To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Two continuum model.
Books on the topic 'Two continuum model'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Two continuum model.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Jie, Wu. Simulation of two-fluid flows by the least-squares finite element method using a continuous surface tension model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, 1996.
Find full text
2
Wu, Jie. Simulation of two-fluid flows by the least-squares finite element method using a continuous surface tension model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, 1996.
Find full text
3
Decker, Rand. Constitutive relationships and models in continuum theories of multiphase flows: Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., and the Universities Space Research Association, Washington, D.C., and held at George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, April 5-7, 1989. Huntsville, Ala: Marshall Space Flight Center, 1989.
Find full text
4
Chekhov, Leonid. Two-dimensional quantum gravity. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.30.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the connection between large N matrix models and critical phenomena on lattices with fluctuating geometry, with particular emphasis on the solvable models of 2D lattice quantum gravity and how they are related to matrix models. It first provides an overview of the continuum world sheet theory and the Liouville gravity before deriving the Knizhnik-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov scaling relation. It then describes the simplest model of 2D gravity and the corresponding matrix model, along with the vertex/height integrable models on planar graphs and their mapping to matrix models. It also considers the discretization of the path integral over metrics, the solution of pure lattice gravity using the one-matrix model, the construction of the Ising model coupled to 2D gravity discretized on planar graphs, the O(n) loop model, the six-vertex model, the q-state Potts model, and solid-on-solid and ADE matrix models.
5
Simulation of two-fluid flows by the least-squares finite element method using a continuous surface tension model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, 1996.
Find full text
6
Simulation of two-fluid flows by the least-squares finite element method using a continuous surface tension model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, 1996.
Find full text
7
Vibla, Natalia. Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the conflicting positions regarding the sentencing of multiple offenders and proposes a theoretical and practical model for multiple-offense sentencing within the framework of desert theory. It begins with a discussion of desert theory and its two major dimensions of offense seriousness: the harm caused and the culpability of the offender. It then describes several sentencing practices in an attempt to better understand the way that bulk discounts operate. It also explores a number of normative propositions that support the concept of a discount in multiple-offense sentencing, focusing on the absence of normative breaks and overall proportionality based on living standard analysis. Finally, it considers two empirically derived propositions: first, that there is a considerable degree of connectedness between the offenses comprising a multiple-offense case, and second, that there is a continuum in criminal conduct.
8
Parker, Gordon, and Amelia Paterson. Should the bipolar disorders be modelled dimensionally or categorically? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, there have been categorical models of bipolar disorder and dimensional models of bipolar disorder. This chapter seeks to outline the history of these models as well as some recent supporting research. The models are evaluated in two ways; how well they reflect the underlying nature of bipolar disorder, and how useful they are to the patient and to the clinician in undertaking treatment decisions. The dimensional model posits that depression and bipolar lie on a continuum with pure unipolar depression at one end, bipolar disorder at the other, and some experience of highs without diagnosable (hypo)mania in-between. The categorical model posits that depression and bipolar are entirely separate conditions and that bipolar I and II are separate conditions. It is the position of the authors that the categorical model is a better reflection of the underlying nature of bipolar disorder and has proved more useful in clinical practice.
9
Papish, Laura. Kant’s Two-Stage Model of Moral Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692100.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter offers an interpretive proposal for Kant’s two-stage model of moral reform in the Religion. Kant explicitly argues that an initial stage of moral conversion must be followed by continual moral progress in the empirical realm, but it is unclear why two stages are needed or how, exactly, they differ from one another. In this chapter, it is argued that one can best understand the first stage if conversion is framed as a kind of commitment, and that one can best understand the second stage if moral progress is conceived more as a cognitive, as opposed to volitional, type of effort. In the final section of this chapter, it is determined that the Metaphysics of Morals presents a compatible account of moral reform. Novel accounts of how to conceptualize moral strength and weakness, and Kant’s emphasis on the importance of empirical conduct, are also offered.
10
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, inc., eds. Final report on continued development and validation of the AER two-dimensional interactive model. Cambridge, MA: Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 1995.
Find full text
11
Anand, Lallit, and Sanjay Govindjee. Continuum Mechanics of Solids. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864721.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Continuum mechanics of Solids presents a unified treatment of the major concepts in Solid Mechanics for beginning graduate students in the many branches of engineering. The fundamental topics of kinematics in finite and infinitesimal deformation, mechanical and thermodynamic balances plus entropy imbalance in the small strain setting are covered as they apply to all solids. The major material models of Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Plasticity are detailed and models for Fracture and Fatigue are discussed. In addition to these topics in Solid Mechanics, because of the growing need for engineering students to have a knowledge of the coupled multi-physics response of materials in modern technologies related to the environment and energy, the book also includes chapters on Thermoelasticity, Chemoelasticity, Poroelasticity, and Piezoelectricity. A preview to the theory of finite elasticity and elastomeric materials is also given. Throughout, example computations are presented to highlight how the developed theories may be applied.
12
Davenport, Christian, Erik Melander, and Patrick Regan. The Peace Continuum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The idea of studying peace—rather than studying war, genocide, and political violence and then inferring about peace—has gained considerable traction in the past few years, after languishing in the shadows of conflict studies for decades. But how should peace be studied? The book offers a parallax view of how we think about peace and the complexities that surround the concept—that is, the book explores the topic from different positions at the same time. Toward this end, the authors review existing literature and provide insights into how peace should be conceptualized—particularly as something more than the absence of conflict. They provide an approach that can help scholars overcome what the authors see as the initial shock of unpacking the “zero” in the war–peace model of conflict studies. Additionally, they provide a framework for understanding how peace and conflict have and have not been related to one another in the literature. Finally, they put forward three alternative ways that peace can be studied, thereby avoiding any attempt to control the emerging peace research agenda and, rather, assisting in and encouraging thinking about a topic we all have some opinions on but that has yet to be measured and analyzed in a way comparable to that of political conflict and violence.
13
Back, Kerry E. Continuous-Time Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
A continuous‐time model of a securities market is introduced. The intertemporal budget constraint is defined. SDF processes and prices of risks are defined and characterized. Many properties of SDF process are analogous to those in a single‐period model, including the relation to the risk‐free rate, orthogonal projections, the Hansen‐Jagannathan bound, and factor pricing. To value future cash flows using an SDF process, we need to assume a local martingale is a martingale. Sufficient conditions including Novikov’s condition are discussed. Use of the martingale representation theorem in a complete market to derive a portfolio that replicates a payoff is explained. A Markovian model is introduced, in which the investment opportunity set depends on state variables that form a Markov process.
14
Wilson, Mark. From the Bending of Beams to the Problem of Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Leibniz supplied the first differential equation model for an elastic wooden beam and realized that doing so involves a number of methodological oddities that remain with us in modern science, such as the “greediness of scales” problems discussed in Essay 5. The present essay details how many of the metaphysical extravaganzas of Leibniz’s notorious metaphysics can be closely linked to these underlying sources of methodological concern. A close study of his beam model supplies us with a concrete illustration of his celebrated labyrinth of the continuum and the manner in which his two kingdoms of explanation interface with one another.
15
Karpyn, Allison. Behavioral Design as an Emerging Theory for Dietary Behavior Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
In the past two decades, public health interventions have moved from education strategies aimed at individuals to broad, multilevel interventions incorporating environmental and policy strategies to promote healthy food behaviors. These intervention programs continue to employ classic behavior change models that consider individuals as deliberate, intentional, and rational actors. Contrary to the ideas posited by rational choice theory, diet-related literature draws little correlation between an individual’s intentions and his/her resultant behavior. This chapter adds to the dual-system model of cognition—reflective or slow thinking, and automatic or fast thinking—and introduces an emerging theory for dietary behavior change called behavioral design. Behavioral design recognizes that human decisions and actions lie on a continuum between spheres and are continually shaped by the interactions between an agent (individual, group) and his/her/their exposure (environment). More specifically, behavioral design considers the importance of the “experience” left as time passes, such as conditioning, resilience, expectation, repeated behaviors, and normality, as the central and iterative influence on future decisions. Behavioral interventions must consider the individual’s “experience” resulting from his or her interaction with the environment, while acknowledging the fast and slow mechanisms by which choices are made. This chapter introduces aspects to consider when using behavioral design to increase healthier food behaviors and physical activity, and briefly discusses ethics questions related to intentional modification of environment for health behavior change.
16
Björk, Tomas. Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851615.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The fourth edition of this textbook on pricing and hedging of financial derivatives, now also including dynamic equilibrium theory, continues to combine sound mathematical principles with economic applications. Concentrating on the probabilistic theory of continuous time arbitrage pricing of financial derivatives, including stochastic optimal control theory and optimal stopping theory, the book is designed for graduate students in economics and mathematics, and combines the necessary mathematical background with a solid economic focus. It includes a solved example for every new technique presented, contains numerous exercises, and suggests further reading in each chapter. All concepts and ideas are discussed, not only from a mathematics point of view, but the mathematical theory is also always supplemented with lots of intuitive economic arguments. In the substantially extended fourth edition Tomas Björk has added completely new chapters on incomplete markets, treating such topics as the Esscher transform, the minimal martingale measure, f-divergences, optimal investment theory for incomplete markets, and good deal bounds. There is also an entirely new part of the book presenting dynamic equilibrium theory. This includes several chapters on unit net supply endowments models, and the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross equilibrium factor model (including the CIR equilibrium interest rate model). Providing two full treatments of arbitrage theory—the classical delta hedging approach and the modern martingale approach—the book is written in such a way that these approaches can be studied independently of each other, thus providing the less mathematically oriented reader with a self-contained introduction to arbitrage theory and equilibrium theory, while at the same time allowing the more advanced student to see the full theory in action.
17
Roques, Magali. Ockham on the Parts of the Continuum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806035.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This paper argues that, for Ockham, the parts of the continuum exist in act in the continuum: they are already there before any division of the continuum. Yet, they are infinitely many in that no division of the continuum will exhaust all the existing parts of the continuum taken conjointly. This reading of Ockham takes into account the crucial place of his new concept of the infinite in his analysis of the infinite divisibility of the continuum. Like many of his fellow anti-atomists, Ockham stresses that the concept of a potential infinite seems to contradict Aristotle’s modal logic, in particular the central assumption that there is no potency that will never be realized. Ockham, like other fourteenth-century anti-atomists, tried not only to refute atomism, but also to propose an analysis of the infinite divisibility of the continuum that is not incompatible with their modal logic.
18
Back, Kerry E. Continuous-Time Topics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
The fundamental PDE for valuing cash flows or cash flow streams is explained. In a complete market, an investor’s optimal wealth satisfies the fundamental PDE, and this provides a means of calculating the optimal portfolio. Risk neutral probabilities and Girsanov’s theorem are explained. Jump processes, including Poisson processes, are introduced. The risk premium of an asset with jump risks depends on covariation of its continuous part with the continuous part of an SDF and the covariation of its discontinuous part with the discontinuous part of an SDF. Portfolio choice with internal habits is characterized. The ability of a representative investor model with an internal habit to explain the equity premium puzzle is discussed.
19
Schwartz, Richard Evan. The Plaid Model. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181387.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Outer billiards provides a toy model for planetary motion and exhibits intricate and mysterious behavior even for seemingly simple examples. It is a dynamical system in which a particle in the plane moves around the outside of a convex shape according to a scheme that is reminiscent of ordinary billiards. This book provides a combinatorial model for orbits of outer billiards on kites. The book relates these orbits to such topics as polytope exchange transformations, renormalization, continued fractions, corner percolation, and the Truchet tile system. The combinatorial model, called “the plaid model,” has a self-similar structure that blends geometry and elementary number theory. The results were discovered through computer experimentation and it seems that the conclusions would be extremely difficult to reach through traditional mathematics. The book includes an extensive computer program that allows readers to explore the materials interactively and each theorem is accompanied by a computer demonstration.
20
Succi, Sauro. Advanced RLB models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0035.
Full textAbstract:
The relativistic LB scheme described in Chapter 34 is based on the top-down approach and limited to weakly relativistic fluids. This chapter presents a systematic derivation of relativistic LB based on the continuum kinetic theory. The resulting scheme can handle relativistic flows with Lorentz factors up to order ten, thereby considerably extending the scope of the method. In addition, the extension of the LB scheme to generalized coordinates for the simulation of flows on curved manifolds, is also illustrated.
21
Clyne, Mindy, Amy Kennedy, and Muin J. Khoury. Using Precision Medicine to Improve Health and Healthcare. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0033.
Full textAbstract:
Implementation science can be incorporated within genomics precision medicine research across the cancer care continuum. Cancer is at the forefront of precision medicine. To move the field forward, the use of implementation science frameworks, theories, models, strategies, and outcome measures is essential so that we can consistently explore how precision medicine discoveries are optimally integrated into care delivery systems. Learning health care systems are model systems for adoption, uptake, and sustainability of precision medicine throughout the cancer care continuum, with both systematic processes in place for research to inform practice, and capacity for a multilevel research agenda, including the utilization of implementation strategies across and among multiple levels. This chapter explores precision medicine across the cancer care continuum and describes implementation science challenges and opportunities.
22
Trott, Adriel M. Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412094.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Adriel M. Trott’s “Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology” questions whether the difference between form and material in Aristotle is itself a formal or material distinction. Trott, framing her investigation with a discussion of the feminist critiques of the form/matter binary, argues that form and material, rather than being mutually exclusive, are distributed on a gradient, as contraries. Aristotle’s account of vital heat shows how the two-sex model slides into a one-sex model whose difference is located on a continuum: if woman is defined in terms of distance from man, a fluidity exists between these positions, whereby the difference between them is not a difference of form or kind, but a difference in heat, one of degree. Through this reading, Trott criticizes the myth of a link between femininity of matter (without devaluing the status of either), and shows that matter is rendered always-already meaningful for Aristotle.
23
Alajmi, Abdullah. The Model Immigrant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1950s, Kuwait underwent rapid urbanization during which first-generation Hadramis were swiftly absorbed into Kuwaiti urban houses assuming domestic service roles. It is argued that the socioeconomic path of house-serving shaped the Hadrami character and experience of the “model immigrant” as we know it today. However, the study also demonstrates how a Hadrami migratory practice of dependency on the local family and sponsor was inspired by a Kuwaiti cultural and official categorization process of different immigrant groups in which the Hadramis were depicted as loyal, easily satisfied, and non-subversive. While dependency was valued by old Hadramis as a resource and as a form of social capital, it also continued to inform the perceptions, expectations, and actions of the second-generation Hadramis. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the whole experience was conceptualized and contested in daily interaction of the two generations. This study reveals that young Hadramis’ daily activities in Kuwait, and their aspirations for individual self-sufficiency and mobility, can only be carried out by maintaining a difficult balance between the social-triad, and by managing, or perhaps preserving, the legacy of “good reputation.”
24
Boyd, Barbara Weiden. Fathers and Sons, Part Two: Paternity as Paradigm. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680046.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 continues the exploration of the poetics of paternity begun in chapter 2. The father-son relationship is a productive one for Ovid, both thematically and metatextually, and he explores its implications in a number of other episodes or poems that are not explicitly Homeric in origin but that bear the stamp of Ovid’s Homeric engagement. The Daedalus and Icarus story in Metamorphoses Book 8 sets the stage for the discussion. The chapter then considers the Phaethon story of Metamorphoses Books 1 and 2, in which Phaethon undergoes a metamorphosis himself as he abandons his earlier role model Telemachus for a new and less auspicious one, Astyanax. Finally, the chapter examines the narratives concerning the catasterism of Julius Caesar and the arrival of Aesculapius in Rome, both in Metamorphoses Book 15.
25
Skolarus, Ted A., Rachel G. Tabak, and Anne E. Sales. Theories, Frameworks, and Models in Implementation Science in Cancer. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes implementation theories, models, and frameworks and justifies their systematic use to build understanding of implementation science across the cancer care continuum and, ultimately, facilitate stewardship of effective cancer care and spending across complex clinical and public health contexts. The chapter discusses several previously developed taxonomy and categorization schemes as well as resources to aid implementation researchers and practitioners in their cancer-related implementation science efforts. The importance of precision implementation using systematic theoretical approaches to coincide with precision oncology efforts and funding is also discussed. After providing concrete examples of theory, model, and framework use across the continuum from prevention to palliative care, relevant implementation science opportunities for collaboration, patient-reported outcomes research, de-implementation, and measurement are highlighted as future directions. A case is constructed for the systematic use of theories, models, and frameworks in implementation science and practice.
26
Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models for Microflows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
The Lattice Boltzmann method was originally devised as a computational alternative for the simulation of macroscopic flows, as described by the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. In many respects, this still is the main place where it belongs today. Yet, in the past decade, LB has made proof of a largely unanticipated versatility across a broad spectrum of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to microfluidics, all the way down to nanoscale flows. Even though no systematic analogue of the Chapman–Enskog asymptotics is available in this beyond-hydro region (no guarantee), the fact remains that, with due extensions of the basic scheme, the LB has proven capable of providing several valuable insights into the physics of flows at micro- and nano-scales. This does not mean that LBE can solve the actual Boltzmann equation or replace Molecular Dynamics, but simply that it can provide useful insights into some flow problems which cannot be described within the realm of the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. This Chapter provides a cursory view of this fast-growing front of modern LB research.
27
Bollen, Kenneth A., Sophia Rabe‐Hesketh, and Anders Skrondal. Structural Equation Models. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
This article explains the use of factor analysis types of models to develop measures of latent concepts which were then combined with causal models of the underlying latent concepts. In particular, it offers an overview of the classic structural equation models (SEMs) when the latent and observed variables are continuous. Then it looks at more recent developments that include categorical, count, and other noncontinuous variables as well as multilevel structural equation models. The model specification, assumptions, and notation are covered. This is followed by addressing implied moments, identification, estimation, model fit, and respecification. The penetration of SEMs has been high in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, educational testing, and marketing, but lower in economics and political science despite the large potential number of applications. Today, SEMs have begun to enter the statistical literature and to re-enter biostatistics, though often under the name ‘latent variable models’ or ‘graphical models’.
28
Puttler, Leon I., Robert A. Zucker, and Hiram E. Fitzgerald. Developmental Science, Alcohol Use Disorders, and the Risk–Resilience Continuum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The origins and expression of addiction are best understood within the context of developmental processes and dynamic systems organization and change. For some individuals, these dynamic processes lead to risk cumulative or cascade effects that embody adverse childhood experiences that exacerbate risk; predict early onset of drinking, smoking, or other substance use; and often lead to a substance use disorder (SUD) during the transitions to adolescence and emergent adulthood. In other cases, protective factors within or outside of the individual’s immediate family enable embodiment of normative stress regulatory systems and neural networks that support resilience and prevention of SUDs. A case study is provided to illustrate these processes and principles of the organization of addictive behavior. Finally, a model of risk to resilience captures the flow of development and the extent to which individual-experience relationships contribute to risk and resilience.
29
Barham, Jeremy. Mahler and the Game of History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199316090.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
For obvious reasons, the understanding and writing of music history have favoured a linear model founded in causality and chronology. Like many disciplines, however, historiographical studies have been subjected to critiques of various theoretical and imaginative types, particularly, but not exclusively, in recent times. These critiques are outlined here, and three historiographical models critically applied to the understanding of Mahler’s music: historicism, historical materialism (after Walter Benjamin), and a more radical rhizomatic model (after Deleuze). Posited, put into operation and questioned, these models cast multi-perspectival and multi-temporal light on how Mahler’s music continues to participate in contexts of contemporary mass-media and public consciousness.
30
Lei, Yuan. Mechanical Ventilation Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
‘Mechanical Ventilation Modes’ seeks to shed light on this hotly debated topic, one that is complicated by ventilator manufacturers’ non-standardized terminology. The chapter looks at conventional modes, adaptive modes, and biphasic modes, which it classifies based on the mechanical breath types in each mode. It includes a comparison chart of the terminology used for common modes on popular IPPV ventilators. Using their signature waveforms, the author describes the assist/control, SIMV, and pressure support ventilation or PSV modes. It defines the modes by their application of spontaneous breaths and mandatory breaths. It continues with a discussion of adaptive modes and biphasic modes. It ends by discussing how to select the appropriate ventilation mode.
31
Gauthier, Ryan. Competition Law, Free Movement of Players, and Nationality Restrictions. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.26.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines restrictions that professional sports leagues and governing bodies place on the freedom of movement of professional players—both negotiated and imposed—and how these restrictions fit within the antitrust/competition and labor law regimes. This chapter engages in a comparison of the North American and European “models” of restrictions and finds that the North American “model” is more likely to withstand antitrust/competition law scrutiny. The North American model falls under the protections offered to collectively bargained agreements, while the European model currently faces scrutiny for potential violations of European competition law. Nevertheless, this chapter suggests that these two models are likely to converge as the internationalization of sport continues. European governing bodies may be pushed to negotiate with players more in the future, while North American leagues are already adopting “European” practices in regard to facilitating player movement among other professional leagues.
32
Heilman, Kenneth M. Aphasia Syndromes and Information Processing Models: A Historical Perspective. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.1.
Full textAbstract:
This historical overview of aphasia represents the evolution in thought that has occurred over more than a century of studies of individuals with aphasia. The legacy of Broca and Wernicke live on in the syndromes that bear their names. We review the Wernicke–Lichtheim model that was used to predict several additional aphasia syndromes. We propose a model that encompasses modern perspectives on the Wernicke–Lichtheim models of aphasia. The aphasia syndromes that emanate from breakdown in that model also seem to be represented in recent studies of primary progressive aphasia. The framework continues to be an influential perspective for both theoretical and clinical activities to modern times.
33
Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models and explanation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the explanatory purpose of building equilibrium models and the need to consider dynamics and disequilibria. It examines Marshall’s two ‘Principles’ of explanation, the ‘Principle of Substitution’ (essentially the usual neoclassical premise that every decision maker is a maximizer) and the ‘Principle of Continuity’ (that using the assumption of maximization as a basis for explanation is not possible without a continuous range of options to choose among). Marshall’s main mode of explanation using these Principles is his comparative statics analysis. His version of comparative statics introduces a role for time by distinguishing his long-run from short-run equilibria. With this in mind, the chapter goes further to explain why an equilibrium state implies recognition of disequilibrium dynamics and why equilibrium models must recognize the knowledge necessary for the dynamics of equilibrium attainment.
34
Wu, Shih-Wei, and Paul W. Glimcher. The Emerging Standard Neurobiological Model of Decision Making. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.45.
Full textAbstract:
The standard neurobiological model of decision making has evolved, since the turn of the twenty-first century, from a confluence of economic, psychological, and neurosci- entific studies of how humans make choices. Two fundamental insights have guided the development of this model during this period, one drawn from economics and the other from neuroscience. The first derives from neoclassical economic theory, which unambiguously demonstrated that logically consistent choosers behave “as if” they had some internal, continuous, and monotonic representation of the values of any choice objects under consideration. The second insight derives from neurobiological studies suggesting that the brain can both represent, in patterns of local neural activity, and compare, by a process of interneuronal competition, internal representations of value associated with different choices.
35
Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models with Underlying Boolean Microdynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter takes a walk into the Jurassics of LBE, namely the earliest Lattice Boltzmann model that grew up out in response to the main drawbacks of the underlying LGCA. The earliest LBE was first proposed by G. McNamara and G. Zanetti in 1988, with the explicit intent of sidestepping the statistical noise problem plaguing its LGCA ancestor. The basic idea is simple: just replace the Boolean occupation Numbers with the corresponding ensemble-averaged population. The change in perspective is exactly the same as in Continuum Kinetic Theory (CKT); instead of tracking single Boolean molecules, one contents himself with the time history of a collective population representing a “cloud” of microscopic degrees of freedom.
36
McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Noise Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 3 introduces the Box-Jenkins AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) noise modeling strategy. The strategy begins with a test of the Normality assumption using a Kolomogov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. Non-Normal time series are transformed with a Box-Cox procedure is applied. A tentative ARIMA noise model is then identified from a sample AutoCorrelation function (ACF). If the sample ACF identifies a nonstationary model, the time series is differenced. Integer orders p and q of the underlying autoregressive and moving average structures are then identified from the ACF and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Parameters of the tentative ARIMA noise model are estimated with maximum likelihood methods. If the estimates lie within the stationary-invertible bounds and are statistically significant, the residuals of the tentative model are diagnosed to determine whether the model’s residuals are not different than white noise. If the tentative model’s residuals satisfy this assumption, the statistically adequate model is accepted. Otherwise, the identification-estimation-diagnosis ARIMA noise model-building strategy continues iteratively until it yields a statistically adequate model. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA noise modeling strategy is illustrated with detailed analyses of twelve time series. The example analyses include non-Normal time series, stationary white noise, autoregressive and moving average time series, nonstationary time series, and seasonal time series. The time series models built in Chapter 3 are re-introduced in later chapters. Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion and demonstration of auxiliary modeling procedures that are not part of the Box-Jenkins strategy. These auxiliary procedures include the use of information criteria to compare models, unit root tests of stationarity, and co-integration.
37
Southwell, Brian G. Two-Step Flow, Diffusion, and the Role of Social Networks in Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.024.
Full textAbstract:
An increasing array of political communication scholars and political scientists now include interpersonal communication as part of their models. The central theoretical foundation for much of that work owes much to two long-running works of literature directly intersecting in, and stemming from, Katz and Lazarsfeld’s 1955 Personal Influence: research on the two-step flow and investigation of information diffusion. Consequently, a broad overview of political communication theories calls for a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings of the two-step flow (and its linkage to diffusion), major findings to date, and future directions for research. This essay provides such a discussion. While evidence has suggested a somewhat more complicated picture of the sequence of information and influence flow than described in the earliest formulations of the two-step flow hypothesis, the general theoretical orientation suggested by that tradition continues to be relevant to political communication in the 21st century.
38
Kreit, John W. Ventilator Modes and Breath Types. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Ventilator Modes and Breath Types describes, compares, and contrasts the different modes and breath types that are available on intensive care unit ventilators. The chapter first covers the various ventilator modes: continuous mandatory ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, spontaneous ventilation, and bi-level ventilation. Then it turns to a discussion of the various mechanical breath types: volume control, pressure control, adaptive pressure control, pressure support, and finally, adaptive pressure support. It also provides practical advice about how and when to use each mode–breath type combination. Eight Boxes in the chapter discuss each breath type, and list each type’s features, and its clinician-set parameters.
39
Christopher, Evans J., Brigitte L. Kieffer, David Jentsch, and Rafael J. Maldonado. Animal Models of Addiction. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Drug addiction, now officially diagnosed as substance use disorder (SUD), is a chronic brain syndrome characterized by the compulsive use of drugs, loss of control over drug taking in spite of its adverse consequences, and relapse even after long periods of drug abstinence. Animal models have played a critical role in our understanding of the molecules, circuits, and behaviors associated with substance use disorders. This chapter reviews animal models that have been widely used to assess all stages of the addiction cycle: from drug initiation, through drug seeking, to withdrawal and relapse. We discuss the power of genetics, especially in generating rodent models for the discovery of essential proteins and pathways regulating behaviors exhibited during the different stages of the addiction cycle. Preclinical research in animal models will undoubtedly continue to reveal therapeutic strategies for substance use disorders.
40
Giese, Alexis A., and Maryann Waugh. Conceptual Framework for Integrated Care. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Rather than a prescribed model of health service delivery, integrated care is a conceptual framework that can be implemented using a variety of styles and models. The concept of integration is based in a biopsychosocial perspective of health and wellness. Effective integration is associated with a set of common elements including team-based care delivery, a patient-centered orientation, care coordination, and a population-based approach. While the most common application of integrated care incorporates behavioral health services into primary care settings, effective health care reform will include a variety of specialty and locally tailored models developed to serve the needs of specific patient populations. This chapter describes the essential components and rationale of integrated care, establishes a framework for evaluation, and encourages continued innovation.
41
Mojoli, Francesco, and Antonio Braschi. Respiratory support with continuous positive airways pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0089.
Full textAbstract:
Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is a mechanical ventilation (MV) mode in which the patient breaths spontaneously at a higher than atmospheric pressure. CPAP increases transpulmonary pressure inducing an FRC increase and a WOB decrease in acute restrictive lung pathology, with improvement of gas exchange. The work of breathing (WOB) is also reduced in the resistive component and inspiratory effort can be reduced if the patient experiences airway collapse and flow limitation, where CPAP counteracts the inspiratory threshold load represented by intrinsic PEEP. CPAP has been proven to be useful in many clinical situation and the technique for administration has a pivotal role in clinical efficacy of the technique. It’s crucial to keep the positive pressure as constant as possible and to avoid any technical increase of WOB. These goals can be achieved by continuous or demand flow systems. The modern ventilators work well and have overcome the valve function problem, which made difficult to use CPAP with old-generation machines.
42
Wright, Almeda M. Being Young, Active, and Faithful. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664732.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 continues exploring alternatives to fragmented spirituality by drawing connections between historical and contemporary models of American public theology and activism. Is Black youth activism “replacing the church” as a locus for social analysis, community building, and change? Many scholars have suggested dramatic discontinuities between historical and contemporary streams of Black religion and activism. Yet, most who would argue that the church is irrelevant or dead are in fact revealing that dominant ways of theorizing “the Black church” have been debunked and must be transcended. The work of young Black activists and public theologians today both reveals their commensurability with historical movements and offers clues to the necessity of their transcendence. Despite challenges and continued barriers to youth activism within churches, Black public theology continues to be an essential resource to counter individualism and fragmentation and to sustain youth activism for the long haul.
43
Grenander, Ulf, and Michael I. Miller. Pattern Theory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505709.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Pattern Theory provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the modern challenges in signal, data, and pattern analysis in speech recognition, computational linguistics, image analysis and computer vision. Aimed at graduate students in biomedical engineering, mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering with a good background in mathematics and probability, the text includes numerous exercises and an extensive bibliography. Additional resources including extended proofs, selected solutions and examples are available on a companion website. The book commences with a short overview of pattern theory and the basics of statistics and estimation theory. Chapters 3-6 discuss the role of representation of patterns via condition structure. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the second central component of pattern theory: groups of geometric transformation applied to the representation of geometric objects. Chapter 9 moves into probabilistic structures in the continuum, studying random processes and random fields indexed over subsets of Rn. Chapters 10 and 11 continue with transformations and patterns indexed over the continuum. Chapters 12-14 extend from the pure representations of shapes to the Bayes estimation of shapes and their parametric representation. Chapters 15 and 16 study the estimation of infinite dimensional shape in the newly emergent field of Computational Anatomy. Finally, Chapters 17 and 18 look at inference, exploring random sampling approaches for estimation of model order and parametric representing of shapes.
44
Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous (fecundity potential, growth rate, mortality risk, maturation probability) and discrete states (maturation status). The results from plant population demography analysis demonstrate the utility of hierarchical modelling as a mechanism for the synthesis of complex information and interactions.
45
Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Introduction to Condensed-Phase Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses chemical reactions in solution; first, how solvents modify the potential energy surface of the reacting molecules and second, the role of diffusion. As a first approximation, solvent effects are described by models where the solvent is represented by a dielectric continuum, focusing on the Onsager reaction-field model for solvation of polar molecules. The reactants of bimolecular reactions are brought into contact by diffusion, and the interplay between diffusion and chemical reaction that determines the overall reaction rate is described. The solution to Fick’s second law of diffusion, including a term describing bimolecular reaction, is discussed. The limits of diffusion control and activation control, respectively, are identified. It concludes with a stochastic description of diffusion and chemical reaction based on the Fokker–Planck equation, which includes the diffusion of particles interacting via a potential U(r).
46
Barrat, J. L., and J. J. de Pablo. Introduction to molecular simulations in soft matter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
We describe the main features of the coarse-grained models that are typically useful in modelling soft interfaces, from force fields to the continuum descriptions involving density fields. We explain the theoretical basis of the main numerical methods that are used to explore the phase space associated with these models. Finally, three recent examples, illustrating the spirit in which relatively simple simulations can contribute to solving pending problems in soft matter physics, are briefly described. Clearly, a short series of lectures can offer, at best, a biased and restricted view of the available approaches. Our aim here will be to provide the reader with such an overview, with a focus on methods and descriptions that ‘bridge the scale’ between the molecular scale and the continuum or quasi-continuum one. The objective to present a guide to the relevant literature—which has now to a large extent appeared in the form of textbooks.
47
Mann, Peter. Near-Integrable Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter extends the now familiar Lagrangian formulation to a field theory and covers elementary material in this new setting. The motion of systems with a very large number of degrees of freedom makes it necessary to specify an almost infinite number of discrete coordinates. It is possible to simplify the situation by taking the continuum limit, which replaces the individual coordinates with a continuous function that describes a displacement field, which assigns a displacement vector to each position the system could occupy relative to an equilibrium configuration. The field thus takes a point in the spacetime manifold and assigns it a value corresponding to whatever the field represents. In this chapter, many interdisciplinary examples are solved and pedagogical models are discussed. The chapter also discusses Lagrange density, the Lagrange field equation, instantons, the Klein–Gordon equation, Fourier transforms and the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
48
Chaudhry, Bill, José Luis de la Pompa, and Nadia Mercader. The zebrafish as a model for cardiac development and regeneration. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
The zebrafish has become an established laboratory model for developmental studies and is increasingly used to model aspects of human development and disease. However, reviewers and grant funding bodies continue to speculate on the utility of this Himalayan minnow. In this chapter we explain the similarities and differences between the heart from this distantly related vertebrate and the mammalian heart, in order to reveal the common fundamental processes and to prevent misleading extrapolations. We provide an overview of zebrafish including their husbandry, development, peculiarities of their genome, and technological advances, which make them a highly tractable laboratory model for heart development and disease. We discuss the controversies around morphants and mutants, and relate the development and structures of the zebrafish heart to mammalian counterparts. Finally, we give an overview of regeneration in the zebrafish heart and speculate on the role of the model organism in next-generation sequencing technologies.
49
Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. The Cartel Party and Populist Opposition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199586011.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Cartelization has given rise to opposition in the form of anti-party-system or populist parties. While this possibility was clear as early as the 1990s, in the last decade the growth of these parties has led to alarm in some quarters about the continued viability of liberal democratic party government. In contrast to accounts that attribute this rise to the recent policy failures of the political mainstream, this chapter suggests that its roots lie in internal contradictions in the expectations that the parties have raised in the process of cartelization. Rather than being solutions to these problems, models of “the regulatory state” or “consensus democracy” are strikingly similar to democracy under the cartel party model.
50
Wildman, Wesley J. Subordinate-Deity Models of Ultimate Reality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815990.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Subordinate-deity models of ultimate reality affirm that God is Highest Being within an ultimate reality that is neither conceptually tractable nor religiously relevant. Subordinate-deity models ceded their dominance to agential-being models of ultimate reality by refusing to supply a comprehensive answer to the metaphysical problem of the One and the Many in the wake of the Axial-Age interest in that problem, but they have revived in the twentieth century due to post-colonial resistance to putatively comprehensive explanations. Subordinate-deity ultimacy models resist the Intentionality Attribution and Narrative Comprehensibility dimensions of anthropomorphism to some degree but continue to employ the Rational Practicality dimension of anthropomorphism, resulting in a strategy of judicious anthropomorphism. Variations, strengths, and weaknesses of the subordinate-deity class of ultimacy models are discussed.