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ORLOVA, L. N. "THE HISTORY OF THE PIONEER ORGANIZATION FORMATION IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN THE MID-TWENTIES OF THE 20th CENTURY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 9, no. 4 (2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2020-9-4-171-180.
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The main purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside during the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The author examines individual issues of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The materials of congresses, plenums, conferences of the RLKSM on solving problems of work in the countryside are analyzed. The materials of the study of peasant children parents’ opinions of that time on the issue of joining the pioneer organization are presented. The main directions of this work are considered, including the dissemination of elementary agronomic knowledge among children, participation in the re-election of village councils, the organization of children's leisure, the protection of the economic interests of young farm laborers.
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Abdulkhakova, Aislu R. "Tatar Children’s Book of the Twenties of the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 2, 2009): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-6-46-49.
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Varrasi, John. "Soaring Twenties." Mechanical Engineering 127, no. 05 (May 1, 2005): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2005-may-4.
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This article reviews the rise of cities, and of the machines that built them has set a trend that outlasted the 20th century. Emboldened and enjoying newfound prosperity and modernity, Engineering, reflecting the times, was bold, and perhaps nowhere was this more evident than in the American city. While electric and steam locomotives coexisted on America’s railways in the 1920s, the two technologies resided in completely separate camps. Each sector had strong adherents, who often faced off to debate the technical merits and future prospects of one technology over the other. Together with the automobile, the highway system contributed significantly to the development of the nation, enabling towns and cities to take root well beyond the confines of urban centers and railway stations. Mechanical engineers played a vital role in highway development in such areas as construction machinery, cost analysis of projects, and materials.
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Ovcharenko, Alexey Yu. "The “Big Twenties” in the History of Russian Literature of the 20th Century: to the Сentenary of the Magazine Krasnaya Nov." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-2-311-316.
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The review article presents various views on the periodization of Russian literature in the 1920s and 1930s and provides arguments in favor of new, refined approaches to the boundaries of the period. Particularly noteworthy are the works of those authors who point to the need for an expanded understanding of the twenties. The concept of the Big Twenties is of particular value in connection with the centenary of the magazine Krasnaya Nov , which made a significant contribution to the literary process of that time.
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Yacoub Al-Sheikh, Shatha. "The Employment of Geometry in Creating Architectural Ideas in Twenties Revivalism Trend of the 20th Century." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 19, no. 5 (October 28, 2011): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2011.26622.
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Stolzi, Irene. "CORPORATISM AND NEO-CORPORATISM: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20TH -CENTURY ITALIAN LEGAL ORDER." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 31, no. 64 (August 2018): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942018000200006.
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Abstract The article seeks to analyze how the legal thought represented the idea of corporative and neo-corporative order in the framework of the 20th-century in Italian history. The first part is dedicated to highlight the evolutions of historical studies on fascist corporatism through a brief review of the main interpretations over the last decades. Then, the paper describes three different lectures of fascist corporative order brought by the jurists between the twenties and the forties: the vision of those who saw in corporatism the ideological and institutional answer for outlining the identity of the new totalitarian state; the interpretation, typical of jurists with a liberal background, who attempted to fit the corporatist phenomenon (and the 20th century in general) into traditional interpretative categories; and finally, the minority view embraced by jurists having different backgrounds and ideological sensibilities, but nonetheless convinced that the corporatist system should represent an opportunity to imagine types of relationships between private and public, political and economic spheres that were remote both from 19th century individualism and the new frontiers of totalitarianism. The second part tries to stress the so-called neo-corporatism, that is the season of “social consultation” spanning the 1980s and 1990s to see whether and in which sense it is possible to connect this experience both with the interwar corporatism and the democratic constitutional context.
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Mezhevich, Nikolay M. "How a Big Strategy Led to the Emergence of a Small State: the Example оf Estonia." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016558-2.
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Strategies for moving towards independence are always of scientific interest, which naturally increases in cases where we are talking about a whole sequence of gains and losses of independence. In relation to Estonia, the relevance is due to the fact that the Republic of Estonia is our neighbor, the quality of relations with which is far from ideal. From the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty in 1920, the most complex political processes took place on the territory of the future Estonia, with the participation of a significant number of actors, not one of whom was not interested in Estonian independence. Why, in the first two twenties, Estonia became independent quite unexpectedly, not only for Berlin and Petrograd, but also for Tallinn itself.
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Diadechko, A. "The Reflection of the Era of the “Roaring Twenties“ in the F.S.Fitzgerald’s Novel «The Great Gatsby»." Fìlologìčnì traktati 12, no. 2 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2020.12(2)-1.
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The article deals with the portraying “Roaring Twenties” which marked a legendary and unprecedented period in the history of American society. Though this era goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, it has never stopped arousing deep common interest because of its uniqueness. Having been abundantly reflected in numerous pieces of art and literature, “Roaring Twenties”, synonymously named “The Jazz Age”, go on provoking public discussion and reevaluation. If viewed in literary terms, this epoch is certainly linked with the name of Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) and with his best known novel “The Great Gatsby” filmed five times. The writer is considered to be one of the best chronicler of the American 1920s. Fitzgerald’s masterpiece had embodied many symbols and icons of America which travelled though one hundred years and still feature contemporary society. The articles attempts to outline extra-lingual information and data that shape the temporal and cultural background of the novel. It aims at providing the readers with sufficient additional information that may significantly enlarge on the novel context grasping. It proposes a detailed description and interpretation of symbols and markers of the American 1920s which typically feature “Roaring Twenties” and the ways they are projected onto Fitzgerald’s story. In particular, the focus is made on American Dream doctrine, New York of the 1920s, the conflict between “the old money” and “the new money”, feminism and fashion, alcohol and crime, music, cars. Some parallels between the author’s life story and his characters are also specified.
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Zh., Zhunisbekova, and Aikozov S. "Turkestan Khanate from the Russian Colonial Empire to the Autonomous State." Asian Social Science 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p85.
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Article is devoted to synthesis of practice of the solution of an ethnic question in Kazakhstan in the twenties. In article the history and a historiography of a problem of interethnic processes in Kazakhstan in the 20th years of the XX century are considered. Giving a retrospective assessment to the published literature on a historiography of the Soviet society, including on a historiography of the international relations, it should be noted negative impact of the party and state documents for the concept of national policy that undoubtedly led to wrong concepts and ideological dogmas. Therefore everything listed led to inadequate reflection of historical reality, tendentiousness of judgments, practice of concealing and distortions in article the main problems of a historiography of establishment of the Soviet power in the region and Sovietization of the Kazakh aul, formation of the Kazakh Autonomous SSR and the Kazakh SSR are also considered.
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García, Miguel Ángel. "La copla andaluza y los poetas." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 48, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.48.2.07ang.
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From the so-called «fin de siglo» to the thirties some of the Spanish poets relied on the folk song –and more specifically on the «cante jondo» or flamenco– to define an alleged Andalusian soul. In opposition to the cheerful, colourful and folkloric Andalusia described by poets like Reina and Rueda, there are other Modernist authors like Villaespesa, Sánchez Rodríguez, Juan Ramón Jiménez or Darío who refined the literary image of Andalusia from the distinctive notes of sadness or grief, thus initiating a thematic chain which from the twenties extended Lorca’s image of «Andalucía del llanto» under Neopopularism and the Vanguard movement. This trend continued in the next decade, when Cansinos Assens and the Caba brothers placed similar emphasis on tragic Andalusia, based on an analysis of the «cante jondo» in which metaphysical, social and historical aspects were mixed. This paper aims to examine some of the key aspects of the relation between the sadness of the Andalusian song and Spanish poetry in the first third of the 20th century.
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Tagirova, N. F., E. I. Sumburova, and Yu A. Zherdeva. "Evolution of Industrial Production and Economic Education in Russia." SHS Web of Conferences 62 (2019): 12003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196212003.
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The research considers evolution of industrial development and the educational policy of Russia of the first third of the 20th century. The authors investigate interrelation between processes of concentration of production, labor and professional education at the stage of the ending second technological "Large wave" (industrialization). The study purpose is to consider transformation of the system of higher business education as a social project of a new era – the era of mass production, mass labor and mass education. The research objectives are: to determine industrialization processes of production and society of Russia in 1890s-1930s, to define massification tools in the early Soviet epoch, to analyze experiments in the sphere of higher business education in Russia in 1918-1932. Research methodology consists of proceedings of Carlota Pérez and comparative historical analysis of industrial and educational changes. The main research results is justification of the “military-revolutionary” stage of industrialization in Russia, which was followed by social experiments in the sphere of higher business education that in the late twenties was replaced by “accelerated socialist” industrialization with mobilization planning and unidirectional specialized planned economic education.
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Cattaneo, Nelly. "Tessenei (1905-1941): intensive farming shaping landscape and social relations in colonial Eritrea." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196305002.
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In the early 20th century the agrarian policies of the Colonial Government in Eritrea moved from the promotion of Italian family homesteads on the highlands to the exploitation of wide semi-arid areas in the lowlands. In particular the surroundings of Tessenei, close to the Sudanese border, for its geomorphological and hydrographic features, were appropriate for a wide intensive plantation of cotton. Here in 1905 the most meaningful intervention of colonial agrarian valorisation in Eritrea was being planned, but it was realized at the end of the Twenties. Barriers, embankments, canals and drains caused then a radical change in the landscape, imposing a severe geometry over 10.000 hectares of smoothly corrugated lands around the Gash River. Production activities were mainly based on local workers: this had a dramatic impact on traditional culture and social relations, stressed by the fact that in a short while migration from Sudan and Ethiopia was encouraged. By analysing the main features of the spatial organization designed in Tessenei, an attempt to outline the relation between the colonial government and local cultural system will be made; the comprehension of this relation would be important to understand the legacies of the project and its potentialities at present.
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Basto, M. D. R., L. Lopes, A. Miguel, A. Certo, Â. Venâncio, and A. Horta. "From kraepelin to the present. Dementia praecox – a case study." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2105.
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IntroductionIn the late XIXth century Kraepelin described a new nosologic division for the psycothic disorders – Paranoia and Dementia Praecox. He emphasized that dementia praecox is a central nervous system disease, involving permanent lesions on cerebral cortex. Besides biological deterioration, it appears as the result of psychic degenerative process. From the mid-20th century onward, antipsychotic drugs had been robustly generalized, and in parallel to the current classifications, residual symptoms in schizophrenia tend to be rare but still prevail in our patients.ObjectivesThe aim of our work is to report a clinical case of residual schizophrenia in parallel with the classic classification of Dementia Praecox and also do an overview of this disorder and its historical perspective.MethodsWe conducted clinical interviews with the patient and family members, reviewed clinical records and conducted a query in the MEDLINE database using the terms " Dementia Praecox ", “Psychosis”, “Paranoia”, “Kraepelin”, “History”.ResultsWe present the clinical case of a 74-year-old man with onset of psychotic symptoms on his twenties and diagnosed with Schizophrenia. In the past years, after acute psychotic episodes it was increasingly difficult to return to prior levels of functioning. Currently, he was brought to psychiatric emergency ward presenting bizarre behavior, stereotyped movements and speech disturbances, which reveal disorganized thinking and inability to express his emotions.ConclusionsAlthough these syndromes are nowadays relatively rare, it is important to keep them in mind, in order to understand the natural progression of psychotic diseases, improve their rehabilitative treatment and prognosis.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Pinilla, R., U. Aragones, B. Ordoñez, A. Sotillos, and A. Hernández Mata. "Group treatment experience in a brief psychiatry hospitlization unit." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1326.
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IntroductionJoseph Pratt, a sanatorium doctor, at the beginning of the 20th century began to organize groups of patients in order to transmit information about their illness, observing that those who came had a better evolution. In the twenties, Jacob L. Moreno, would make the leap towards mental health, transferring the group format to the treatment of mental disorders. At the same time, Lazell and Marsh began to carry out psychoeducational groups with admitted schizophrenic patients.ObjectivesPresent experience of a psychotherapeutic group in a brief psychiatry hospitalization unit.MethodsNon-directional, voluntary group, with daily frequency and 30 minutes duration. Between 8-15 patients participated. Participation in the group required compliance with 2 rules: respecting word turns and speaking from one’s own experience. The sessions were organized in three parts, 1. Opening of the group: the rules are remembered and we welcome new patients. 2. Group: dialogue between patients 3. Group closure: summary of the session and dismissal of discharge patients.ResultsThe following topics were addressed: - The experience of admission; traumatic vs restorative. - The difficulties they expected to encounter after discharge. - Aspects related to family bonding, between equals and couples. As difficulties we find: - The heterogeneity in the symptoms of the patients. - Voluntary participation in the group. - Conflicts reactive to non-compliance with the rules.ConclusionsGroup therapies in brief hospitalization units have great therapeutic potential.Conflict of interestNo significant relationships.
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Wieczorek, Krzysztof. "“Phase transition” between Confrontation and Dialogue in the Light of the Concept of the Unity Charism." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 22, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2016): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pepsi-2016-0015.
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Abstract In the twenties of the last century the process of building a new type of philosophical culture began, based on the sensitivity towards another person, the recognition of values and dignity of the person and the search for platforms of dialogue and compromise between people. However, it did not gain a broad social resonance. The 20th Century became the scene of the triumph of totalitarianisms, based on the idea of collectivism and marked by the contempt towards the individual, his rights and needs. In the post-war reality environments favouring the humanization of the culture of coexistence earned a voice, but they too did not manage to divert the tendency towards building a bureaucratic and technocratic order. In this kind of system, the person feels reduced to his instrumental functions, and the dialogue submerged in the world of humanistic values becomes a distant and unequalled dream. This text undertakes the problem of the conditions which must be met in order for the tendency towards dialogue and mutual respect to prevail over the hostile, confrontational approach, which characterizes many contemporary social environments. The author suggests that we refer to the analogy with the thermodynamics phenomenon, phase transition, and consider the notion of spiritual energy (the analogue of the physical term enthalpy) as an agent regulating the internal disposition of the individual to “freeze” or “thaw” relations with his fellow human beings. The key thesis is that the most important source of energy indispensable to move from confrontation to dialogue lies in the resources of religious experience- the openness to the grace flowing from the transcendental reality, and the guides on the path to discovering this source are the witnesses of faith- among them the spiritual heirs of Chiara Lubich’s charism.
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KŪLE, MAIJA. "ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN LATVIA: 1920–2020." HORIZON / Fenomenologicheskie issledovanija/ STUDIEN ZUR PHÄNOMENOLOGIE / STUDIES IN PHENOMENOLOGY / ÉTUDES PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIQUES 10, no. 1 (2021): 15–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/2226-5260-2021-10-1-15-44.
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Looking over a hundred years, it should be acknowledged that phenomenological studies in Latvia were initially carried out in the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, starting with 1) Husserl’s studies and criticism of solipsism (T. Celms), 2) phenomenological analysis of forms of community (K. Stavenhagen), and 3) development of cognitive phenomenology in Ladusāns’ many-sided gnoseology. It was not possible to work on phenomenology during the harsher years of the Soviet regime (1945–1970), but in the mid-1970s, a phenomenological circle emerged in Riga under the influence of Nelly Motroshilova and Merab Mamardashvili. Its focus was on the issues of consciousness and language, on phenomenological ontology, communication, time-consciousness. Since 1990, phenomenological studies have been expanding, four international conferences have been held in Latvia in cooperation with the World Phenomenology Institute, nine monographs on phenomenology have been published, and 56 articles from Latvia have been published in Analecta Husserliana. Themes of papers and presentations included historicity, space and time, passions, teleology, educational philosophy, aesthetics. Since 2005, nine phenomenology-related doctoral theses have been defended in Riga. Over the last decade, greater focus has been given to applied phenomenology, its relationships with medicine, social media, violence research. Phenomenologists influenced a transformation of classical philosophy towards wider horizons and reflected the necessity to consider concepts of life, nature, body, we-consciousness, it also opened the way for contemporary perspective dialogue with cognitive sciences, linguistics, identity studies and psychoanalysis.
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Rodriguez, V., C. Gómez, C. Gomis, L. González, E. Tercelán, J. Pérez, L. García, M. Ainbarro, and C. Ortigosa. "Gestchwind syndrome and epileptic psychosis, beyond the schizophrenia frontier." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2405.
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During late 19th and early 20th century neuropsychiatrists began to identify common behavioral and cognitive disturbances in epilepsy, but it is not until 1973 that Norman Gestchwind described the basics of what we know as Gestchwind syndrome. This syndrome includes the triada of hyper-religiosity, hypergraphia and hypo/hypersexuality and it was mainly associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Moreover, it is well known the association between epilepsy and psychotic symptoms, the so-called schizophrenia-like syndrome, which can lead us to a false diagnosis of schizophrenia. We report a 44-year-old man who was brought to the hospital with delusional ideation of prosecution and reference in his work environment with important behavioral disruption, as well as delusional ideation of religious content. He had a diagnosis of schizophrenia since he was 18-years-old and personal history of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions in his twenties. During the admission, he recovered ad integrum very rapidly with low doses of risperidone, but referred recurrence of déjà vu episodes. After reviewing his patobiography and past medical history, we identified the presence of hypergraphia, hypersexuality and a profound religious feeling, fulfilling the criteria for Gestchwind syndrome, in the context of which was later diagnosed as chronic epileptic psychosis. It is very important a careful approach to the patobiography and personal history. Also, we should include classic differential diagnosis such as Gestchwind syndrome, as they can lead us finally to the correct diagnosis, which in this case meant not only a different treatment but also a better prognosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Peruško, Ivana. "From Lenin to the NEPmen, from famine to gluttony: Moscow during the NEP through the eyes of Bulgakov and Krleža." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2020): 314–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.4.02.
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In this article, the October Revolution is considered as the fundamen-tal mythological construct of Soviet (totalitarian) mythology, which, according to E. Meletinsky, was supposed to accomplish a symbolic cosmization of the pre-revolutionary Chaos. The post-October Moscow played a leading role in this process. The theoretical basis of the article are the works of E. Meletinsky, J. Derrida and M. Ryklin dedicated to Soviet Moscow. M. Ryklin in the book “Communism as Religion.Intellectuals and the October Revolution” (2009) argues that for many European left-wing intellectuals, post-October Moscow has become the “new Jerusalem”. Moscow as a new Mecca was perceived not only by European left intellectuals, but also by most of the Russian intelligentsia, which either enthusiastically welcomed the Soviet regime or decided to reconcile with it and cooperate. Upon his return from Moscow, the emi-nent Yugoslav Croatian writer and confi dent Leninist Miroslav Krleža published “A Trip to Russia” (1926), one of the deepest “returns from the USSR” that was banned in Soviet Russia. Mikhail Bulgakov, after his fail to emigrate, i.e. to leave Vladikavkaz and go abroad, moved to Moscow, on which he pinned great hopes and from which he expected a lot in the 1920s. At this time, Moscow was an inexhaustible source of inspiration for Bulgakov, as evidenced by his feuilletons of the twenties in “Nakanune” (“Capital in a notebook”, 1922; “Sorok sorokov”, 1923; “The golden city”, 1923). Despite the completely opposite political views of Bulgakov and Krleža, they have strikingly much in common in terms of subtle observations of everyday Moscow during the NEP and in terms of the fi ght against Soviet censorship. This article is the fi rst attempt at a comparative study of the Moscow impressions of two prominent Slavic writers of the 20th century.
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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.
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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.
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Gortfelder, Mark. "Maltusliku ehk Lääne-Euroopa abiellumustüübi kõrgaeg Eestis." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 177, no. 3/4 (June 20, 2022): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.3-4.01.
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This article analyses the trends and spatial patterns of i) the mean age at first marriage and ii) the proportion of people who remained single by the age of 45 for Estonian men and women born in the latter half of the 19th century. First, trends in these two indicators and for the two sexes are analysed for people born in 1850–99. Second, spatial patterns for both indicators and both genders are investigated at the municipality level for the cohorts of 1875–94. Third, this spatial data is linked to other socio-economic and cultural variables derived mostly from the censuses in order to explain the causes of the spatial clustering of marriage indicators.
The theoretical reasoning for this article rests on the work of Thomas Robert Malthus and John Hajnal. Malthus is famous for explaining the demographic-economic dynamics of a traditional agrarian society in which periodic increases in mortality occur, lowering population numbers that have reached the carrying capacity (limit of available food) of an agrarian society. But Malthus (1798) was also the first to describe a phenomenon that was present in the upper and middle classes of his contemporary Britons, which also resulted in containing population growth. To be more precise, Malthus observed that people got married in their late twenties (thus postponing the start of their childbearing period); and that a considerable proportion of people remained single (thus they did not bear any children at all).
Thomas Hajnal (1965) used considerable census material from the late 19th and early 20th centuries to place these observations on a sounder foundation. He claimed that a unique marriage system was prevalent in the countries of Western Europe. Namely, people married late (women around the age of 25, men around the age of 29) and 10 or more percent of the population remained single. Hajnal hypothesised that European uniqueness in this regard could in fact be linked to a higher standard of living in Europe from the Early Modern period onwards. Several economic historians have recently claimed that this was in fact the case, and that the Western European marriage pattern was one of the causes of European economic headway compared to other regions of the world (for example van Zanden, de Moor and Carmichel 2019).
In the case of Estonia, little research has been conducted on the prevailing marriage system. Heldur Palli (1984, 1988) has studied the demographic situation in a few parishes during the 18th century and has shown that the Western European marriage pattern was present in the Estonian countryside in the late 18th century, if it can be assumed that these parishes constitute a representative sample of the country. Later researchers have cited Palli and early 20th century census and population statistics material to make the same claim.
Here a novel data set, the Estonian Family Register, is used to analyse marital dynamics during the time of general societal modernisation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gortfelder (2020) has previously used and described the Family Register. Its main advantage is that cohort analysis can be used, which makes it possible to precisely pinpoint the values of mean age at people first married and the proportion of persons remaining unmarried by the age of 45. There are also disadvantages, the greatest of which is the issue that the data for some municipalities is wholly or partially missing due to the ravages of the Second World War.
The analysis shows that for men and women born in 1850–1899, the mean age at first birth was stable. For men it was at 29–30 and for women at 25–26 years of age. Regarding persons who remained unmarried, change was slightly more pronounced. The proportion of women rose from 15 to 18 percent, while that of men rose from 9 to 13 percent.
Spatial patterns of mean age at first marriage are mostly the same for both men and women. Namely, marital age is higher in urban areas and in the counties of Viljandi, Valga, Tartu, and Võru. The greatest sex differences are found in the West Estonian islands. From the perspective of women, marriage occurred relatively late in these areas; for men the situation is the opposite. The youngest marital ages are evident in Petseri County. The picture is mostly the same regarding the proportion of persons who were not married by the age of 45.
In the studied cohorts, there are more single people (by the age of 45) in urban areas and the counties of Viljandi, Valga, and Tartu. Regarding women, Lääne County also had high values. Once again, the western islands have a very different rank by sex. A sizeable proportion of women remained single by the age of 45, while only a small percentage of men remained bachelors.
Finally, a number of variables can explain the spatial patterns of mean age at first marriage and the proportion of persons remaining single by the age of 45. For example, the sex ratio of young adults is a crucial factor. If there were relatively few men in an area, more women remained single and married late. Also, variables related to economics are important. Agrarian areas with a more market-oriented economic structure featured later marriage and a larger percentage of single men.
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ANDRUSYSHYN, BOHDAN, and OLHA TOKARCHUK. "Democratic Traditions of the European Universities as the Development Assurance of Ukrainian Higher Education Institutions in Interwar Period." Право України, no. 2021/02 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2021-02-163.
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The article deals with the study of the Ukrainian scientists’ activities in one of the largest and most notable centres of Ukrainian political emigration since the early twenties of the 20th century – in the Prague one. It has been pointed out that the Ukrainian intellectuals in foreign countries did not abandon their thoughts about the restoration of a united sovereign state. The Ukrainian state and legal thought development were associated both with the functioning of the Ukrainian Free University as well as other higher education institutions and with the broad involving of European democratic traditions during the emigration period. The professors had to solve such important and difficult tasks as: to create independent university courses on many disciplines for Law Department which programmes had already been significantly expanded in Prague. Having a complicated scientific and methodological work the Ukrainian scientists performed a responsible task successfully; dozens of legal courses were compiled and partially published, most of the specializedcourses differed in originality and made a significant contribution to the development of legal thought and science. Regarding the teaching activity of scientists in emigration, and in the past many of them were lawyers-practitioners and statesmen, we should note that their reports and lecture materials are characterized by deep preparation, content, thoughtfulness and consistency of the basic idea development. The training of Ukrainian youth in higher education institutions in Czechoslovakia was completely saturated not only with European worldview and methodological approaches, but also retained progressive national-state traditions. The forced situation, in which legal scientists got, brought them to such a theoretical and practical level of training of legal staff, to which we are only approaching today. This stage was viewed by young people as temporary and did not even imagine that they would remain in the West forever; prepared to “return home not empty-handed”. Thus, modern legal education and science need advanced more thorough research on the legal refinement of legal scholars in exile. University students and postgraduate students should take an active part in events where scientists and students of law faculties of Ukrainian higher schools in Europe are popularized. It is advisable to organize discussions about state-legal, socio-political views, cultural activities of figures. It is also necessary to intensify the individual search for the scientific activities of Ukrainian emigration in certain areas of law.
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Martínez del Baño, Benito. "Copla, flamenco y cine." Revista de Investigación sobre Flamenco "La madrugá", no. 18 (December 30, 2021): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/flamenco.485251.
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Few are the artists who really triumph in the song, during the first years of life of the cinema, and of the radio, at the beginning of the 20th century. Within the historical context that we will proceed to establish, reference will be made to music, focusing on the copla and flamenco, in the period in which the cinematographic image lacks sound integrated into the film band, being synchronized for years film and album in trade passes. In the early twenties, the most famous singer was none other than Raquel Meller, especially in the field of cuplé, without forgetting Pastora Imperio, who excelled in flamenco. But a new voice would arrive, that of Conchita Piquer. The three artists, versatile where they exist, each one from their place, change the history of cinema by participating in the shootings to which they are summoned. History and even biographers continue to mix dates, titles and formats today. The time has come to put the first years of cinema in order again, now with Conchita Piquer, who is the first Spanish artist to shoot a sound short film outside of Spain. Pocos son los artistas que realmente triunfan en la canción, durante los primeros años de vida del cine, y de la radio, a principios del siglo XX. Dentro del contexto histórico que procederemos a establecer, se realizará referencia a la música, centrándonos en la copla y el flamenco, en el periodo en que la imagen cinematográfica carece de sonido integrado en la banda de película, siendo sincronizado durante años película y disco en los pases comerciales. En los primeros años veinte, la más famosa cantante no es otra que Raquel Meller, sobre todo en el campo del cuplé, sin olvidar a Pastora Imperio, quien destacaba en el flamenco. Pero, llegaría una nueva voz, la de Conchita Piquer. Las tres artistas, polivalentes donde las haya, cada una desde su sitio, cambian la historia del cine al participar en los rodajes a los que son convocadas. La historia e incluso los biógrafos, continúan actualmente entremezclando fechas, títulos y formatos. Ha llegado el momento de poner en orden, nuevamente, los primeros años del cine, ahora con Conchita Piquer, quien es la primera artista española en rodar fuera de España un cortometraje sonoro.
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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.
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Fox, Amos. "Russo-Ukrainian Patterns of Genocide in the Twentieth Century." Journal of Strategic Security 14, no. 4 (January 2021): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.4.1913.
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Russo-Ukrainian relations in the 20th Century are dominated by genocide. Using Raphel Lemkin and Martin Shaw as a guide, one finds that Russo-Ukrainian relations during the 20th Century was a long period of genocidal action, linked by periods of punctuated genocides. These genocides included several political genocides that quelled Ukrainian nationalism and independence and kept it subjugated to Soviet Russia. Soviet Russia's genocide during the 20th Century was a carryover from Imperial Russia treatment of Ukraine, the arch of which carries over into today's relations between the two countries. Understanding this long period of genocide helps make sense of the enduring relationship between the two countries.
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Yosypenko, Serhii. "The long twentieth century?" Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 3 (November 3, 2022): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2022.03.083.
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The paper describes the historical and intellectual foundations on which the European political system was built after the Second World War; this system pursued the goal to prevent any war in Europe, but proved unable to prevent the russian-Ukrainian war. The paper shows that this system was built not only because of the trauma of the First and Second World Wars, but also in accord- ance with the liberal attitude to war, which M. Vatter called «war with “war”»; at the same time, such a clear attitude does not refer to real wars, but to an imaginary «war of all against all». Based on the analysis of the principles and results of the research project “War and Society” under the direction of J. Baechler, the author outlines the principles of liberal Realpolitik as the implementation of the mentioned attitude in the realm of wars: it consists in their rationalization both at the level of goals and at the level of means of warfare; such a rationalization finally makes war irrational and unacceptable. From the point of view of such Realpolitik, war is only an extraordinary means of politics, and the russian-Ukrainian war is only an excess of violence, while in the opinion of the author, it is an inevitable consequence of the irrational and violent russian-Ukrainian extrapolitical conflict, whose stakes is the existence self of Ukraine. The author believes that one of the reasons for the inability of the European political system to prevent the russian-Ukrainian war is the belief that with the end of the Cold War, the “century of total war” in Europe also ended, and that the economic and cultural integration of post-communist countries into the European space makes such conflicts impossible. The author refers to the description of the own logic of wars of the 20th century, proposed in R. Aron’s book «The century of total war», and suggests considering the russian-Ukrainian war as a continuation of these wars. In the perspective pro- posed by R. Aron, the mentioned «century of total war» can be considered as a «long 20th century», which continues to this day.
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Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus." Verbum et Ecclesia 18, no. 2 (July 4, 1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.
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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.
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Zafar O‘G‘Li, Xalilov To‘Lqin. "THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY WESTERN RESEARCHERS ON THE NATURE AND CLIMATE OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY." Builders of The Future 01, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/builders-03.
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The periodic boundaries of our research work cover the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, a number of foreign ambassadors, traders and tourists visited Central Asia. Many of them write about their experiences here and later write about it. Such manuscripts and works also contain a wealth of impressions and information on the nature and climate of Central Asia at that time.
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McNeill, Katie-Marie. "A Re-education on How to Work: Vocational Programs in Kingston-Area Prisons, 1950–1965." Labour / Le Travail 89 (May 27, 2022): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2022v89.005.
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The Prison for Women, Kingston Penitentiary, and Collins Bay Penitentiary each offered an increasing variety of vocational training opportunities to incarcerated people in the mid-20th century. This article examines vocational training in these Kingston-area prisons from 1950 to the mid-1960s and argues that access to these programs was based largely on gender and age. Foucault’s idea of governmentality supports analysis of how the Penitentiary Service of Canada, reformers, and prisoners understood the process of learning how to work. Women incarcerated at the Prison for Women were trained in fields that mirrored domestic labour, and limited numbers of younger women were given access to trial vocational training in women-dominated fields such as hairdressing. Young men in their teens and twenties incarcerated at Collins Bay Penitentiary were given access to skilled trades, while older men at Kingston Penitentiary could try to qualify for transfer to Collins Bay Penitentiary by taking basic educational course upgrades. These vocational programs were supported by the John Howard Society of Ontario and the Elizabeth Fry Society of Kingston, local prisoner aid societies that helped formerly incarcerated people find jobs and coordinated with prison administration to bolster rehabilitation programs.
La Prison des femmes, le Pénitencier de Kingston et le Pénitencier de Collins Bay offraient chacun une variété croissante de possibilités de formation professionnelle aux personnes incarcérées au milieu du 20e siècle. Cet article examine la formation professionnelle dans ces prisons dans la région de Kingston de 1950 au milieu des années 1960 et soutient que l’accès à ces programmes était largement basé sur le sexe et l’âge. L’idée de gouvernementalité de Foucault soutient l’analyse de la façon dont le Service des Pénitenciers du Canada, les réformateurs et les prisonniers ont compris le processus d’apprentissage du travail. Les femmes incarcérées à la Prison des femmes ont été formées dans des domaines qui reflétaient le travail domestique, et un nombre limité de jeunes femmes ont eu accès à une formation professionnelle à l’essai dans des domaines à prédominance féminine comme la coiffure. Les jeunes hommes dans l’adolescence et la vingtaine incarcérés au Pénitencier de Collins Bay ont eu accès à des métiers spécialisés, tandis que les hommes plus âgés du Pénitencier de Kingston pouvaient essayer de se qualifier pour être transférés au Pénitencier de Collins Bay en suivant des cours de formation de base. Ces programmes professionnels ont été soutenus par la Société John Howard de l’Ontario et la Société Elizabeth Fry de Kingston, des sociétés locales d’aide aux prisonniers qui ont aidé les anciens incarcérés à trouver un emploi et ont cordonné avec l’administration pénitentiaire pour renforcer les programmes de réadaptation.
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Gramigna, Remo. "Rethinking theoretical schools and circles in the 20th-century humanities." Sign Systems Studies 44, no. 1/2 (July 5, 2016): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2016.44.1-2.15.
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Review of Theoretical Schools and Circles in the Twentieth-Century Humanities: Literary Theory, History, Philosophy, ed. by Marina Grishakova and Silvi Salupere. New York, London: Routledge, 2015. 287 pp.
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Paterson, Ross. "Housing Finance in Early 20th Century Suburban Toronto." Articles 20, no. 2 (November 6, 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019255ar.
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This study examines the financing of housing production and consumption in five early twentieth-century Toronto suburbs. The study areas range in status from upper-middle class to working class. Research findings include the persistence of a traditional pattern of finance characterized by high levels of cash transactions and private financing. Institutional lenders, while influential in financing high-status housing played a relatively minor role in the overall provision of mortgage funding. The study adds to our understanding of the role of housing finance during this formative period when the major element of modern suburbanization, including the emergence of a corporate land development industry, were being established.
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Datsyshen, Vladimir G., and Larisa A. Kutilova. "Russian-Chinese families in the 20th century: Emergence and characteristics1." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-742-757.
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This may well be the first article about the history of mixed Russian-Chinese families in Russia and the USSR. The study is based on sources in federal, regional and local archives, mainly of Siberia and the Far East, statistics, and the press. It notes that the great gender imbalance in almost exclusively male Chinese migrant community meant that Chinese men chose Russian women as life partners. The decline of Russia’s male population during the First World War and the Civil War only exacerbated this trend. First recorded in the late nineteenth century, this phenomenon became widespread during the twentieth, not only in the Far East, but also in other areas with large populations of Chinese workers, such as Donbass. Wives in such marriages were mainly peasant women, although on occasion Cossack women and even noblewomen, often widows, took Chinese husbands. The brides were invariably younger than their spouses and tended to be housewives. However, some worked with their husbands in small businesses. These mixed couples tended to have fewer children than those that were fully Russian. The vagaries of Sino-Soviet relations during the twentieth century led to several waves of deportations of such families. Thus, in 1938 some were exiled from their places of residence to Xinjiang, Kazakhstan or the Amur region. While forced migrations considerably reduced the size of the Chinese community, they did not destroy it. The authors conclude that new Chinese immigration to Post-Soviet Russia follows the pattern set in the twentieth century’s first half, as do mixed marriages.
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Chovancová, Jarmila. "Discussion and understanding of law in 20th century." Bratislava Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.2.81.
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Dominant discussion is understanding law and morality which represents neverending story. The article analyzes positive law in 20th century represented by H.L. A Hart and natural law development by L.L. Fuller and R. Alexy. Twentieth century can be called a period during which natural law has been shifted towards more positivism within the natural law. Positive law can be understood as a doctrine based on the Bentham’s utilitarism which didn’t accept other normative systems to be involved into concept of law. Prominent representatives of this theory have completely excluded moral content of the legal standards and they consider these to be irrelevant for the validity of the law. According to them evaluating standards through moral criteria is not appropriate because this brings chaos into the jural thinking.
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van der Wee, Herman. "The twentieth century: an economic retrospective." European Review 8, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000452x.
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The first of the three waves of economic development covering the 20th century started back in the previous century. The factors determining the success of this so-called ‘long 19th century’ were ideological and political, as well as economical. They generated, at the end of that wave, the move towards the first global economy. During the second wave (1914–1945), economic liberalism and globalisation came under pressure. The mixed economy of the postwar period – the framework of the third wave – initiated a trend towards a new global economy, covering ‘les trente années glorieuses’ (1945–1973), the uncertain 1970s, and the restructuring of the economy along neo-liberal lines (1980s and 1990s). What will be the economic future of Europe?
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Talbot, Brian R. "Baptists in Scotland and Their Publications in the Long 20th Century." Religions 13, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060564.
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The impression is given in studies of theological books published in Scotland in the long twentieth-century that Scottish Baptists produced few significant works of academic scholarship. There is also no indication of any significant contribution made by more popular studies in theology or in church history. There is no doubt that only a very small number of scholars from this constituency have produced notable works in the fields of biblical studies missiology or theology, though a much larger number of works were produced for the benefit of the members of Christian congregations in this country. In the field of church history, very few works were published in the first half of the twentieth century, but by contrast, an increasing number of authors contributed to a flourishing area of studies in more recent decades. However, this study seeks to demonstrate that far more books were published than had been expected, and further studies are likely to increase this total in due course. It will be argued that Scottish Baptists, therefore, made a small but also significant contribution to both academic and more popular publishing in these fields in the long twentieth century.
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Onishchenko, E. I. "POLISH AESTHETIC DISCOURSE OF THE 20TH CENTURY: INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATIONS." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1 (2) (2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2018.1(2).05.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Polish aesthetic discourse of the twentieth century and the prospects for its interpretation in the Ukrainian aesthetics, particularly in the works by Kateryna Shevchuk, defended at the department of ethics, aesthetics and culture studies of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. These research greatly extend the idea of the aesthetic canon of the Polish thought, classically represented by the aesthetics R. Ingarden and W. Tatarkiewicz and reveal the names of virtually unknown in Ukraine Polish scientists, including special interest is the legacy of L. Blaustein, M. Wallis, H. Elzenberg and G. Ossowski. In particular, this perspective covers traditional for the twentieth century aesthetics problems, including psychology of art, collective aesthetic experience, ratio, fantasy, and imagination. Also, new interpretive perspectives of sublime and ugly, aesthetical experience are opened. The theoretical orientations of the Polish scholars, in one way or another, were connected with the cornerstones of the aesthetic science - its subject, the conceptual-categorical apparatus, the structure of aesthetic consciousness, the phenomenon of artistic creativity, the specific nature of art, and others. In the process of conceptual concretization, in the field of Polish aesthetics a number of problems have been rather clearly distinguished, among which the special attention of practically all of its leading representatives has attracted the phenomenon of aesthetical experience. K. Shevchuk’s investigation opens up an opportunity, at least in the format of a secondary interpretation, to join the research of the Polish scholars, whose work proved to be a giant "white spot" for the Ukrainian aestheticians. Introducing actually unexplored concepts Polish scientists to the modern Ukrainian aesthetic theory not only facilitates the opening of "unknown pages" in the history of the twentieth century aesthetics, but also makes actual mark of new approaches to the analysis of classical problems, the relevance of which will never be a subject of doubt.
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S., Lupu. "Romanian Riverine Transports in the Twentieth Century." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXI, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i2-014.
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This article analyses, in the unitary conception, the whole evolution of the Romanian Riverine Transports in the 20th century, following the next issues: Development of the river transport capacity; Evoluţion of the commodities and passenger traffic; Productivity of the Romanian Riverine Fleet; Also, this article, aims to establish the position of Romanian RiverineFleet in the hierarchy of the European Continent. We mention that our analysis is based on statistical data that was published in different sources, archives data and own calculation of the main economic and technical indicators.
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Ram, Haggai. "Jews in the Twentieth-Century Iran: A Review Essay." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 1 (2019): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190111.
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The paper presents a review of a monograph by Lior Sternfeld, Between Iran and Zion, published recently on Jewish histories in 20th-century Iran. The author analyses this book within the context of previous scholarship on Iranian Jews and other Middle Eastern Jewries.
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LEE, DING, ALLAN D. PIERCE, and ER-CHANG SHANG. "PARABOLIC EQUATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." Journal of Computational Acoustics 08, no. 04 (December 2000): 527–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x00000388.
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In the 20th century, an important contribution to the modeling of wave propagation prediction is the Parabolic Equation (PE) approximation method. This did not happen until the last quarter of the century. During that time period, a number of contributions were made in the first 15 years, then, contributions were made continuously until the end of the 20th century. Contributions to the PE method are still going on. During the second half of the 1970 when the PE was introduced to the field of underwater acoustics, its main purpose was to predict long-range, low-frequency acoustic propagations under range-dependent environments in fluid medium; thus, there were a number of limitations. As time progresses these limitations were somewhat relaxed a great deal gradually due to many useful contributions. Up to this date, all contributions are aimed at the enhancement of the capability of the PE method. A few review papers of the PE have been presented in open archived literatures. This paper gives a complete survey of what has been done from the start until the end of 1999. Contributions up to the year 1994 were already reported in some detail in archived literatures; those contributions will be outlined. Surveying the contributions from 1995 to 1999 is a new addition to the already published survey papers. In recent years, the PE method has been used for many real applications; some results are included in this paper. A discussion will be given at the end of this paper on looking ahead how much more the PE can do in order to stimulate future research, development, and applications.
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Iskenderov, Petr. "Main trends of the political thoughts in Albania in 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10_3 (October 1, 2020): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi61.
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The article focuses on the two key currents of political thought in Albania in the twentieth century - “Nolism” and “Zogism”. The author traces their influence on the modern history of Albania. Special attention is paid to the problems of Albanian nationalism.
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Hoetink, H. "The Dominican Republic in the twentieth century : notes on mobility and stratification." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 74, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2000): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002562.
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Sketches some major social developments in 20th-c. Dominican Republic, concentrating on the turn of the last century, the early decades of the 20th c., the Trujillo period, and the post-Trujillo era. Author pays special attention the the question of 'color', stratification, and identity and the relation between the country and Haiti. He concludes that the Dominican Republic has experienced many great changes, making society more complex and more stratified.
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Gamurari, Pavel. "ROMANIAN POETRY FROM THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND MUSIC." Akademos 60, no. 1 (June 2021): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52673/18570461.21.1-60.16.
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The article outlines approaches and syntheses of high complexity, made within the framework of reference compositional creations by leading composers from Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Among them are Sigismund Toduta, Paul Constantinescu, Vasile Spatarelu, Felicia Donceanu, Viorel Munteanu, Dan Voiculescu, Vladimir Rotaru, Vlad Burlea, etc. The compositional approaches to poetic sources, which fall within the musical trends of the 20th century and are representative of national and universal music, are particularly diverse and original.
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Longo, Angela. "Bodies in motion and image recomposition in the early 20th Century." Mutual Images Journal, no. 10 (December 20, 2021): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2021.10.lon.bodie.
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The question of the appearance of the body surges in a play of overwhelming forces, and its register in artworks assumes different shapes as their representation spreads towards other mediums. Firstly, following Aby Warburg’s thought, this article will analyse the process of the survival of bodies as potential motion in images. Warburg proposed an Iconological approach where the analysis of potential movement in the image yielded a formula for its analytic recomposition. Furthermore, he captured the transition at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the body representation moved to media that allowed movement reproduction, such as animation and cinema. The bodies' survival or capture contained an animist belief that gained propulsion with the first apparatuses and optical toys that allowed movement and live-action recording. This movement allowed for the production of a simulacrum of the living body and the power to recompose it in space. Therefore, this article will focus on the evolution of body representation and its survival to understand how images from the early twentieth century shaped and traveled around the world.
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Nguyen, Tuan-Cuong. "The Last Confucians of Mid-20th Century Vietnam." Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.2.185-211.
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The Vietnam Association of Traditional Studies (VATS) took the initiative in promoting Confucian cultural practices in South Vietnam from 1955–1975. The association strove towards collecting, researching, translating, interpreting and circulating classical Sinographic documents in order to preserve traditional East Asian culture in relation to up-to-date moral education and practical science. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research material related to the organization during the period after the two halves of Vietnam were reunited in 1975. Thus, the Association’s activities after 1975 cannot be discussed. To bridge the gap, this article is based on rare documents mostly collected by the author, describing the history and activities of this Confucian organization, including its establishment (1954), regulations, organizational structure, and membership. This article will also focus on the VATS’s Confucian cultural practices, such as (i) publishing as a way to promote Confucianism and traditional morality, (ii) Confucianism and Literary Sinitic education, (iii) public speeches, (iv) organizing the annual commemoration of Confucius’ birthday on September 28th, (v) and promoting international cooperation related to Confucianism. These activities demonstrate the organization’s attempt at popularizing Confucianism and making it compatible with ideas and practices introduced by modernization and Westernization in the middle of the twentieth century.
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O'Loughlin, Niall. "What is English music? The Twentieth Century Experience." Musicological Annual 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.43.1.147-166.
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Many countries in the 19th century wanted to assert their national character, with music being one way of doing so. We can distinguish four ways in which in music national identity can be established: composers may use the folk music, they can base their music on folk music, they can set the words of a nation to music and the last possibility can be found in the idea of an association of certain music with specific events and festivities in a tradition. The author discusses in detail these four possibilities of the establishment of Englishness in music in 20th century.
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Norris, Brian. "Ideology and Social Improvement in Bolivia during the 20th Century." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 18 (November 25, 2011): 198–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2011.32.
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This essay relates improvements in social indicators in Bolivia during the Twentieth Century to ideological changes during the same period. During the Twentieth Century, most social indicators improved dramatically in Bolivia. Separately, scholars have vigorously debated ideologies, such as neoliberalism and its macroeconomic competitors, and the potential social impact of these ideologies. Despite the separate emphases on ideas and social outcomes, no systematic attempt has been made by scholars of Bolivia to link long–term ideological change to long–term social improvement in the country. This essay argues that it is probable that such a relationship exists, but it is important to consider mass ideology, which affects the whole of Bolivian society, in addition to elite ideology, which affects a much more limited portion of society.Este ensayo relaciona las mejoras en indicadores sociales en Bolivia durante el siglo XX con cambios ideológicos registrados durante el mismo periodo. Durante el siglo XX la mayoría de los indicadores sociales mejoraron dramáticamente en Bolivia. Los especialistas han debatido vigorosamente la relación de estas mejoras con ideologías tales como el neoliberalismo y sus competidores macroeconómicos, discutiendo su potencial impacto social. Sin embargo, pese al énfasis otorgado a la relación de las ideas con los resultados sociales, no ha habido ninguna tentativa sistemática por parte de los especialistas de relacionar el cambio ideológico de largo plazo con las mejoras sociales de largo plazo en el país. Este ensayo sostiene que es probable que tal relación exista, pero para visibilizarla es importante considerar la ideología de masas, que afecta al conjunto de la sociedad boliviana, además de la ideología de la élite, que afecta a una porción mucho más limitada de la sociedad.
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Ivanovic, Aleksandra. "Serbian medieval poetry: 20th-century literary-historical and theoretical interpretations." Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, no. 88 (2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif2288079i.
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This paper examines how national literary histories written in the twentieth century define medieval Serbian poetry. Grounded in the canon of Byzantine liturgical poetry and dedicated to cult practice, hymnography often did not conform to modern poetic principles, originality, and metrical form. Formalist approaches to poetry shaped the anthologies of Serbian medieval literature published in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. The editors transformed sequences from narrative prose into poetic texts, thus creating medieval poems. These cases draw attention to the importance of textual criticism and the social context in defining medieval literary genres. Exploring hymnography as a linguistic and liturgical event - a poem sung to an engaged audience - introduces new perspectives on its interpretation.
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Le, Thi Tuyet. "FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTIONARY PATRIOTIC MOVEMENTS IN VIETNAM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Globus: social sciences 7, no. 4(38) (December 19, 2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3087-38-4-5.
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The patriotic movement in Vietnam at the beginning of the twentieth century, to a certain extent, demonstrated the unity of two tasks: national liberation and social renewal with an orientation towards democracy, naturally, in relation to the conditions of that time. Vietnamese patriotic movements of that time, experiencing the influence of Western culture, including French, gradually moved away from feudal consciousness and over time came to understand the need to combine patriotism with bourgeois democratic values of the Western type. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Vietnamese patriots could not find a scientifically correct way to liberate their people.
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Ivanyuk, Oleh, and Daria Reminna. "Memory and Monuments: Imperial Policy and Ukrainian Society in Early 20th Century." Kyiv Historical Studies 14, no. 1 (2022): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2022.19.
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The study focuses on the issues of the imperial policy of memory and the transformations in the collective consciousness that took place in Ukrainian society under its influence in the early twentieth century. Scientific research is based on the publication of Ukrainian periodicals of the early twentieth century, in particular, the journal «Rada» and sources of personal origin. The focus is on places of remembrance that were to broadcast and consolidate the ideologies and mythologies produced by the Russian tsar in order to keep the peoples of the national suburbs included in the state as a result of the wars of aggression. In particular, such places of remembrance were the monuments to Emperor Alexander II, government official Petro Stolypin, and others. At the same time, attempts are being made to oppose such measures by the Ukrainian intelligentsia and to form its own “pantheon”. It is established that the state machine, creating in the minds of Ukrainians a kind of parallel dimension to the historical past and its interpretation, used not only significant personalities for Muscovia, but also national heroes such as Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Taras Shevchenko and others. The imperial policy of memory caused deep distortions in the collective consciousness of Ukrainians and the objective perception and understanding of the historical process, as well as led to the loss of identity. In the early twentieth century, the Ukrainian intelligentsia, overcoming the resistance of state structures and the indifference of society, began the struggle to build a national “pantheon” that would show the roots and historical path of the people, remind of the past and form a sense of national pride of the Ukrainian people.
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Roth, Heinz D. "Twentieth century developments in photochemistry. Brief historical sketches." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173030395.
Full textAbstract:
In the 20th century, photochemistry blossomed from a poorly defined to a highly sophisticated science. Early breakthroughs in exploratory photochemistry and the underlying physical principles led to new diverse, yet inter-related areas of research. The alluring goal of asymmetric synthesis with circularly polarized light proved elusive. The discovery of the electron brought a gradual awakening to the idea of electron transfer. Time-resolved spectroscopy developed from ms to fs resolution. The field of photosynthesis progressed from an interest in function and structure of photosynthetic pigments to the isolation and structure elucidation of photosynthetic reaction centers (rhodobacter sphaeroides), to the detailed kinetics of sequential electron-transfer steps in natural and synthetic light-harvesting systems.
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Jones, D. G. Brian, and Alan J. Richardson. "Origins of sports car marketing: early 20th Century British cycle-cars." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 9, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 329–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2016-0018.
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Purpose The aim of this study is to explore the attempts by early twentieth century cyclecar manufacturers in the UK and USA to segment the personal transportation market and to position early cyclecars through the development of unique product attributes and advertising. More specifically, the authors speculate about early twentieth century British cyclecar marketing strategies that implicitly recognized a sports car segment and positioned cyclecar brands to meet the needs of that segment. Design/methodology/approach The primary source material for this research is a sample of 205 print ads and articles from the early twentieth century (1912-1921) specialty magazines devoted to cyclecars in the UK and USA. We combine the content analysis of the sample of ads with a critical reading and interpretation of a sub-sample of those same ads. Findings Between 1910 and 1921, a new form of personal transportation was developed that combined the technology of motorcycles with the utility of automobiles. Known as “cyclecars”, these vehicles were typically constructed from off-the-shelf motorcycle parts and assembled in small batches by a myriad of manufacturers. Current scholarship suggests that the cyclecar craze of the 1910s ended with the introduction of low cost “real” automobiles such as the Ford Model T, Austin 7 and Morris Oxford. We use the content analysis of cyclecar advertisements to construct a brand-positioning map of this emerging segment of the transportation market. We argue that while the core cyclecar positioning was in direct competition with small economically positioned cars such as the Ford Model T, a significant part of the market, primarily centered in the UK, could be considered as for sports cars. That segment of the cyclecar market, along with the development of cyclecars into urban delivery vehicles, continued over time and has re-emerged today in a range of three-wheeled sports cars, including the updating and continuation of the British Morgan 3 Wheeler model which was launched during the heyday of cyclecars. Research limitations/implications The authors can only speculate about the impact of the Ford Model T in this study. Further research on that issue is needed. Originality/value This is the first historical study of cyclecar marketing. Most of what little has been published about cyclecars focuses on their design and technology.