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1
Delil, A. A. M. Test loops for two-phase thermal management system components. Amsterdam, Netherlands: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1990.
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2
Dugdale, William Paul. An optical instrumentation system for the imaging of two component flow. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1993.
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3
Draper, Norman Richard. A Bayesian approach to system reliability when two components are dependent. [Toronto]: University of Toronto. Dept. of Statistics, 1986.
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Baryshev, Ruslan. Proactive library in the information and educational environment of the University. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1123649.
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In the monograph, the University library is presented as a complex system that includes elements of various properties and varying complexity. As in any system, structural change inevitably affects the performance of all its components. In this regard, the library is an element of the information and educational environment of the University, which is designed to support and improve the effectiveness of educational and scientific activities. The article reveals the concept of active University library" as a system for providing information services to the reader in any form and on any medium based on classical and network forms of service based on query advance services. The article analyzes the opportunities provided by the active University library for its users. The mechanism of activation of an electronic library through selective provision of information is considered, and the principle of the influence of an active electronic library on its proactivity is approved. For all those interested in librarianship and Informatization of education."
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Akat'eva, Marina. Information and communication the concept of accounting theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080408.
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The monograph is devoted to theoretical and methodological aspects of information and communication of the concept of accounting theory — meaningful and professionally appraised by the author, including historical context. It considers the fundamental provisions of the concept formed in the respective paradigms, principles and postulates, presents the modern understanding of information and communication components of the accounting system of the economic entity, including civil-legal framework, practical issues of organization, planning, coordination and control of generated accounting information.
Intended for scientific workers and specialists of accounting and economic profile, other specialists, and graduate and undergraduate students.
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Mishenin, Sergey. Saving transportation resources: the experience of railway workers in Western Siberia 1965-1991. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082937.
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The monograph is devoted to the generalization of the factors of railway transportation in Western Siberia and their influence on the formation of the experience of saving transportation resources in 1965-1991. The basic factors are considered such as the natural conditions and the production apparatus of the region, the development of a program-oriented approach to the development of the territory and the formation of the material base of railway transport in its space. These components are considered as historical challenges for the design of labor initiatives "from below". These initiatives are classified into three groups: speeding up the turnover of wagons, using the locomotive fleet, and saving fuel, energy, and other" variable " resources of the railway transportation process. The issues are considered taking into account the trends of fading opportunities for the Soviet model of system-wide development. It will be of interest to all those who are concerned about the history of Russia, the organization of its transport security system.
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Desideri, Umberto, Giampaolo Manfrida, and Enrico Sciubba, eds. ECOS 2012. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-322-9.
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The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.
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K, Baird James, and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. Theory of Ostwald ripening in a two-component system: Center Director's discretionary fund, final report. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1987.
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Karaman, Sinem, Aleksanteri Aspelund, Michael Detmar, and Kari Alitalo. The lymphatic system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0009.
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The lymphatic vascular system is an integral component of the circulatory system; it forms a one-way conduit that transports tissue interstitial components back to the venous circulation through lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels extend to most tissues and contribute to the regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis, trafficking of immune cells, and absorption of dietary fats from the gut. Developmentally, lymphatic vessels originate from embryonic veins and specialized angioblasts. A number of molecules have been identified in the commitment of endothelial cells to the lymphatic lineage, and the sprouting, expansion and maturation of the lymphatic vascular tree. Importantly, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGFC and VEGFD, together with their receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 have been implicated as critical regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic vessels are involved in several human diseases, including cancer, where they contribute to tumour metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lymphatic vessels regulate immune responses against foreign pathogens by transporting leucocytes to lymph nodes, but are also in involved in the regulation of self-tolerance. Defects in the lymphatic vascular system are causal for the development of lymphoedema.
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Scholle, Carol Curio. Rapid Response Team Organization and Activation (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0002.
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The Rapid Response System (RRS) is organized into four basic components. These components include an activation limb, a response limb, a quality assurance infrastructure, and an administrative component. These components remain consistent despite campus size, physical layout, patient population, available technical resources, and personnel. Oversight of the RRS is provided by the patient safety, risk management experts, as well as clinical experts to maintain high quality of care delivered to acutely ill patients. Administrative support in the development of policy, allocation of resources, and communicating a strong and clear message regarding the mission and vision of the RRS is invaluable. In this chapter, we review each element of the RRS.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Integration and control: the nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0011.
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The complexity of fish behaviour and information processing indicates high levels of neural, anatomical and functional organization. Neural cells are conducting neurons and neuroglia with putative support and physiological roles. Neuronal conduction, synaptic transmission, reflexes and neuropils are factors in integrative activity and information processing. Fish nervous systems are organized into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (including autonomic) components. Interestingly the structure and function of the fish optic tectum have been considered comparable to those of the tetrapod cerebral cortex. Also of interest are the bilaterally paired large Mauthner fibres in the teleost central nervous system, which mediate startle responses. The autonomic nervous system in fish occupies a pivotal position amongst vertebrates, including uncertainty about the existence of a posterior parasympathetic component. The trend is to regard it in terms of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) cranial autonomic (parasympathetic) and enteric systems. Accounts of the autonomic control of individual effector systems are included.
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van Wijk, Bram, Phil Barnett, and Maurice J. B. van den Hoff. The developmental origin of myocardium at the venous pole of the heart. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0008.
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The focus of this chapter is an evaluation of the developmental origin of the myocardial component of the venous pole. The venous pole has a complex morphological architecture, reflecting its embryological and evolutionary development from several component parts. We describe the developmental changes observed in the architecture of the inflow of the heart and the large vessels that drain into the venous pole. As the formation of the proepicardium and the epicardial-derived cells are intimately connected to the forming inflow, this topic will also be covered. We compare the development of the inflow in chicken, mouse, and human. We then review the results obtained using the two-component genetic mouse system Cre-LoxP with respect to the myocardial components added to the forming cardiac inflow. These data are discussed within the now discriminated first, second, and third heart fields.
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Jefferies. Investigate and develop a two dimensional component completeness feature attribute inspection system for plate blanking utilising software neural network modelling techniques. 1995.
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Turk, Alice, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. Speech Timing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795421.001.0001.
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This is a book about the architecture of the speech-production planning process and speech motor control. It is written in reaction to a debate in the literature about the nature of phonological representations, which are proposed to be spatiotemporal by some, and symbolic (atemporal) by others. Making this choice about the nature of phonological representation has several fundamental implications for the architecture of the speech-production planning system, notably with regard to the number of planning components and the type of timing mechanisms. In systems with symbolic phonological representations, a separate phonetic planning component is required for speakers to plan the details of surface timing and spatial characteristics for each context. In contrast, the Articulatory Phonology system, which proposes spatiotemporal phonological representations, has a very different architecture, with fewer components. These contrasting assumptions about the spatiotemporal vs. symbolic nature of phonological representations have important consequences for how these two approaches deal with timing issues. This is because time is intrinsic to phonological representations in Articulatory Phonology, but is not part of symbolic phonology. These two proposals are evaluated in light of existing literature on speech and non-speech timing behavior. Evidence that challenges the Articulatory Phonology model inspired a sketch of a new model of the production process, based on symbolic phonological representations and a separate phonetic planning component to specify surface-timing details. This approach provides an appropriate account of what is known about motor timing in general and speech timing in particular. Keywords
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Lei, Yuan. Ventilator System Composition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0005.
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‘Ventilator System Composition’ describes in depth, each of the six essential parts: the electrical supply, compressed gas supply, ventilator, breathing circuit, artificial airway, and the patient’s lungs. The chapter discusses the internal design of the ventilator, particularly the inspiratory channel and expiratory channel, and the use of a proportional valve. It describes the structure of the various breathing circuits or patient circuits that are used, and their relationship to the humidifier in use. Next, the author addresses the artificial airway or non-invasive patient interface, and finally the additional components that are added to the airway, components that add dead space and resistance to the circuit.
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Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.4 Parts and Components. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0008.
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This chapter analyses Article 4 of the ATT. The article discusses the central obligations with respect to parts and components, requiring states parties to regulate the export of these items through their national control systems and to apply the provisions of Article 6 (Prohibitions) and Article 7 (Export and Export Assessment) to such exports. In general terms, states parties are only required to regulate the export of parts and components, not other types of transfers. Additionally, Article 4 requires states parties to regulate the export of parts and components where the export is in a form that provides the capability to assemble the conventional arms covered in Article 2(1) through a national control system.
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Daniels, Peter. The Arabic Writing System. Edited by Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0018.
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This article discusses the Arabic writing system. It begins with linguistic description of the components of Classical and Modern Standard Arabic writing, followed by accounts of their use to represent the language and of the use of the script as art and in technology. The article concludes with summaries of both the past and prospects of the script.
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J. Singh, Parminder, and Rohit Kotnis. The musculoskeletal system: structure and function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0003.
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♦ Structure of bone is comprised of cells, matrix, and water♦ Bone consists broadly of three surfaces (periosteal, endosteal, and Haversian) and two membranes (periosteum and endosteum)♦ The blood supply of bone is derived from four main routes (nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, and periosteal arteries)♦ There are three main types of cells in bone (osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast)♦ The matrix is a composite material consisting of an organic and an inorganic component♦ Two types of bone formation are intramembranous and endochondral ossification♦ The skeleton is also involved in the vital homeostasis of calcium and phosphate.
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Burrus, Jeremy, Krista D. Mattern, Bobby D. Naemi, and Richard D. Roberts. Do We Really Need to Build Better Students? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373222.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the book by asking the question of whether “building better students” to improve the state of workforce readiness, which is currently experiencing a “skills gap,” is really a necessity. The chapter concludes that building better students is indeed necessary and introduces one theory for how society reached this point. This theory has four components. First, the rate of technological innovation is increasing. Second, this technological innovation has led to more technology usage at work. Third, more technology usage at work has led to a shift in the activities conducted at work. Finally, the shift in work activities has led to employers heavily emphasizing certain skills over others. The skills gap is occurring because our education system has not yet adjusted in accordance with these new emphases. Evidence for each component in the theory is provided.
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Irfan, Alan, University of Wisconsin--Madison, and Lewis Research Center, eds. System and component design and test of a 10 HP, 18,000 RPM dynamometer utilizing a high frequency AC voltage link. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1991.
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Hassenteufel, Patrick, and Bruno Palier. The French Welfare System. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.4.
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The French welfare system is usually classified as a case of a corporatist–conservative welfare regime because its main components clearly reflect the Bismarckian tradition of social insurance. The economic, social, and political functions of the French welfare system developed after 1945 explain the subsequent difficulties in transforming it following the economic crisis of the 1970s. We show that until the 1990s the main goal of welfare policies was the rescue of the French model based on financial measures. It is only since the end of the twentieth century that French social programs and institutions have been progressively (and partly) reformed to adapt to the new economic and social environment. This reform trajectory has been changed only slightly since the 2008 crisis, despite growing European intrusiveness.
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Galley, Helen F., and Heather M. Wilson. Immune system physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0010.
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The immune system provides protection against invading pathogens, foreign cells including tumour cells, and macromolecules. It comprises an early, non-specific, innate immune response and a later, specific, adaptive immune response that helps prevent disease or recurrence of disease. Innate and adaptive immune systems work together with mutual interactivity distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self components’ to provide effective immune responses and prevent infection. This chapter describes the basic processes involved in immune responses and illustrates the particular relevance for some disease processes as well as highlighting stresses associated with anaesthesia and surgery that can modulate responses.
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Lykholat, Yuriy. Effects of pollution and climate change on the ecosystem components. OKTAN PRINT s.r.o., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46489/eopacc-1204211.
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The book contains the study results of the environmental and soil conditions of the transformed territories, the ecological patterns of woody plants natural communities’ formation as well as the features of the herbaceous communities’ succession in flooded areas. The current state of forest areas is highlighted, the problems of forest management and their exploitation in Ukraine are outlined. Aspects of anthropogenic impact on natural aquatic ecosystems are shown and various biotesting methods of negative effects are characterized. The relationship between the presence of exogenous biologically active chemical compounds in the environment and damage to the endocrine system of animals has been revealed. The scientific manuscript is intended for ecologists, specialists interested in environmental management and environmental protection. The book may be useful for graduate students and scientific researchers.
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Afzali, Behdad, and Claudia Kemper. Immunity. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0128.
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Immunological health relies on a balance between immune responsiveness to foreign pathogens and tolerance to self-components, commensals, food-derived components, and semi-allogeneic fetal antigens. Disruptions of this balance are hallmarks of immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune diseases, and pregnancy failure. Patients with chronic kidney disease are immunologically unique in demonstrating features of both chronic inflammation and acquired immunodeficiency—predisposing these individuals to the two commonest causes of death, namely cardiovascular disease and sepsis. Defects and abnormalities in almost all components of the immune system can be observed, although it is difficult to say whether the observations denote mechanism or effect. This chapter reviews, briefly, measurable immune system abnormalities in chronic kidney disease and some of the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Klenerman, Paul. The Immune System: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753902.001.0001.
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The Immune System: A Very Short Introduction describes the immune system and how it works in health and disease. It focuses on the human immune system, considering how it evolved, and the basic rules that govern its behaviour. The immune system comprises a series of organs, cells, and chemical messengers that work together as a team to provide defence against infection. These components are discussed along with the critical signals that trigger them and how they exert their protective effects, including innate and adaptive responses. The consequences of too little immunity (immunodeficiency), caused for example by HIV/AIDS, and too much, leading to auto-immune and allergic diseases, are also considered.
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Aderinto, Saheed. Sexualized Laws, Criminalized Bodies. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038884.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses how the criminal justice system assumed a prime position in the policing of prostitution. By differentiating between adult and child prostitution laws, the legal system played a significant role in molding public and official perceptions toward the identity of adult and underage practitioners of prostitution and the perceived menace each type of prostitution allegedly posed. Moreover, unlike the social interpretation of sex work, the new legal regime from the early 1940s institutionalized the criminalization of transactional sex as a component of social and public order. As such, prostitution became a component of the colonial state's maintenance of law and order, which was cardinal to the effective exploitation of the colonies.
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Accardo, Jennifer. Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0172.
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Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis Ekbom disease (WED), is a sensory disorder with a circadian component. An irresistible urge to move the legs disrupts sleep onset and maintenance. Periodic limb movements in sleep, semirhythmic in nature, often overlap with RLS, though periodic limb movement disorder can be diagnosed in the absence of RLS’s distinctive sensory symptoms. Disruptions in dopaminergic pathways, iron metabolism, and the opioid system have all been implicated in pathogenesis, and there is a strong genetic component. RLS is common, affecting 5% to 10% of adults. Its best-known treatments are dopamine agonists; however, other treatments are effective.
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Miquerol, Lucile. Origin and development of the cardiac conduction system. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0015.
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The cardiac conduction system represents the ‘wiring’ of the heart and orchestrates the propagation of the electrical activity to synchronize heartbeats. It is built from specialized cardiomyocytes expressing a subset of ion channels and gap junctions indispensable for their electrophysiological properties. Although representing only a very small volume of the heart, the conduction system plays a crucial role in the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias. The cells forming the conduction system are derived from the same cardiac progenitors as the working cardiomyocytes, and the choice between these two fates is acquired during embryonic development. The components of the conduction system are progressively established during cardiac morphogenesis and converge to form an integrated electrical system in the definitive heart. This chapter will discuss recent advances using mouse genetic approaches which have improved understanding of the cellular origin and the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in the development of the conduction system.
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Pruthi, Rajiv K. Coagulation (Hemostasis and Thrombosis). Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0295.
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The coagulation system has 2 essential functions: to maintain hemostasis and to prevent and limit thrombosis. The procoagulant component of the hemostatic system prevents and controls hemorrhage. Vascular injury results in activation of hemostasis, which consists of vasospasm, platelet plug formation (platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation), and fibrin clot formation (by activation of coagulation factors in the procoagulant system). The anticoagulant system prevents excessive formation of blood clots, and the fibrinolytic system breaks down and remodels blood clots. Quantitative abnormalities (deficiencies) and qualitative abnormalities of platelets and coagulation factors lead to bleeding disorders, whereas deficiencies of the anticoagulant system are risk factors for thrombosis. Common disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis are reviewed.
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Prescott, Tony J., and Paul F. M. J. Verschure. Living Machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0001.
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Biomimetics is the development of novel technologies through the distillation of principles from the study of biological systems. Biohybrid systems are formed by at least one biological component—an already existing living system—and at least one artificial, newly engineered component. The development of either biomimetic or biohybrid systems requires a deep understanding of the operation of living systems, and the two fields are united under the theme of “living machines”—the idea that we can construct artifacts that not only mimic life but share some of the same fundamental principles. This chapter sets out the philosophy and history underlying this Living Machines approach and sets the scene for the remainder of this book.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
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Alikhan, Raza. Normal haemostatic function. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0283.
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Humans have evolved an intricate system that maintains blood in a fluid state. This relies on an intact vascular endothelium modulating vascular tone and forming a barrier between blood components and reactive subendothelial components. It also involves the production of inhibitors of both blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. In addition, haemostatic systems are primed to convert blood from its fluid state to a solid state, to allow the formation of a haemostatic plug, following vessel injury, to stem the flow of blood from or within a blood vessel. This chapter reviews the physiology of haemostasis.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. The Dynamics of the Linguistic System. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.001.0001.
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This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, interactional linguistics and pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.
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Ehresmann, Andrée. Applications of Categories to Biology and Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0015.
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Mathematical models used in biology are generally adapted from physics and relate to specific local processes. Category theory helps developing global dynamic models account for the main specificities of living systems: (i) The system is evolutionary, with a tangled hierarchy of interacting components, which change over time. (ii) It develops a robust and flexible memory up to the emergence of components and processes of increasing complexity. (iii) It has a multi-agent, multi-temporality, self-organization. This chapter presents such a model, the Memory Evolutive Systems, which in particular characterizes the property at the root of emergence and flexibility. A main application is the model MENS for a neurocognitive system which proposes a physically based “theory of mind”, up to the emergence of higher cognitive processes such as consciousness, anticipation, and creativity.
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Lalvani, Ajit, and Katrina Pollock. Defences against infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0303.
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The immune system is classified into a series of component parts, each specialized to defend the host against infection. Cells of the innate immune system are distributed throughout the body, in the tissues, and in the circulation, to defend against the first signs of danger, combining the acute inflammatory response with the ability to kill and remove invading pathogens. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils phagocytose and kill exogenous and endogenous targets, using both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. The adaptive immune system creates a structurally specific and prolonged response, mediated by lymphocytes to clear infection and generate immunological memory. In this chapter, the functions of the innate and adaptive immune system are reviewed, together with the clinical features and investigation of acquired and inherited immune deficiencies.
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Wainger, Brian J. Drug Discovery and Neuropathic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0117.
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Pain is one of the most common causes of physician visits and disability. Pain has been classified into specific subtypes. We refer to baseline or nociceptive pain as pain that results from an ongoing, high-threshold stimulus acting on an unenhanced somatosensory system. Inflammatory pain refers to pain in the setting of tissue damage and specifically the release of inflammatory molecules that activate and sensitize the nociceptive machinery. Hyperalgesia, or increased pain in response to a noxious stimulus, results from nociceptor sensitization whereas neuropathic pain results from a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system. Pain can have spontaneous, stimulus-independent components as well as evoked components such as hyperalgesia or allodynia, pain that is elicited by a normally innocuous stimulus. This chapter describes the research strategy for discovering new drugs to relieve these different kinds of pain.
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Lei, Yuan. Medical Ventilator System Basics: A clinical guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.001.0001.
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Medical Ventilator System Basics: A clinical guide—unlike books that focus on clinical applications, or that provide specifics about individual ventilator models, this is a practical guide about the equipment used for positive pressure mechanical ventilation. This book provides the information a clinician needs every day: how to assemble a ventilator system, how to determine appropriate ventilator settings, how to make sense of monitored data, how to respond to alarms, and how to troubleshoot ventilation problems. The book applies to all ventilators based on the intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) operating principle. In a systematic and comprehensive way, the book steps the user through the ventilator system, starting with its pneumatic principles to an explanation of the anatomy and physiology of respiration. It describes the system components, including the ventilator, breathing circuit, humidifier, and nebulizer. The book then introduces ventilation modes, starting with an explanation of the building blocks of breath variables and breath types. It describes the major ventilator functions, including control parameters, monitoring, and alarms. Along the way the book provides much practical troubleshooting information. Clearly written and generously illustrated, the book is a handy reference for anyone involved with mechanical ventilation, clinicians and non-clinicians alike. It is suitable as a teaching aid for respiratory therapy education and as a practical handbook in clinical practice.
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Zhiming, Bao. The Systemic Nature of Substratum Transfer. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.024.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses four grammatical systems in Singapore English that are transferred from Chinese: aspect, pragmatic particles, topicalization, and quantification. Proper analysis of the relevant substrate features reveals extensive clustering: features which form a grammatical system transfer together. Substratum transfer targets the grammatical system, and the transferred system is then exponenced with suitable morphosyntactic materials from the lexifier, filtering out those component features for which the lexifier has no well-formed morphosyntactic exponent. The analysis of the four systems shows that post-transfer stabilization is subject to the normative effect of English. It is argued that data obtained through introspection and corpora are complementary, and substrate-induced grammatical change is best accounted for in a usage-based model that uses the two types of data.
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Bhole, Malini. Neutrophil abnormalities. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0295.
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Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, forming the first line of defence against bacterial invasion. Abnormalities in either neutrophil numbers or function lead to immunodeficiency disorders affecting the innate immune system, with a predisposition towards developing serious and often life-threatening infections. Alterations in neutrophil numbers and function may also be noted secondary to systemic diseases, where they may act as markers for ongoing disease processes. Most of the primary neutrophil disorders discussed in this chapter will present in childhood. In adults, acquired neutropenia is the commonest neutrophil abnormality encountered in clinical practice, although, rarely, some primary neutrophil defects may present.
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Javanbakht, Arash, and Gina R. Poe. Behavioral Neuroscience of Circuits Involved in Arousal Regulation. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0007.
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This chapter evaluates the evidence that hyper-reactive noradrenergic responses during trauma contribute to hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD, including disturbances in sleep. Some genetic vulnerability for PTSD involves the adrenergic system, and a hyperactive central noradrenergic system might serve to over-consolidate and sustain the affective component of fear memories. Reduced moderation of noradrenergic reactions during low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle could also lead to increased susceptibility to PTSD. This chapter considers a mechanism by which hyperactivity in the noradrenergic system during sleep would impair REM sleep theta and non-REM sleep spindles in the limbic system, both of which are implicated in the consolidation of new safety memories, thereby compromising extinction recall and setting into motion a positive feedback loop in PTSD pathophysiology, involving hyperarousal, failure to integrate contextual information, and biased attention to threat. If so, novel pharmacotherapeutic interventions inhibiting the noradrenergic system during sensitive periods in sleep should be considered.
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Koons, Robert C., and Alexander Pruss. Must Functionalists Be Aristotelians? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0013.
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Functionalism in the theory of mind requires an account of function that has a normative component—mere conditional connection (whether indicative or sub-junctive) is not enough. For instance, a component of a computing system isn’t an adder just in case its output is always or would always be the sum of the inputs, since any computing system in a world with as much indeterminism as ours can err or malfunction. Two general reductions of normative language have been proposed that one might wish to apply to the problem of defining proper function: the evolutionary reduction (Wright, Millikan) and the agential reduction (Plantinga). We argue that whatever the merits of the reductions in other contexts, a functionalist theory of mind that defines proper function in either of these ways must fail. The argument proceeds by first showing the agential reduction is viciously circular in the context of a functionalist theory of agency. Second, if functionalism about mind is true and proper function is reducible evolutionarily, then it is possible to have a situation in which the presence or absence of mental properties depends in an implausibly spooky, acausal way on remote facts. It is plausible that the only currently avail-able way for the functionalist to meet these challenges is to accept irreducible end-directed causal powers of minds and/or their functional parts, in accordance with a broadly Aristotelian tradition.
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Dye, David H. Ancient Mississippian Trophy-Taking. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.013.30.
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Appropriating and manipulating human body parts was an important component of the belief system throughout much of the world. In eastern North America, Mississippian trophy-taking behavior was predicated on beliefs that focused on human life forces believed to reside in body elements, especially the head and scalp. Archaeologists have generally neglected to apprehend the potent meanings of trophy-taking behavior as a component of indigenous belief systems. Trophy-taking has been traditionally viewed as grounded in competition over economic resources, intercommunity conflict, or the pursuit of personal status and political advancement. This essay explores how Mississippians engaged in trophy-taking behavior, including snaring life forces for religious purposes through raiding and warfare, especially mortuary programs and ritual performances that emphasized the spirit’s journey to the realm of the dead and the enduring cycle of life and death. This alternative approach embraces a multidisciplinary perspective that includes archaeology, bioarchaeology, ethnography, ethnohistory, iconography, mythology, and osteoarchaeology.
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Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. A Protean Presentation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0026.
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Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a rare but often dramatic cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Its varied clinical course, in combination with high false-negative rates of cerebral angiography and brain biopsy, makes it a difficult disease to definitively diagnosis. Consider a diagnosis of vasculitis in patients with atypical-appearing or multifocal vascular lesions, particularly if they involve both ischemic and hemorrhagic components. Central nervous system angiitis can result in a high degree of mortality and morbidity despite immunosuppressant therapy.
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Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis. Evidence for population-level approaches to the prevention of NCDs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.003.0009.
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This chapter describes health economics, which is an important component of effective health system management. The chapter provides a brief overview of the process of economic evaluation and how to assess the costs and consequences of alternative courses of actions. It goes on to discuss the various types of economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–utility analysis, and cost–benefit analysis, which may be used to assess health system performance and to prioritize the allocation of health-care resources. It provides practical examples of cost-effective analyses of prevention interventions from around the world. Finally, it outlines key steps in conducting an economic evaluation and provides tools to critically appraise an economic evaluation.
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Prescott, Tony J., Nathan Lepora, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure, eds. Living machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.001.0001.
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Biomimetics is the development of novel technologies through the distillation of ideas from the study of biological systems. Biohybrids are formed through the combination of at least one biological component—an existing living system—and at least one artificial, newly engineered component. These two fields are united under the theme of Living Machines—the idea that we can construct artifacts that not only mimic life but also build on the same fundamental principles. The research described in this volume seeks to understand and emulate life’s ability to self-organize, metabolize, grow, and reproduce; to match the functions of living tissues and organs such as muscles, skin, eyes, ears, and neural circuits; to replicate cognitive and physical capacities such as perception, attention, locomotion, grasp, emotion, and consciousness; and to assemble all of these elements into integrated systems that can hold a technological mirror to life or that have the capacity to merge with it. We conclude with contributions from philosophers, ethicists, and futurists on the potential impacts of this remarkable research on society and on how we see ourselves.
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Verschure, Paul F. M. J. Capabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0023.
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This chapter introduces the “Capabilities” section of the Handbook of Living Machines. Where the previous section considered building blocks, we recognize that components or modules do not automatically make systems. Hence, in the remainder of this handbook, the emphasis is toward the capabilities of living systems and their emulation in artifacts. Capabilities often arise from the integration of multiple components and thus sensitize us to the need to develop a system-level perspective on living machines. Here we summarize and consider the 14 contributions in this section which cover perception, action, cognition, communication, and emotion, and the integration of these through cognitive architectures into systems that can emulate the full gamut of integrated behaviors seen in animals including, potentially, our own capacity for consciousness.
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Clarke, Andrew. Energy and heat. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0002.
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Energy is the capacity to do work and heat is the spontaneous flow of energy from one body or system to another through the random movement of atoms or molecules. The entropy of a system determines how much of its internal energy is unavailable for work under isothermal conditions, and the Gibbs energy is the energy available for work under isothermal conditions and constant pressure. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that for any reaction to proceed spontaneously the total entropy (system plus surroundings) must increase, which is why metabolic processes release heat. All organisms are thermodynamically open systems, exchanging both energy and matter with their surroundings. They can decrease their entropy in growth and development by ensuring a greater increase in the entropy of the environment. For an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium the distribution of energy across the component atoms or molecules is described by the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation. This distribution is fixed by the temperature of the system.
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Wittman, David M. Spacetime Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0011.
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This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.
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Sharon, Robert, and Erik Eberhardt, eds. Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311002.
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Although most mining companies utilise systems for slope monitoring, experience indicates that mining operations continue to be surprised by the occurrence of adverse geotechnical events. A comprehensive and robust performance monitoring system is an essential component of slope management in an open pit mining operation. The development of such a system requires considerable expertise to ensure the monitoring system is effective and reliable.
Written by instrumentation experts and geotechnical practitioners, Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring is an initiative of the Large Open Pit (LOP) Project and the fifth book in the Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design series. Its 10 chapters present the process of establishing and operating a slope monitoring system; the fundamentals of pit slope monitoring instrumentation and methods; monitoring system operation; data acquisition, management and analysis; and utilising and communicating monitoring results. The implications of increased automation of mining operations are also discussed, including the future requirements of performance monitoring.
Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring summarises leading mine industry practice in monitoring system design, implementation, system management, data management and reporting, and provides guidance for engineers, geologists, technicians and others responsible for geotechnical risk management.
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Blumler, Jay G. The Shape of Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.78.
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This chapter stresses the importance of trying to understand the political communication process in the round (i.e., its shape), in addition to its specific workings and effects, and explains what this can involve. For this purpose, the concept of a “political communication system” is proposed, the key components of which are identified. Four ways in which this concept has been applied in analysis and research are then outlined (including especially for comparative research). Finally, the chapter considers whether the concept of a political communication system can be accommodated to the onset of recent transforming trends, such as increased communication abundance and the Internet.