Academic literature on the topic 'Two Diminutions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two Diminutions"
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MEMELSDORFF, PEDRO. "New music in the Codex Faenza 117." Plainsong and Medieval Music 13, no. 2 (2004): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137104000105.
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New photographic images and digital restoration have finally permitted the integral restoration and transcription of several diminutions from the manuscript Faenza, Biblioteca Comunale Manfrediana 117, hitherto impossible because of illegible passages. Above all, it has been possible to restore two completely new pieces: a Kyrie Orbis factor (virtually complete) and part of its corresponding Gloria dominicalis (Vatican Edition XI). The two new pieces are here transcribed and published for the first time, along with the completion of the diminution of Jacopo da Bologna's madrigal Sotto l'impero with the aid of photographic material and virtual restoration.
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Abdel, Radi Abdel Rahman Abdel Gadir Abdel Rahman, Farah Altayb Alsamani Eman, and Yahia Mohammed Neama. "The Radius of Curvature of the Parabola in Two Diminutions." International Journal of Mathematics And Computer Research 10, no. 02 (2022): 2581–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246143.
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In the present paper we dealt with some aspects of Curves, curvature and Radius of curvature. The aim of this study lies in the Radius of Curvature of the Parabola in 2-dimenssions numerically and using Matlab. Matlab is an interactive working environment in which user can carry out quite complex computational tasks with few commands. We followed the applied mathematical method using a new mathematical technique (Matlab) and we found that the Radius of curvature of the Parabola in tow diminutionus using a new mathematical technique is more accurate and speed than the numerical calculating.
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RABEY, DAVID IAN. "Two Against Nature: Rehearsing and Performing Howard Barker's Production of his Play The Twelfth Battle of Isonzo." Theatre Research International 30, no. 2 (2005): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883305001173.
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The English dramatist/director Howard Barker has, through a unique combination of style, content, theoretical argument and mise-en-scène, persistently countered conventional presumptions and propositions of the supposedly ‘natural’ diminutions or ‘inevitable’ restrictions whereby one might think, feel, speak, act, love and exist. His work offers a purposefully anti-naturalistic expansion of vocabulary: of language, terms of experience, scenic and physical expression, and being. This article presents an actor's account of preparing and playing a role, under Barker's direction, in a two-hander play, and offers a reading of the play's strategic dynamics based on these experiences, and of the characters' uses of self-conscious performances in order to sustain and subvert artifice, with references to Greenblatt's theories of theatrical charisma and eroticism, and Baudrillard's theories of seduction.
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Rabinovitch, Gilad. "Navigating Schemata and Hexachords: Case Studies from Solfeggi by Giuseppe Aprile." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 11, no. 1 (2024): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.11.1.5.
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This article is an analytical exploration of two solfeggio exercises by Giuseppe Aprile, which serve as case studies for the interaction between galant schemata (Gjerdingen, 2007) and eighteenth-century hexachordal solmization (Baragwanath, 2020). I draw on my prior work on the subschema level and the pitch-reductive aspect of schemata (esp. Rabinovitch, 2018, 2019, 2020). Taking hexachordal solmization syllables as an entry point highlights local soprano skeletal notes (schema core tones or hexachordal syllable notes) and their surface diminutions. This shifts our focus somewhat from the perspec tive of schema analysis, where complete schemata and their nesting potentials are often the focus of attention.
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Sigismondi, Costantino, Andrea Brucato, and Giulia Andreasi Bassi. "Solar Astrometry in Rome at the End of the Maunder Minimum." Universe 11, no. 6 (2025): 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11060186.
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With the great Clementine Gnomon in St. Maria degli Angeli, a 45 m pinhole meridian line, built in 1700–1702 upon the will of Pope Clemens XI, Francesco Bianchini inaugurated the Roman tradition of solar astrometry. We analyze two thousand dedicated observations at the Clementine Gnomon between 2018 and 2025, with solar altitudes from 20° to 71° and in various meteorological conditions, in order to assess the observational uncertainties on the solar diameter and their causes. We compare the meridian diameters measured by Bianchini near the winter solstices of 1701–1702 with the ones measured by Sigismondi in 2018–2025, reporting the observational errorbars per single measure and the systematic diminutions of the observed diameters with respect to the ephemerides, due to the turbulence and image contrast loss. Simulated datasets based on our measured uncertainties show that pinhole meridian lines cannot resolve solar diameter variations smaller than 1″ over 80 years. These limitations prevent tighter constraints on solar evolution across centuries using such instruments.
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al-Ghazalli, Mehdi F. "Diminutives in Arabic-to-English Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 58, no. 4 (2012): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.58.4.02gha.
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Diminutives serve a variety of semantic functions such as preference, satire, affection, endearment etc. The present study endeavours to highlight similarities and differences between both languages and the affect they have on how diminutives are translated from Arabic to English. It is hypothesized that the use of noun phrases preceded by adjectives could be more recurrent than those preceded by quantifiers in rendering diminutives from Arabic into English. Two theoretical surveys of diminutives in both languages were introduced and professional translators were handed a literary text to render into English. On the basis of the linguistic and statistical analysis of the translations involving diminutives, it has been found out that diminutives have been mainly translated into noun phrases preceded by adjectives more than those noun phrases preceded by quantifiers. Résumé Les diminutifs ont toute une serie de fonctions semantiques telles que la preference, la satire, l’affection, la tendresse, etc. Cette etude s’efforce de mettre en exergue les ressemblances et les differences entre les deux langues et leur impact sur la maniere dont les diminutifs sont traduits de l’arabe en anglais. On part de l’hypothese que dans la traduction des diminutifs de l’arabe en anglais, l’utilisation de phrases nominatives precedees par des adjectifs pourrait etre plus courante que celles precedees par des quantificateurs. Deux etudes theoriques sur les diminutifs dans les deux langues ont ete presentees, et des traducteurs professionnels ont recu un texte litteraire a traduire en anglais. L’analyse linguistique et statistique des traductions contenant des diminutifs a revele que les diminutifs etaient principalement traduits par des phrases nominatives precedees par des adjectifs, plutot que par des phrases nominatives precedees par des quantificateurs.
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Alariki, Ghadah, and Mohammed Saleh Al-Abed. "The Impact of Crisis Management on Employee’s Performance in the Yemeni Oil and Gas Industry." Journal of Impact 2, no. 1 (2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48110/joi.v2i1.17.
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This study examines the impact of crisis management on employee’s performance in the Yemeni oil and gas industry. Crisis management was measured by two dimensions; crisis preparedness and crisis prevention. Whereas employee’s performance was measured by three diminutions; task performance, adaptive performance, and contextual performance. The study uses a quantitative approach. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 6 oil and gas companies. The sample comprises of 351 participants, out of which 268 (74.23%) responded. The reliability of the instruments was examined and the results of the Cronbach’s Alpha was .906, indicating an excellent reliability. The results of regression analysis reveal that crisis management as the whole independent variable has a significant impact on employee’s performance as dependent variable. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis reveal that there is a significant relationship between crisis management and employee’s performance in terms of crisis preparedness, crisis prevention, and employee’s performance. Essentially, crisis appraisals should include testing as an integral aspect of planning for any eventuality. Ultimately, organizations should install communication units or structures and ensure employees are trained well. This study has made some recommendations for oil and gas companies.
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Lu, Guang-Tao, Yong-Qin Tang, Cai-Yue Li, et al. "An Adenosine Kinase Exists in Xanthomonas campestris Pathovar campestris and Is Involved in Extracellular Polysaccharide Production, Cell Motility, and Virulence." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 11 (2009): 3639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00009-09.
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ABSTRACT Adenosine kinase (ADK) is a purine salvage enzyme and a typical housekeeping enzyme in eukaryotes which catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to form AMP. Since prokaryotes synthesize purines de novo and no endogenous ADK activity is detectable in Escherichia coli, ADK has long been considered to be rare in bacteria. To date, only two prokaryotes, both of which are gram-positive bacteria, have been reported to contain ADK. Here we report that the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris, the causal agent of black rot of crucifers, possesses a gene (designated adk Xcc) encoding an ADK (named ADKXcc), and we demonstrate genetically that the ADKXcc is involved in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, cell motility, and pathogenicity of X. campestris pv. campestris. adk Xcc was overexpressed as a His6-tagged protein in E. coli, and the purified His6-tagged protein exhibited ADK activity. Mutation of adk Xcc did not affect bacterial growth in rich and minimal media but led to an accumulation of intracellular adenosine and diminutions of intracellular ADK activity and ATP level, as well as EPS. The adk Xcc mutant displayed significant reductions in bacterial growth and virulence in the host plant.
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Gomez, A., J. Lindblom, V. Qiu, et al. "POS0101 ADVERSE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OUTCOME DESPITE ADEQUATE CLINICAL RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (2021): 260.2–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1472.
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Background:Despite improvements in medical care that have contributed to prolonged life expectancy for people living with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) over the past decades, they still suffer from substantial diminutions of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with the general population and with other chronic diseases.Some studies have demonstrated that conventional synthetic and biological disease-modifying agents contribute to improvements in SLE patients’ HRQoL, and responders to treatment have been shown to report greater improvements than non-responders. Although these observations are clinically relevant, improvement following a therapeutic intervention does not necessarily signify that the individual has achieved a satisfactory health state perception. In rheumatoid arthritis, significant pain and severe fatigue persist in a substantial proportion of patients who achieve a good clinical response to treatment or remission. This paradoxical observation has not been thoroughly explored in SLE.Objectives:To determine the prevalence of adverse HRQoL outcomes in patients with SLE who achieved an adequate clinical response after a 52-week long period on standard therapy plus belimumab or placebo, within the frame of two phase III clinical trials. We further aimed to compare frequencies of adverse HRQoL outcomes across different age categories and ethnic groups, and sought to identify contributing factors.Methods:We included patients who met the primary endpoint of the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) trials (N=760/1684), i.e. attainment of the SLE Responder Index 4 at week 52. Accordingly, evaluation of adverse HRQoL outcomes was based on patient reports at week 52 from treatment initiation, using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) scale. Adverse HRQoL outcomes were defined as (i) SF-36 scale scores ≤ the 5th percentile derived from age- and sex-matched US population-based norms from the SF-36 health survey user manual; and (ii) FACIT-Fatigue scores <30.Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to investigate associations between dichotomous variables. Comparisons of continuous data between SLE patients and age- and sex-matched norms were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Multivariable logistic regression models were created in order to assess independence and priority of potential factors associated with adverse HRQoL outcomes.Results:We found clinically important diminutions of HRQoL in SLE patients compared with matched norms and high frequencies of adverse HRQoL outcomes, the highest in SF-36 general health (29.1%), followed by FACIT-Fatigue (25.8%) and SF-36 physical functioning (25.4%). Overall, frequencies were higher with increasing age. Black/African American and White/Caucasian patients reported higher frequencies than Asians and Indigenous Americans, while Hispanics experienced adverse HRQoL less frequently than non-Hispanics. Increasing organ damage was associated with adverse physical but not mental HRQoL outcomes; disease activity showed no impact. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, addition of belimumab to standard therapy was associated with lower frequencies of adverse SF-36 physical functioning (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39–0.91; P=0.016) and FACIT-F (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34–0.81; P=0.004).Conclusion:Substantial proportions of SLE patients reported adverse HRQoL outcomes despite adequate clinical response to treatment, especially in physical aspects. Particularly high proportions were seen within Black/African American and White/Caucasian patients. Add-on belimumab may be protective against adverse physical functioning and severe fatigue. Our results corroborate that HRQoL diminutions constitute a substantial burden in patients with SLE, and highlight the limitations of current therapeutic strategies.Acknowledgements:The authors would like to thank GlaxoSmithKline (Uxbridge, UK) for sharing the data from the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) trials with the Clinical Study Data Request (CSDR) consortium, Dimitris Ladakis, Joaquin Matilla and Martin Pehr for contributing to the management of data, as well as all participating patients.Disclosure of Interests:Alvaro Gomez: None declared, Julius Lindblom: None declared, Victor Qiu: None declared, Arvid Cederlund: None declared, Alexander Borg: None declared, Sharzad Emamikia: None declared, Yvonne Enman: None declared, Jon Lampa: None declared, Ioannis Parodis Grant/research support from: Research funding and/or honoraria from Amgen, Elli Lilly and Company, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis.
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Kebede, Fassikaw, and Merkineh Markos. "Does Therapeutic Zinc Level of Supplementation for Diminutions of Acute Diarrheal Morbidity Varied in Public and Private Health Institutions in Ethiopia, Data from EDHS 2016?" International Journal of Pediatrics 2022 (August 5, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9975917.
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Background. Supplementation of zinc is a therapeutic medication for under-five children diminution incidence, severity, duration, and intensity of acute diarrhea morbidity. Nevertheless, levels of therapeutic zinc supplementation varied across public and private health institutions in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was aimed at estimating the levels of therapeutic zinc supplementation and factors associated for intent to be utilized among caregivers with their dyads, data from Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS 2016). Methods. The data used were from a secondary analysis of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey in 2016 (EDHS). Overall, 1090 under-five children with acute diarrheal cases of two weeks before the EDHS 2016 were included. After cleaning, editing, and coding variables, the result was presented with frequency, tables, and graphs. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify and determine factors associated after zinc is prescribed for utilizations by caregivers. Result. The mean (±SD) age of participant children was found to be 36.4(±7.07) month. The overall levels of therapeutic zinc supplementation were 38.7% (95% CI: 35.8, 41.6) in public (29.08%) and private 138 (12.66%), respectively. The prescribed therapeutic zinc was influenced for utilization through maternal educational status ( AOR = 2.55 ; 95% CI: 1.95, 3.47; P = 0.001 ), availability of health insurance ( AOR = 10.7 ; 95% CI: 7.2, 16; P = 0.001 ), media exposure status ( AOR = 2.1 ; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.6; P = 0.001 ). Conclusion. More than twofold time therapeutic zinc was prescribed in public than in private health institutions. Health care workers should be encouraged both in public and private health institutions for zinc prescription.
Books on the topic "Two Diminutions"
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Grant, Thomas D. The Recognition of States. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216005940.
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Thomas D. Grant examines the Great Debate over state recognition, tracing its eclipse, and identifying trends in contemporary international law that may explain the lingering persistence of the terms of that debate. Although writers have generally accepted the declaratory view as more accurate than its old rival, the judicial sources often cited to support the declaratory view do not on scrutiny do so as decisively as commonly assumed. Contemporary doctrinal preference requires explanation. Declaratory doctrine, in its apparent diminution of the role state discretion plays in recognition, is in harmony, Grant asserts, with contemporary aspirations for international law. It may seem to many writers, he believes, that international governance functions better in a conceptual framework that reduces the power of states to legislate what entities are states.
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Frost, Samantha. Challenging the Human X Environment Framework. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.36.
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Challenges to the idea of the human raised in posthumanist inquiry present both problems and opportunities for understanding and organizing an environmental politics able to transform environmental degradation and address global climate change. This essay explains how arguments about human embodiment, symbiosis, and human embeddedness in social and material habitats have led to a reconceptualization of the human as well as the environment. Next, the essay elaborates two specific approaches—actor network theory and object-oriented ontology—through which the conceptual diminution or displacement of the human elucidates how activities in our daily lives ramify into environmental degradation and global climate change. It explains how the enormity of these problems makes it difficult to imagine how to redress them politically, leading to political apathy, and it makes some tentative proposals about how to overcome these difficulties.
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Nappo, Dario. Money and Flows of Coinage in the Red Sea Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0017.
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This chapter considers the financial scale of Indo-Roman trade via the Red Sea, comparing the large sums mentioned by Pliny with the evidence of customs dues, ostraca from the Red Sea port of Berenike, and hoards of Roman coins found in India. Analysis of the finds of Roman coins in India by value rather than number over time suggests that, contrary to prevailing opinion, there was not a major diminution in the value of the trade after the reign of Tiberius. Although there was apparently some decline in the Flavian period, the face value of coin finds recovers in the second century until the reign of Antoninus Pius. Coins for export to India were specially selected for their higher precious metal content, and older issues with a higher silver content continued to be exported to India long after they had largely ceased to circulate within the Roman Mediterranean.
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Jefferson, Michael. 10. Redundancy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198759157.003.0010.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on redundancy. Employees are considered redundant if the employer has ceased or intends to cease carrying on the business for the purposes for which the employees were employed, or in the place where they are employed there has been, or will be, a diminution in the need for work of a particular kind. The burden of proof is on the employer to show that any offer of alternative employment was suitable and that any refusal by the employee was unreasonable. The size of a redundancy payment depends upon the employee’s age, length of service, and the amount of a week’s pay.
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Jefferson, Michael. 10. Redundancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815167.003.0010.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on redundancy. Employees are considered redundant if the employer has ceased or intends to cease carrying on the business for the purposes for which the employees were employed, or in the place where they are employed there has been, or will be, a diminution in the need for work of a particular kind. The burden of proof is on the employer to show that any offer of alternative employment was suitable and that any refusal by the employee was unreasonable. The size of a redundancy payment depends upon the employee’s age, length of service, and the amount of a week’s pay.
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Oberdiek, John. The Moral Significance of Risking. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199594054.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 explores the moral significance of risking. What is it about imposing risk upon others that matters morally? This is a live and vexing question in large part because the concept of imposing risk owes its place in our conceptual scheme to our epistemic bounds. The chapter argues against the view that risk inherits what moral significance it has from the harm that any risk imposition risks. It argues instead that risk impositions as such bear moral significance because they can have a negative impact on people’s lives and thus constitute harms, though not material harms. For imposing risk can diminish the autonomy of those subject to the risk, and this diminution in autonomy constitutes a setback to wellbeing. It does not follow that imposing risk is therefore wrong. Rather, that imposing risk can diminish autonomy shows why imposing risk is morally significant and therefore calls for moral justification.
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Tweedie, James. Serge Daney, Zapper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873875.003.0004.
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This chapter considers Serge Daney’s transition from a film critic schooled in New Wave cinephilia to a television critic fascinated with the possibilities of the small screen and status of cinema as an old medium. Daney challenges foundational film theory and introduces the language of belatedness, aging, and delay into his writing on the “adult art” of film. In the 1980s he chronicled the experience of watching cinema on television and engaged in a process of “archaeology” focused on absent or damaged images rather than the imaginary plenitude of the screen. Daney’s work at the threshold between media provides a key reference point for film studies in the late twentieth century because it questions both the modernist euphoria of theory produced decades before and the enthusiasm surrounding new media. Daney instead constructs a retrospective theory of film that reveals its diminution over time and the persistence of its utopian ambitions.
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Sawada, Osamu. The logic of conventional implicatures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 introduces the logic of conventional implicatures (CIs), which provide a starting point for analyzing the meanings of CI scalar modifiers and considering the relation between at-issue scalar meanings and CI scalar meanings in a more theoretical way. The logic of Cis introduced in this chapter is multidimensional. That is, in addition to a regular semantic type and compositional rules, it introduces the type systems of conventional implicature and various interpretive rules based on the systems, including CI application (Potts 2005), shunting application (McCready 2010), mixed application (McCready 2010; Gutzmann 2011), and expressive application (Gutzmann 2011; McCready 2010; Sawada 2013). These rules will be explained based on various examples such as epithets, honorifics, supplements, and diminutives.
Book chapters on the topic "Two Diminutions"
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Trovesi, Andrea. "Vocativo slavo e formazione di alterati: casi di reinterpretazione categoriale e convergenza formale." In Studi contrastivi di linguistica slava: grammatica e pragmatica. Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0216-9.06.
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In the Slavic languages, in which the vocative case is an unstable category (Polish, Serbian-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian), the explicit vocative mark is better preserved with altered nouns, like diminutives and pejoratives. Taking this as the starting point, the paper aims at verifying whether the semantic and functional “attraction” between vocative and diminutives/pejoratives affects the formal level too, i.e. whether there are points of contact between case morphology and word formation strategies. The analysis of Polish and Bulgarian vocative forms has revealed that these two domains intersect as follows: 1) vocative case endings are reinterpreted as lexical formants; 2) the formation strategies of vocative case endings and altered nouns tend to converge.
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Mancini, Gianluca, Daniele Ventura, Edoardo Casoli, Andrea Belluscio, and Giandomenico Ardizzone. "Colonization of transplanted Posidonia Oceanica: understanding the spatial dynamics through high-spatial resolution underwater photomosaics." In Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques”. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0030-1.68.
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Following the restoration of a P. oceanica meadow impacted by the Concordia shipwreck, we investigated the spatial dynamic of the most important and protected Mediterranean endemic seagrass over a two-year period applying three spatial metrics: number of patches, mean patch size and total cover. By means of underwater photomosaics, we noticed a diminution in the number of patches in favour of the mean size and total cover. The outcomes showed that, under suitable environmental conditions, P. oceanica colonizes rapidly the dead matte substrate.
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Ferreira, Marcelo. "Diminutives In Brazilian Portuguese and Output-Output Correspondence." In Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Romance Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.272.08fer.
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"Yet Another Word on the Urlinie." In Der Tonwille, edited by Heinrich Schenker and William Drabkin. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122374.003.0009.
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Abstract Just as the harmonic degrees fend off chords that contradict the tending of their arrangement towards tonality, so, too, does the Urlinie fend off diminutions (motives and ornaments) whose peaks or main tones do not agree with this archetypal succession of tones. Thus, one sees that where the Urlinie holds sway, the diminutions are fashioned in such a way that other diminutions with other peaks cannot be put in their place. Elaboration [Auskomponierung] brings to fruition a bass line that, in view of the fact that the roots of the harmonic degrees operate in the depths of the mind, is just as much an upper voice as the soprano with respect to the behavior of the line, its undulating play, and its consonances and passing [dissonances]. Thus, the setting of the outer voices [Außensatz] is to be understood as a counterpoint of two upper voices above the harmonic degrees, a two-voice setting the quality of which determines the worth of the composition. The Urlinie then leads to a selection of intervals in this contrapuntal setting (and in this selection alone lies the guarantee of the setting’s highest quality and most consummate synthesis), intervals that continue to bear in themselves the law of strict counterpoint. Only through such a selection do we then understand free composition’s prolongations of the law, which do not cancel it but rather validate it in freedom and newness. For example, if the intervals selected deviate in so many passages from those manifested by the diminutions, then it happens that often, on account of the selected intervals, the consecutive fifths and octaves presented by the counterpoint of the diminution are not really consecutives at all.
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Baragwanath, Nicholas. "Singing Solfeggio." In The Solfeggio Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514085.003.0007.
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The chapter discusses how, once the solfeggio syllables were ingrained through spoken solfeggio, apprentices would be taught hundreds of different ways to sing them. The real business of learning to sing and make music thus begins in this chapter with the sung realization of fundamental syllable-notes. It takes the oft-told story of how Porpora confined all his singing exercises to one piece of paper to represent a poetically condensed but fundamentally accurate description of the eighteenth-century Neapolitan method of solfeggio training. Fundamental to this were “traits of vocalization,” short lines added above the melody in manuscripts to indicate changes of syllable. They were realized in one of two ways: either the first syllable was prolonged through the vocalized diminutions (according to the Amen rule) or the last syllable was anticipated by the diminutions (according to the Appoggiatura rule).
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"Mozart’s Sonata in C Major, K. 545." In Der Tonwille, edited by Heinrich Schenker and William Drabkin. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122374.003.0021.
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Abstract In bars 1-4 the graph of the Urlinie (p. 157) traces the path of two elaborations of a third, 3-1 in the inner voice and 5-3 in the upper voice, while the Urlinie remains firmly fixed on 5ˆ. The arpeggiations of a third in bars 1 and 2 (see the graph) are beautifully disguised by the diminution. In bar 2, the diminution sidesteps consecutive octaves, which have to be circumvented in the graph by leaving the root stationary.
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Dudai, Yadin. "Sensitization." In Memory From A to Z. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502678.003.0119.
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Abstract Sensitization is a type of non*associative learning. The sensitizing stimulus is usually strong or noxious. Sensitization contrasts with another type of nonassociative learning, *habituation, in which there is a *generalized diminution of response following the presentation of a weak or monotonous stimulus. If the response is already habituated, the effect of the sensitizing experience is termed ‘dishabituation’. Thus, whether the *subject is said to undergo sensitization or dishabituation, depends on what we know about its history.
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Schneiderman, David. "Of Little Constitutional Interest." In Constitutional Review and International Investment Law. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198885566.003.0004.
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Abstract If extractivism has been a priority for the political branches in Peru, its apex court—the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal—seems disinterested in disturbing the primacy accorded to foreign investment. Although the Tribunal has, in some instances, pushed back against a powerful executive branch and has enforced some social and economic constitutional commitments, it has fallen mostly into line with executive branch priorities. These include commitments made to foreign traders and investors via new free trade and investment agreements. The Tribunal’s response to the threat of diminished constitutional space due to investment treaty law and arbitration, following upon a series of recent constitutional cases, is one best described as a stance of hard deference. For the most part, the Tribunal has deferred to—even embraced—the potential diminution of policy options otherwise constitutionally available to the Peruvian state. Two influences seem to be at work. First is the Tribunal’s submission to the desires of Peru’s powerful executive branch. Second is the influence of investment law disciplines themselves—as on at least one occasion judges eagerly incorporated the investment law doctrine of indirect expropriation into Peruvian constitutional law. On the whole, the Constitutional Tribunal has chosen to ignore the diminution of Peruvian constitutional space.
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Potter, David. "The Rise of Islam." In Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518823.003.0003.
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The chapter opens with the youth of Muhammad, on the fringes of the Roman and Persian empires, then the environmental catastrophe that weakened the two empires, followed by immensely destructive wars which weaken both powers. Muhammad’s movement is initially a reform movement directed at other Arabs. After Muhammad’s death, his followers begin a series of wars which result in the destruction of the Persian empire and the radical diminution of Rome. After the initial period of conquests there is a need to discover a governing ideology, which is achieved by the use that ‘Abd al-Malik makes of the teaching of Muhammad.
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"C. P. E. Bach’s Allegro in G Major." In Der Tonwille, edited by Heinrich Schenker and William Drabkin. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122374.003.0018.
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Abstract The simplicity and crystalline clarity of this little piece are shown with utmost transparency by the Urlinie, the voice-leading, and the deployment of thematic material. The piece also allows us, in spite of its brevity and unpretentiousness, to view a deployment of musical materials that can be described as nothing short of ingenious. Even in these sixteen bars, the genius of Emanuel Bach does not betray its principles. In bars 1-2 the outer voices proceed, in accordance with the Urlinie, in fifths and not in thirds, as it might appear from the diminution. The arpeggiation of a third is marked in the graph of the Urlinie (p. 149) with the sign for a broken chord. Otherwise, the motive is nothing more than the simplest elaboration of a third [Terzsauskomponierung]. But, as early as bar 5, the motive has been changed so much, on account of a rhythmic delay, that the last eighth of the bar contains two sixteenth notes whose task it is to introduce the sixteenth-note motion in the following bar. Bar 3 is filled by a two-fold deployment of the motive in rhythmic diminution (provided here with appoggiaturas), so that, in replying to the motivic parallelism between bars 1 and3, it takes care of the motivic parallelism within itself. In the graph of the Urlinie, the dotted line in the bass indicates an arpeggiation whose unity further promotes the conceptual unity of the first four bars considered together, in spite of the intervening cadential harmonies.
Conference papers on the topic "Two Diminutions"
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Ilegbusi, Olusegun J. "On Two-Fluid Model of Turbulent Combustion Phenomena." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0059.
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Abstract Flow characteristics of turbulent combustion in premixed ducted flames are investigated with a two-fluid model. The fluids are defined as the cold premixed, unburned mixture and the hot burned gas mixture. The model involves solution of separate transport equations for zone-averaged variables of each fluid with allowance for interface transfer of mass, momentum and energy. Combustion is assumed to be controlled by the turbulence transport and a simple Arhenius type of chemical reaction model has been employed. The fragment size which affects interfluid transfer terms and the transport properties is deduced from a transport equation that accounts for growth by entrainment and diminution by shear distortion. The growth and diminution constants of the length-scale equation are parametrically established. Predictions generally agree well with the experimental data. Effects of inlet flow rate and aspect ratio are also investigated.
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Kuznetsov, Andrey, Andrey Kuznetsov, Yury Fedorov, et al. "SELF-CLEANING CAPACITY OF SEACOASTS IN CASE OF OIL POLLUTION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9441ab8c21.53053195.
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The sea coasts are especially exposed to the oil pollution harmful influence as they frequently suffer from oil spills relating to the tanker accidents, port and off-shore activities. The objective of the present research is to examine the rates of spilled fuel oil natural destruction on geographically different seacoasts and to evaluate their relationship with principal environmental factors such as climatic and hydrological conditions, coast exposure and geomorphology, sediment types, intensity of biogeochemical cycles. For this purpose, a number of contaminated sectors of the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (areas of “Erika” and “Prestige” tanker accidents), the Strait of Kerch (“Volgoneft-139” tanker accident) and the Black Sea coast in Russia (area of Novorossiysk sea port) were studied. Long-term (from 6 to 15 years) field observations were carried out there. The oiled samples were analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The results show that in the course of time, the oil slicks demonstrate an exponential diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content. The half-period of this diminution varies from less than 1 to 12 years, subject to the forms of fuel oil traces and geographical conditions. On the Strait of Kerch coast washed by shallow, slightly salted and highly bio-productive waters of the Sea of Azov the spilled fuel oil tends to disappear twice as rapidly as on French and Spanish coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The joint examination of the observed rates of oil pollution natural destruction and the geographical conditions of studied sites shows that temperature and seawater salinity are the crucial environmental factors of self-cleaning process.
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Kuznetsov, Andrey, Andrey Kuznetsov, Yury Fedorov, et al. "SELF-CLEANING CAPACITY OF SEACOASTS IN CASE OF OIL POLLUTION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43166a1b2f.
Full textAbstract:
The sea coasts are especially exposed to the oil pollution harmful influence as they frequently suffer from oil spills relating to the tanker accidents, port and off-shore activities. The objective of the present research is to examine the rates of spilled fuel oil natural destruction on geographically different seacoasts and to evaluate their relationship with principal environmental factors such as climatic and hydrological conditions, coast exposure and geomorphology, sediment types, intensity of biogeochemical cycles. For this purpose, a number of contaminated sectors of the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (areas of “Erika” and “Prestige” tanker accidents), the Strait of Kerch (“Volgoneft-139” tanker accident) and the Black Sea coast in Russia (area of Novorossiysk sea port) were studied. Long-term (from 6 to 15 years) field observations were carried out there. The oiled samples were analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The results show that in the course of time, the oil slicks demonstrate an exponential diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content. The half-period of this diminution varies from less than 1 to 12 years, subject to the forms of fuel oil traces and geographical conditions. On the Strait of Kerch coast washed by shallow, slightly salted and highly bio-productive waters of the Sea of Azov the spilled fuel oil tends to disappear twice as rapidly as on French and Spanish coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The joint examination of the observed rates of oil pollution natural destruction and the geographical conditions of studied sites shows that temperature and seawater salinity are the crucial environmental factors of self-cleaning process.
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Royo, Javier, Alejandro Zaleta, and Antonio Valero. "Analysis and Evaluation of Malfunctions in Thermomechanical Systems." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0979.
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Abstract In previous papers, two new parameters related to the performance of thermal components have been shown: the internal parameters θ (Royo and Valero 1995) and the dissipation temperature (Royo et al. 1996). When the behavior of a component of a thermal plant is impaired due to internal deteriorations, cause a modification in the behavior of another components. This implies a variation in the global efficiency of the plant. But how can this influence be quantified? This question is of utmost importance when it comes to making an energetic and economic assessment of carrying out a repair on a component, or undertaking an improvement on such a component. The aim of this paper is to show an example of the use of the internal parameters 9 and the dissipation temperatures to answer analytically this question. The example chosen is a power plant with reheating. Analytical and numerical results and their analysis are provided in the paper. For example, using this procedure, it is possible to obtain that, in the chosen plant, a diminution of 1% in the isoentropic efficiency of their high pressure steam turbine causes 0.13% diminution in the efficiency of the whole plant. The results obtained have been checked by means simulation (GATE Cycle 1995). The difference between both set of results are in all the cases lower than 4%.
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Abushanab, Abdelrahman, and Wael Alnahhal. "Experimental Investigation on the Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Treated Wastewater and Recycled Concrete Aggregates." In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0055.
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Eco-friendly concrete is the most recommended sustainable option to reduce the excessive diminution of concrete natural resources and the high generation of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the present study explores the feasibility of employing treated wastewater (TWW), recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), and fly ash (FA) in concrete mixes. A total of 4 reinforced concrete (RC) beams were investigated under 4-point bending setup with three parameters investigated; namely, mixing water (fresh water and TWW), coarse aggregates (gabbro and RCA), and cementitious binders (cement and FA). The experimental results revealed that the beams' ductility was decreased by 9% and 16% with TWW and RCA, respectively. Moreover, the flexural performance of the TWW-RC beams was decreased by 14%, whereas RCA-RC beams showed comparable flexural strength to its counterpart with natural aggregates. In addition, the utilization of FA at a 20% replacement ratio enhanced the flexural strength by 5% to 7%.
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Neumann, Karoline M., Ole Tom Vårdal, and Sören Ehlers. "Updatable Spatio-Temporal Probabilistic Corrosion Modeling for Offshore Structures." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78684.
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Corrosion models are important to assess how the corrosion influences current and future structural strength. For this purpose it is desirable to describe the uneven corrosion diminution of the irregular surface (i.e. space) and progression (i.e. time) in various corrosive environments. Thickness measurements give an indication of the current state, and should be considered in the corrosion model. The inherit uncertainty in corrosion argues for a probabilistic type of corrosion model. Probabilistic models to describe corrosion in time and space, and that can be updated with observations exist, but are typically too complicated for practical engineering use for in-service corrosion assessment. Simpler models exist, that do not describe all of the mentioned aspects (probabilistic, updatable, describe corrosion in time, space and various environments). Here, a simple model covering these aspects is described in two parts. First bayes updating is used to estimate the parameters of the corrosion distribution for each unique environment. The second part uses this resulting distribution and describes how this distribution develops with time. The model is demonstrated with an example and compared to similar spatio-temporal models. The model is promising for improvement from simplistic uniform description of surface and linear progression used in current industry practice.
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Osawa, Naoki, Yasuhide Kanou, Yasumi Kawamura, et al. "Development of Under-Film Corrosion Simulation Method Based on Cellular Automaton." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54508.
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A simulation method for under-film corrosion has been developed for epoxy coated steel panels within a ship’s Water Ballast Tank (WBT) environment. The incubation and extension of coating failure is simulated by using two-dimensional cellular automaton, and the steel diminution is simulated by modifying IACS CSR-H’s 3-phases probabilistic model. Analysis parameters are determined by using the results of onboard exposure and cyclic corrosion tests performed by Shiotani et al. (2012, 2015). The change in corroded surface shape of epoxy coated scribed steel panels made of conventional steel and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) exposed in an ore carrier’s WBT for 4.8 years is simulated. The simulated coating deterioration (blister) area and the corroded surface profile agree well with those measured. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed simulation method and the determined parameters. The differences in analysis parameters between conventional steel and CRS suggest that CRS can reduce the harmful effect of the active corrosion region on the remaining coating life at the blister’s frontline and the corrosion under the blister.
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Sargent, R. B., Dar-Yuan Song, and H. Angus Macleod. "Computer simulation of defect propagation in thin films." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.tur2.
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Two-dimensional film growth models were introduced by Henderson et al.1 and Dirks and Leamy.2 These early models displayed several effects commonly observed in conventionally deposited thin films: columnar microstructure and the tangent rule relating the angle of columnar growth to the angle of vapor incidence. A model of this general type has been under development at the Optical Sciences Center for several years. The model incorporates mobility parameters for the condensing molecules, oblique angles of vapor incidence, substrate rotation effects, evaporant molecules of varying sizes, and various substrate defects. Recently the scale of the simulation has been expanded to realistic dimensions, of the order of an optical wavelength, which permits the inclusion of substrate variation effects up to this scale. The film growth model propagates substrate defects through a multilayer coating. Assuming a perfectly flat substrate surface, the dominant feature is an intrinsic film roughness. If a departure from perfection of the substrate surface is assumed, in a range of conditions diminution of the defect amplitude is observed as the defect propagates through the multilayer.
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Iluț, Silvia. "Aspects of multiculturalism in the diminutivisation of anthroponyms." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/13.
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This paper mainly aims to identify the psychological, affective and sociolinguistic motivations that determine the change of the basic form of an anthroponym, in our case the evolution towards a diminutive form. The research is based on a comparative analysis between the multicultural elements that influence the process of turning proper names specific to Romanian and European areas into diminutives. To illustrate the goals of our research, we will begin by classifying the anthroponyms into two main categories − conventional (official) names and unconventional names (hypocoristics). There is a certain degree of relativity regarding the use of diminutive forms of proper names in European space, as they have a twofold character in the process of naming: on the one hand, they denote feelings of affection and, on the other, a certain degree of irony. The methodology employed consists of methods and concepts specific to onomastics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. The body of the paper will illustrate and analyse pieces of information and results obtained through sociolinguistic inquiry and surveys and will also introduce examples taken from online sources.
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Giraldo, Maria Alejandra, Richard Zabala, Jorge Ítalo Bahamon, et al. "Development of a Fracturing Nanofluid with Dual Purpose: Increasing Heavy Oil Mobility and Reducing the Reservoir Damage Associated at the Remaining Fracture Fluid." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205976-ms.
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Abstract This work aims to develop a fracturing nanofluid with a dual purpose: i) to increase heavy crude oil mobility and ii) to reduce formation damage caused by the remaining fluid. Three commercial nanoparticles were evaluated: two fumed silica of different sizes and one type of alumina. They were acidified and basified, obtaining nine nanoparticles (NPs) by the surface modification, characterized by TEM, DLS, Z Potential and Total Acidity. The effect of adding nanoparticles at different concentrations onto the linear gel and heavy crude oil was determined by their rheological behavior. Also, there was assessed the alteration of the rock wettability by contact angle for all NPs and concentrations. Based on these results, the nanoparticle with better performance was the neutral fumed silica of 7 nm at 1000 mg/L. These were used to make a fracturing nanofluid from a commercial fracturing fluid (FF). Both of them were evaluated through their rheological behavior overtime at high pressure following the API RP39 test and quantitative measurements of the rock sample wettability changes. Displacement tests also were performed on proppant and rock samples at reservoir conditions: pressure and temperature. Finally, there was evaluated the rheological behavior of the crude oil recovered in the displacement test. It was possible to conclude that the inclusion of nanoparticles allowed obtaining a reduction of 10 and 20% in the two breakers used in the commercial fracture fluid formulation. An alteration of the rock wettability was achieved, where the rock sample became up to 50% more wettable to water. Moreover, there was a diminution of 53% in the damage caused by the remaining fracturing fluid to the oil effective permeability in the proppant medium. In the rock sample, a decrease of 31% of this kind of damage was observed. Increases of 28 and 18 % in the crude oil recovery were noticed in the proppant and the rock sample, respectively. Finally, there was a reduction of 40% in the crude oil viscosity, showing the effectiveness of adding nanoparticles to fracturing fluids for increasing oil mobility and reducing the formation damage.
Reports on the topic "Two Diminutions"
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Merrien, François X. Reforming Higher Education in Europe: From State Regulation Towards New Managerialism? Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010752.
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The present study describes the changes in the traditional European model of higher education, its successes as well as failures. The remarkable expansion of higher education in Europe during the postwar period was the result of a shared belief in the virtue of higher education per se. The traditional model of higher education assumes a stable relationship of fair exchange between the State and the academics: the State gives power to the academics in the belief that in this way it will receive in return the forms of knowledge, basic research, and advanced education that will be of most value to itself. In Europe-as was the case in Latin America-the policy of developing the higher education sector was supported by the elite and by the middle classes, both of whom considered higher education to be a means for training professional workers and a way to enhance economic development and social mobility. The 1980s marked the beginning of some radical changes on the two continents in terms of higher education. This evolution can be associated with a shift from a more interventionist, Keynesian welfare state to a more neoliberal and supervisory State. This shift meant diminution of the belief that bureaucratic institutions could respond correctly to society's needs and increased currency of the belief in the virtues of markets or quasi-markets. The aim of the study is not to compare trends in Europe with those in Latin America. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that from the beginning of the 1970s radical changes were also introduced into the Latin American systems of higher education, partially for economic and political reasons.
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Raj, Phani K. DTRS56-04-T-0005 Fires in an LNG Facility - Assessments, Models and Risk Evaluation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011800.
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The models used at present to evaluate the potential hazard areas around large LNG fires were developed with field test data from smaller diameter (1.8 m to 15 m) fires. These models are, however, applied to predict hazard distances from fires much larger in size compared to the experimental fires. Recent publication of the results from a series of tests conducted in 1987 with 35 m diameter LNG fires indicates that large LNG fires tend to generate significant amount of black soot. The black soot is postulated to be generated from incomplete and inefficient combustion of fuel vapors due to reduced oxygen diffusion into the combustion zone near the core of the fire. This phenomenon (of black soot production) in large LNG fires reduces the radiant heat hazard expectations in areas surrounding such fires. In this project, a review was undertaken of the different types and sizes of fires that could occur in a LNG facility and from ship releases, either due to accidental releases or from deliberate acts. The models associated with each of the fire scenarios have been reviewed. A new generation LNG pool fire model ("PoFMISE") has been developed based on data from a number of tests with both LNG and other hydrocarbon fluids. This model is applicable to small as well as large LNG fires and includes the formation of smoke and the consequent diminution of radiant heat output from the fire. The results of the model agree with experimental results for mean emissive power for fires of less than 35 m. Results for larger fires indicate substantial reduction in mean emissive power with almost 50% reduction for a 300 m diameter fire compared to the values used in current models. This implies that the currently predicted hazard distances for large fires are high (by factors of 2 to 3, after accounting for atmospheric absorption). The report also provides guidance with an illustrative procedure to calculate the risk from different types and sizes of fires that may occur in a LNG facility.
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Smyth, Emer, and Helen Russell. Trends in Disability Prevalence among Young People: Insights from the Growing Up in Ireland Study. ESRI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs192.
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Background to the study This report draws on analyses of the two cohorts of the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study to examine trends in the prevalence of disability among 13-year-olds over the decade 2011/2012 to 2021/2022. The report looks at changes over time in the size and composition of those with a long-lasting condition (LLC) or disability, at the presence of socio-emotional difficulties and/or depressive symptoms among these groups, and at a range of adolescent outcomes. The prevalence of long-lasting conditions and disability The prevalence of disability is highly dependent on the definitions and measures used. As a result, changes in the measures used in GUI between cohorts, and between survey waves within cohorts, make it challenging to provide comparable estimates of the level and nature of disability over time. Nonetheless, GUI data offer the most comprehensive information on the experience of disability among young people in Ireland. In this report, a distinction is drawn between young people with a long-lasting condition or illness who are not hampered by that condition (termed ‘non-hampered LLC’) and the group of young people who are hampered, at least to some extent, by that condition, for whom we use the term disability. Based on mother reports, the proportion of 13-year-olds with any LLC has increased from 24 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 36 per cent for Cohort ’08. The proportion of the total cohort who had received at least one diagnosis of a condition or disability grew from 16 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 31 per cent for Cohort ’08. The group with a disability (i.e. those who are hampered by a condition) increased from 6 per cent for Cohort ’98 to 23 per cent for Cohort ’08. This estimate is higher than figures from Census 2022, which used a different definition and where 14 per cent of 13-year-olds were reported to have a disability. The GUI data show a growth in the prevalence of disability and LLCs among all social groups over the period, though a shift in the gender composition is evident, with girls now as likely as boys to have an LLC or disability. Changes in the classification of types of conditions, and small numbers in several groups, make it difficult to identify which particular conditions are driving the overall increase. Among those with an LLC, there is an increase in both respiratory and behavioural difficulties, the largest groups, over time. The increase is particularly marked for behavioural difficulties, growing from 1 to 17 per cent between cohorts at age 13. Respiratory problems increased but to a much lower level – from 3 to 5 per cent. Focusing on those with a disability only (that is, those who are hampered by that condition), the proportion with an emotional/behavioural difficulty has increased from 1.1 per cent of the total cohort in Cohort ’98 to 13.5 per cent in Cohort ’08. Disability, health and wellbeing Mothers were asked about the general health of their children, distinguishing between those who were very healthy and those who had at least some health problems. In both cohorts, health problems are more prevalent among those with an LLC or disability. Health problems are particularly prevalent among those with a disability but it should be noted that around four in ten of those who are hampered by a disability are not reported to have health problems. Socio-emotional difficulties have increased over time among those with a disability, indicating no diminution of need among the group. In addition, depression scores are found to have increased over time for girls with a disability. In contrast, those who have an LLC but are not hampered by it have become more like the non-LLC/disability group over time in their mental health and wellbeing. This suggests that there may now be greater identification of LLCs that do not generally hamper the lives of young people. Disability and adolescent outcomes Clear differences in adolescent outcomes at age 13 by disability status are evident: young people with an LLC or disability have more conflictual relationships with their parents, smaller peer networks, greater difficulties interacting with peers, less involvement in organised sports and more negative attitudes to school compared to their peers. Across most of the outcomes explored, there remains a substantial gap between those with a disability and those without an LLC/disability in the younger cohort. However, for several of these outcomes, the difference between those with an LLC who are not hampered by it and those without an LLC/disability narrows over time. Growing numbers of people with an LLC or disability may reflect greater identification of conditions over time or greater need among the population. The findings on wellbeing and other outcomes suggest that both factors are at play. Those not hampered by their condition (non-hampered LLC) come to more closely resemble those without any condition over time in their outcomes, suggesting increased identification of certain conditions. At the same time, however, there is evidence of growing need among those described as having a disability, with increased socio-emotional difficulties and (among girls) depression levels. Implications for policy The study findings point to a significant growth over time in the proportion of 13-year-olds reported to have an LLC or disability. This has consequences for the supports required to enable full inclusion. The most commonly reported difficulties among those with a disability now relate to physical impairment and difficulties learning, remembering or concentrating, with these impairments having different implications in terms of the resources and supports required. There has been a good deal of policy development in relation to provision for children and young people with a disability, including a greater focus on assessment of need in the early years, a change in the funding allocation model to schools to address special educational needs (SEN), and the marked growth of special classrooms in mainstream schools. While there is now much greater recognition of the need for more inclusive practice, the findings point to a number of areas for further policy development, spanning the areas of education, health, family support and recreational facilities. These include but are not limited to: the targeting of parenting supports towards families of children and teenagers with a disability to help reduce levels of parent–child conflict; school-based efforts to promote social integration with peers and to facilitate improved school engagement; and inclusive practice in out-of-school sport.