Relevant bibliographies by topics / Twenties (20th century)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Twenties (20th century)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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ORLOVA, L. N. "THE HISTORY OF THE PIONEER ORGANIZATION FORMATION IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN THE MID-TWENTIES OF THE 20th CENTURY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 9, no. 4 (2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2020-9-4-171-180.

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The main purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside during the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The author examines individual issues of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The materials of congresses, plenums, conferences of the RLKSM on solving problems of work in the countryside are analyzed. The materials of the study of peasant children parents’ opinions of that time on the issue of joining the pioneer organization are presented. The main directions of this work are considered, including the dissemination of elementary agronomic knowledge among children, participation in the re-election of village councils, the organization of children's leisure, the protection of the economic interests of young farm laborers.
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Abdulkhakova, Aislu R. "Tatar Children’s Book of the Twenties of the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 2, 2009): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-6-46-49.

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Varrasi, John. "Soaring Twenties." Mechanical Engineering 127, no. 05 (May 1, 2005): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2005-may-4.

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This article reviews the rise of cities, and of the machines that built them has set a trend that outlasted the 20th century. Emboldened and enjoying newfound prosperity and modernity, Engineering, reflecting the times, was bold, and perhaps nowhere was this more evident than in the American city. While electric and steam locomotives coexisted on America’s railways in the 1920s, the two technologies resided in completely separate camps. Each sector had strong adherents, who often faced off to debate the technical merits and future prospects of one technology over the other. Together with the automobile, the highway system contributed significantly to the development of the nation, enabling towns and cities to take root well beyond the confines of urban centers and railway stations. Mechanical engineers played a vital role in highway development in such areas as construction machinery, cost analysis of projects, and materials.
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Ovcharenko, Alexey Yu. "The “Big Twenties” in the History of Russian Literature of the 20th Century: to the Сentenary of the Magazine Krasnaya Nov." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-2-311-316.

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The review article presents various views on the periodization of Russian literature in the 1920s and 1930s and provides arguments in favor of new, refined approaches to the boundaries of the period. Particularly noteworthy are the works of those authors who point to the need for an expanded understanding of the twenties. The concept of the Big Twenties is of particular value in connection with the centenary of the magazine Krasnaya Nov , which made a significant contribution to the literary process of that time.
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Yacoub Al-Sheikh, Shatha. "The Employment of Geometry in Creating Architectural Ideas in Twenties Revivalism Trend of the 20th Century." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 19, no. 5 (October 28, 2011): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2011.26622.

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Stolzi, Irene. "CORPORATISM AND NEO-CORPORATISM: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20TH -CENTURY ITALIAN LEGAL ORDER." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 31, no. 64 (August 2018): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942018000200006.

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Abstract The article seeks to analyze how the legal thought represented the idea of corporative and neo-corporative order in the framework of the 20th-century in Italian history. The first part is dedicated to highlight the evolutions of historical studies on fascist corporatism through a brief review of the main interpretations over the last decades. Then, the paper describes three different lectures of fascist corporative order brought by the jurists between the twenties and the forties: the vision of those who saw in corporatism the ideological and institutional answer for outlining the identity of the new totalitarian state; the interpretation, typical of jurists with a liberal background, who attempted to fit the corporatist phenomenon (and the 20th century in general) into traditional interpretative categories; and finally, the minority view embraced by jurists having different backgrounds and ideological sensibilities, but nonetheless convinced that the corporatist system should represent an opportunity to imagine types of relationships between private and public, political and economic spheres that were remote both from 19th century individualism and the new frontiers of totalitarianism. The second part tries to stress the so-called neo-corporatism, that is the season of “social consultation” spanning the 1980s and 1990s to see whether and in which sense it is possible to connect this experience both with the interwar corporatism and the democratic constitutional context.
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Mezhevich, Nikolay M. "How a Big Strategy Led to the Emergence of a Small State: the Example оf Estonia." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016558-2.

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Strategies for moving towards independence are always of scientific interest, which naturally increases in cases where we are talking about a whole sequence of gains and losses of independence. In relation to Estonia, the relevance is due to the fact that the Republic of Estonia is our neighbor, the quality of relations with which is far from ideal. From the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty in 1920, the most complex political processes took place on the territory of the future Estonia, with the participation of a significant number of actors, not one of whom was not interested in Estonian independence. Why, in the first two twenties, Estonia became independent quite unexpectedly, not only for Berlin and Petrograd, but also for Tallinn itself.
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Diadechko, A. "The Reflection of the Era of the “Roaring Twenties“ in the F.S.Fitzgerald’s Novel «The Great Gatsby»." Fìlologìčnì traktati 12, no. 2 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2020.12(2)-1.

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The article deals with the portraying “Roaring Twenties” which marked a legendary and unprecedented period in the history of American society. Though this era goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, it has never stopped arousing deep common interest because of its uniqueness. Having been abundantly reflected in numerous pieces of art and literature, “Roaring Twenties”, synonymously named “The Jazz Age”, go on provoking public discussion and reevaluation. If viewed in literary terms, this epoch is certainly linked with the name of Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) and with his best known novel “The Great Gatsby” filmed five times. The writer is considered to be one of the best chronicler of the American 1920s. Fitzgerald’s masterpiece had embodied many symbols and icons of America which travelled though one hundred years and still feature contemporary society. The articles attempts to outline extra-lingual information and data that shape the temporal and cultural background of the novel. It aims at providing the readers with sufficient additional information that may significantly enlarge on the novel context grasping. It proposes a detailed description and interpretation of symbols and markers of the American 1920s which typically feature “Roaring Twenties” and the ways they are projected onto Fitzgerald’s story. In particular, the focus is made on American Dream doctrine, New York of the 1920s, the conflict between “the old money” and “the new money”, feminism and fashion, alcohol and crime, music, cars. Some parallels between the author’s life story and his characters are also specified.
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Zh., Zhunisbekova, and Aikozov S. "Turkestan Khanate from the Russian Colonial Empire to the Autonomous State." Asian Social Science 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p85.

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Article is devoted to synthesis of practice of the solution of an ethnic question in Kazakhstan in the twenties. In article the history and a historiography of a problem of interethnic processes in Kazakhstan in the 20th years of the XX century are considered. Giving a retrospective assessment to the published literature on a historiography of the Soviet society, including on a historiography of the international relations, it should be noted negative impact of the party and state documents for the concept of national policy that undoubtedly led to wrong concepts and ideological dogmas. Therefore everything listed led to inadequate reflection of historical reality, tendentiousness of judgments, practice of concealing and distortions in article the main problems of a historiography of establishment of the Soviet power in the region and Sovietization of the Kazakh aul, formation of the Kazakh Autonomous SSR and the Kazakh SSR are also considered.
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García, Miguel Ángel. "La copla andaluza y los poetas." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 48, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.48.2.07ang.

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From the so-called «fin de siglo» to the thirties some of the Spanish poets relied on the folk song –and more specifically on the «cante jondo» or flamenco– to define an alleged Andalusian soul. In opposition to the cheerful, colourful and folkloric Andalusia described by poets like Reina and Rueda, there are other Modernist authors like Villaespesa, Sánchez Rodríguez, Juan Ramón Jiménez or Darío who refined the literary image of Andalusia from the distinctive notes of sadness or grief, thus initiating a thematic chain which from the twenties extended Lorca’s image of «Andalucía del llanto» under Neopopularism and the Vanguard movement. This trend continued in the next decade, when Cansinos Assens and the Caba brothers placed similar emphasis on tragic Andalusia, based on an analysis of the «cante jondo» in which metaphysical, social and historical aspects were mixed. This paper aims to examine some of the key aspects of the relation between the sadness of the Andalusian song and Spanish poetry in the first third of the 20th century.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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Elbaum, Henry. "Rhetoric and fiction : interaction of verbal genres in the Soviet literature of the twenties and thirties." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75698.

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Soviet literature of the twenties and thirties is examined in the present study in its relationship to other verbal genres, primarily, the speeches of Party leaders, newspaper rhetoric and political posters. The first four chapters of the dissertation focus on such topics as the reception of Marxist-Leninist discourse by peasants and workers as well as its representation in fiction; the refraction of official discursive formulas in characters' speech and the dialogization of Party rhetoric; the integration of political documents into fiction and their structural function. Particular attention is paid to the way the contamination of Party rhetoric by substandard language and its contextual defamiliarization lead, depending on the overall authorial intention, either to a parodic subversion of official cliches or to the internalization of didactic discourse and the enhancement of its communicative effectiveness.
The theme of industrialization is examined in the last two chapters of the thesis in its dialectic interaction with various Neo-Rousseauist conceptions, which either reflect the authors' own ambivalence about socialist construction, or constitute a rhetorical device used in order to reinforce dialogically industrialist ideology.
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Schröder, Gesine. "The decline of men’s choir in 20th century Germany: an homage to Erwin Lendvai." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-105927.

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The most important 1920’s men’s choral composer, Erwin Lendvai, is used in this lecture as an example to demonstrate some compositional steps that were taken to save the genre. Contemporaries praised him as a bold innovator of men’s choir. His writing is highly professional and his experience as a conductor shows in every detail. Stylistically, his music is a mixture of chromatically altered extended tonality and polyphonic principles found in the kind of boyish and unmannerly Renaissance songs Lendvai was familiar with, due to his transcriptions in the style of the “Jugenmusikbewegung”. He connects two ultra-modern tendencies of the time, namely linear counterpoint (no longer exactly in the sense of Ernst Kurth) and a morbid post-wagnerianism, both en vogue and equally fascinating.
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Gaunt, Pamela Mary School of Art History/Theory UNSW. "The decorative in twentieth century art: a story of decline and resurgence." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Art History/Theory, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25983.

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This thesis tracks the complex relationship between visual art and the decorative in the Twentieth Century. In doing so, it makes a claim for the ongoing interest and viability of decorative practices within visual art, in the wake of their marginalisation within Modernist art and theory. The study is divided into three main sections. First, it demonstrates and questions the exclusion of the decorative within the central currents of modernism. Second, it examines the resurgence of the decorative in postmodern art and theory. This section is based on case studies of a number of postmodern artists whose work gained notice in the 1980s, and which evidences a sustained engagement with a decorative or ornamental aesthetic. The artists include Rosemarie Trockel, Lucas Samaras, Philip Taaffe, and several artists from the Pattern and Decoration Painting Movement of the 1970s. The final component of the study investigates the function and significance of the decorative in the work of a selection of Australian and international contemporary artists. The art of Louise Paramor, Simon Periton and Do-Ho Suh is examined in detail. In addition, the significance of the late work of Henri Matisse is analysed for its relevance to contemporary art practice that employs decorative procedures. The thesis put forward is that an historical reversal has occurred in recent decades, where the decorative has once again become a significant force in experimental visual art.
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Chapin, Charles Nicholas. "The turn to reading in twentieth-century literary criticism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609859.

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蕭芬琪 and Fun-kee Siu. "The case of Wang Yiting (1867-1938): a uniquefigure in early twentieth century Chinese art history." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223357.

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Costello, Paul. "The goals of the world historians : paradigms in world history in twentieth century." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74629.

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Following Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler posed the central problems of the cyclical history of civilization in the twentieth century. Subsequent world historical theorists have attempted to answer Spengler's nihilistic perspective on the destined rise and fall of all cultures by rescuing a progressive movement which transcended the downfall of civilizations. World history since Spengler has been written in pursuit of an answer to the crises of modernism: to the 'Death of God,' the problem of progress, the emergent technological order with its bureaucratic management of society, and the need sensed by the metahistorians for a new 'mythical' grounding to avert the fall of the West. The "Crisis of the West" dominates the perspectives of the world historians. Their goals for the solution of 'modernism,' through the religious transformation of society or political and cultural world unity, are central to their motivation as writers and to the formulation of their paradigms.
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Lee, Sai-chong Jack, and 李世莊. "Painting in western media in early twentieth century Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214344.

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Marcus, Karen K. "Twentieth century Chinese architecture : examples and their significance in a modern tradition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78994.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.
Includes bibliographical references.
If one were to seek a unifying factor in this relatively short period of a modern Chinese tradition, it might be surprising to find that amidst the jolts of passing out of a feudal era into the twentieth century, the ancient principles of yin and yang still provide the jagged thread with which to attach the modern Chinese culture to the ancient one. This integration of opposing forces causes the pendulum to swing in any cross section of both material and nonmaterial form. Although this idiosyncratic leitmotiv is often to be found locked in a state of contradiction (the antithesis), the principles nevertheless provide a flexible structure and the leeway for change; as Chinese history has proven that rigidity most often results in decline and defeat. Moreover, it has provided a base for the growth of knowledge, readily adapting to the Marxist and Maoist methodology of dialectical materialism in this modern era.
by Karen K. Marcus.
M.S.
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Kirby, Fiona Jillian. "Troubled by life : the experience of stress in twentieth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/50486/.

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In this thesis I explore how people conceptualised, explained and managed their experiences of everyday stress before the concept became ubiquitous. In doing so, I reveal some of the factors which contributed to that ultimate ubiquity. The existing historiography of stress comes mostly from a medical perspective and deals largely with post-traumatic stress. I address these limitations by specifically focusing on the everyday stress more commonly experienced by the wider population and by doing so from a more popular perspective. I focus on changes to everyday life at work and at home, which had a significant impact on the popularisation of stress, in the period from the First World War to the 1980s. Drawing on a range of sources including self-help books, diaries, oral history interviews and popular culture, I foreground continuities in the approach to treating stress and changes in ideas about causation. My analysis reveals a vocabulary of nerves and nervous disorders as precursors to stress, but also illustrates the mutability of the nerves/stress concept and how its very imprecision gave it utility. An examination of contemporary medical, sociological and governmental research demonstrates how the increasing problematisation of everyday life contributed to a growing discourse of stress. This was reflected in popular culture which revealed both the workplace and home to be potential locations of stress. I argue that this arose due to changes to these domains resulting from increased affluence, evolving gender roles and changes to people's expectations of life in the second half of the century. At its heart my thesis argues that despite material improvements in both work and home life during the period, societal changes and a growing popular discourse of stress made it far more likely that by the late twentieth century people would interpret their everyday woes as stress.
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Bangham, Jenny. "Blood groups and the rise of human genetics in mid-twentieth century Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265573.

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This dissertation reconstructs how blood groups were made into pre-eminent objects of human genetic research and powerful markers for producing human biological difference. By tracing the ways in which three British laboratories became international centres for blood-group genetic research, it also offers an expanded history of postwar human genetics. In early 1930s Britain a community of geneticists, including R.A. Fisher and B.S. Haldane, promoted blood groups as having the potential to give the study of human heredity 'a solidly objective foundation, under strict statistical control'. Fisher and colleagues at the Cambridge Galton Serum Unit- especially Robert Race and Arthur Mourant- implemented this vision, the dissertation shows, using the arrangements for large-scale blood transfusion set up early in the Second World War. In 1946, Mourant became director of the Blood Group Reference Laboratory and Race of the Blood Group Research Unit, both at London's Lister Institute. As well as standardising blood-grouping reagents and investigating serological problems for the World Health Organization, these laboratories collected, analysed and published vast quantities of genetic data, making the Lister the global centre for blood-group genetics. During this period, human genetics changed from a marginal research field to an established discipline, partly, the dissertation argues, as a result of this blood-group research. By the 1950s a third of all human genetics publications were on blood groups: as one of the few human traits with simple Mendelian inheritance, they formed the basis for linkage studies and association surveys, and underpinned innovation in theoretical population genetics. Against a backdrop of intense international discussion about the meaning and scope of race science, blood groups were also made into tools for a supposedly 'obj ective' and 'unprejudiced' anthropology. This first history of how blood groups became scientific objects follows their collection in Britain and overseas, the grouping of samples, their transformation into data, and their presentation as credible genetic knowledge. It also offers the first sustained analysis of the functions of genetic nomenclatures. I argue that mid-century human genetics was profoundly influenced by the questions and practices of physical anthropology, by clinical practice, and by international infrastructures for medical research.
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Books on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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20th century USA. Mankato, Minn: Weigl Publishers, 2002.

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Berlin: The twenties. New York, NY: Abrams, 2005.

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A, Radford William. The most popular homes of the twenties. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2009.

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John, Lucas. The radical twenties: Writing, politics, and culture. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1999.

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Paul, Johnson. Modern times: The world from the twenties to the nineties. New York: Perennial Classics, 2001.

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Paul, Johnson. Modern times: The world from the twenties to the eighties. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

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Paul, Johnson. Modern times: The world from the twenties to the nineties. New York, N.Y: HarperPerennial, 1992.

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1940-, Schebera Jürgen, ed. The "golden" twenties: Art and literature in the Wiemar Republic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.

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America has fun: The Roaring Twenties. Chicago: Raintree, 2008.

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The 1920s decade in photos: The Roaring Twenties. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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Maugin, Gérard A. "Transition to the 20th Century." In Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century, 19–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6353-1_2.

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Spener, Maja. "Introspecting in the 20th century." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 148–74. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-7.

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Maugin, Gérard A. "Relativistic Continuum Mechanics: A 20th Century Adventure." In Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century, 267–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6353-1_15.

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Orlandi, Nico. "20th-century theories of perception 1." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 104–25. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-5.

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Johansson, Jens. "20th-century theories of personal identity." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 126–47. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-6.

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Aurell, Jaume. "Introduction: Medievalism and Medievalists in the 20th century." In Rewriting the Middle Ages in the Twentieth Century, 9–23. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stmh-eb.3.4460.

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Kind, Amy. "The mind-body problem in 20th-century philosophy." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 52–77. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-3.

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Yoo, Julie. "The mental causation debates in the 20th century." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 175–99. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-8.

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Figdor, Carrie. "The rise of cognitive science in the 20th century." In Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, 280–302. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508127-12.

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Pérez Eguíluz, Víctor. "French Tools for Urban Heritage Protection in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century." In European Planning History in the 20th Century, 127–38. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003271666-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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Bulycheva, E. "“MYTHOLOGICAL” AND “POETIC”: ON THE PROBLEM OF MYTHOPOETICS IN THE FINE ARTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY." In Aesthetics and Hermeneutics. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2563.978-5-317-06726-7/134-137.

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The multidimensionality of the visual arts of the twentieth century due to the radicalism of manifestations can be studied more reliably through the current field of interdisciplinary approaches including the analytics of mythopoetics. As a theoretical model for studying the mythopoetic work basis appears tobe a point of intersection of related cultural codes. Fine art while relying on the structural units of myth does not copy them directly,but translates them into the language of plastic images and enriches them with its specific stable elements. In this context they are equivalent tothe elements of the structure of the myth. The “poetic” in the free flight of imagination plays with the metaphorical nature of images tearing them away from reality. The “mythological” for all the whimsical and metaphorical images is experienced and perceived by the subject as an absolute reliable reality. The main feature of the mythopoetics of the visual arts of the 20th century is that the range of this interaction in the allegorical nature of images predetermines the variability and plurality of mythopoetic models that are used by artists.
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D'Aprile, Marianela. "A City Divided: “Fragmented” Urban and Literary Space in 20th-Century Buenos Aires." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.22.

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When analyzing the state of Latin American cities, particularly large ones like Buenos Aires, São Paolo and Riode Janeiro, scholars of urbanism and sociology often lean heavily on the term “fragmentation.” Through the 1980s and 1990s, the term was quickly and widely adopted to describe the widespread state of abutment between seemingly disparate urban conditions that purportedly prevented Latin American cities from developing into cohesive wholes and instead produced cities in pieces, fragments. This term, “fragmentation,” along with the idea of a city composed of mismatching parts, was central to the conception of Buenos Aires by its citizens and immortalized by the fiction of Esteban Echeverría, Julio Cortázar and César Aira. The idea that Buenos Aires is composed of discrete parts has been used throughout its history to either proactively enable or retroactively justify planning decisions by governments on both ends of the political spectrum. The 1950s and 60s saw a series of governments whose priorities lay in controlling the many newcomers to the city via large housing projects. Aided by the perception of the city as fragmented, they were able to build monster-scale developments in the parts of the city that were seen as “apart.” Later, as neoliberal democracy replaced socialist and populist leadership, commercial centers in the center of the city were built as shrines to an idealized Parisian downtown, separate from the rest of the city. The observations by scholars of the city that Buenos Aires is composed of multiple discrete parts, whether they be physical, economic or social, is accurate. However, the issue here lies not in the accuracy of the assessment but in the word chosen to describe it. The word fragmentation implies that there was a “whole” at once point, a complete entity that could be then broken into pieces, fragments. Its current usage also implies that this is a natural process, out of the hands of both planners and inhabitants. Leaning on the work of Adrián Gorelik, Pedro Pírez and Marie-France Prévôt-Schapira, and utilizing popular fiction to supplement an understanding of the urban experience, I argue that fragmentation, more than a naturally occurring phenomenon, is a fabricated concept that has been used throughout the twentieth century and through today to make all kinds of urban planning projects possible.
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Абуджрай, Абдалла. "Chronicle of Inculcation the Educational Programs in Palestinian Schools in the Second Half of the 20th Century." In Современное социально-гуманитарное образование: векторы развития в год науки и технологий: материалы VI международной конференции (г. Москва, МПГУ, 22–23 апреля 2021 г.). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37492/etno.2021.31.69.016.

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цель автора – представить историю школьного образования в Палестине во второй половине ХХ в., рассказать о статусе школьников и условиях приема в школу на новый учебный год. Школьное образование в Палестине прошло несколько этапов в 1950–1960-х гг. до прихода к власти Палестинской национальной администрации. С началом первого палестинского восстания (1987–1991) условия вновь изменились. Географическое расхождение между сектором Газа и Западным берегом повлияло и на то, что их школьные программы полностью отличаются. С созданием Палестинской автономии в 1993 г. ее первой миссией было внедрение всеобщего образования в секторе Газа и на Западном берегу. В исследовании применен метод интервьюирования и анализ основных программных документов. the purpose of this article is to present the historical facts of school education in Palestine in the second half of the twentieth century, as well as indicate the status of schoolchildren and the conditions for admission to school for the new academic year. School education went through several stages in the 1950s and 1960s until the Palestinian National Authority came to power. With the outbreak of the first Palestinian uprising from 1987 to 1991 conditions changed again. The geographic discrepancy between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank also contributed to their complete divergence in school curricula. With the creation of the Palestinian Authority in 1993, its first mission was to promote universal education in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The study used the interviewing method and analysis of the main program documents.
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Kovaleva, M. V., and O. V. Mikhailov. "Search for Ways to overcome the Crisis by Representatives of Russian Religious Thought." In General question of world science. Наука России, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-31-03-2021-61.

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The crisis at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries affected different countries and different aspects of social life, which was inevitable both due to geographical proximity and cultural, economic, political and other intersections. Addressing the topic of the sociocultural crisis was characteristic of both Russian and Western European philosophers of the early 20th century. The author in the article refers to the understanding of its features and ways to overcome it in the context of the ideas of Russian religious philosophers. An integral feature of Russian philosophical thought in the context of assessing the ongoing social changes and the search for ways out of a crisis situation is an understanding of the special purpose of Russia and an awareness of its role in human history. The works of Russian philosophers are full of anxiety about the future of mankind, about the fate of Russia, a premonition of possible death, therefore it is no coincidence that the appeal to the theme of the Apocalypse, the impending catastrophe, the end of history is perceived as a real threat to the existence of mankind. With all the diversity of approaches to assessing the sociocultural crisis, Russian thinkers are united by common philosophical roots, religion, national and cultural traditions. In the context of understanding the crisis processes of the early twentieth century, Russian religious thinkers raise the question of the role and significance of a person in the transformation of life, thereby actualizing the moral and anthropological problems.
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Bruz, Vladimir, S�rgey Vititnev, Natalya Kozyakova, and Ian Solovev. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND THE GERMANY GREEN PARTY EMERGENCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." In 20th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/5.1/s20.102.

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Serpa, Filipa. "O tempo dos padrões que modelam a cidade: Lisboa, os projectos urbanos habitacionais de promoção pública – 1910 | 2012." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6053.

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Ao facto de a cidade ser, essencialmente, constituída por matéria residencial, a função que, sendo mais “silenciosa” face ao protagonismo do espaço público, é a que constitui o seu tecido conjuntivo da cidade, junta-se a questão da crise da habitação cuja problemática marca o século XX. Neste quadro, através da leitura global dos projectos urbanos habitacionais de promoção pública construídos na cidade de Lisboa entre 1910 e 2012 e das suas invariantes, o trabalho propõem-se estruturar uma leitura tipo-morfológica assente numa leitura diacrónica dos factos. Complementarmente, uma leitura cruzada de factores de ordem supra-estrutural, de abordagens de análise ao nível da relação com a cidade existente, assim como de uma leitura morfológica dos conjuntos edificados, concorrem para esta estruturação e estabilizam sete projectos tipo. The fact that the city is essentially composed of residential tissue, function that being more " silent " over the role of public space is what constitutes its connective tissue, gathers with the fact that a housing crisis as gone through and marked the twentieth century. Considering the above described framework, the research proposes to structure typomorphological study based on a diachronic analysis of urban housing public projects built in Lisbon between 1910 and 2012. The elected tool for defining the analytical path and supporting the results, is a designed based method that allow the establishment of a cross-reading guideline of supra-structural factors, analysis to the relationship with the existing city, as well as a morphological approach of built projects. The research process proposes to stabilize seven types of public housing urban projects built in Lisbon in the 20th century.
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Alsuwailem, Majed, and Bertrand Williams-Rioux. "Integrated Oil Companies and the Quest for Energy Transition." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210465-ms.

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Abstract Integrated oil and gas (O&G) companies operate vertically integrated businesses that span the O&G value chain. In this way, they can leverage expertise across multiple domains rather than just focusing on exploration and production (E&P). Examples of such companies include British Petroleum (BP), Cenovus Energy, Chevron, Eni, Imperial Oil, ExxonMobil, Repsol, Royal Dutch Shell, Suncor Energy and TotalEnergies. Integrated O&G companies played a central role in advancing energy availability and economic growth during the twentieth century. However, these companies now face the challenge of addressing the need for a new energy transition in the twenty-first century. This transition will involve a shift from fossil fuels to alternative fuels, such as renewable wind and solar energy, battery storage and nuclear energy. The extent to which these efforts will impact integrated oil companies (IOCs) and their assets depends on the global community's commitment to reducing demand for hydrocarbons. In the extreme, these companies may go out of business. Efforts by IOCs to adapt their business models will also affect their viability. Thus, IOCs face an important choice that will define their role in the energy transition. On the one hand, they can observe the energy transition without participating. Potential repercussions of this choice include lost business and investments and increased financial penalties in the form of carbon pricing. On the other hand, they can play an active role in the energy transition by committing to decarbonize the industry. For example, they can invest in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and explore geothermal energy. They may incorporate solar and wind power and move toward a low-carbon hydrogen economy. In summary, this study investigates the role of IOCs in the next major energy transition. The key points are as follows: IOCs were leaders of the 20th century energy transition to oil. However, they are now the incumbent players in the industry and face a prisoner's dilemma in responding to the transition to green energy.IOCs have been replaced by national oil companies (NOCs), independent operators and oil field service companies (OFSCs) as major suppliers and drivers of innovation.The integrated business models of IOCs can adapt to new business practices. However, IOCs tend to lack flexibility in implementing new business practices compared to independent companies.Innovation for the energy transition requires new entrants and specialized operators, such as OFSCs, to take the lead.To respond to uncertainties around climate regulation and shifting investor sentiment, IOCs can seek partners in climate coalitions, such as the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI), targeting cooperation.Strategic advantages in reservoir management can be used to advocate for CCUS as a decarbonization service for IOCs’ downstream consumers.
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Hunko, Wesley S., and Lewis N. Payton. "Implementing Computer Numerical Controls Affordably at a Four Year University." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66152.

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Additive manufacturing, fundamentally, is computerized numerical controls using a specialized printer head as the “tool”. Any new curriculum implementing “additive manufacturing” stands upon the fundamental and advanced work done before in computer numerical controls. Although there certainly is a need for end user laboratories based upon purchased printers, the challenge in designing curriculums that support developing the next generation of additive manufacturing must also include computer numerical controls. The best designers must be able to picture the entire system when developing new systems. During the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the “hands-on” engineering laboratories typical of the post-World War II engineering campus gave way to computerized laboratories and simulation. Traditional engineering assets (lathes, mills, drill presses, etc.) were retired as they aged without replacement in favor of computer laboratories full of PC’s and software. As the 20th century ended, there was a realization that computer simulation is no substitute for “cutting metal” or “making things”. Designers need to understand process in order to communicate with technologists from trade schools and industry. Even a simple engineering drawing can often simply not be created due to process limitations (e.g., a perfectly drawn internal 90-degree angle in a CAD drawing does not occur in nature OR a machine shop). As the four year universities shut down their hands on programs, the two year programs implemented complex computer numerical controls curriculums to train operators for industry. The incredibly expensive equipment needed to do this is funded by state governments trying to attract industry to the state. The four year universities, responsible for creating the next generation of manufacturing machines, do not have access to THIS generations machines. The National Science Foundation and state governments don’t see the need for upper level engineering students to have ready access to machines that cost up to a million dollars each. The universities fortunate to have CNC machines usually keep them locked away from the students for safety of the machines and the students. Technicians make things for the students on the limited number or machines available. There is no understanding of the machines and very little understanding of the processes the machines are doing. An earlier paper by the authors described a way to implement an affordable undergraduate “manual” innovation laboratory. This article describes an affordable way for upper level universities to implement an effective machine design atmosphere for subtractive and additive manufacturing. The students modify existing machines from that earlier laboratory into multi-axis CNC machines. Students have successfully built five axis mills, lathes with live tooling and now a unique metal printing machine. The goal is not to create operators, but to enable designers of the next generation of machines. At the very least, students are immediately useful as design engineers when hired by companies making the most advanced (and expensive) additive/subtractive machines. The emphasis is not on expensive super machines but on very capable simple machines as emphasized in the Toyota Production System. One specific, inexpensive example will be provided for other institutions to utilize. The result has been an affordable laboratory that supports undergraduate students, graduate research students, and the university as a whole while teaching the design and control of computer numerical machines.
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Alcantar, Erika Angélica. "Modernidad para las masas: dos formas de producir ciudad en México (1952-1976)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10251.

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During the 20th century in Mexico, two types of producing the city were in constant tension: the rationalist city and the popular city. The first of these, configured institutions from the first decades of the twentieth century. At the same time, the "informal city" was also developing, which grew more rapidly and proportionally from the 1940s onwards. The tension between these two visions of the city or urban cultures can be traced from the projects, testimonies and ideologies of its different actors. In this paper we propose to analyze some key discourses and ideas of these two ways of making the city between 1952 and 1976, in order to evidence a high point of the tension between rationalist and popular urban cultures, during a period in which modern urbanism became a state urbanism and the popular city shaped the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. It also seeks to vindicate popular urban culture as a category of analysis belonging to the history of urbanisms in Mexico. Key words: Mexico, rationalism, popular urbanism, Mexico City. Durante el siglo XX en México, dos tipos de producir la ciudad estuvieron en constante tensión: la ciudad racionalista y la ciudad popular. La primera de ellas ingresó al campo académico desde la década de 1920 gracias a figuras reconocidas en el campo de la arquitectura como Carlos Contreras, miembro de la Federación Internacional de Planificación y asistente de conferencias internacionales de planificación. Este movimiento se consolidó con la Comisión de Planificación del Distrito Federal. Posteriormente el Movimiento Moderno penetró en México, de la mano de algunos arquitectos como Juan O’Gorman y con los proyectos de vivienda masiva de Mario Pani, quien se consideró seguidor y admirador de Le Corbusier, personaje clave de los CIAM. Paralelamente, desde la década de 1940 la "ciudad informal" creció más rápido y proporcionalmente en las principales ciudades mexicanas, gracias a las oleadas migratorias de los pobres del campo que buscaban fuentes de empleo en los centros industriales en apogeo. La llamada "Herradura de tugurios" y las "colonias populares" en la periferia de la Ciudad de México se convirtieron en una preocupación hacia fines de la década de 1960 cuando la capital mexicana duplicó su población y se convirtió en una ciudad masiva. La tensión de estas dos visiones de ciudad o culturas urbanísticas se puede rastrear a partir de los proyectos y testimonios de diferentes arquitectos, que conformaban cuadros de técnicos en organismos gubernamentales y redactaban informes, acuerdos y contribuían a configurar la normativa urbana en vigencia; asimismo, este grupo de profesionales también formaba cuadros en las universidades mexicanas y redactaba libros de texto para el mismo propósito. De esta manera, el gremio de los arquitectos que prescribieron una forma de vida moderna. Por otro lado estaban otros profesionales como sociólogos, antropólogos y otro grupo de arquitectos, que buscaban entender por qué los pobres vivían como vivían y denunciaban el abandono en el que los tenía el Estado. Ellos denunciaron sobre todo en la prensa y la fotografía las condiciones de vida de los pobres urbanos. En este trabajo se propone analizar mediante la historia urbana cultural algunos elementos clave de estas dos formas de hacer ciudad entre 1952 y 1976, período en el que el urbanismo moderno se conviertió en un urbanismo estatal en México y la ciudad popular se expandió conformando la periferia de lo que hoy se conoce como la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, mediante ocupaciones ilegales de tierras, compra-venta legal e ilegal de lotes sin urbanizar, procesos autogestivos de vivienda y de urbanización colectiva. Estos elementos se revisan a través de las propuestas de la historia urbana, la historia de las ideas y la hermenéutica analógica; a saber, se identifican y analizan las ideas y teorías, planes y proyectos, intervenciones y normativas que intentan dar respuesta a ¿Cómo se relacionan estos dos tipos de ciudad? Asimismo, se realiza una revisión hemerográfica y de archivo, del análisis del discurso de arquitectos de la época en testimonios orales y escritos, así como de agentes de las ciencias sociales y de la población que llevó a cabo sus propios procesos de urbanización popular. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la tensión que existió durante entre 1952 y 1976 entre dos formas de pensar la ciudad en México por sus actores y la materialización de distintos proyectos, en este periodo en donde se transita de la idea de la ciudad moderna y sus procesos de renovación hacia una metrópolis de masas. Palabras clave: México, racionalismo, urbanismo popular, Ciudad de México.
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Reports on the topic "Twenties (20th century)"

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BALYSH, A. HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN THE USSR IN THE 20T-30TH OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THIS FACTOR ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY AND DEFENSE INDUSTRY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-14-23.

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The aim of the article. How state-of-the-art in the field of home building influenced onto capital constructing in defense industry, putting into exploitation and operation of the new military plants during the industrialization period is examined. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also uses special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. This article is based on documents storing in the Russian State Archive and Russian State Economical Archive. Collections of historical documents related to the Soviet period of Russian history are also used. On the base of these documents it is shown that poor situation in the field of home building was the reason of persistent deficits of building and exploitation workers. Due to this fact it was impossible to apply the funds given by the Government for building some plants (especially at the periphery), building works were delayed and proper operation of already built ones was spoiled. These problems were not completely solved till the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. All this effected negatively to the Red Army combat readiness before and during the war, especially at the beginning period. Practical application. The field of results application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: the archive data, which are for the first time used for scientific investigation and also the conclusions formulated in this article can be used for further scientific research on the USSR military industry in the industrialization period and also for scientific research on the USSR period in general.
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