Journal articles: 'Twig'

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Fernandes, Tae Tanaami, Wesley Dáttilo, Rogério R. Silva, Pedro Luna, Carla M. Oliveira, and Maria Santina de Castro Morini. "Ant Occupation of Twigs in the Leaf Litter of the Atlantic Forest: Influence of the Environment and External Twig Structure." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291985294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919852943.

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Twig cavities are microhabitats that may be used by different ant species for nesting and colony expansion. However, ants do not colonize all twigs available in the leaf litter, pointing to the existence of environmental or twig-related filters. In this study, we analyzed which environmental and twig attributes affected twig occupation by ants. We surveyed seven plots in six Atlantic forest sites in southeastern Brazil. To characterize the environmental filters, we quantified canopy cover and leaf litter moisture and depth. At the twig level, we measured twig length and diameter and the area and circumference of all holes in each twig. Ant colonies occupied 13.42% of the 4,805 twigs surveyed, and we recorded a total of 52 twig-nesting ant species. Brachymyrmex admotus was the most frequent species. Ant species richness increased with canopy cover and leaf litter moisture and with the relative number of occupied twigs. In addition, we found that ant species richness increased with length and diameter of the twigs, and that twigs with smaller holes were more frequently occupied by ants, regardless of the availability of larger diameter holes. Our work demonstrates that both environmental characteristics and twig morphology can structure occupation of twigs by ants. In addition, we demonstrated that certain species show a preference for certain twig types. We highlight the importance of twigs for maintaining ant diversity and for colony expansion of arboreal species and species inhabiting the leaf litter.

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Wilson, Brayton F. "Tree branches as populations of twigs." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-060.

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Populations of twigs (1-year-old, current branch segments) had similar frequency distributions of twig lengths on branches of five tree species (Quercus coccinea, Acer rubrum, Picea rubens, P. abies, Pinus strobus). The modal number of twigs for each of the species was in the 1, 2, 3, or 4 cm length class, with an exponential decrease in twig number through the 6- to 10-cm class plus a few longer twigs. These characteristic twig frequency distributions developed within the first decade of the life of a branch and were retained as the twig population size changed. Old branches had twigs only less than 5 cm long. The number of new twigs increased as their parent's (2-year-old segments, last year's growth) lengths increased. On parents with more than one twig the terminal twig was longest. Length of the shortest twig, furthest from the terminal, generally increased as parent length increased, but, in Acer rubrum, stayed less than 1 cm. Frequency distributions were determined for the lengths of terminal twigs from parents less than 5 cm long. Mortality of parents in conifers was first indicated when they produced no twigs. A simple computer model simulated growth of twig populations using equations and probabilities to calculate the number and lengths of new twigs formed by parents.

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Hathaway, D. O., G. Tamaki, H. R. Moffitt, and A. K. Burditt. "IMPACT OF REMOVAL OF MALES WITH SEX-PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS ON SUPPRESSION OF THE PEACH-TWIG BORER, ANARSIA LINEATELLA (ZELLER)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 5 (May 1985): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117643-5.

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The peach-twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller), is one of the most important pests of peaches, almonds, and other stone fruits in the western United States (Bailey 1948), with larvae infesting both twigs and fruit. Infested fruit cannot be marketed and twig injury is damaging to young trees because the young worms burrow into the tender terminal growth of the twigs and cause the rapidly growing twigs to wilt. In this way, infestations by the peach-twig borer interfere with development in young orchards (Newcomer 1966).

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Brown, William P., Marion E. Zuefle, and Jason J. Dombroskie. "The effect of twig diameter on emergence rates of the oak twig pruner (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 6 (June 16, 2016): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.25.

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AbstractOak twig pruner (Anelaphus parallelus(Newman); Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae develop inside twigs pruned from host plants. Reasons for this behaviour are unknown and differential emergence due to twig diameter has not been explored. Twigs pruned from walnuts (Juglans nigraLinnaeus; Juglandaceae) (n=179) and oaks (QuercusLinnaeus; Fagaceae) (n=84) were collected in Pennsylvania, United States of America in 2010; 118 pruned oak twigs were collected in New York State, United States of America in 2012. Twigs from 2012 were dissected to determine rates of emergence and larval mortality; both samples were examined for parasitoids. As the diameter of oak twigs (range of 3–16 mm) increased, larval mortality increased and adult emergence decreased. Date of collection did not influence twig diameter nor emergence rates. Three new parasitoids were associated with the oak twig pruner:AtanycolusFörster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Eubazus denticulatus(Martin) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and a potentially new genus of wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Hormiinae nearPambolusHaliday). Parasitism rates were an order of magnitude greater among twigs that contained more than one larva or pupa (23.1%;n=26) compared to those that contained only one (2.3%;n=341).

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Schewe, A. M., and J. M. Stewart. "Twig weight–diameter relationships for selected browse species on the Duck Mountain Forest Reserve, Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-120.

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Estimates of twig weight from twig diameter of 10 plant species browsed by moose (Alcesalces L.), elk (Cervuselaphus L.), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus Zimmerman) were obtained from one site along the edge of the Duck Mountain Forest Reserve, Manitoba. Seasonal variation in the twig weight–diameter relationships was great, as shown by differences in the correlation coefficient for the seasons. The highest correlations occurred in midwinter. Collection of twigs during their dormancy in winter or during their period of growth cessation in late summer produced the highest correlations between twig weight and twig diameter. In addition, red osier dogwood (Cornusstolonifera Michx.) was collected at three other sites and revealed that between-site differences in twig weight predicted from mean diameter were less than 20% for all test sites.

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Lieffers, Sarah M., Victor J. Lieffers, U. Silins, and L. Bach. "Effects of cold temperatures on breakage of lodgepole pine and white spruce twigs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-087.

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Twigs from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees were bent at a range of temperatures below 0°C using a two-point bending test. This was done to determine how cold temperatures might affect twig breakage and potential shoot and foliage loss in maturing conifer stands. The bending angle necessary to cause 50% twig breakage decreased linearly with decreasing temperatures for both species. No difference in the relationship between temperature and twig breakage was evident among species. Below 13°C, all breakage was on the tension side; at warmer temperatures there was compression damage to many twigs.

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Ho, Chen-Lung, Pei-Chun Liao, Eugene I.-Chen Wang, and Yu-Chang Su. "Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Twig Oils of Litsea acutivena from Taiwan." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 11 (November 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601145.

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The chemical composition, and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaves and twigs of Litsea acutivena of Taiwan were investigated. The essential oils from the fresh leaves and twigs were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS. Ninety-five and fifty-two compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively. The main components of the leaf oil were γ-patchoulene (11.0%), δ-cadinene (6.3%), trans-muurola-3,5-diene (5.9%), and β-selinene (5.3%), whereas the main components of the twig oil were τ-cadinol (13.1%), β-selinene (9.6%), trans-β-ocimene (6.2%) and α-cadinol (7.7%). Bioactivity studies demonstrated that twig oil had excellent antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities, superior to those of the leaf oil. For the antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the twig oil, the active compounds were determined to be τ-cadinol and α-cadinol.

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Berkett, L. P., D. Schmitt, and K. Bower. "Apple, Evaluation of Fall Application of Oil for European Red Mite, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.3.

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Abstract Each treatment was randomly applied to 5 tagged twigs on each of 10 mature ‘Empire’ trees. These twigs had been previously examined for presence of ERM eggs at the node between 1989/1990 growth. Applications of Ortho Volck oil were applied to drip to each twig using a backpack sprayer. Fall treatments were applied 1 Nov 1990. Spring application was applied 14 Apr 1991. All twigs were removed from the orchard on 17 Apr and brought to the laboratory where they were cut into 5 cm pieces including the node. Cut twig pieces were placed in incubation chambers for egg hatch. Chambers consisted of 9.5 liter plastic freezer containers fitted with an elevated plexiglass platform on which each twig was affixed upright on a nail. Water was placed in the bottom of the container for humidity.

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Ho, Chen-Lung, Chai-Yi Lin, Eugene I.-Chen Wang, and Yu-Chang Su. "Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf and Twig Essential Oils of Litsea Akoensis from Taiwan." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 6 (June 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600634.

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This study analyzed the hydrodistilled essential oils in the leaves and twigs of Litsea akoensis to determine composition and yield. Seventy-one and 40 compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively. The main components of leaf oil were limonene (18.5%), thymol (10.1%), p-cymene (9.6%), β-caryophyllene (8.9%), and carvacrol (8.2%). The main components of twig oil were β-phellandrene (43.7%) and trans-β-ocimene (10.4%). The results demonstrated that leaf oil had excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, superior to those of twig oil.

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Chu, Ha Thi Thu, Thuy Thi Thu Dinh, Nam Quang Vu, Tam Kieu Bang Nguyen, and William N. Setzer. "Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Leaves and Twigs of Magnolia hookeri var. longirostrata D.X.Li & R. Z. Zhou and Magnolia insignis Wall. in Ha Giang Province of Vietnam." Records of Natural Products 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rnp.212.20.10.1842.

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The essential oils from leaves and twigs of Magnolia hookeri var. longirostrata D.X.Li & R.Z.Zhou and Magnolia insignis Wall., growing wild in Ha Giang Province of Vietnam, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The respective yields of the M. hookeri var. longirostrata leaf and twig oils were 0.14% and 0.05% (v/w), and of the M. insignis leaf and twig oils were 0.16% and 0.05% (v/w), calculated on a dry weight basis. Major components of the oils of M. hookeri var. longirostrata were: Linalool (21.3%), (E)-nerolidol (12.2%) and neo-intermedeol (13.5%) (leaf oil); 1,8-cineole (13.3%) and linalool (17.1%) (twig oil). Major components of the oils of M. insignis were: Linalool (24.1%), geraniol (14.9%) and (E)-nerolidol (22.5%) (leaf oil); 1,8-cineole (9.5%) and linalool (26.9%) (twig oil). The essential oils from M. insignis showed stronger inhibitory effects on the seven test microorganisms than those from M. hookeri var. longirostrata. Candida albicans and Lactobacillus fermentum were more sensitive to the essential oils than the other tested microorganisms. This is the first time information on essential oils of M. hookeri var. longirostrata leaves and twigs and of M. insignis twigs are reported.

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11

Meng, Fan-Rui, and Paul A. Arp. "Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of red spruce twigs before and after twig detachment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-093.

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Rates of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) twigs were measured in field conditions before and after twig detachment on clear midsummer days in New Brunswick. Although these variables did not change significantly within about 6 min after twig detachment, they did drop continually after detachment. Regression models for the rates of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were developed that can be used to simulate this drop. Photosynthetically active radiation, leaf temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were the principal covariates in these models. The regressions improved by including simulated leaf moisture values in the analysis of data obtained after twig detachment.

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Kammer, A., and F. Hagedorn. "Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soil." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 1043–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1043-2011.

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Abstract. Very few field studies have quantified the different pathways of C loss from decomposing litter even though this is essential to better understand long-term dynamics of C stocks in soils. Using 13C-labelled leaf (isotope ratio (δ13C) = −40.8‰) and twig litter (δ13C = −38.4‰), we tracked down the litter-derived C in the soil respiration, in the dissolved organic C (DOC) and in the soil organic matter of a beech forest in the Swiss Jura. After one year of decomposition, mass loss in the litter layer was almost twice as great for leaves as it was for twigs (75% vs. 40%). This difference was not the result of a slow mineralisation of the woody litter, but primarily of the only slight incorporation of twig-derived C into mineral soils. The C mineralisation rates of the twig litter were only slightly lower than those of the leaf litter (10–35%), in particular after the loss of the readily available litter fraction. However, the leaching of DOC from twigs amounted only to half of that from leaves. Tracing the litter-derived DOC showed that DOC from both litter types was mostly retained (88–96%) and stabilised in the top centimetres of the mineral soil. In the soil organic C at 0–2 cm depth, we recovered 8% of the initial leaf C, but only 4% of the twig C. Moreover, the 13C mass balance suggested that a substantial fraction of the leaf material (~30%) was transported via soil fauna to soil depths below 2 cm, while the twig litter mainly decomposed in situ on the soil surface, probably due to its rigid structure and low nutritional value. In summary, our study shows that decaying twigs are rapidly mineralised, but seem to be clearly less important for the C storage in this beech forest soils than leaf litter.

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Tsahouridou, P. C., and C. C. Thanassoulopoulos. "First Report of Alternaria alternata as a Dieback Pathogen of Kiwifruit." Plant Disease 84, no. 3 (March 2000): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.3.371c.

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During a survey of diseases on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) cv. Hayward during spring 1998 in Northern Greece, leaves of kiwifruit trees were found covered with small, necrotic brown spots. Intense spotting was associated with defoliation. Furthermore, small, sunken, dark brown cankers appeared a few centimeters below the twig tip, and twigs died distal to the canker a few days later, while the twig remained healthy below the canker, often producing a new shoot below the canker. Isolations from symptomatic leaves and internal tissues of twigs on potato dextrose agar (PDA), after surface-sterilization with 0.5% NaOCl and 90% alcohol, respectively, consistently yielded a fungus that, based on conidial morphological characteristics, was identified as Alternaria alternata (Nees:Fr.) Keissl. (2). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 3-year-old kiwi plants. Tests on twigs were conducted by inoculating 35 twigs with 5-mm disks from 7-day-old cultures on PDA at 25°C. Each twig was inoculated with three disks. Tests on leaves were conducted by spraying a conidial suspension (5 × 106 conidia per ml) of the cultures on leaves. Plants were kept in a glasshouse at 22 to 25°C. Symptoms, identical to those observed in the field, developed on leaves and twigs 6 and 18 days, respectively, after inoculation. All inoculated leaves exhibited symptoms of the disease, whereas more than 95% of inoculated twigs exhibited disease symptoms. A. alternata was consistently reisolated from inoculated tissues. A. alternata is widely known to be a leaf spot pathogen of kiwifruit (1). This is the first report of A. alternata causing twig dieback. References: (1) L. Corazza and L. Luongo. Plant Dis. 83:487, 1999. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 37:79, 1990.

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Ho, Chen-Lung, Eugene I.-Chen Wang, Yen-Hsueh Tseng, Pei-Chun Liao, Chien-Nan Lin, Ju-Ching Chou, and Yu-Chang Su. "Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Twig Oils of Litsea Mushaensis and L. linii from Taiwan." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 11 (November 2010): 1934578X1000501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000501127.

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The hydrodistilled essential oils of the leaves and twigs of Litsea mushaensis and L. linii were analyzed. Sixty-nine and ninety compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively, of L. mushaensis. The main components of the leaf oil were β-eudesmol (24.2%), τ-cadinol (10.2%), α-humulene (10.1%), α-pinene (9.7%), and trans-β-ocimene (6.5%), whereas the main components of the twig oil were trans-β-ocimene (19.5%), α-pinene (12.8%) and cis-β-ocimene (7.7%). With L. linii, 72 and 78 compounds were respectively identified in the leaf and twig oils. The main components of the leaf oil were β-selinene (15.7%), α-selinene (15.5%), β-caryophyllene (12.2%), α-humulene (7.2%), and δ-cadinene (5.6%), and of the twig oil trans-β-ocimene (20.8%), β-selinene (11.4%), α-cadinol (6.0%), δ-cadinene (5.8%), τ-cadinol (5.4%) and β-eudesmol (5.2%). L. mushaensis leaf oil was shown to have excellent antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activity, superior to the other oils.

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Coleman, R. O. "Antibacterial twig." British Dental Journal 211, no. 1 (July 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.529.

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GARONNA, ANTONIO P., STEPHANIE A. DOLE, ANTONIO SARACINO, STEFANO MAZZOLENI, and GENNARO CRISTINZIO. "First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe." Zootaxa 3251, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3251.1.5.

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During winter months and early spring 2011, we observed symptoms of scattered twig mortality in two historical woody urban parks of Campania (Southern Italy), at Portici (Parco Gussone: 40°48’ N, 14°20’ E) and Naples (Parco di Capodimonte: 40°52’ N, 14°15’ E). The woods consist of mature holm oaks (Quercus ilex) with an understorey of evergreen Mediterranean shrubs, natural regeneration of oak and several ornamental species. The examined dry terminals of holm oak, collected in late March 2011, hosted adult females of an ambrosia beetle of the genus Xylosandrus Reitter. Here, we report the first European record of the black twig borer (BTB) Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) reproducing on new host plants in Italy. Insect and twig sampling was conducted irregularly during spring and summer 2011. Infested twigs of different host plants were isolated in plastic tubes, new emerged or callow adults counted and sexed and other biological data recorded. Hundreds of specimens of BTB, (>700 females and 43 males) emerged from sampled twigs or were directly collected from reproductive galleries at both localities.

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Kammer, A., and F. Hagedorn. "Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soil." Biogeosciences 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2011): 2195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2195-2011.

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Abstract. Very few field studies have quantified the different pathways of C loss from decomposing litter even though the partitioning of C fluxes is essential to understand soil C dynamics. Using 0.75 kg m−2 of 13C-depleted leaf (δ13C = −40.8 ‰) and 2 kg m−2 of twig litter (δ13C = −38.4 ‰), we tracked the litter-derived C in soil CO2 effluxes, dissolved organic C (DOC), and soil organic matter of a beech forest in the Swiss Jura. Autotrophic respiration was reduced by trenching. Our results show that mineralisation was the main pathway of C loss from decomposing litter over 1 yr, amounting to 24 and 31 % of the added twig and leaf litter. Contrary to our expectations, the leaf litter C was mineralised only slightly (1.2 times) more rapidly than the twig litter C. The leaching of DOC from twigs amounted to half of that from leaves throughout the experiment (2 vs. 4 % of added litter C). Tracing the litter-derived DOC in the soil showed that DOC from both litter types was mostly removed (88–96 %) with passage through the top centimetres of the mineral soil (0–5 cm) where it might have been stabilised. In the soil organic C at 0–2 cm depth, we indeed recovered 4 % of the initial twig C and 8 % of the leaf C after 1 yr. Much of the 13C-depleted litter remained on the soil surface throughout the experiment: 60 % of the twig litter C and 25 % of the leaf litter C. From the gap in the 13C-mass balance based on C mineralisation, DOC leaching, C input into top soils, and remaining litter, we inferred that another 30 % of the leaf C but only 10 % of twig C could have been transported via soil fauna to soil depths below 2 cm. In summary, over 1 yr, twig litter was mineralised more rapidly relative to leaf litter than expected, and much less of the twig-derived C was transported to the mineral soil than of the leaf-derived C. Both findings provide some evidence that twig litter could contribute less to the C storage in these base-rich forest soils than leaf litter.

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Pogoda, Friederike, and Sabine Werres. "Histological studies of Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron twigs." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-104.

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Freshly cut Rhododendron twigs were inoculated with Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.W. de Cock & W.A. Man in't Veld. Disease development (discoloration of the twigs) was observed. Tissue samples were taken for reisolation and for histological studies from four different zones of the inoculated twigs. Thin sections were stained with toluidine blue O. Reisolation of the pathogen was successful from all samples. The histological studies showed that P. ramorum was not only present in the brown zones of the Rhododendron twigs, but also in the healthy-looking green zones. Hyphae were found in different twig zones and in different tissues, but chlamydospores occurred only in brown twig zones where they developed mainly in the cortical parenchyma. Results from the histological studies provide a basis for how P. ramorum colonizes host tissue in Rhododendron twigs.Key words: Phytophthora ramorum, Rhododendron, histological studies, tissue colonization.

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Apetrei, Lungu, Adrian Spac, Mihai Brebu, Cristina Tuchilus, and Anca Miron. "Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of a full grown tree of Pinus cembra L. from the Calimani mountains (Romania)." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 1 (2013): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120409075a.

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This study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the essential oils of Pinus cembra L. needles and twigs. The chemical composition was analyzed using both GC and GC-MS techniques. ?-Pinene (69.14%) was the major constituent of the needle essential oil while the twig essential oil was characterized by a high content of limonene+ ?-phellandrene (40.97%) and ?-pinene (24.94%). The needle and twig essential oils showed weak DPPH radical scavenging effects (EC50=19.93?0.75 and EC50=18.66?0.70 mg ml-1, respectively). In antimicrobial assays, both essential oils showed high activity against Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus aureus and no activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The needle and twig essential oils had similar antimicrobial effects against Sarcina lutea with MIC and MBC values of 0.12 and 0.24 mg ml-1, respectively. The twig essential oil (MIC=1.95 mg ml-1, MBC=3.9 mg ml-1) was more active against Staphylococcus aureus than the needle essential oil (MIC=3.9 mg ml-1, MBC=15.62 mg ml-1) and also exhibited a moderate activity against Candida albicans (MIC=7.81 mg ml-1, MFC=15.62 mg ml-1).

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Feng, Xiao, Yang Xue-mei, Zhao Yang, and Fan Fu-hua. "Transcriptome analysis of Pinus massoniana Lamb. microstrobili during sexual reversal." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0014.

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AbstractThe normal megastrobilli and microstrobilli before and after the sexual reversal in Pinus massoniana Lamb. were studied and classified using a transcriptomic approach. In the analysis, a total of 190,023 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 595 bp. The annotated unigenes were divided into 56 functional groups and 130 metabolic pathways involved in the physiological and biochemical processes related to ribosome biogenesis, carbon metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. Analysis revealed 4,758 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mega- and microstrobili from the polycone twig. The DEGs between the mega- and microstrobili from the normal twig were 5,550. In the polycone twig, 1,188 DEGs were identified between the microstrobili and the sexually reversed megastrobili. Concerning plant hormone signal transduction pathways, the DEGs from both the normal and polycone twigs displayed distinct male or female associated expression patterns. There were 36 common hormone-related DEGs from the two types of twigs of P. massoniana. Interestingly, expression of these DEGs was up-regulated in the bisexual strobili, which underwent the sexual reversal. A portion of MADS-box genes in the bisexual strobili were up-regulated relative to expression in microstrobili.

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Eliason, Eileen, and Daniel Potter. "Biology and Management of the Horned Oak Gall Wasp on Pin Oak." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.012.

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The horned oak gall wasp (Callirhytis cornigera) induces large, woody galls on twigs of oak; these galls can disfigure trees and result in extensive branch dieback. This paper reviews our recent research on the pest's biology and management on cultivated pin oaks (Quercus palustris) in Lexington, Kentucky, U.S., especially aspects that are of greatest relevance to tree care professionals. The gall wasp has alternating agamic (all female) and sexual generations that develop, respectively, in multi-chambered twig galls and single-chambered leaf galls along veins. Wasp development required about 33 months in twig galls and about 3 months in leaf galls. The number of gall wasps developing within twig galls ranged from 1 to 160, and was dependent on gall size. Numerous other insects, including parasitoids and inquilines, were found within the galls. Natural enemies accounted for high mortality of C. cornigera, especially in the leaf-galling generation where 70% to 80% of the larvae were parasitized. The dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) infested about 15% of the succulent 2- to 3- year-old twig galls. Adult S. scitula moths had a similar, bimodal emergence period regardless of whether they originated from dogwoods or horned oak galls. Insecticidal controls targeting the leaf galling stage of C. cornigera killed the pest, but also its parasitoids. Therefore, no reduction in the number of twig stem galls was achieved. Difficulties in managing this pest in outbreak situations are discussed.

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Kakon, SS, SMAHM Kamal, MAK Mian, RR Shaha, and MA Hossain. "Influence of Twig Removal on Yield and Economics of Pea Varieties." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 24, no. 1 (September 7, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v24i1.55544.

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The experiment was conducted at the Research field of Agronomy Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur during rabi seasons of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 to evaluate the effects of twig removal on yield and yield attributes, and extra benefit incurred due to removal of twig as a leafy vegetable in pea varieties. Treatments consisted of three varieties such as V1=Natore local, V2 = BARI Motorshuti-1 and V3= BARI Motor-1 and five twig removal variables, viz. T1= control (no removal), T2 = removal of 5 cm twig at 25 DAE, T3= removal of 7.5 cm twig at 25 DAE, T4=removal of 10 cm twig at 35 DAE, T5= removal of 12.5 cm twig at 35 DAE. Leafy vegetable yield varied among the varieties and twig removal variables. The highest leafy vegetable yield (778 and 975 kgha-1) over the years was recorded in BARI Motorshuti-1 when 12.5 cm twig removed at 35 days after emergence which was at par with BARI Motor-1 at the same cutting time and the same length. The maximum pod yield (9.15 t ha-1 and 9.52 t ha-1) was recorded in BARI Motorshuti-1 when 5cm twig removed at 25 days after emergence (DAE), which was statistically similar to the same variety with twig removal of 7.5 cm at 25 DAE. The highest gross return (Tk. 76522.00 ha-1), gross margin (Tk.48272.00 ha-1) and BCR (2.71) was recorded in BARI Motorshuti-1 when twig removed 5 cm at 25 DAE, which was similar to the same variety with 7.5 cm twig removed at 25 DAE. The result revealed that 5-7.5 cm twig removal at 25 DAE from the tip might be a profitable technique for pea (var. BARI Motorshuti-1) production for dual purpose as vegetables and pod yield. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 37-42

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Yang, Fan, Lihong Xie, Qingyang Huang, Hongjie Cao, Jifeng Wang, Jianbo Wang, Yingnan Liu, Hongwei Ni, and Liqiang Mu. "Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China." Open Life Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0078.

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Abstract Understanding the response of biomass allocation in current-year twigs is crucial for elucidating the plant life-history strategies under heterogeneous volcanic habitats. We aimed to test whether twig biomass allocation, within-leaf biomass allocation, and the size-number trade-off of Betula platyphylla would be influenced. We measured twig traits of B. platyphylla in Wudalianchi volcanic kipuka, the lava platform, and Shankou lake in northeastern China using standardized major axis analyses. The results showed that the leaf number, total lamina mass (TLAM), stem mass (SM), and twig mass (TM) were significantly different between the three habitats and were greatest in kipuka with abundant soil nutrients. TLAM and SM scaled allometrically with respect to TM, while the normalization constants of the lava platform differ significantly between kipuka and Shankou lake, which showed that under certain TM, leaves gain more biomass in the lava platform. However, within the leaf, individual lamina mass (ILM) scaled isometrically with respect to individual petiole mass (IPM) in kipuka and the lava platform, but ILM scaled allometrically to IPM in Shankou lake. Our results indicated that inhabitats influenced the twig traits and biomass allocation and within-leaf biomass allocation are strategies for plants to adapt to volcanic heterogeneous habitats.

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Zhu, Guojie, Karl Joseph Niklas, Man Li, Jun Sun, Min Lyu, Xiaoping Chen, Mantang Wang, Quanlin Zhong, and Dongliang Cheng. "“Diminishing Returns” in the Scaling between Leaf Area and Twig Size in Three Forest Communities Along an Elevation Gradient of Wuyi Mountain, China." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121138.

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Background and aims: The “diminishing returns” hypothesis postulates that the scaling exponent governing the lamina area versus lamina mass scaling relationships has, on average, a numerical value less than one. Theoretically, a similar scaling relationship may exist at the twig level. However, this possibility has not been explored empirically. Methods: We tested both hypotheses by measuring the lamina area and mass, petiole mass of individual leaves, and the total foliage area and stem mass of individual current-year shoots (twigs) of 64 woody species growing in three characteristic forest community types: (1) Evergreen broad-leaved, (2) mixed coniferous and broad-leaved, and (3) deciduous. Key results: The results demonstrate that lamina area vs. mass and lamina area vs. petiole mass differ significantly among the three forest types at both the individual leaf and twig levels. Nevertheless, the scaling exponents of lamina area vs. mass were <1.0 in each of the three community types, as were the corresponding exponents for lamina area vs. petiole mass, both within and across the three community types. Similar trends were observed at the individual twig level. The numerical values of the scaling exponent for lamina area vs. petiole mass and total foliage area vs. stem mass per twig decreased with increased elevation. Conclusions: These data support the “diminishing returns” hypothesis at both the individual leaf level and at the individual twig level, phenomena that can inform future inquiries into the mechanistic basis of biomass allocation patterns to physiological (leaf) and mechanical (stem) plant organs.

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Haw, Su-Cheng, and Chien-Sing Lee. "TwigX-Guide: Twig Query Pattern Matching for XML Trees." American Journal of Applied Sciences 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1212.1218.

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Irawati, Denny, David Usman, and Naresvara Nircela Pradipta. "Utilization of Casuarina montana Pruning Waste Biomass as Chemical or Energy Resources." Key Engineering Materials 849 (June 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.40.

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In Indonesia, Casuarina montana usually planted as a road shading tree or in the home garden. This tree will be pruned periodically to reduce the amount of the canopy and maintain the beauty of its shape. Pruning biomass usually consists of the tip of the stem, branches, twigs, and leaves. The biomass has potency for energy or chemicals sources. This study aims to know about energy potential of various types of C. montana biomass and charcoal properties in different carbonization temperature. Six types of biomass from pruning waste of C. montana were used as samples. Branch has high potency as α-cellulose source, while bark including twig bark, branch bark, or stem bark have high potency as lignin source. When it is used as direct fuel (firewood), all biomass of C. montana possess quite high calorific value. When it is converted to be charcoal, temperature of 300°C is good for carbonizing the biomass twig, twig bark, branch bark, and stem bark, while biomass branch and stem need temperature of 400°C.

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27

Heller, P. R., and S. Kellogg. "Summer Control of Apple Aphid with Insecticidal Soap, Conventional Insecticides, and Combination Sprays of Soap and Insecticides on Flowering Crabapple in Bucks County, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.337a.

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Abstract Twelve insecticide treatments were evaluated to control apple aphid on 6-8-ft heavily infested flowering crabapples located at a commercial nursery in Bucks County, Pa. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays (420 ml) were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. Each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre) on 15 Jun under clear, sunny skies. At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; 90% RH; water pH 5.0. Prespray treatment counts consisted of marking 4 twigs on each replicate, and counting the number of aphid life stages for 15 s on each twig. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Jun by completing 15-s counts on each twig.

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Ehleringer, J. R., J. P. Comstock, and T. A. Cooper. "Leaf-twig carbon isotope ratio differences in photosynthetic-twig desert shrubs." Oecologia 71, no. 2 (January 1987): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00377301.

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Banavar Ravi, Spoorthi, Sudarshini Nirupad, Prashanthi Chippagiri, and Rohit Pandurangappa. "Antibacterial Effects of Natural Herbal Extracts on Streptococcus mutans: Can They Be Potential Additives in Dentifrices?" International Journal of Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4921614.

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Background. Many plants or herbs exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. They have no side effects and presumably act against and modulate the factors that are crucial for microbial survival or their activity. Streptococcus mutans is a pioneer bacteria implicated in dental caries. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of garlic bulbs, pudina leaves, and mango and eucalyptus twig extracts on Streptococcus mutans by evaluating their zone of inhibition and determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Methods. Microbiological assay (well diffusion method) to determine zone of inhibition against pure forms of Streptococcus mutans was performed. The antibacterial effects of methanolic extracts of mango twigs, eucalyptus twigs, pudina leaves, and garlic bulbs were studied. Test compounds were further evaluated for their MIC. Results. Extracts derived from mango and eucalyptus twigs showed significant antibacterial effects at test concentrations. Pudina and garlic extracts did not show any significant antibacterial effects at similar concentrations. Upon further evaluation of the 2 positive compounds for their MIC, mango twigs demonstrated more antimicrobial potential than eucalyptus twigs at a lower concentration. Conclusion. Our observations indicated that the mango twig extracts possess higher antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans than other compounds at specific test concentration.

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Neufeld, Howard S., and Robert O. Teskey. "Variation in the amount of foliage on woody shoots and its effects on water relations parameters derived from pressure–volume curves." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-042.

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The interpretation of pressure–volume curves for woody plant material is complicated by the use of foliated twigs to derive estimates of the water relations parameters of just the foliage. In this study, the ratio of foliage to twig water in shoots of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda) was varied systematically by defoliating twigs to varying degrees prior to constructing pressure–volume curves. Results show that variation in the ratio of foliage to twig water can influence interpretation of the curves. Reducing the amount of foliage causes decreases in the estimates of apoplasmic water content. Estimates of osmotic potential at full turgor and water potential at turgor loss were less affected. When foliated and fully defoliated twigs were compared, foliated twigs had lower water potentials at the same relative water contents. This may partially explain some of the differences in the parameter estimates among the treatments. If care is taken to avoid large differences in relative foliage weight, twigs can be used to estimate water relations characteristics of the foliage. For loblolly pine though, estimates of apoplasmic water content in twigs will be lower than in single fascicles. If single fascicles are used, more samples will have to be taken to obtain the same degree of confidence about the mean as for twigs, since the coefficient of variation is higher.

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Murata, Kazuya, Satomi Suzuki, Akane Miyamoto, Miki Horimoto, Suzuna Nanko, Daisuke Mori, Hiroshi Kanamaru, and Yuichi Endo. "Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Extracts from Prunus persica." Separations 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9050107.

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The demand for skin-whitening agents is high across the world, including Asian countries. An extensive screening using a tyrosinase inhibition assay was performed in order to discover novel plant materials. In our research program investigating a safe and effective agent, 50% ethanolic extracts prepared from discarded parts of Prunus persica were screened for in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Among the extracts tested, twig extract showed the most potent inhibitory activity: 38% inhibition at 500 µg/mL. The investigation of active compounds in twig extract found four flavanones that acted as moderate inhibitors, including (−)-prunin, persiconin, (+)-dihydrokaempferol, and (−)-naringenin. These compounds were only observed in the twig extract following preliminary quantification by HPLC, with the following concentrations: (−)-prunin, 1.8 mg/g sample; persiconin, 0.8 mg/g sample; (+)-dihydrokaempferol, 0.8 mg/g sample; (−)-naringenin, 1.7 mg/g sample. These results suggest that twig extracts can be more useful for skin-whitening compared with other parts of the plant. In addition, a new constituent of twig extract was identified, namely isoquercitrin, which suggests that twig extract can be a potent source of flavones and flavanones. Further studies on the identification of novel compounds from twig extract are now underway in our laboratory.

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Coulam, Nancy J., and Alan R. Schroedl. "Late Archaic Totemism in the Greater American Southwest." American Antiquity 69, no. 1 (January 2004): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128347.

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Split-twig figurines, willow branches bent to resemble miniature animals and dating between 2900 B.C. and 1250 B.C., have been found at 30 Late Archaic period archaeological sites in the Greater American Southwest. Two different and geographically distinct construction styles, Grand Canyon and Green River, have been identified for split-twig figurines. Application of ethnographic analogy to the current split-twig figurine archaeological record supports the postulate that the two different styles of split-twig figurines served two different functions. The Grand Canyon-style figurines generally functioned as increase totems whereas the Green River-style functioned as social totems. This is the first example of increase totemism reported for the region. Ritual and social attitudes toward the animal and totem eventually ended and the last split-twig figurine was discarded around 1250 B.C.

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Hulette, Geoffrey C., Matthew Sottile, and Allen D. Malony. "Composing typemaps in Twig." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 48, no. 3 (April 10, 2013): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2480361.2371408.

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Grimsmo, Nils, Truls A. Bjørklund, and Magnus Lie Hetland. "Fast optimal twig joins." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 3, no. 1-2 (September 2010): 894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/1920841.1920955.

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Husain, Akhter, and Salman Khan. "Miswak: The miracle twig." Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (2015): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-4848.154969.

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Kennedy, John M., and Ramona Domander. "Postures of twig figures." International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 9, no. 1 (March 1986): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-198603000-00009.

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Liao, Husheng, Hongyu Gao, and Zhaoning Guan. "Recursive Twig Pattern Query." International Journal of Database Theory and Application 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijdta.2014.7.3.16.

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38

Flinn, Kathryn M. "Building a Twig Phylogeny." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.2.10.

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In this classroom activity, students build a phylogeny for woody plant species based on the morphology of their twigs. Using any available twigs, students can practice the process of cladistics to test evolutionary hypotheses for real organisms. They identify homologous characters, determine polarity through outgroup comparison, and construct a parsimonious tree based on synapomorphies (shared derived characters). This activity efficiently demonstrates many systematics concepts, including homology, homoplasy (convergence and reversal), polarity, synapomorphy, symplesiomorphy, autapomorphy, polytomy, and parsimony. It also engages students in inquiry, promotes student collaboration, raises awareness of plant structure, and exposes students to the diversity of common local trees.

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Muzzi, Charlotte. "Twig, Minnesota. First Halloween." Hopkins Review 11, no. 4 (2018): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2018.0109.

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40

Riolo, Mario, Francesco Aloi, Antonella Pane, Magdalena Cara, and Santa Olga Cacciola. "Twig and Shoot Dieback of Citrus, a New Disease Caused by Colletotrichum Species." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020449.

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(1) Background: This study was aimed at identifying the Colletotrichum species associated with twig and shoot dieback of citrus, a new syndrome occurring in the Mediterranean region and also reported as emerging in California. (2) Methods: Overall, 119 Colletotrichum isolates were characterized. They were recovered from symptomatic trees of sweet orange, mandarin and mandarin-like fruits during a survey of citrus groves in Albania and Sicily (southern Italy). (3) Results: The isolates were grouped into two distinct morphotypes. The grouping of isolates was supported by phylogenetic sequence analysis of two genetic markers, the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA (ITS) and β-tubulin (TUB2). The groups were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. karstii, respectively. The former accounted for more than 91% of isolates, while the latter was retrieved only occasionally in Sicily. Both species induced symptoms on artificially wound inoculated twigs. C. gloeosporioides was more aggressive than of C. karstii. Winds and prolonged drought were the factor predisposing to Colletotrichum twig and shoot dieback. (4) Conclusions: This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii as causal agents of twig and shoot dieback disease in the Mediterranean region and the first report of C. gloeosporioides as a citrus pathogen in Albania.

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Lan, Z., and H. Scherm. "Moisture Sources in Relation to Conidial Dissemination and Infection by Cladosporium carpophilum Within Peach Canopies." Phytopathology® 93, no. 12 (December 2003): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1581.

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Cladosporium carpophilum, the causal agent of peach scab, overwinters in lesions on 1-year-old twigs, from which conidia infect the developing fruit during spring and early summer. Twig lesions constitute the sole source of initial inoculum; therefore, the mode of dissemination of conidia from such lesions to the fruit is of considerable interest. In a 4-year study, we determined the relative importance of air- versus water-borne conidia and their interaction with different fruit wetness sources (splash, twig runoff, and dew) in a peach orchard with areas that had been treated or not treated with fungicide the previous year. The rareness of scab twig lesions in the previously sprayed trees implied that fruit infection in these trees would occur primarily by airborne conidia from unsprayed trees nearby (located within the same tree row or the adjacent row). In the unsprayed areas, additional infections could occur by short-distance waterborne dissemination of conidia from locally abundant twig lesions via splashing or runoff. Beginning at calyx fall, individual fruit were protected from splash by rain shields, protected from runoff by cotton wicks placed proximal to the peduncle, or left untreated. Rain shields were adjustable, allowing rain or dew to be excluded selectively. Various combinations of the shield and wick treatments were implemented in the previously sprayed and unsprayed areas, and statistical comparison of fruit scab severity between individual treatments by linear contrasts allowed us to untangle the relative contributions of the various sources of inoculum and fruit wetness. Results showed that aerial dissemination of conidia contributed little to fruit scab development, even in the presence of fruit surface wetness caused by splashing, runoff, or dew. In contrast, waterborne conidia contributed considerably and significantly (P < 0.0001) to disease development. This was due primarily to the importance of splash in disseminating conidia from twig lesions to the fruit, given that exclusion of splashing via rain shields decreased disease severity by >90%. Runoff water from the twig to the fruit via the peduncle also contributed to scab development, as evidenced by the fact that exclusion of runoff by cotton wicks reduced disease severity by 31.6 to 44.9%; however, this effect was not always statistically significant. The exclusion of dew did not reduce scab severity (P > 0.4), suggesting that it played a limited role in infection in the presence of other fruit wetness sources.

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Su, Yu-Chang, Kuan-Ping Hsu, Kuo-Feng Hua, and Chen-Lung Ho. "Composition, in Vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Leaf and Twig Parts of Cupressus Cashmeriana." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 8 (August 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000837.

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The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2 Z,6 E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.

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Dossa, Gbadamassi G. O., Yan-Qiang Jin, Xiao-Tao Lü, Jian-Wei Tang, and Rhett D. Harrison. "Small Roots of Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie Decompose Slower than Twigs." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040301.

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Plants produce above- and below-ground biomass. However, our understanding of both production and decomposition of below-ground biomass is poor, largely because of the difficulties of accessing roots. Below-ground organic matter decomposition studies are scant and especially rare in the tropics. In this study, we used a litter bag experiment to quantify the mass loss and nutrient dynamics of decomposing twigs and small roots from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associated tree, Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie, in a tropical rain forest in Southwest China. Overall, twig litter decomposed 1.9 times faster than small roots (decay rate (k) twig = 0.255, root = 0.134). The difference in decomposition rates can be explained by a difference in phosphorus (P) concentration, availability, and use by decomposers or carbon quality. Twigs and small roots showed an increase in nitrogen concentration, with final concentrations still higher than initial levels. This suggests nitrogen transfer from the surrounding environment into decomposing twigs and small roots. Both carbon and nitrogen dynamics were significantly predicted by mass loss and showed a negative and positive relationship, respectively. Our study results imply that small roots carbon and nitrogen increase the resident time in the soil. Therefore, a better understanding of the carbon cycle requires a better understanding of the mechanisms governing below-ground biomass decomposition.

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Skalski, Bartosz, Bogdan Kontek, Agata Rolnik, Beata Olas, Anna Stochmal, and Jerzy Żuchowski. "Anti-Platelet Properties of Phenolic Extracts from the Leaves and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 3620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193620.

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Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) is a small tree or bush. It belongs to the Elaeagnaceae family, and has been used for many years in traditional medicine in both Europe and Asia. However, there is no data on the effect of sea buckthorn leaves and twigs on the properties of blood platelets. The aim of the study was to analyze the biological activity of phenolic extracts from leaves and twigs of sea buckthorn in blood platelets in vitro. Two sets of extracts were used: (1) phenolic compounds from twigs and (2) phenolic compounds from leaves. Their biological effects on human blood platelets were studied by blood platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, arachidonic acid metabolism and the generation of superoxide anion. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated against platelets. The action of extracts from sea buckthorn twigs and leaves was compared to activities of the phenolic extract (a commercial product from the berries of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronox®) with antioxidative and antiplatelet properties. This study is the first to demonstrate that extracts from sea buckthorn leaves and twigs are a source of bioactive compounds which may be used for the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular pathologies associated with blood platelet hyperactivity. Both leaf and twig extracts were found to display anti-platelet activity in vitro. Moreover, the twig extract (rich in proanthocyanidins) displayed better anti-platelet potential than the leaf extract or aronia extract.

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Bhakta, Deepita, and Deepak Ganjewala. "Effect of Leaf Positions on Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Proanthocyanidins Content and Antioxidant Activities in Lantana Camara (L)." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (April 23, 2009): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1873.

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Changes in the level of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins with leaf positions were studied in L. camara twigs. Leaves at different positions (from apex to base) in a twig represented gradient increase in the leaf age, apical being the youngest leaves. The study showed that the fresh weight, dry weight and area of the leaves increased rapidly from I until IV position in a twig. Levels of phenolics remained unchanged from I to V leaf position, while a sharp increase in the levels of proanthocyanidins and flavonoids was observed during I to III leaf position which decreased markedly thereafter. At any leaf position in a twig, the level of proanthocynidin was higher than both phenolics and flavonoids, while the proportion of flavonoids was much higher than the phenolics. In fact, phenolics were present in very small amounts. In addition, antioxidant potential of leaves extracts was measured in terms of reducing and scavenging activity. The study revealed that extracts prepared from leaves present from I to III position exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activities than the leaves present from IV to V position. The study thus revealed that leaf positions (age) influence the level of secondary metabolites and thereby their antioxidant properties. Keywords: Antioxidant; Flavonoids; Lantana camara; Phenolics; Proanthocynidins.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1873

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Wood, A. K., and F. H. Tainter. "Coryneum Twig Canker on Southern Live Oak in Florida." Plant Disease 86, no. 4 (April 2002): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.442b.

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In May 2001, following several years of severe drought, a depressed twig canker was observed on southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) in central Florida. Disease symptoms included twig and branch canker and dieback, distortion of young leaves, and premature leaf drop. Observation of conidia from sporulating acervuli revealed that Coryneum japonicum was associated with the cankers (1,2). The fungus produced abundant, subepidermal, dark brown, linearly arranged acervuli on affected tissues. Conidia were light brown, narrowly fusiform, often curved, and tapered toward an obtuse apex. The conidia had truncate bases and were five to seven distoseptate. Septa were medium to dark brown and sometimes prominent. The length to width ratio of conidia was >4:1. Under normal weather conditions, twig elongation of live oak trees is usually 30 to 60 cm per growing season; however, only 7 to 10 cm was observed on trees affected by C. japonicum. The fungus has been reported on bark and dead twigs of Quercus macrocarpa, Q. gambelii, Q. dilatata, and other species of Quercus in Canada, Pakistan, and the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. japonicum in Florida and on southern live oak trees. A specimen has been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI number 841441). References: (1) B. C. Sutton. Mycol. Pap. 138:33, 1975. (2) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes, CMI, Kew, England, 1980.

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Sydnor, T. Davis, and Robert McCartney. "The Influence of Defoliation on Flowering Dogwood." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.033.

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Forty flowering dogwood trees were subjected to 1 of 5 defoliation levels (0% , 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% defoliation). Defoliation impact was assessed by measuring changes in diameter, twig extension growth, and electrical resistance of the cambium. Electrical resistance in the cambium increased for plants that were totally defoliated. Circumference growth of flowering dogwood was reduced 50% by total defoliation when compared to defoliated plants. Twig extension growth of defoliation stressed trees was reduced © 35% as defoliation levels reached 75% and 100%. Both increases in circumference and twig extension growth are affected by defoliation stress. Twig extension growth is the best measure of defoliation stress because it has the advantage of not requiring wounding when used to assess the impact of defoliation stress after the fact.

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Barger, Jack H. "Elm Bark Beetle Control on American Elm, 1979, 1980." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.286b.

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Abstract American elms were sprayed hydraulically with methoxychlor to determine efficacy against twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle, a vector of Dutch elm disease (DED). Experiments were conducted in each of 3 cities (Denver, CO; Warren, MI; Shaker Heights, OH). Treatment factors, replicated 3 times, were concentration (1, 2, 4%), sticker (Nu-Film-17, Vapor Gard, Rhoplex Ac-33, none), and season sprayed (fall, spring). Spray equipment and conditions were John Bean 785 gun, no. 14 disc, 39 kg/cm2 pressure,ca. 150 liters/tree, temperature 4.4° to 10°C, wind 0 to 12 km/hr, stickers at 1:800 final mix, and trees dormant. Forty twigs were collected at each tree level (top, middle, bottom) for bioassay. Fall-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 12 months postspray. Spring-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 6 months postspray. Beetles were caged in small cylinders on twig crotches and allowed to feed for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 88 ± 2% RH. Percentage of beetles that failed to feed to the xylem of twigs was used to measure effects of the treatments.

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Gao, Yuan, Husheng Liao, and Hongyu Gao. "Twig Pattern Minimization Based on XML Schema Constraints." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2016): 6608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i3.1683.

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Twig pattern is one of the core components of XQuery. Twig usually includes redundancy nodes which can be optimized. Schema feature is used to judge whether the node of Twig pattern is redundancy. In this paper, we propose sufficient Schema constraints and specific rules. In this paper, we have designed more determination conditions to optimize, then we will get the most efficient results. By a large number of test case, we finally get the practical limits of minimization.

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Fajardo, Alex, Juan P. Mora, and Etienne Robert. "Corner’s rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf–shoot and other scaling relationships." Annals of Botany 126, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa124.

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Abstract Background and Aims Twig cross-sectional area and the surface area of leaves borne on it are expected to be isometrically correlated across species (Corner’s rules). However, how stable this relationship remains in time is not known. We studied inter- and intraspecific twig leaf area–cross-sectional area (la–cs) and other scaling relationships, including the leaf–shoot mass (lm–sm) scaling relationship, across a complete growing season. We also examined the influence of plant height, deciduousness and the inclusion of reproductive buds on the stability of the scaling relationships, and we discuss results from a functional perspective. Methods We collected weekly current-year twigs of six Patagonian woody species that differed in growth form and foliar habit. We also used prominent inflorescences from Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) to assess whether reproductive buds alter the la–cs isometric relationship. Mixed effects models were fitted to obtain parameter estimates and to test whether interaction terms were non-significant (invariant) for the scaling relationships. Key Results The slope of the la–cs scaling relationship remained invariant across the growing season. Two species showed contrasting and disproportional (allometric) la–cs scaling relationships (slope ≠ 1). Scaling relationships varied significantly across growth form and foliar habit. The lm–sm scaling relationship differed between reproductive- and vegetative-origin twigs in E. coccineum, which was explained by a significantly lower leaf mass per area in the former. Conclusions Although phenology during the growing season appeared not to change leaf–shoot scaling relationships across species, we show that scaling relationships departed from the general trend of isometry as a result of within-species variation, growth form, foliar habit and the type of twig. The identification of these functional factors helps to understand variation in the general trend of Corner’s rules.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Twig'

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