal activity bioassay conducted to studied extracts against C. albicans, showed that all have high fungicidal action, except for T. officinale with less inhibitory effect of fungal growth. It can be inferred that these plants are a promising source of antimicrobial components of high pharmacological value.
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Gonçalves, Joana, Ângelo Luís, Eugenia Gallardo, and Ana Paula Duarte. "Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051397.
Full textAbstract:
The consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been increasing, and this problem affects several countries worldwide. There is a class of NPSs of natural origin, consisting of plants and fungi, which have a wide range of alkaloids, responsible for causing relaxing, stimulating or hallucinogenic effects. The consumption of some of these substances is prompted by religious beliefs and cultural reasons, making the legislation very variable or even ambiguous. However, the abusive consumption of these substances can present an enormous risk to the health of the individuals, since their metabolism and effects are not yet fully known. Additionally, NPSs are widely spread over the internet, and their appearance is very fast, which requires the development of sophisticated analytical methodologies, capable of detecting these compounds. Thus, the objective of this work is to review the toxicological aspects, traditional use/therapeutic potential and the analytical methods developed in biological matrices in twelve plant specimens (Areca catechu, Argyreia nervosa, Ayahuasca, Catha edulis, Datura stramonium, Lophophora williamsii, Mandragora officinarum, Mitragyna speciosa, Piper methysticum Forst, Psilocybe, Salvia divinorum and Tabernanthe iboga).
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Dalias, Panagiotis, and Anastasis Christou. "Nitrogen Supplying Capacity of Animal Manures to the Soil in Relation to the Length of Their Storage." Nitrogen 1, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen1010006.
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The study estimated the relationship between the amount of nitrogen (N) that will become available to plants after incorporation of soil of sheep/goat, cattle, swine, and poultry manure and the duration of manure storage prior to soil addition. Manures were periodically sampled from 12 storage piles that were kept for 12 months each and mixed with soil before laboratory incubation for 83 days. The percentage of organic N mineralized after soil incorporation was clearly greater for poultry, ranging between 41 and 85%, in relation to the other three manure types, for which maximum mineralization ranged between 4.5 and 66%. For sheep/goat, cattle, and swine, the interaction between mineralization and immobilization processes showed a distinct pattern with two phases of net N release during the twelve months of storage. The first was separated from the second by a period where mineralization was zeroed and appeared at about six months after storage initiation. It was recommended that farmers should preferably use well-digested manures that have been aerobically stored more than six months to avoid materials that provoke intense immobilization, unless problems associated with the use of fresh manure are managed.
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Mgbeahuruike, Eunice, Pia Fyhrquist, Heikki Vuorela, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto, and Yvonne Holm. "Alkaloid-Rich Crude Extracts, Fractions and Piperamide Alkaloids of Piper guineense Possess Promising Antibacterial Effects." Antibiotics 7, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7040098.
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Piper guineense is a food and medicinal plant commonly used to treat infectious diseases in West-African traditional medicine. In a bid to identify new antibacterial compounds due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, twelve extracts of P. guineense fruits and leaves, obtained by sequential extraction, as well as the piperine and piperlongumine commercial compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis were conducted to characterize and identify the compounds present in the extracts with promising antibacterial activity. The extracts, with the exception of the hot water decoctions and macerations, contained piperamide alkaloids as their main constituents. Piperine, dihydropiperine, piperylin, dihydropiperylin or piperlonguminine, dihydropiperlonguminine, wisanine, dihydrowisanine and derivatives of piperine and piperidine were identified in a hexane extract of the leaf. In addition, some new piperamide alkaloids were identified, such as a piperine and a piperidine alkaloid derivative and two unknown piperamide alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, there are no piperamides reported in the literature with similar UVλ absorption maxima and masses. A piperamide alkaloid-rich hexane leaf extract recorded the lowest MIC of 19 µg/mL against Sarcina sp. and gave promising growth inhibitory effects against S. aureus and E. aerogenes as well, inhibiting the growth of both bacteria with a MIC of 78 µg/mL. Moreover, this is the first report of the antibacterial activity of P. guineense extracts against Sarcina sp. and E. aerogenes. Marked growth inhibition was also obtained for chloroform extracts of the leaves and fruits against P. aeruginosa with a MIC value of 78 µg/mL. Piperine and piperlongumine were active against E. aerogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, P. mirabilis and B. cereus with MIC values ranging from 39–1250 µg/mL. Notably, the water extracts, which were almost devoid of piperamide alkaloids, were not active against the bacterial strains. Our results demonstrate that P. guineense contains antibacterial alkaloids that could be relevant for the discovery of new natural antibiotics.
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MacDonald, F., D. Hartnett, D. Ward, and G. Walker. "Biocontrol agent risk assessment: A surprise find ..." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 26, 2017): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.79.
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A Better Border Biosecurity (B3)-funded project investigating the interactions between the self-introduced generalist hymenopteran parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis and native parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae throughout Auckland involved three years of eld work. The last eld trip was to Te Hauturu-o-Toi (Little Barrier Island) in December 2016 to survey some of the least-modi ed native forest in the North Island. Forty Cleora scriptaria moth larvae were collected by hand from Piper excelsum (kawakawa) host plants into ziplock bags, with a small amount of leaf material to support feeding. They were transported to the laboratory and reared to fate in a temperature-controlled room. Of the 40 larvae collected, twelve were parasitised by M. pulchricornis. This is the rst record of M. pulchricornis from Te Hauturu-o-Toi. In addition, nine larvae were parasitised by an undescribed parasitoid (Casinaria sp. 3). This new species may be endemic only to Te Hauturu-o-Toi, but it may have been out-competed on the more modi ed habitat of mainland Auckland, and found refuge in a more pristine environment. Further surveys of island and mainland parasitoid complexes would provide better baseline risk-assessment data prior to border invasions or importing biocontrol agents.
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Khari, Mahdy, Khairul Anuar Kassim, and Azlan Adnan. "An Experimental Study on Pile Spacing Effects under Lateral Loading in Sand." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/734292.
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Grouped and single pile behavior differs owing to the impacts of the pile-to-pile interaction. Ultimate lateral resistance and lateral subgrade modulus within a pile group are known as the key parameters in the soil-pile interaction phenomenon. In this study, a series of experimental investigation was carried out on single and group pile subjected to monotonic lateral loadings. Experimental investigations were conducted on twelve model pile groups of configurations 1 × 2, 1 × 3, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 3 × 2 for embedded length-to-diameter ratiol/d= 32 into loose and dense sand, spacing from 3 to 6 pile diameter, in parallel and series arrangement. The tests were performed in dry sand from Johor Bahru, Malaysia. To reconstruct the sand samples, the new designed apparatus, Mobile Pluviator, was adopted. The ultimate lateral load is increased 53% in increasing ofs/dfrom 3 to 6 owing to effects of sand relative density. An increasing of the number of piles in-group decreases the group efficiency owing to the increasing of overlapped stress zones and active wedges. A ratio ofs/dmore than6dis large enough to eliminate the pile-to-pile interaction and the group effects. It may be more in the loose sand.
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Lebid, Oleksii G. "Five-mode quasilinear model of nonlinear dynamics of extended system." Environmental safety and natural resources 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.2.104-120.
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Distributed systems are widely used in practice. These are cosmic ligaments in the near-Earth space with a length of tens of kilometers. They approximate reinforced concrete piles in the soil when calculating the stress-strain state and assessing the technical condition; pipelines both in air and in liquid, underwater towed systems. Known underwater airlift systems of great length for the extraction of minerals (nodules) from the ocean floor with a length of 5-10 km. To solve the problems of the dynamics of such systems in various environments, the well-known mathematical models are not quite correct from the point of view of taking into account the variety of wave processes. It determines the need to build refined wave models. A new quasilinear mathematical model, which describes the nonlinear four-mode dynamics of the distributed system in the spatially inhomogeneous field of mass and surface forces, has been obtained. It is described by a nonlinear system of twelve first-order partial differential equations. For it, the principles of ultimate and hyperbolicity are fulfilled. Together with the boundary and initial conditions, it can be used to describe dynamics and statics of geometrically and physically nonlinear rod elements, piles in the ground, crane equipment ropes, mine lifts, aerial cableways, towed systems in liquid and gas flow, etc. For two-mode spatial reduction of the model, the theorem about correctness of Cauchy problem has been considered. As a result of the calculations, the earlier assumptions about the movement of the cable along its initial configuration were changed as the length of the cable changed. It has been found out that this assumption is only true for the initial transition participant. It is also established that at a given tachogram in the configuration of the towed line, there is a point of inflection, which shifts from top to bottom when lifting it. It can be a factor in the looping, contributing to the breakage of the cable system during towing.
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Castellaro, Giorgio, Carla Orellana, Juan Escanilla, Camilo Bastías, Patrich Cerpa, and Luis Raggi. "Botanical Composition and Diet Quality of the Vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna Mol.) in Highland Range of Parinacota, Chile." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071205.
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Understanding the botanical composition of herbivores’ diets and their nutritional quality is an important question in the development of sustainable strategies for the management of natural resources. In Chilean highland vicuña-grazed grasslands, there is little information in this regard and, therefore, this study aimed to determine the year-round profile of the diet’s botanical composition and quality. In highland grasslands, on an area of 21.9 ha, continuously grazed for 3.06 VU/ha/year (18°03′ S, 69°13′ W; 4425 m.o.s.l), twelve feces piles were sampled monthly and were analyzed through microhistology, and the nitrogen concentration [NF, OM basis] was determined. The botanical composition, diversity (J) and selectivity index (Ei) of the main species were estimated. Diets were composed of dry–grassland grasses (37.7%), wet–grassland grasses (36.6%), graminoids (14.3%) and forbs (10.2%). The diet diversity ranged from 0.79 (dry–winter) to 0.87 (wet–summer). The main dominant grassland species obtained negative Ei values. The annual mean value of [NF] was estimated as 1.82%, with a higher value in summer months (2.21%), which coincides with the physiological states of higher nutritional demand. The vicuñas behave like generalist ungulates, having a high degree of selectivity towards grass species, which mostly fulfill a nutritional role in subsistence and a functional role in survival, applying foraging strategies that allow them to obtain a better quality diet during the season of greatest nutritional demand.
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Mohamed, Adam Khalifa, Liu Dan, Song Kai, Elsiddig Eldaw, and Salma Abualela. "Evaluating the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes in the North Chengdu Plain, China." E3S Web of Conferences 81 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198101006.
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Groundwater is a significant and crucial component for all development activities of any life support system. In this study, the hydrochemical analysis and water quality index method (WQI) were used to assess groundwater quality for drinking purposes. Twelve groundwater samples were collected and analyzed into fourteen parameters which were considered as important indicators for assessing groundwater quality. A comparative study of these parameters with that of the Chinese Groundwater Standard (GB/T14848-2017) was conducted. It can be depicted from the results that groundwater quality is categorized as very hard, fresh water and slightly alkaline in nature. The major sequence of dominant cations and anions in groundwater are Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO-3 > SO2-4 > Cl- respectively. From the total 12 samples analyzed, the parameters of TH, NH+4, Fe and Mn of samples exceeded the limits set by (GB/T14848-2017) standard. Piper diagram illustrated that groundwater samples of the studied area are mostly of Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 type. WQI showed all samples fall between excellent to good category of water and suitable for drinking purposes. The quality of groundwater is mainly affected from anthropogenic activities and natural influence. The proposed method is reliable and effcient for groundwater pollution assessment and can be used in decision-making.
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Shafer, S. R., R. A. Reinert, G. Eason, and S. E. Spruill. "Analysis of ozone concentration–biomass response relationships among open-pollinated families of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-092.
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Tropospheric ozone may contribute to the reported growth decline of pines in the southeastern United States. Ozone concentration–response relationships were quantified for open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings. Seedlings from 30 families were exposed to ozone (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL O3/L air) in greenhouse chambers for 6 h per day, 4 days per week, for 12 weeks. Top (shoot) and root biomass were determined for each of 900 plants. Twelve families were selected for a subsequent experiment to examine consistency of results (360 plants). For each response variable, statistical models consisting of fixed and random effects were based on combined data for all families and both experiments. Data were fit to both polynomial and Weibull model types. The maximum suppression of any biomass variable (top, root, or total dry weight) predicted by a regression model for plants exposed for 12 weeks to 320 nL/L was 25% for total dry weight (Weibull model based on data representing all 42 family–year combinations, total of 1260 plants). Families were ranked for sensitivity based on estimates of a single parameter from the models, and model type had no effect on the order of sensitivity rankings of the 42 family–experiment combinations. The same families represented the extremes in sensitivity among the 12 families that were exposed in both experiments.
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Babarinde, Grace O., Gabriel O. Adegoke, Rahman Akinoso, and R. Adekanye Bosede. "Quality characteristics of stored tomato fruit treated with two formulations of African black pepper." Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 5, no. 9 (2018): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas.050916.
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Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) is highly perishable and requires postharvest treatment to extend its shelf life. Use of synthetic chemicals to control post-harvest loss in tomato has adverse effect on health and there is need to explore natural alternatives to chemical. Two formulations of African black pepper Piper guineense Schumach. (Piperales: Piperaceae), aqueous extract and essential oil, were evaluated as preservatives for Roma type tomato fruit. Tomato fruits were treated with different concentrations of aqueous extracts and undiluted essential oil and stored under refrigeration condition. Samples were taken at 5-days interval and analyzed for weight loss, total soluble solids and ascorbic acid. Total Viable Count (TVC) and total mould count (TMC) were determined. Chemical composition of essential oil was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Percent weight loss (PWL) in aqueous extract-treated tomato (0.0%-0.68%) was lower than the control (0.3%-19.97%). The total soluble solid (brix) of samples in untreated fruit was lower than fruit treated with higher of P. guineense. Ascorbic acid contents were higher in aqueous extract-treated samples than the control. Essential oil-treated fruit had lower physiological weight loss TVC and TMC than the control. Twelve compounds were identified in P. guineense essential oil, the most of which were b-sesquiphellandrene (23.7%). The P. guineense aqueous extract or essential oil is recommended as a bio-rational preservative for postharvest storage of tomato.
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Kumar, Vinod, Surjeet Singh, and Gopal Krishan. "Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Agra District for the Irrigation Purpose." Current World Environment 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.1.08.
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Groundwater quality of Agra district has been assessed considering twelve water quality parameters viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), chloride (Clˉ), bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ), sulfate (SO4²ˉ), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca⁺⁺), magnesium (Mg⁺⁺) and sodium (Na⁺). Data on groundwater quality of fifteen blocks of the Agra district were collected for nine years (2006-2014) from the Ground Water Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh. The data are investigated using Wilcox and Piper diagrams with the help of Aquachem 2011.1 software. The assessment on suitability of groundwater quality for the irrigation purpose is done using sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) for all the blocks. The results show that groundwater of various blocks of Agra district is of Na⁺- Clˉ, Ca2⁺- Na⁺- HCO3ˉ, Ca²+ - Mg²+ - Clˉ, Ca²+ - HCO3ˉ, Ca²+ - Clˉ, Na⁺- CIˉ, Ca²+ - Mg²+ - Clˉ - SO4²ˉ and Ca²+ - Na+ - HCO3ˉ type. It is also found that the groundwater quality of the blocks Barauli Ahir, Fatehapur Sikari, Saiyan, Achhnera, Shamsabad, Khandouli, Pinahat, Jaitpur Kalan and Bah falls under very good to medium category and can be used for the irrigation purpose. However, the groundwater quality for the blocks Bichpuri, Akola, Fatehabad, Khairagarh, Etmadpur and Jagner falls under Medium to very bad category and hence cannot be used for the irrigation purpose. The outcome of the study would be helpful to the farmers, policy makers and water management authorities in planning and management of irrigation water.
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Sharma, Sheetal, and Preeti Sujit Borkar. "A REVIEW ARTICLE ON ROLE OF ARSHOGNA MAHAKASHAYA IN THE TREATMENT OF SUSKH ARSHA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 10 (November 13, 2020): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.2274.
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Ayurvedic classical text provide unique modalities and medications among several treatises complied during ancient time. Drug is the important therapeutics as it is responsible for equilibrium of whole body. Charak Samhitha is divided into 8 parts and the first division is called Sutrasthan or shloksthan. In sutrasthan the drugs are discussed in four chapters which are popularly known as Bheshajachatushka or Aushadhachatushkha. Here the drugs are classified from pharmacological and pharmacotherapeutics perspectives. The classification of drugs based on Karmas are called Mahakashaya which are classified into fifty groups. Arshoghan Mahakashaya is the twelveth group of medicine which are said to be effective in curing piles.
Sushka arsha is condition where pain and swelling of the pile mass makes life miserable for a person and bheshaj chikitsa being first in all the treatments. Here a simple effort is made to know the probable working of rasa, guna virya and prabhav of these ten drugs in dissolving the pathology of suskha arsha.
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Gaia, José Maria D., Milton Guilherme da C. Mota, Carmen Célia C. da Conceição, and José Guilherme S. Maia. "Collecting and evaluation of germplasm of spiked pepper from Brazilian Amazon." Horticultura Brasileira 28, no. 2 (June 2010): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362010000200004.
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Spiked pepper (Piper aduncum L.) is an aromatic plant species with high essential oil production. It is a species that occurs abundantly in the Brazilian Amazon. Its essential oil has exploitable biological properties in the human health and agriculture. Aiming to study its germplasm toward future use in genetic breeding programs, collecting was carried out (inflorescences, cuttings, leaves and thin branches) in ten provenances from the Brazilian Amazon. Twelve morphoagronomic traits were determined to take the data: number of leaves by branch, length of leaf, width of the leaf, circumference of the older branch, height of the plant, number of orthotropic branches, number of plageotropic branches, length of the internodes, number of spikes per branches, yielding of oil, content and production of dillapiole, as well as data on the environment and populations of spiked pepper. The inflorescences and cuttings were encoded and sent for the Federal Rural University from Pará State (UFRA), Brazil, for propagation. The leaves and thin branches were sent for the Emílio Goeldi Museum, from Pará State (MPEG) for extraction of essential oil (hydrodistillation). Estimators of amplitude of variation, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were utilized to study the phenotypical variability. The morphoagronomic traits of largest variability were number of orthotropic branches, number of spikes per branch, circumference of the older branch and the content and production of dillapiole. This species has adapted to many different environments of vegetation, soil, climate, relief and drainage becomming easy the domestication and cropping. There is morphoagronomic variability pleasing the selection and genetic breeding.
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Triastuti, Nusa Setiani, and Indriasari Indriasari. "Analisis Pondasi Tiang Pancang Berdasarkan Hasil Perhitungan dan Loadding Test." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CESD) 2, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/cesd.v2i2.6450.
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<p><em>Pile foundation is one of the solutions of high-rise buildings not in the area of restrict area. When the pile foundation reached until the hard ground reaches, a small settlement is expected and different setlement are not occur. The objective: analyze the results of loading tests compared carryng capacity calculations, pile cap thick required secure.</em></p><p><em>The research method used in this research is the case study of pile foundation twelve floors building in Batam island. The reaction on the pile is analyzed using software program of non-linear structure version 9.5 which is supported by primary data, namely loading test and secondary data of soil investigation and the largest column force taken on the pole 1.618,854 ton, Mx -7,936 ton meter, My -75,531 ton meter.</em></p><p><em>Carrying capacity analysis is based on friction and end bearing and calculated pole efficiency. The axial load of the plan is supported by 16 (sixteen) piles, based on the loading test (P) the ultimate pile foundation reaches 200% (two hundred percent) in the amount of 411.52 tons. </em><em>Single pile carrying capacity is 205.76 tons .Settlement in the loading test results 10mm is smaller than from the setlement in calculation results. The stress acting on the pile cap of 12.453 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> is smaller than the permit strees of 13 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</em></p>
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Christie, Kimberley, Michael D. Craig, Vicki L. Stokes, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Movement patterns by Egernia napoleonis following reintroduction into restored jarrah forest." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11063.
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Context The value of animal reintroduction as a conservation tool is debated. This is largely because the limited quantity of research that has been conducted on animal reintroductions has shown varying degrees of success in establishing new populations. The reasons why some reintroductions are successful, whereas others are not, are often not clear. Aims The present research aims to determine whether reptile reintroduction into restored mine pits is a potential management technique for managing and conserving reptile populations within a mined landscape. Methods Twelve Napoleon’s skinks were trapped then fitted with 0.9-g transmitters. Half were reintroduced into 5-year-old restored mine pits and the other half into unmined forest. Bodyweights, movement patterns and macro-habitat selection were recorded weekly during November and then monthly until March. Key results Skinks reintroduced into restored sites quickly moved into unmined forest. Both groups of skinks moved large distances, but those reintroduced into restored sites travelled further than did control skinks and took longer to reduce their distances travelled, showing possible stress as a result of release into unsuitable habitat. Eventually, almost all skinks found suitable habitat in unmined forest and settled into these areas while continuing to gain weight. Conclusions Reintroduction was an ineffective technique for facilitating colonisation of restored minesites by Napoleon’s skink. Lack of suitable micro-habitats within restoration areas, such as ground logs and coarse, woody debris piles, is likely limiting the use of these areas by Napoleon’s skinks and is likely to be the cause of their failure to remain or settle in restored sites after reintroduction. Implications Determining the habitat requirements of skinks and replicating this in restoration sites would seem the more appropriate management option than is reintroduction, and this may be the case for other reptiles and habitat specialists.
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Noreen, Mubarra, and Isma Younes. "Appraisal of Water Quality Measurements for Canal and Tube Well Water Systems for Agriculture Irrigation in Rechna Doab, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 12, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss1.2021.563.
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The present study was an attempt to assess the surface and ground water quality for irrigation suitability in Rechna Doab. Irrigation water quality at canals and tube well water were analyzed by physicochemical parameters including pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), important cations such as Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), important anions such as Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), three heavy metals including Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu). Twelve water samples were collected from the main canals (Lower Gogera canal, Jhang branch canal and Rakh branch canal) while fifty water samples were collected from the tube wells. Statistically, data were analyzed by generating correlation coefficients. Canal water quality parameters i.e. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly Ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PS) with their mean values 0.16,38.18, 8.03, 0.08, 10.17, 0.08, 28.34 and 0.024 respectively were calculated. Piper and Durov diagrammatic representations provided the suitability of the canal water regarding ionic composition. Results revealed that the status of the canal water was fit for agriculture. On the contrary, the data about Electric Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) of tube well water (with their maximum values 4.80, 29.65 and 13.60, respectively) was exceeding the FAO limits owing of sodium hazards. Thus, the scenario of groundwater is alarming due to unfit status of tube well water regarding irrigation purposes. Out of total 50 water samples of tube wells, 11 samples were found to be fit. While 39 samples were unfit for crop irrigation. Geo-statistical analysis was performed by using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique created in Arc map.
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O'BRIEN, P. J., D. M. FIRMAN, and E. J. ALLEN. "Effects of shading and seed tuber spacing on initiation and number of tubers in potato crops (Solanum tuberosum)." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 4 (June 1998): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005541.
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Twelve field experiments, carried out over 7 years, examined effects of shading and seed tuber spacing on plant growth, initiation and retention of tubers in four cultivars: Estima, Maris Piper, Maris Peer and Record. Ten of the experiments were carried out at Cambridge and two near Valencia, Spain. Other treatments included in some experiments were floating polythene mulch and planting date.Shading by up to 75% did not affect the timing of onset or cessation of tuber initiation in Estima but shading by 50% or more delayed the completion of tuber initiation in Maris Piper compared with less severe shading. Except for intensely shaded treatments (50% or more), the majority of tubers were initiated in a very short period (4–7 days). Shading by 37% or more during the period of tuber initiation and increasing planting density, decreased number of tubers per stem initiated in all experiments, but number of tubers was not affected by shading at other stages of growth. At Cambridge, effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm retained later in growth from normal planting dates (March to early May) were similar to effects on number of tubers initiated, but effects were much reduced or absent following later plantings at Cambridge and in both experiments in Valencia. The decreased effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm at late plantings at Cambridge were associated with the initiation of fewer tubers at these plantings. Effects of shading, planting density and planting date on number of tubers were a consequence of changes in the frequency of occurrence and tuberization of different stolon types. Increasing shading and planting density and delaying planting reduced the number of lateral and branch stolons and the frequency of their tuberization but there were no effects on number of primary stolons or their tuberization. Consequently, at Cambridge a similar number of tubers was borne on primary stolons in shaded and unshaded crops. In Valencia a greater proportion of initiated tubers was retained at final harvest from shaded treatments than at Cambridge, which accounts for the absence of effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm. The greater retention of tubers late in growth in Spain may have been associated with the higher peak growth rates achieved in higher radiation fluxes than at Cambridge.Linear regressions of the data for normal planting dates at Cambridge and from Valencia indicated that the number of tubers >10 mm late in growth was dependent on the radiation environment during the period of tuber initiation. Radiation flux during the brightest period of the first few days of initiation appeared to be the most crucial aspect of radiation affecting number of tubers. As incident radiation can vary greatly over the short period of tuber initiation, it is potentially an important factor affecting number of tubers in field crops.
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NURDJANNAH, NANAN. "USE OF ANTIOXIDANT TO INHIBIT BROWNING ON WHITE PEPPER DECORTICATING PROCESS." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 11, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v11n2.2005.78-84.
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<p>ABSTRACT<br />White pepper is an important export commodity for Indonesia, until<br />2003 about 70 percent of word demand of white pepper was supplied by<br />Indonesia, but it dropped to about 40 percent in 2004. White pepper<br />processing is still done at farm level using a very modest method. The<br />process consists of soaking the berries for seven to twelve days, followed<br />by pepper skin separation and drying the pepper corn for three to five days.<br />The product is often contaminated by undesirable microorganism, and also<br />unpleasant odor which is caused by improper method and limited clean<br />water for soaking process. Researh Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops<br />under Agriculture Department has designed and constructed the pepper<br />thresher and decorticating machine to improve the product quality and<br />process efficiency. Those machines could produce the hygienic white<br />pepper with high essential oil content, however it has brownish white color<br />caused by browning process during decorticating process. The consumer<br />used to white pepper with creamy white in color. The antioxidants, malic<br />and tartaric acids were applied to prevent the browning process. The<br />treatment consisted of three factors, i.e.: kind of antioxidant (malic and<br />tartaric acid), antioxidant consentration (1.5, 2,0 and 2,5 percent) and<br />soaking period (1, 2 and 3 hrs). The experiment was arranged in<br />Completely Randomized Design with two replications. The result showed<br />that both acids could be used as antioxidant to inhibit browning in pepper<br />mechanical decorticating process. The colour of white pepper produce was<br />creamy white similar to the one produced by traditional method. The<br />optimum treatment was malic acid with 2.5 percent concentration and 2<br />hours soaking period.<br />Key words : Pepper, Piper nigrum L., processing, traditional, mechanical,<br />antioxidan, white pepper</p><p><br />ABSTRAK<br />Penggunaan antioksidan untuk mencegah proses pen-<br />cokelatan pada proses pengupasan kulit lada<br />Lada putih adalah salah satu komoditas ekspor penting bagi<br />Indonesia, dimana sampai tahun 2003 kurang lebih 70 persen kebutuhan<br />dunia dipenuhi oleh Indonesia. Namun pada tahun 2004 jumlah tersebut<br />turun drastis menjadi kurang lebih 40 persen. Pengolahan lada putih masih<br />dilakukan di tingkat petani dengan peralatan yang sangat sederhana yang<br />prosesnya terdiri dari perendaman selama tujuh sampai duabelas hari,<br />diikuti dengan pemisahan kulit dan pengeringan biji lada selama tiga<br />sampai lima hari. Lada putih yang dihasilkan sering terkontaminasi oleh<br />mikroorganisme yang tidak diinginkan dan juga mempunyai bau busuk<br />akibat dari metode yang kurang baik dan keterbatasan air bersih. Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat telah berhasil merancang bangun<br />alat perontok dan pengupas lada untuk meningkatkan mutu lada dan<br />efisiensi prosesnya. Dengan mesin tersebut dapat diproduksi lada putih<br />higienis dengan kadar minyak atsiri yang tinggi, namun warnanya<br />kecokelatan yang disebabkan karena proses pencokelatan yang terjadi<br />selama proses pengupasan kulit. Sedangkan konsumen biasa dengan warna<br />yang putih kekuningan. Penggunaan antioksidan (asam malat dan tartrat)<br />untuk mencegah proses pencokelatan tersebut telah dicobakan. Perlakuan<br />terdiri dari : jenis antioksidan (asam malat dan tartrat), konsentrasi<br />antioksidan ( 1,5; 2,0 dan 2,5 persen) serta lama perendaman (1, 2 dan 3<br />jam). Percobaan dirancang secara acak lengkap dengan ulangan dua kali.<br />Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa asam malat dan asam tartrat dapat<br />digunakan untuk mencegah proses pencokelatan pada proses pengupasan<br />kulit lada dengan mesin. Warna dari lada putih yang dihasilkan putih<br />kekuningan sama dengan yang dihasilkan dengan cara tradisional<br />(perendaman). Perlakuan terbaik adalah penggunaan asam malat pada<br />konsentrasi 2,5 persen dengan waktu perendaman dua jam.<br />Kata kunci : Lada, Piper nigrum L., prosesing, tradisional, mekanik,<br />antioksidan, lada putih</p>
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"Characterization of Fabricated FG Pipe with Natural Fiber-Flyash-Epoxy using Centrifugal Casting." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 11 (September 10, 2019): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.k1437.0981119.
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This research presents the design of fabrication technique for hollow pipe made up of functionally graded materials and its characterization. In the first part, a horizontal centrifugal casting model is designed and developed using CATIA package. After getting an optimized design the fabrication work is performed in workshop. Different powder materials (Banana stem fiber, Jute fiber and Fly ash) are prepared by considering different chemical treatment and physical process. Different powder sizes (300µ, 150µ, 75µ, 53µ, 45µ) are considered to fabricate current functionally graded cylindrical pipe by altering their weight percentage. The different weight percentages (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% of Banana stem and 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% of Fly Ash) of constituents are considered for fabricating FGM cylindrical pipe. By altering the constituent of FGM material composition, twelve numbers of various functionally graded materials (FGMs) pipes are fabricated. In the second part, the material characterization is performed using different testing machines in Laboratories. Mechanical properties (Compression test and Micro hardness test) and physical properties (Density test, Water absorption test and thermal conductivity test) are investigated. Furthermore, the microstructures of the fabricated FGNF pipes are examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
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Sousa, Alex Micael Dantas de, Yuri Daniel Jatobá Costa, Arthur Gomes Dantas de Araujo, and Carina Maia Lins Costa. "Behavior of CFA and H-section steel piles in lateral loading: experimental and numerical analysis." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 14, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952021000300013.
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abstract: The behavior of continuous flight auger (CFA) piles and steel H-section piles to lateral loading is investigated using numerical analyses supported by field tests. A three-dimensional finite element numerical model to lateral load is presented. The numerical model was validated with the results of twelve lateral load tests performed on CFA and steel H-section piles installed in two deposits of sandy soils. The three-dimensional approach proposed in this study is in good agreement with the response observed with the field tests, and thus represents a reliable soil-pile interaction for laterally loaded piles in sandy soil. Parametric analyses were used to assess the influence of relevant variables to lateral soil-pile interaction. Major findings of this paper indicate that the ultimate lateral load of short rigid piles is considerably more influenced by changes in soil-pile relative stiffness than that of long flexible units. Pile diameter and soil-pile interface friction are found to exert a marked effect on the lateral load of CFA piles, while soil dilatancy is found to play a minor influence on the response of CFA piles.