Academic literature on the topic 'Two- and three-step complex problems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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Boymanov, H. "METHODS OF TEACHING PRIMARY EDUCATION STUDENTS TO PROBLEM SOLVING." International journal of advanced research in education, technology and management 2, no. 2 (2023): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7606680.
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<strong>Abstract.</strong> In the first grades of primary education, when solving problems, students learn to find the sum and remainder, to find sums and addends to increase or decrease a number by a few units, to compare differences, to find differences and denominators, to find differences and denominators. it is said to face several kinds of problems in finding it.
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Tashboeva, Saidakhan Rakhmonberdievna, and Khilolakhan Umidjon qizi Khodzhimatova. "Methods for solving simple text problems in elementary grades. (in 4th grade)." Journal of Science-Innovative Research in Uzbekistan 1, no. 2 (2023): 240–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8075673.
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Text tasks are very important in elementary grades. Problems are very useful for the development and thinking of students. Any questions that are interesting and engage the student in thought will have a more positive impact on their brain activity. For elementary school students, not too difficult one- or two-step tasks are recommended. Through them, the horizons of thinking expand and serve as the basis for complex issues that will be worked on in the next stages. To complete any complex examples and problems, you must first be able to work with simple looking examples and problems
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Peng, Qiao, and Dengyin Zhang. "Multitarget Detection in Depth-Perception Traffic Scenarios." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (February 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5590514.
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Multitarget detection in complex traffic scenarios usually has many problems: missed detection of targets, difficult detection of small targets, etc. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a two-step detection model of depth-perception traffic scenarios to improve detection accuracy, mainly for three categories of frequently occurring targets: vehicles, person, and traffic signs. The first step is to use the optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) model to identify the existence of small targets, positioning them with candidate box. The second step is to obtain classification, location, and pixel-level segmentation of multitarget by using mask R-CNN based on the results of the first step. Without significantly reducing the detection speed, the two-step detection model can effectively improve the detection accuracy of complex traffic scenes containing multiple targets, especially small targets. In the actual testing dataset, compared with mask R-CNN, the mean average detection accuracy of multiple targets increased by 4.01% and the average precision of small targets has increased by 5.8%.
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Birck, Hannes, Oliver Heckmann, Andreas Mauthe, and Ralf Steinmetz. "The Two-Step P2P Simulation Approach." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 1, no. 1 (2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v1i1.312.
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In this article a framework is introduced that can be used to analyse the effects & requirements of P2P applications onapplication and on network layer. P2P applications are complex and deployed on a large scale, pure packet level simulations do not scale well enough to analyse P2P applications in a large network with thousands of peers. It is also difficult to assess the effect of application level behavior on the communication system. We therefore propose an approach starting with a more abstract and therefore scalable application level simulation. For the application layer a specific simulation framework wasdeveloped. The results of the application layer simulations plus some estimated background traffic are fed into a packet layer simulator like NS2 (or our lab testbed) in a second step to perform some detailed packet layer analysis such as loss and delay measurements. This can be done for a subnetwork of the original network to avoid scalability problems.
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McGovern, Eimear, Eoin Kelleher, Aisling Snow, et al. "Clinical application of three-dimensional printing to the management of complex univentricular hearts with abnormal systemic or pulmonary venous drainage." Cardiology in the Young 27, no. 7 (2017): 1248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795111600281x.
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AbstractIn recent years, three-dimensional printing has demonstrated reliable reproducibility of several organs including hearts with complex congenital cardiac anomalies. This represents the next step in advanced image processing and can be used to plan surgical repair. In this study, we describe three children with complex univentricular hearts and abnormal systemic or pulmonary venous drainage, in whom three-dimensional printed models based on CT data assisted with preoperative planning. For two children, after group discussion and examination of the models, a decision was made not to proceed with surgery. We extend the current clinical experience with three-dimensional printed modelling and discuss the benefits of such models in the setting of managing complex surgical problems in children with univentricular circulation and abnormal systemic or pulmonary venous drainage.
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Zhang, Guang, Nan He, and Yanxia Dong. "A Proportional-Egalitarian Allocation Policy for Public Goods Problems with Complex Network." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (2021): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172034.
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How free-riding behavior can be avoided is a constant topic in public goods problems, especially in persistent and complex resource allocation situations. In this paper, a novel allocation policy for public goods games with a complex network, called the proportional-egalitarian allocation method (PEA), is proposed. This allocation rule differs from the well-studied redistribution policies by following a two-step process without paying back into the common pool. A parameter is set up for dividing the total income into two parts, and then they are distributed by following the egalitarianism and proportional rule, respectively. The first part of total income is distributed equally, while the second part is allocated proportionally according to players’ initial payoffs. In addition, a new strategy-updating mechanism is proposed by comparing the average group payoffs instead of the total payoffs. Compared with regular lattice networks, this mechanism admits the difference of cooperative abilities among players induced by the asymmetric network. Furthermore, numerical calculations show that a relatively small income for the first distribution step will promote the cooperative level, while relatively less income for the second step may harm cooperation evolution. This work thus enriches the knowledge of allocation policies for public goods games and also provides a fresh perspective for the strategy-updating mechanism.
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Eriksson, Ljusk Ola. "Two Methods for Solving Stand Management Problems Based on a Single Tree Model." Forest Science 40, no. 4 (1994): 732–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/40.4.732.
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Abstract Two methods are presented for solving the stand management problem where the growth dynamics are depicted with a single tree model. With the nongradient method the problem is recast into a combinatorial problem, which in turn is solved with the method of simulated annealing. The gradient method, of which three versions are given, utilizes a combination of nonlinear and mixed integer techniques for solving the problem. In both cases, a linear programming problem solves the single tree harvest selection problem. In tests with nine sample problems, all methods are within 1% of the best solution found. The computational effort of the nongradient method is about one order of magnitude greater than that of the gradient methods. The results indicate the advantage of being able to divide the problem into a suitable hierarchy, since management problems based on single tree models are often too complex to be solved in one step. At each level an appropriate technique can then be applied. For. Sci. 40(4):732-758.
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Asmouh, Ilham, Mofdi El-Amrani, Mohammed Seaid, and Naji Yebari. "A Cell-Centered Semi-Lagrangian Finite Volume Method for Solving Two-Dimensional Coupled Burgers’ Equations." Computational and Mathematical Methods 2022 (February 13, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8192192.
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A cell-centered finite volume semi-Lagrangian method is presented for the numerical solution of two-dimensional coupled Burgers’ problems on unstructured triangular meshes. The method combines a modified method of characteristics for the time integration and a cell-centered finite volume for the space discretization. The new method belongs to fractional-step algorithms for which the convection and the viscous parts in the coupled Burgers’ problems are treated separately. The crucial step of interpolation in the convection step is performed using two local procedures accounting for the element where the departure point is located. The resulting semidiscretized system is then solved using a third-order explicit Runge-Kutta scheme. In contrast to the Eulerian-based methods, we apply the new method for each time step along the characteristic curves instead of the time direction. The performance of the current method is verified using different examples for coupled Burgers’ problems with known analytical solutions. We also apply the method for simulation of an example of coupled Burgers’ flows in a complex geometry. In these test problems, the new cell-centered finite volume semi-Lagrangian method demonstrates its ability to accurately resolve the two-dimensional coupled Burgers’ problems.
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Hromadka, T. V., and R. J. Whitley. "Approximating three-dimensional steady-state potential flow problems using two-dimensional complex polynomials." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 29, no. 2 (2005): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2004.07.004.
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Liu, Xirui. "Analysis on Lightweight Network Methods and Technologies." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 4 (July 26, 2022): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v4i.922.
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There are currently two main schools of deep learning. One is academic. They pursue stronger performance through powerful, complex models. The other is the engineering school. Their purpose is to efficiently deploy models to various hardware platforms. Complex models have better performance. However, it also brings unavoidable consumption. With the increasing depth of convolutional neural networks, lightweighting has become a key research direction. There are currently four main methods for designing lightweight networks. This article will first introduce CNN model compression and basic convolution operations.This paper also introduces the model compression based on AutoML and the automatic animation design based on NAS. Finally, according to the above three points, this paper introduces the application of the above methods in artificially designed neural networks.This paper mainly introduces the step-by-step evolution of the existing methods. This paper analyzes aspects of current neural network improvements and emerging problems. The significance of this paper is to summarize and deepen the solved problems and key problems in the lightweight process through past experience.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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Grobler, Jonathan. "Hypernuclear bound states with two /\-Particles." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3222.
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The double hypernuclear systems are studied within the context of the
hyperspherical approach. Possible bound states of these systems are sought
as zeros of the corresponding three-body Jost function in the complex energy
plane. Hypercentral potentials for the system are constructed from known
potentials in order to determine bound states of the system. Calculated
binding energies for double- hypernuclei having A = 4 − 20, are presented.<br>Physics<br>M.Sc. (Physics)
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Lee, Cheuk Yu. "Fundamental solution based numerical methods for three dimensional problems: efficient treatments of inhomogeneous terms and hypersingular integrals." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117204.
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In recent years, fundamental solution based numerical methods
including the meshless method of fundamental solutions (MFS), the
boundary element method (BEM) and the hybrid fundamental solution
based finite element method (HFS-FEM) have become popular for
solving complex engineering problems. The application of such
fundamental solutions is capable of reducing computation
requirements by simplifying the domain integral to the boundary
integral for the homogeneous partial differential equations. The
resulting weak formulations, which are of lower dimensions, are
often more computationally competitive than conventional
domain-type numerical methods such as the finite element method
(FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM).
In the case of inhomogeneous partial differential equations
arising from transient problems or problems involving body
forces, the domain integral related to the inhomogeneous
solutions term will need to be integrated over the interior
domain, which risks losing the competitive edge over the FEM or
FDM. To overcome this, a particular treatment to the
inhomogeneous term is needed in the solution procedure so that
the integral equation can be defined for the boundary. In
practice, particular solutions in approximated form are usually
applied rather than the closed form solutions, due to their
robustness and readiness. Moreover, special numerical treatment
may be required when evaluating stress directly on the domain
surface which may give rise to hypersingular integral
formulation. This thesis will discuss how the MFS and the BEM can
be applied to the three-dimensional elastic problems subjected to
body forces by introducing the compactly supported radial basis
functions in addition to the efficient treatment of hypersingular
surface integrals. The present meshless approach with the MFS and
the compactly supported radial basis functions is later extended
to solve transient and coupled problems for three-dimensional
porous media simulation.
Books on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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Tromp, Coyan. Wicked Philosophy. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988774.
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Wicked Philosophy. Philosophy of Science and Vision Development for Complex Problems provides an overview of the philosophy of the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities, and explores how insights from these three domains can be integrated to help find solutions for the complex, ‘wicked’ problems we are currently facing. The core of a new science-based vision is complexity thinking, offering a meta-position for navigating alternative paradigms and making informed choices of resources for projects involving complex problems. The book also brings design thinking into problem-solving and teaching, fostering construction of an integrative approach that bridges structure and action amplified by transdisciplinary engagement of stakeholders in society. It is not always easy to set up a succesfull philosophy course for students in other programs. The author of Wicked Philosophy, Coyan Tromp, has experience in designing courses on philosophy of science for various Bachelor programs. You can find two examples here. The first example is for an introductory course to an Interdisciplinary Philosophy of Science, which is specifically suited for programs focusing at complex problems such as sustainability or health issues. The second example is a program for a course on (Philosophy of) Science in a Post-Truth Society. More examples are also available (e.g. a program in which Philosophy of Science is combined with Vision Development and Future Scenarios). In addition to the program, the author can also provide a workbook with lesson plans, both for online and on campus settings as well as additional literature suggestions for Dutch and French programmes. Please contact us at marketing@aup.nl for questions or extra material.
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Pahomova, Elena, Aleksandr Pahomov, Svetlana Istomina, Tat'yana Lychagina, Ol'ga Rozhkova, and Tigran Davtyan. Instrumental and methodological approach to the adaptation of the Triple helix model for the conditions of Russia, taking into account historical retrospect. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1371304.
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The monograph presents the results of a scientific study, the novelty of which lies in a meaningful methodological reinterpretation of the Itskovitz triple helix model for Russian conditions and mentality with the filling of economic and mathematical tools. The main three components of the study are: the adaptation of the CU model to Russian conditions, taking into account historical retrospect, and the tasks of the economic environment.
 It can be used by students, postgraduates, teachers as a textbook; by researchers and specialists of practical economics - to solve complex methodological practice-oriented problems.
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avtor, №., and №. *avtor. Dorpat professorial Institute is a scientific - pedagogical school in Russia. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064967.
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This monograph carried out a systematic analysis of the unique experience of solving complex problems for the training of professors for Russian universities in Dorpat professorial Institute. In cultural and historical context the first half of the XIX century the system of training of the professors of the new formation is regarded as a scientific-pedagogical school in Russia. Chrono-logical framework of the monograph covers the period from the beginning of the XIX century 60-ies of the XIX century (from the prerequisites for the establishment of Professorial Institute to identify lines of continuity in his work). Analyzed the activity of three generations of Russian University professors. 
 Addressed to high school teachers, doctoral students, graduate students.
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Gerasimova, Elena. The analysis of activity of economic entities. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/987505.
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The textbook comprehensively covers the main aspects of the analysis financially-economic activities of the organization, the article reveals theoretical and methodological foundations of the analysis of activity of economic subjects. Consists of three interrelated sections that reveal the complex and systematic approach to the economic analysis. The practical part of the tutorial includes exercises, questions and tasks for self-control.
 Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
 For students enrolled in directions of preparation of bachelors 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.03.02 "Management". Can be used by specialists in the field of analysis of activity of the organizations, students and graduate students of economic direction of training. Also will be useful to all interested in the problems of analysis of activity of economic subjects.
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Bavaeva, Ol'ga. Metaphorical parallels of the neutral nomination "man" in modern English. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1858259.
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The monograph is devoted to a multidimensional analysis of metaphor in modern English as a parallel nomination that exists along with a neutral equivalent denoting a person. The problem of determining the essence of metaphorical names and their role in the language has attracted the attention of many foreign and domestic linguists on the material of various languages, but until now the fact of the parallel existence of metaphors and neutral nominations has not been emphasized.
 The research is in line with modern problems of linguistics related to the relationship of language, thinking and reflection of the surrounding reality. All these problems are integrated and resolved within the framework of linguistic semantics, in particular in the semantics of metaphor. Multilevel study of language material based on semantic, component, etymological analysis methods contributed to a systematic and comprehensive description of this most important part of the lexical system of the English language.
 Metaphorical parallels are considered as the result of the interaction of three complexes, which allows us to identify their associative-figurative base, as well as the types of metaphorical parallels, depending on the nature of the connection between direct and figurative meaning. Based on the analysis of various human character traits and behavior that evoke associations with animals, birds, objects, zoomorphic, artifact, somatic, floral and anthropomorphic metaphorical parallels of the neutral nomination "man" are distinguished. The social aspect of metaphorical parallels is also investigated as a reflection of gender, status and age characteristics of a person.
 It can be used in the training of philologists and translators when reading theoretical courses on lexicology, stylistics, word formation of the English language, as well as in practical classes, in lexicographic practice.
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Munerman, Viktor, Vadim Borisov, and Aleksandra Kononova. Mass data processing. Algebraic models and methods. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1906037.
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The monograph is devoted to mathematical and algorithmic support of mass data processing based on algebraic models. One of the most common classes of mass processing is considered - processing of highly active structured data. The construction of algebraic models of data and calculations and methods of proving their correspondence are analyzed. Three algebraic systems are studied, which can be used both as data models and as models of calculations. The algebraic and axiomatic methods of proving the correspondence of these models are investigated. A proof of their correspondence is given: homomorphism and isomorphism. The problem of optimizing the processes of mass processing of data presented in the form of algebraic expressions in the proposed algebra models is raised. The algorithms of synthesis and optimization of calculation of these expressions, the method of symmetric horizontal data distribution providing parallel implementation of calculation of algebraic expressions and generalization of the block algorithm of parallel matrix multiplication for the case of multiplication of multidimensional matrices are described in detail. Architectures of software and hardware complexes for effective parallel implementation of operations in the considered algebra models are proposed. A number of real-world examples illustrating the application of the proposed methods are given.
 For students, postgraduates and teachers of technical and physical-mathematical universities and faculties.
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Levin, Ines, and Betsy Sinclair. Causal Inference with Complex Survey Designs. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.4.
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This article discusses methods that combine survey weighting and propensity score matching to estimate population average treatment effects. Beginning with an overview of causal inference techniques that incorporate data from complex surveys and the usefulness of survey weights, it then considers approaches for incorporating survey weights into three matching algorithms, along with their respective methodologies: nearest-neighbor matching, subclassification matching, and propensity score weighting. It also presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study that illustrates the benefits of incorporating survey weights into propensity score matching procedures, as well as the problems that arise when survey weights are ignored. Finally, it explores the differences between population-based inferences and sample-based inferences using real-world data from the 2012 panel of The American Panel Survey (TAPS). The article highlights the impact of social media usage on political participation, when such impact is not actually apparent in the target population.
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Scott, Naomi. The epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0062.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter describes a retrospective study examining the epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in the Dutch general population. The researchers accessed patient data by means of the Integrated Primary Care Information project, which provided a large representative sample of the general population inclusive of all ages. They found an incidence of 26.2 per 100,000 person-years from a source population of 190,902 people. In those patients diagnosed by a specialist, three contemporaneous diagnostic criteria were applied, one of which was that of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). The authors demonstrated that there were marked differences in the proportions of cases fulfilling different criteria and thus highlighted problems with case diagnosis. When the 1994 IASP criteria were strictly applied, the incidence was found to be 16.8 per 100,000 person-years.
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Brody, David L. Concussion Care Manual. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190054793.001.0001.
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This practical manual is for clinicians who care for patients with concussions. The effects of concussions are a recognized problem in the medical community and among the general public. Most people recover well from concussions, but a substantial minority does not. Most clinicians, however, do not have specific training in how to evaluate and treat concussion patients who do not make a rapid and complete recovery. This manual is based on the experience of the former director of the concussion clinic at Washington University in St. Louis, currently the director of the NIH/Uniformed Service University Traumatic Brain Injury Research Group. The manual provides step-by-step guidance for managing problems related to complex concussions: diagnosis, treatment strategies, headaches, sleep disruption, attention deficit, mood instability, anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress, personality change, balance problems, dizziness, fatigue, and so forth. Specific sections address returning to work, driving, school, and contact sports. The manual also specifically addresses concussion in adolescents, children, elderly individuals, contact-sport athletes, military personnel, and patients involved in medico-legal matters. Finally, the manual discusses how to set up and run a concussion clinic. Clinicians with a broad range of backgrounds, including primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, athletic trainers, emergency medicine doctors, neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and rehabilitation medicine physicians should be able to use the manual effectively. Resident physicians and other trainees can use the manual without extensive background reading. Lists of Internet-based resources and other available publications direct the reader to information beyond what a pocket-sized manual can provide.
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Pievatolo, Antonio, and Fabrizio Ruggeri. Bayes linear uncertainty analysis for oil reservoirs based on multiscale computer experiments. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.10.
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This article discusses the results of a Bayes linear uncertainty analysis for oil reservoirs based on multiscale computer experiments. Using the Gullfaks oil and gas reservoir located in the North Sea as a case study, the article demonstrates the applicability of Bayes linear methods to address highly complex problems for which the full Bayesian analysis may be computationally intractable. A reservoir simulation model, run at two different levels of complexity, is used, and a simulator of a hydrocarbon reservoir represents properties of the reservoir on a three-dimensional grid. The article also describes a general formulation for the approach to uncertainty analysis for complex physical systems given a computer model for that system. Finally, it presents the results of simulations and forecasting for the Gullfaks reservoir.
Book chapters on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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Chalons, Christophe, Frédéric Coquel, Samuel Kokh, and Nicole Spillane. "Large Time-Step Numerical Scheme for the Seven-Equation Model of Compressible Two-Phase Flows." In Finite Volumes for Complex Applications VI Problems & Perspectives. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20671-9_24.
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Serazzi, Giuseppe. "Systems with Homogeneous Workloads." In Performance Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36763-2_2.
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AbstractIn order to smoothly create the modeling knowledge in the readers, in this chapter we analyze some elementary problems that can be considered as a reference for the implementation of more complex ones. To start with simple models, we consider a load consisting of requests having similar characteristics, i.e., single class workloads. We hope that readers can gain experience step by step analyzing models of increasing complexity. It must be pointed out that even with these simple models many interesting performance problems can be addressed. Two capacity planning studies are presented for a web server and a data center, respectively. A version of the latter parameterized at system-level with service demands is also analyzed. The identification of the workload that allows a server to work in the optimal operating point concludes the chapter.
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Myra, Siv Merete. "Relational Interventions in Complex Situations: Sessions with Substance Using Parents." In Palgrave Texts in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38111-9_4.
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AbstractThis chapter describes therapeutic encounters with two parents and their three-month-old daughter Ina. The parents have substance use problems and are undergoing treatment in an inpatient family unit in a Norwegian specialist healthcare facility. Case-based illustrations are used to describe the couple’s dilemmas and how a systemic approach can be useful in the sessions with the parents. The chapter illustrates how it can be easy to lose sight of the way a small intervention can be big enough in the first session with parents.
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Ihlein, Lucas. "Agricultural Inventiveness." In Covert Plants. punctum books, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21983/p3.0207.1.17.
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In 2014, I began working on a collaborative art project called Sug-ar vs the Reef? The project came about following an invitation from John Sweet, a retired farmer and active community worker in the Queensland town of Mackay. Sweet’s hunch was that the involvement of artists in a complex environmental management problem might help to catalyse positive transformations in the sugar cane industry, which is often accused of polluting the pris-tine waters of the Great Barrier Reef with agricultural run-off.1This chapter is based on some of the early field research for Sugar vs the Reef? and my task is to present the inventiveness of three change agents: two human and one non-human. The first is Si-mon Mattsson, a sugar cane farmer in Mackay, and a founder of Central Queensland Soil Health Systems (CQSHS). The second is Allan Yeomans, director of the Yeomans Plow Company on the Gold Coast and inventor of the Yeomans Carbon Still: a de-vice for measuring carbon sequestration in soil. The third change agent has been around for millennia: the humble plant — specifi-cally grass — and the complex soil community of which grasses are an integral member. While presenting the inventiveness of these three change agents together here, I also want to point to some of the factors that have thus far inhibited the broader up-take of their inventions. I do so in the hope that identifying such barriers might be a small positive step beyond the paternalistic discourse of environmental management, and towards the for-mation of more dynamic relations in social and ecological sys-tems between humans and plants.
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Souza, Filipe, Diarmuid Grimes, and Barry O’Sullivan. "A Large Neighborhood Search Approach for the Data Centre Machine Reassignment Problem." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26438-2_31.
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AbstractOne of the main challenges in data centre operations involves optimally reassigning running processes to servers in a dynamic setting such that operational performance is improved. In 2012, Google proposed the Machine Reassignment Problem in collaboration with the ROADEF/Euro challenge. A number of complex instances were generated for evaluating the submissions. This work focuses on new approaches to solve this problem.In particular, we propose a Large Neighbourhood Search approach with a novel, domain-specific heuristic for neighborhood selection. This heuristic uses the unbalanced resource usage on the machines to select the most promising processes in each iteration. Furthermore, we compare two search strategies to optimise the sub-problems. The first one is based on the concept of Limited Discrepancy Search, albeit tailored to large scale problems; and the second approach involves the standard combination of constraint programming with random restart strategies.An empirical evaluation on the widely studied instances from ROADEF 2012 demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach against the state-of-the-art, with new upper bounds found for three instances.
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Loogma, Krista, Inna Bentsalo, Meril Ümarik, and Terje Väljataga. "Social Ecology of Youth in Drop Out Risk from Initial Vocational Education: The Case of Estonia." In Empowering At-Risk Youth in and Through Vocational Education. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0613-9_5.
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AbstractThis chapter presents the Estonian case to analyse the social ecology of the development of students in the case of the risk of dropping out from IVET (Initial Vocational Education and Training). The persistence of the interrelated problems, such as early school-leaving and drop out from vocational education, leaving education without qualifications, being vulnerable in the labour market and the risk of social exclusion, refer to the existence of a “wicked” or complex set of interrelated problems that are approached from the perspective of social ecology. Two key aspects of social ecology are discussed: the main institutional developments of the Estonian VET system with a specific emphasis on the institutional and macro-contextual factors that could affect vulnerable youth groups in VET, and the micro-level empirical research to better understand the proximal processes of learning and development of students that risk drop-out. The sample of students interviewed consisted of 20 students (14 female and 6 male) aged between 16 and 22 years, from different vocational schools and regions in Estonia and studying different specialities. The empirical analysis identified three clusters of students, representing three separate ecologies of vulnerable students. The ecologies reflect the different experiences in getting help, or not, in the surrounding environment, in the case of emerging problems, and the consequences of their self-agency capacities and their perspectives for their future life.
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Lepratto, Fabio, and Giuliana Miglierina. "Regenerating Public Housing in Italy with the Support of the Next Generation EU Fund. Lessons Learned from a Research by Design Experience." In Springer Series in Design and Innovation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71959-2_28.
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AbstractIn Italy, the Next Generation EU instrument has made it possible to launch what could be optimistically defined as a new season for public housing after at least three decades of decreasing financial support. The PINQuA (National Innovative Program for Housing Quality) was supported with 2.8 billion euros, prompting a race among eligible public bodies to submit a proposal. Thanks to the funding, 159 projects of 271 presented were selected and are currently in the implementation phase. Quality and innovation, two concepts prominently featured in the programme’s title, encourage a sense of optimism. However, they also require critical examination to understand how the issues related to these concepts have been interpreted in terms of proposal development, evaluation, subsequent selection, and implementation. If we focus on aspects related to the culture of design, can we consider this programme an opportunity for architecture as a discipline? The research approach undertaken involved a direct participation in one of the projects: the urban regeneration of the Piazzale Visconti housing complex in Bergamo. The article reports the outcomes of a “reflection in action” [1] gained from a privileged observation point. Although referring to a single case, the research-by-design activity was an opportunity to get to the core of general issues, triggering a reflection on two complementary dimensions (1) the verification of project potential, expressed by the programme, (2) the understanding of the opportunities and certain problems intrinsic to the process.
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Barucci, Piero. "Nazionalismo economico e problemi della guerra e del dopoguerra." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-202-7.06.
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The text investigates nationalist thought during the Italian interwar years, tracing the rising of significant issues of economic policy, such as the Labour Chart, the founding of IRI, corporativism and colonial politics. Three economists were especially relevant: Vilfredo Pareto, Maffeo Pantaleoni and Enrico Barone. Anyway, in the field of political economy and law, two other personalities were even more crucial: Alfredo Rocco and Alberto Beneduce, who Mussolini trusted in terms of loyalty and competence. The topic is complex and requires further investigation. The alternate influence of the two during the long government of Mussolini, Rocco first and then Beneduce, is to be carefully considered as one of the main events of the Italian history under the Fascist regime
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Balasubramanian, Kannan. "Secure Two Party Computation." In Algorithmic Strategies for Solving Complex Problems in Cryptography. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2915-6.ch012.
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The goal of secure two-party computation is to enable two parties to cooperatively evaluate a function that takes private data from both parties as input without exposing any of the private data. At the end of the computation, the participants learn nothing more than the output of the function. The two-party secure computation systems have three properties: (1) the application involves inputs from two independent parties; (2) each party wants to keep its own data secret; and (3) the participants agree to reveal the output of the computation. That is, the result itself does not imply too much information about either party's private input. Informally, the security requirements are that nothing is learned from the protocol other than the output (privacy), and that the output is distributed according to the prescribed functionality (correctness). The threat models in the two-party computation assume the presence of three different types of adversaries: 1) Semi honest, 2) Malicious and 3) Covert.
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Kobayashi, Shiro, Soo-Ik Oh, and Taylan Altan. "Three-Dimensional Problems." In Metal Forming and the Finite-Element Method. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195044027.003.0017.
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A majority of the finished products made by metal forming are geometrically complex and the metal flow involved is of a three-dimensional nature. Thus, any analysis technique will become more useful in industrial applications if it is capable of solving three-dimensional metal-flow problems. Nagpal and Altan introduced dual-stream functions for describing metal flow in three dimensions. This work showed that the proper selection of a flow function makes the incompressibility requirement automatically satisfied and provides general kinematically admissible velocity fields. Yang and Lee utilized the conformal transformation of a unit circle onto a cross-section in the analysis of curved die extrusion. They derived the stream-line equation from which a kinematically admissible velocity field was determined. The upper-bound method was then applied to determine the extrusion pressure for a rigid-perfectly plastic material. An important aspect of three-dimensional plastic deformation is the analysis of spread in metal-forming operations, such as spread in rolling or in flat tool forging, and spread in compression of noncircular disks. Solutions to such problems have been obtained by the use of Hill’s general method and the upper-bound method. The extension of the finite-element method to solve three-dimensional problems is natural and not new, particularly in the area of elasticity. However, the simulation of three-dimensional forming operations by the finite-element method is relatively recent. Park and Kobayashi described the formulation for the three-dimensional rigid-plastic finite-element method and the implementation of the boundary conditions. They applied this technique to the analysis of block compression between two parallel flat platens. For certain forming problems, such as those involving lateral spread, the use of a simplified three-dimensional element is efficient and some examples can be found for analysis of spread in rolling and flat tool forging. The matrices for evaluation of elemental stiffness equations are defined for a three-dimensional brick element in Chap. 6 and some of them are recapitulated in this section. A three-dimensional brick element used for the analysis is an eight-node hexahedral isoparametric element.
Conference papers on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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McGuire, R. E., and D. C. Silverman. "Complementary Use of Laboratory and Plant Tests to Solve Complex Chemical Plant Corrosion Problems." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91180.
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Abstract Laboratory and in-plant corrosion testing play complementary roles in enabling the corrosion practitioner to make practical corrosion predictions. This paper explores the ways in which these two approaches can be used to arrive at appropriate predictions. The discussion is in terms of three practical case studies: corrosion of steel in a waste stream, evaluation of alloy alternatives to a rubber-lined vessel, and evaluation of a process temperature increase in a waste reactor. Using the three cases as examples, the paper shows how the two protocols fit together.
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Agarwal, D. C., and Helena Alves. "Applications of Alloy 59 (UNS N06059) and Alloy 31 (UNS N08031) in Mitigating Corrosion Problems in CPI and Petrochemical Industries." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07186.
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Abstract CPI & Petrochemicals constitute a huge, complex and highly diverse industry which forms an integral part of the US economy. It covers converting various raw materials (about 10 of them), the most important ones being organic in nature such as oil, natural gas and coal whilst others are inorganic in nature such as ores / elements taken from the earth (phosphates, sulfur, potash etc), air (nitrogen, oxygen) and water (chlorine, hydrogen). Conversion of these base materials produce about 300 different “intermediates” which then go into production of about 30.000 plus consumer products. The first stage in petrochemical industry is conversion of raw materials into base chemicals (such as syn-gas, ammonia, methanol etc.), lower alkenes such as ethane, propane, butadiene and aromatics such as benzene, toluene, xylenes. The second stage of petrochemical industry consists of various chemical operations with the aim of introducing various hetero-atoms (oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, sulfur etc) into the molecules of base chemicals. This leads to the formation of chemical “intermediates”, such as acetic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and monomers like acrylonitrile, terephthalic acid etc. The third and final step consists of a number of steps to produce consumer goods such as plastics, synthetic fibers, elastomers, insecticides, fertilizers, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, detergents etc. Greater details on these are presented in open literature (1-4). Corrosion is an ever-present entity in all these three stages operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year. Hence suitable materials of construction (MOC) have to be selected to mitigate / minimize / control corrosion. Principal materials of construction typically are carbon & low alloy Cr-Mo steels, standard stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, copper & aluminum alloys, nickel alloys &titanium. In specific cases zirconium and tantalum have also been used. Other corrosion mitigation technologies such as electrochemical protection, non-metallics, coatings and paints and use of inhibitor technology also play a major role in combating corrosion. This paper concentrates on presenting the metallurgy, corrosion resistance characteristics of two alloys and their many diverse applications in the industry. One of the alloy belongs to the high performance Ni-Cr-Mo alloy family, alloy 59 (UNS N06059) whereas the other belongs to the advanced high Cr 6% Mo alloy family, alloy 31 (UNS N08031).
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Chen, Li, and Ashish Macwan. "Towards Rapid Redesign: Pattern-Based Design Diagnostics for Large-Scale and Complex Redesign Problems." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84888.
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This paper presents our continued research efforts towards developing a decomposition-based solution approach for rapid computational redesign to support agile manufacturing of evolutionary products. By analogy to the practices used for physical machines, the proposed approach involves two general steps: diagnosis and repair. This paper focuses on the diagnosis step. for which a two-phase decomposition method is developed. The first phase, called design dependency analysis, systematizes and reorganizes the intrinsic coupling structure of the existing design model by analyzing and reordering the design dependency matrix (DDM) used to represent the functional dependence and couplings inherent in the design model. The second phase, called redesign partitioning analysis, uses this result to generate alternative redesign pattern solutions through a three-stage procedure. Each pattern solution delimits the portions of the design model that need to be re-computed. An example problem concerning the redesign of an automobile powertrain is used for method illustration. Our seed paper has presented a method for selecting the optimal redesign pattern solution from the alternatives generated through redesign partitioning analysis, and a sequel paper will discuss how to generate a corresponding re-computation strategy and redesign plan (redesign shortcut roadmap).
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Routhe, Henrik, Maiken Winther, Nhung Tuyet Nguyen, Jette Holgaard, and Anette Kolmos. "Challenges for engineering students working with authentic complex problems." In SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1201.
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Engineers are important participants in solving societal, environmental and technical problems. However, due to an increasing complexity in relation to these problems new interdisciplinary competences are needed in engineering. Instead of students working with monodisciplinary problems, a situation where students work with authentic complex problems in interdisciplinary teams together with a company may scaffold development of new competences. The question is: What are the challenges for students structuring the work on authentic interdisciplinary problems? This study explores a three-day event where 7 students from Aalborg University (AAU) from four different faculties and one student from University College North Denmark (UCN), (6th-10th semester), worked in two groups at a large Danish company, solving authentic complex problems. The event was structured as a Hackathon where the students for three days worked with problem identification, problem analysis and finalizing with a pitch competition presenting their findings. During the event the students had workshops to support the work and they had the opportunity to use employees from the company as facilitators. It was an extracurricular activity during the summer holiday season. The methodology used for data collection was qualitative both in terms of observations and participants’ reflection reports. The students were observed during the whole event. Findings from this part of a larger study indicated, that students experience inability to transfer and transform project competences from their previous disciplinary experiences to an interdisciplinary setting.
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Alhussan, Khaled. "Study of High Speed Turbulent Flow Over Rotating Two Stage Three Dimensional Double Wedge." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98404.
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In this paper some characteristics of non-steady, compressible, flow are explored, including compression and expansion wave interactions and creation. The work to be presented herein is a Computational Fluid Dynamics investigation of the complex fluid phenomena that occur inside three-dimensional region, specifically with regard to the structure of the oblique shock waves, the reflected shock waves and the interactions of the shock waves. The flow is so complex that there exist oblique shock waves, expansion fans, slip surfaces, and shock wave interactions and reflections. The flow is non-steady, turbulent, viscous, compressible, and high-speed supersonic. The work to be presented herein is a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis of flow over a 15-degree angle double wedge for a compressible air, with spin angle of 10-degree and Mach number of 2.5. The problem to be solved involves formation of shock waves, expansion fans and slip surfaces, so that the general characteristics of supersonic flow are explored through this problem. Shock waves and slip surfaces are discontinuities in fluid mechanics problems. It is essential to evaluate the ability of numerical technique that can solve problems in which shocks and contact surfaces occur. In particular it is necessary to understand the details of developing a mesh that will allow resolution of these discontinuities. Results including contour plots of pressure, temperature, and Mach number will show that CFD is capable of predicting accurate results and is also able to capture the discontinuities in the flow, e.g., the oblique shock waves and the slip surfaces. Through this computational analysis, a better interpretation of the physical phenomenon of the three-dimensional shock waves interaction and reflection can be achieved.
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Chen, Li, and Simon Li. "Towards Rapid Redesign: Pattern-Based Redesign Planning for Large-Scale and Complex Redesign Problems." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84890.
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We have developed a decomposition-based rapid redesign methodology for large, complex computational redesign problems. While the overall methodology consists of two general steps: diagnosis and repair, this paper focuses on the repair step in which decomposition patterns are utilized for redesign planning. Resulting from design diagnosis, a typical decomposition pattern solution to a given redesign problem indicates the portions of the design model necessary for re-computation as well as the interaction part within the model accountable for design change propagation. Following this, this paper suggests repair actions with an approach derived from an input pattern solution, to generate a redesign roadmap allowing for taking a shortcut in the redesign solution process while scheduling re-computing tasks. To do so, a complete collection of re-computation strategies able to handle all possible decomposition patterns for any given redesign problem is introduced, and a two-stage redesign planning approach from re-computation strategy selection to redesign roadmap generation is proposed. An example problem concerning the redesign of a relief valve is used for illustration and validation.
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Farahani, M. H., N. Amanifard, H. Asadi, and M. Mahnama. "Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation With Free Surface Flows by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66769.
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Simulation of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and free surface flows includes an area of extremely challenging problems in the computational mechanics community. In this paper, a newly proposed SPH algorithm is employed to simulate FSI problems with complex free surface flows. In this way, fluid and elastic structure continua are coupled using a monolithic but explicit numerical scheme. The proposed method is similar to so-called SPH projection method and consists of three steps. The first two steps play the role of prediction, while in the third step a Poisson equation is used for both fluid and structure to impose incompressibility constraint.
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Dimitrieva, N. F. "Vortices Inside a Ventilated Cavity." In Topical Problems of Fluid Mechanics 2025. Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; CTU in Prague Faculty of Mech. Engineering Dept. Tech. Mathematics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.14311/tpfm.2025.007.
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This study is devoted to the study of complex vortex flows inside the cavity and the influence of injection parameters on the restructuring of the vortex structure. The calculations are performed using the OpenFoam software. The interFoam model is used for two incompressible isothermal media without phase transition. The mesh is constructed by the stepwise cell refinement method using the snappyHexMesh utility. A complex vortex structure inside a ventilated cavity is described. Three zones are distinguished: constant pressure, viscous diffusion and two-phase mixing layer. The dimensions of the cavity parts depend on the velocity of the main fluid flow and the flow rate of the injected gas. Good agreement with theoretical and experimental data was obtained.
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Viallet, Marianne, Ge´rald Poume´rol, Olivier Dessombz, and Louis Jezequel. "Acoustical Radiation Calculation of Complex Structures Using Finite Element Methods." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34635.
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Predicting noise is a step that cannot be ignored in automotive industry during vehicle design cycle. This is classically achieved through Finite Element and Boundary Element methods. When dealing with exterior problems, Boundary Element Method is quite efficient but may induce ill-conditioned equations. On the other hand, Finite Element Method, if easier to handle is not basically adapted to unbounded media. In this paper a new method, which tries to combine advantages of both techniques is presented. This method, inspired from Substructure Deletion Method, which is well-known in Civil Engineering, consists in dividing a complex unbounded problem into two easier ones to solve finite and infinite problems. Instead of considering a geometrically complex structure straightforward, a prismatic bounding volume is first studied using BEM. Then a classical Finite Element computation is performed on the volume left between the box and the structure of interest. Advantage of this technique is that when testing and comparing several geometries contained in such a box, only one boundary element calculation is needed. Efficiency of this method is discussed in the present document. Here instead of using Boundary Element Methods to solve the exterior problem, an original use of Finite Elements is made. Efficiency of this new version of the Substructure Deletion Method is discussed.
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Banerjee, Sibashis S., and Y. A. Hassan. "A Three Dimensional Finite Volume Method in Curvilinear Coordinates for Complex Geometries: Formulation and Analysis." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1132.
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Abstract A strongly conservative finite volume formulation for complex geometries in three-dimensions using a complete transformation of the governing equations on a nonstaggered grid is presented. This method retains its conservative character at the scalar discretization level. The use of physical contravariant components as dependent variables eliminates the need for any transformation to calculate the cell face mass fluxes. A partially implicit treatment of the nonorthogonal diffusion terms is used to enhance the diagonal dominance of the scheme. This is an extension of the method proposed by Sharatchandra (1994). The method is then tested for two test problems for which analytical solutions are available and an error analysis is performed.
Reports on the topic "Two- and three-step complex problems"
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Author, Unknown. PR-178-516-R02 Experience with Geotech and the Current Complex Programs. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011450.
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An evaluation of the GEOTECH program developed by Jean Prevost of Princeton University for project PR-158-151. The program predicts static and transient, two and three dimensional soil behavior for general initial value problems. The integrated current complex computer program was also evaluated as developed by Applied Science Associates, Inc. for project PR-169-186. The programs predict (wave parameters and) the current velocities from an integration of a continental shelf circulation model, a wind-wave model, and a bottom boundary layer model.
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Patel, Reena. Complex network analysis for early detection of failure mechanisms in resilient bio-structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41042.
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Bio-structures owe their remarkable mechanical properties to their hierarchical geometrical arrangement as well as heterogeneous material properties. This dissertation presents an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that employs computational mechanics combined with flow network analysis to gain fundamental insights into the failure mechanisms of high performance, light-weight, structured composites by examining the stress flow patterns formed in the nascent stages of loading for the rostrum of the paddlefish. The data required for the flow network analysis was generated from the finite element analysis of the rostrum. The flow network was weighted based on the parameter of interest, which is stress in the current study. The changing kinematics of the structural system was provided as input to the algorithm that computes the minimum-cut of the flow network. The proposed approach was verified using two classical problems three- and four-point bending of a simply-supported concrete beam. The current study also addresses the methodology used to prepare data in an appropriate format for a seamless transition from finite element binary database files to the abstract mathematical domain needed for the network flow analysis. A robust, platform-independent procedure was developed that efficiently handles the large datasets produced by the finite element simulations. Results from computational mechanics using Abaqus and complex network analysis are presented.
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Samji, Salimah, and Mansi Kapoor. Funda Wande through the Lens of PDIA: Showcasing a Flexible and Iterative Learning Approach to Improving Educational Outcomes. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/036.
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Funda Wande has adopted a ‘learning by doing’ strategy that is similar to the Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach to solving complex problems. PDIA is a high-impact process of innovation that helps organisations develop the capability to solve complex problems while they are solving such problems. It is a step-by-step framework that helps break down problems into their root causes, identify entry points, search for possible solutions, take action, reflect upon what is learned, adapt, and then act again. Its dynamic process and tight feedback loops enable teams to find and fit solutions to the local context. This case provides a narrative of the Funda Wande story with boxes illustrating how PDIA principles and tools like problem construction, deconstruction, entry point analysis, iteration, and building authorisation would have been applied in practice. The sources of this case include a literature review of education in South Africa, related research documents, and conversations with staff at Funda Wande.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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Sakleshpur, Venkata A., Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Mir Zaheer. CPT-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 3: CPT-Based Design of Foundations—Example Problems. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317348.
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This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. The methods included in the manual are current, reliable, and demonstrably the best available for Indiana geology based on extensive CPT research carried out during the past two decades. The design of shallow and pile foundations in the manual is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework. The manual also indicates areas of low reliability and limited knowledge, which can be used as indicators for future research.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.
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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Betley, Erin, Adriana Bravo, John Cigliano, Ana Porzecanski, and Stefanie Siller. Applying Critical Thinking to an Invasive Species Problem. American Museum of Natural History, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0143.
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This exercise is designed to foster the practice of critical thinking—a habit of mind characterized by the comprehensive exploration of issues and evidence before accepting or formulating an opinion or conclusion—in the context of a complex and real conservation problem: invasive species. In particular, students will learn about the rusty crayfish, a freshwater species that has become invasive throughout parts of the United States, as well as the impacts of the rusty crayfish invasion and potential options for controlling them. The exercise has three parts: an introduction, a case study, and six exercise questions that promote critical consideration and strategic problem solving of a specific conservation issue.
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Mutebi, Natasha. Problem-solving courts. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK Parliament, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn700.
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Problem-solving courts (PSC) are a problem-solving approach targeting the complex needs of individuals within the criminal or family justice systems. Over the last 20 years, PSC have been introduced into the UK to address the personal, social and structural factors underlying behavioural issues that often contribute to re-offending. In June 2023, the Ministry of Justice launched three courts with problem-solving components referred to as Intensive Supervision Courts (ISC). Focusing on rehabilitative outcomes, PSC combine intervention programmes with judicial oversight through regular reviews. By placing judges and magistrates at the centre of rehabilitation, PSC target individuals or families with complex needs, who might not benefit from standard court proceedings and supervision, with an aim to improve long-term life outcomes. This POSTnote provides an overview of PSC in England and Wales. It outlines different PSC and courts with PSC elements that operate within adult criminal courts, family courts and youth courts across England and Wales, drawing data from case studies in the UK and, where relevant, internationally. It also discusses potential challenges to fully implement PSC and their approaches as well as opportunities for more effective implementation of PSC across England and Wales. Key points Key elements of PSC include intensive intervention programmes, that seek to address underlying social and health issues through regular judicial monitoring and cross-governmental collaborative efforts. Several ongoing PSC and courts with PSC elements operate within adult criminal courts, family courts and youth courts across England and Wales. Although there is a substantial international evidence base, there seems to be limited evidence about the effectiveness of PSC in the UK due to inconsistent implementation and evaluation. Challenges to PSC implementation can include costs, lack of funding, limited evidence, procedural issues and lack of widespread judicial engagement. Opportunities for effective PSC implementation include use of existing resources, multi-agency partnerships, advocating for specialist services and a change in culture within the judiciary.
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Abraham, Barbara, Adriana Bravo, Nora Bynum, et al. Overexploitation of Parrots in the Neotropics. American Museum of Natural History, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0060.
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This case study-based exercise is designed to foster the practice of critical thinking—a habit of mind characterized by the comprehensive exploration of issues and evidence before accepting or formulating an opinion or conclusion—in the context of a complex and real conservation problem: the overexploitation of parrots in the Neotropics. The exercise has three parts: an introduction, a case study, and four exercise questions that promote critical consideration and strategic problem solving of a specific conservation issue.
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Niazi, Fawad. CPT-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 1: CPT Interpretation—Estimation of Soil Properties. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317346.
Full textAbstract:
This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. The methods included in the manual are current, reliable, and demonstrably the best available for Indiana geology based on extensive CPT research carried out during the past two decades. The design of shallow and pile foundations in the manual is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework. The manual also indicates areas of low reliability and limited knowledge, which can be used as indicators for future research.