Journal articles: 'Two Gallants'

1

Berry, Robert. "Two Gallants." James Joyce Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2014): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjq.2014.0042.

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Norris, Margot. "Gambling with Gambles in "Two Gallants"." NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 29, no. 1 (1995): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1345538.

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Booryazadeh, Seyed Ali, Sohila Faghfori, and Esmaeil Zohdi. "Symbolic Code of S/Z: A Semiological Reading of James Joyces Two Gallants." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 1 (October 5, 2014): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i1.5192.

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Like a number of other stories of Dubliners,Two Gallants because of it coded polyphony is debatable on the level of significance. It seems that the story strategically convey some crucial information to the reader by deciphering its symbolic codes. Accordingly, this study in accord with Roland Barthes semiology and specified codes in S/Z makes an attempt to explicate the symbolic codes and structural components that carry an invisible message of James Joycs Two Gallants.

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Kim, Cheol-soo. ""Two Gallants" and the Chronotope of the Road." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2018.02.23.1.49.

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Kho, Younghee. ""Cinematographic Joyce: The Appropriation of Gaze in “Two Gallants” "." James Joyce Journal 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46258/jjj.2017.23-2.11.

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Cho, Eun Jung. "A Cognitive Analysis of Epiphany in “Two Gallants” from Dubliners." Journal of Linguistics Science 78 (September 30, 2016): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.21296/jls.2016.09.78.347.

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7

Callanan, Frank. "The Provenance of Harp and Harper in Joyce’s ‘Two Gallants’." Dublin James Joyce Journal 4, no. 1 (2011): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/djj.2011.0006.

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Kabkova, Olha. "W. TREVOR’S APPLICATION OF J. JOYCE’S INSPIRATION." Слово і Час, no. 3 (May 26, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2021.03.37-47.

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While finding out the relation of W. Trevor’s writing to Joyce, we are to take into account the fact, fixed by the German writer H. Bell in his “Irish diary”: Joyce is one of the ordinary surnames in Ireland. Yet the aim of the article was to search for the influence of the literary technique of J. Joyce — one of the well-known modernists — on W. Trevor’s creative works. On the one hand, W. Trevor himself in the interviews insisted that “Dubliners” and “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” were valuable for him within the whole life; on the other hand, the known and famous writers and critics aimed at finding those links. A number of researchers took into account that Joyce’s later texts were not so valuable for Trevor’s creative works. His influence was not the linguistic pyrotechnics of the “Ulysses” but the modest and punctilious voice of “Dubliners”. It is possible to determine some levels of Joyce’s presence in W. Trevor’s texts: Joyce as a character, as a model of creative activity, as a pattern for stylization and even comic imitation. One of the characters of Trevor’s “Music” was fascinated with Joyce’s appearance, his photograph. Sometimes, while hearing music, he was imagining himself a human being similar to Joyce. “The Third Party” began with a meeting of two men, one the husband, one the lover in a Dublin hotel bar. They have to come to an agreement on the end of the marriage, which was not achieved. The plot of this story is somewhat a travesty of “A Little Cloud” (from “Dubliners”). Moreover, the main characters are W. Trevor’s version of two different types of mental constitution vivid in “A Little Cloud” as well as in “Ulysses”. The interview of two characters in Trevor’s text allowed using Joyce’s telling strategy: an application of subjective third-person narration. An aspect of location in Trevor’s story is similar to that of Joyce, it is Dublin. Nevertheless for Trevor Dublin was a city, where events took place, not a version of the important original location, as it was with Joyce. The same may be said about “Two More Gallants”. Th is story of the modern and equally traditional Irish writer is the most vivid example of the author’s dialogue with the original text of Joyce. Th e writer simultaneously reflected and parodied “Two Gallants” (from “Dubliners”). There is a certain similarity between the viewpoints of both authors on Dublin and Ireland in general. The creative activity of Joyce was governed by Ireland. W. Trevor’s links with Ireland were restored only when he became something of a stranger to this country. Moreover, Trevor’s conception of Ireland remained constant as if nothing had happened in this country during the second half of the XX century. So the reality of “Two Gallants” and “Two More Gallants” remained alike, as well as irresponsibility of the main characters. The narrative nerve in Joyce’s text may be defi ned as no-event, while Trevor’s text is arranged according to tale tradition. “Two Gallants” is associated with the concentrated poetic image of paralysis. A similar representation is evident in “Two More Gallants”: puppets dance to the music of original sins. Th at shows Trevor’s play with the original text.

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Mickalites, Carey. "Dubliners' IOU:The Aesthetics of Exchange in ?After the Race? and ?Two Gallants?" Journal of Modern Literature 30, no. 2 (April 2007): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jml.2007.30.2.121.

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Huang, Xiaocong. "Transitivity in English-Chinese Literary Translation: The Case of James Joyce's "Two Gallants"." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 59, no. 1 (July 18, 2013): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.59.1.06hua.

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11

Eicher, Thomas. "?Back again in the mill? Zur Symbolik der Kreisform in James Joyces ?two Gallants?" Neophilologus 77, no. 2 (April 1993): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01000144.

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Jamil, Adil M. "The Binary Road of George Farquhar in The Beaux’ Stratagem." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1107.14.

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The Beaux’ Stratagem is a phenomenal play in all measures. Since its first performance on stage in 1707, it has proved that its magnetic appeal to audiences of different periods has never lost its charm. It ever continues providing gusts of laughter and a profound debate of everlasting sensitive issues on stage. This study endeavors to unravel the factors behind its magnetic appeal, at the same to shed light upon the comic devices standing behind its unprecedented success. The Beaux’ Stratagem was written at a time when the early attraction of wit, risqué language, rakish behavior of gallants, and exposure of female frailties have been worn out and lost their magnitude. At the dawn of the 18th Century, the theater-goers were fed up with the Comedy of Manners, Farce, and Intrigues. and looking for something different. More possibly, Farquhar made out that the audience wanted to feel rather than to think; thus he curbed a natural bent toward wit and tried to engage a more sentimental side in his plays. However, the Beaux’ Stratagem did not completely split with the traditions common during the declining period; it blended them with the new overriding vogues of sentimental and exemplary comedy. As a result, Farquhar’s play came out as an amazing hybrid, coupling the two norms into one design, and producing a dramatic admixture that sounds more typical and better than the ones encountered in the plays of his predecessors and contemporaries.

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Wu, J., H. Sugiyama, L. H. Zeng, D. Mickle, and T. W. Wu. "Evidence of Trolox and some gallates as synergistic protectors of erythrocytes against peroxyl radicals." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-029.

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The peroxidation of human erythrocytes induced by peroxyl radical initiator and its inhibition by several gallate esters (e.g., propyl, methyl, ethyl) and Trolox (a more polar analogue of vitamin E) have been studied. The antioxidant activity was determined on erythrocytes against hemolysis generated by a thermal activator, 2,2prime-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrogenchloride. It was found that propyl gallate and its two analogues were more effective than Trolox in preventing cell lysis. However, the combination of gallate esters and Trolox produced a protective effect exceeding the arithmetic sum of their individual contributions. These perceived synergisms occur at more than one level of Trolox at a given level of a gallate ester.Key words: Trolox, gallates, synergism, peroxyl radicals.

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Shiow-Yunn, Sheu, Hsu Feng-Lin, and Lin Yu-Chan. "Two gallates from Quercus glauca." Phytochemistry 31, no. 7 (July 1992): 2465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83300-n.

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Naeem Kalhoro, Abdul, and Ali Dino Jumani. "A Two-Connected Graph with Gallai’s Property." Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks 5, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.awcn.20190501.14.

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Medeiros, Maria A., Edison R. Sujii, and Helena C. Morais. "Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems." Horticultura Brasileira 27, no. 3 (September 2009): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362009000300007.

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Several studies have demonstrated that the diversification of the agroecosystem may reduce insect pest infestation using the strategy of companion planting. We studied the effect of the presence of coriander and Gallant soldier as companion plants in the tomato crop under organic and conventional management on abundance of the tomato pests and predators. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, at Distrito Federal, Brazil, from July to October, 2004. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replicates in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [Three crop diversification levels: tomato in monoculture, tomato intercropped with coriander, and tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier; and two cropping systems: organic and conventional]. Each plot had 80 plants of the tomato and the pest-insects and predaceous arthropods were collected every week in five tomato plants/plot. Tuta absoluta (Meyr.) was the commonest pest species in both cropping systems. The tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier in organic cropping system had lower abundance and higher diversity of pests, and higher abundance and diversity of predaceous arthropods, mainly at 80 days after the tomato transplanting, coinciding with the population peak of T. absoluta (eggs and adults). The more abundant predators were spiders, lady beetles and ants. The spiders were abundant and uniformly distributed in both systems. The lady beetles appeared lately in the organic system, at the flowering season of the coriander. The ants were more abundant in the conventional systems.

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Pavlova, Svetlana Yuryevna. "Two Models of Gallantry in Bussy-Rabutin’s «Les Mémoires»." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 12, no. 4 (2012): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2012-12-4-40-46.

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18

Watkins, PE. "A white horse in the desert: The life of Dr Thomas Somerville (1887–1941)." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015619305.

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This article details the remarkable life of Dr Thomas Somerville, who qualified both as a veterinary surgeon and medical practitioner, served in two world wars and was recommended for the nation’s highest award for gallantry. In doing so, it records the life of a man whose repeated gallantry on the battlefield has been overlooked.

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19

Grace, Mary H., Gad G. Yousef, Anvar G. Kurmukov, Ilya Raskin, and Mary Ann Lila. "Phytochemical Characterization of an Adaptogenic Preparation from Rhodiola heterodonta." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 8 (August 2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400807.

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The phytochemical constituents of a biologically active, standardized, 80% ethanol extract of Rhodiola heterodonta were characterized. The extract was fractionated over a Sephadex LH-20 column to afford two main fractions representing two classes of secondary metabolites: phenylethanoids and proanthocyanidins. This fractionation facilitated the identification and quantification of individual compounds in the fractions and sub-fractions using HPLC, and LC-MS. The major compounds in the phenylethanoid fraction were heterodontoside, tyrosol methyl ether, salidroside, viridoside, mongrhoside, tyrosol, and the cyanogenic glucoside rhodiocyanoside A. These seven compounds comprised 17.4% of the EtOH extract. Proanthocyanidins ranged from oligomers to polymers based on epigallocatechin and gallate units. The main identified oligomeric compounds in the proanthocyanidin fraction were epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and 3-O-galloyl-epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, which constituted 1.75% of the ethanol extract. Tyrosol methyl ether, mongrhoside, and the two proanthocyanidin dimers were reported for the first time from this species in this study. Intra-peritoneal injection of the 80% ethanol extract increased survival time of mice under hypoxia by 192%, as an indication of adaptogenic activity.

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Vazhenin, V. A., A. P. Potapov, V. B. Guseva, and M. Yu Artyomov. "Paramagnetic centers in two phases of manganese-doped lanthanum gallate." Physics of the Solid State 51, no. 5 (May 2009): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783409050059.

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21

Moreno-Vásquez, María J., Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea, Saúl Sánchez-Valdes, Francisco J. Castillo-Yáñez, Víctor M. Ocaño-Higuera, Francisco Rodríguez-Félix, Ema C. Rosas-Burgos, and Abril Z. Graciano-Verdugo. "Preparation and characterization of films made of poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(l-lactic acid) grafted maleic anhydride/epigallocatechin gallate blends for antibacterial food packaging." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 33, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 10–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087916631602.

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The antimicrobial activity of films made of poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(l-lactic acid) grafted maleic anhydride(copolymer)/epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) blend was determined. The effect of epigallocatechin gallate incorporation (0.03, 0.5, 5, and 10 wt%) as a natural antibacterial was determined by direct contact, solid and liquid culture media. The film antimicrobial activity was evaluated against two bacteria (gram-negative: Pseudomonas spp.; gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus). The copolymer was prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis and Molau test. Furthermore, the degree of grafting was determined. The epigallocatechin gallate migration profile through the films were determined and the minimum epigallocatechin gallate concentration in films required to show antibacterial activity was evaluated. The results showed that only the films with 10 wt% epigallocatechin gallate significantly affected ( p < 0.05) the cell morphology and inhibited the growth of S. aureus (56% with copolymer and 55% inhibition without copolymer) and Pseudomonas spp. (28% inhibition, with and without copolymer). Incorporating copolymer inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and induced morphological changes in S. aureus. The diffusion coefficient was dependent on the presence of copolymer, which increased the epigallocatechin gallate release rate. Incorporating epigallocatechin gallate and copolymer modified the film properties. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated hydrogen bonds which were attributed to the interaction between copolymer and epigallocatechin gallate. The results demonstrate the potential application of poly(l-lactic acid) (biodegradable polymer) and copolymers in active packaging, as well as the importance of incorporating epigallocatechin gallate as a natural antibacterial agent.

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Stearns, Mark E., and Min Wang. "Synergistic Effects of the Green Tea Extract Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Taxane in Eradication of Malignant Human Prostate Tumors." Translational Oncology 4, no. 3 (June 2011): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/tlo.10286.

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23

Gödecke, Tanja, Maki Kaloga, and Herbert Kolodziej. "A Phenol Glucoside, Uncommon Coumarins and Flavonoids from Pelargonium sidoides DC." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2005-0612.

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Structural examination of the metabolic pool of the aerial parts of Pelargonium sidoides DC has led to the isolation of two new metabolites, 4-allyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenol-1-β -D-glucopyranoside and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin-8-sulfate, along with a series of uncommon compounds including (2R,3R)-(+)-dihydroquercetin-3-β -glucopyranoside, (2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol-3-β - glucopyranoside, fraxetin-7-β -glucopyranoside, 7-methoxycoumarin-6-β -glucopyranoside, umckalin, orientin-2”-gallate, and isoorientin-2”-gallate. They are accompanied by the widespread isoorientin, orientin, fraxetin, (2R,3S)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid. The structures of the compounds were established from spectroscopic studies. Determination of configurations was achieved by circular dichroism.

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Jeong, In-Keun, Hong Lee Park, and Sun-il Mho. "Two self-activated optical centers of blue emission in zinc gallate." Solid State Communications 105, no. 3 (January 1998): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(97)10101-6.

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25

Kitao, Satoshi, Takanao Matsudo, Makoto Saitoh, Tatsuo Horiuchi, and Hiroshi Sekine. "Enzymatic Syntheses of Two Stable (–)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-glucosides by Sucrose Phosphorylase." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59, no. 11 (January 1995): 2167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.2167.

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26

Li, Yan, Yosuke Matsuo, Yoshinori Saito, and Takashi Tanaka. "Three New Oxidation Products Produced from Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and Epicatechin-3-O-gallate." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 2 (February 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100214.

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During chemical studies on uncharacterized black tea polyphenols, the enzymatic oxidation of a mixture of epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (1) and epicatechin-3- O-gallate (2) was examined, and three new dimeric products together with six known catechin dimers were isolated. Two of the new compounds have tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undecane and tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane carboxyl structures generated by oxidative coupling between two pyrogallol-B-rings of 1. Another new product was a dimer connected by a C-C bond between the B-ring of 1 and a galloyl group of 2.

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Kahlenberg, V. "Alkaline earth aluminates/gallates and perovskites: two sides of the same coin." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305084345.

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28

Sakar, M. Koray, Frank Petereit, and Adolf Nahrstedt. "Two phloroglucinol glucosides, flavan gallates and flavonol glycosides from Sedum sediforme flowers." Phytochemistry 33, no. 1 (April 1993): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85416-o.

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Paveto, Cristina, María C. Güida, Mónica I. Esteva, Virginia Martino, Jorge Coussio, Mirtha M. Flawiá, and Héctor N. Torres. "Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Catechins." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 1 (January 2004): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.1.69-74.2004.

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ABSTRACT The trypanocidal action of green tea catechins against two different developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi is reported for the first time. This activity was assayed with the nonproliferative bloodstream trypomastigote and with the intracellular replicative amastigote parasite forms. An ethyl acetate fraction from Camellia sinensis green tea leaves, which contains most of the polyphenolic compounds and the maximal trypanocidal activity, was obtained by fractionation of the aqueous extract with organic solvents. The active compounds present in this extract were further purified by LH-20 column chromatography and were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with a photo diode array detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. The following flavan-3-ols derivatives, known as catechins, were identified: catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate. The purified compounds lysed more than 50% of the parasites present in the blood of infected BALB/c mice at concentrations as low as 0.12 to 85 pM. The most active compounds were gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, with minimal bactericidal concentrations that inhibited 50% of isolates tested of 0.12 and 0.53 pM, respectively. The number of amastigotes in infected Vero cells decreased by 50% in the presence of each of these compounds at 100 nM. The effects of the catechins on the recombinant T. cruzi arginine kinase, a key enzyme in the energy metabolism of the parasite, were assayed. The activity of this enzyme was inhibited by about 50% by nanomolar concentrations of catechin gallate or gallocatechin gallate, whereas the other members of the group were less effective. On the basis of these results, we suggest that these compounds could be used to sterilize blood and, eventually, as therapeutic agents for Chagas' disease.

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Bok, Song-Hae, Sun-Young Park, Yong Bok Park, Mi-Kyung Lee, Seon-Min Jeon, Tae-Sook Jeong, and Myung-Sook Choi. "Quercetin Dihydrate and Gallate Supplements Lower Plasma and Hepatic Lipids and Change Activities of Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.3.161.

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This study was designed to test the lipid-lowering and antioxidant activity of two bioflavonoids, quercetin dihydrate and gallate. Four groups of rats were given a semisynthetic diet containing 10 g cholesterol/kg for six weeks. The control group received only a high-cholesterol diet, whereas the other three groups received a diet including 1 g lovastatin, 1 g quercetin dihydrate, or 1 g gallate/kg. The quercetin dihydrate and gallate supplements both significantly lowered the plasma lipid and hepatic cholesterol levels compared to those of the control. The hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was significantly lowered by the quercetin dihydrate when compared to the other groups, while the hepatic acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was only significantly higher in the control group. The overall potential for antioxidant protection was significantly enhanced by the quercetin dihydrate and gallate supplements through lowering the plasma and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and increasing the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in high-cholesterol-fed rats. These results suggest that the supplementation of quercetin dihydrate and gallate promotes an increase in fecal sterols, which in turn leads to a decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol as well as lower plasma and hepatic cholesterol.

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Lv, Shuquan, Xiaohong Zhang, Siping Liu, Kaibo Lv, Wenting Yang, and Zhiwei Zhou. "Separation and Purification of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Epicatechin Gallate by Two-step Chromatography Involving β-cyclodextrin Bonded Agar." Food Science and Technology Research 25, no. 2 (2019): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.25.187.

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Alqahtani, Shaherah, Kelly Welton, Jeffrey Gius, Suad Elmegerhi, and Takamitsu Kato. "The Effect of Green and Black Tea Polyphenols on BRCA2 Deficient Chinese Hamster Cells by Synthetic Lethality through PARP Inhibition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061274.

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Tea polyphenols are known antioxidants presenting health benefits due to their observed cellular activities. In this study, two tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, which is common in green tea, and theaflavin, which is common in black tea, were investigated for their PARP inhibitory activity and selective cytotoxicity to BRCA2 mutated cells. The observed cytotoxicity of these polyphenols to BRCA2 deficient cells is believed to be a result of PARP inhibition induced synthetic lethality. Chinese hamster V79 cells and their BRCA2 deficient mutant V-C8, and V-C8 with gene complemented cells were tested against epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin. In addition, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) wild-type cells and rad51D mutant 51D1 cells were used to further investigate the synthetic lethality of these molecules. The suspected PARP inhibitory activity of epigallocatechin and theaflavin was confirmed through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Epigallocatechin gallate showed a two-fold increase of cytotoxicity to V-C8 cells compared to V79 and gene complimented cells. Compared to CHO wild type cells, 51D1 cells also showed elevated cytotoxicity following treatment with epigallocatechin gallate. Theaflavin, however, showed a similar increase of cytotoxicity to VC8 compared to V79 and gene corrected cells, but did not show elevation of cytotoxicity towards rad51D mutant cells compared to CHO cells. Elevation of sister chromatid exchange formation was observed in both tea polyphenol treatments. Polyphenol treatment induced more micronuclei formation in BRCA2 deficient cells and rad51D deficient cells when compared against the respective wild type cells. In conclusion, tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavin may present selective cytotoxicity to BRCA2 deficient cells through synthetic lethality induced by PARP inhibition.

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Amarowicz, Ryszard, and Fereidoon Shahidi. "Presence of two forms of methylated (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in green tea." Nahrung/Food 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.200390002.

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Kobayashi, J., Y. Tazoh, M. Sasaura, and S. Miyazawa. "Structural analysis of lanthanum gallate." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0097.

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High temperature x-ray diffractometry (HT-XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements confirm that two kinds of structural phase transitions exist in LaGaO3. One is the first order transition from the orthorhombic to the rhombohedral structure at ∼150 °C. The other is the second order transition from the rhombohedral to the monoclinic structure from ∼750 °C to ∼1000 °C.

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Navarro-Martínez, María Dolores, Enma Navarro-Perán, Juan Cabezas-Herrera, Joaquín Ruiz-Gómez, Francisco García-Cánovas, and José Neptuno Rodríguez-López. "Antifolate Activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 7 (July 2005): 2914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.7.2914-2920.2005.

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ABSTRACT The catechin epigallocatechin gallate, one of the main constituents of green tea, showed strong antibiotic activity against 18 isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC range, 4 to 256 μg/ml). In elucidating its mechanism of action, we have shown that epigallocatechin gallate is an efficient inhibitor of S. maltophilia dihydrofolate reductase, a strategic enzyme that is considered an attractive target for the development of antibacterial agents. The inhibition of S. maltophilia dihydrofolate reductase by this tea compound was studied and compared with the mechanism of a nonclassical antifolate compound, trimethoprim. Investigation of dihydrofolate reductase was undertaken with both a trimethoprim-susceptible S. maltophilia isolate and an isolate with a high level of resistance. The enzymes were purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and methotrexate affinity chromatography. The two isolates showed similar levels of dihydrofolate reductase expression and similar substrate kinetics. However, the dihydrofolate reductase from the trimethoprim-resistant isolate demonstrated decreased susceptibility to inhibition by trimethoprim and epigallocatechin gallate. As with other antifolates, the action of epigallocatechin gallate was synergistic with that of sulfamethoxazole, a drug that blocks folic acid metabolism in bacteria, and the inhibition of bacterial growth was attenuated by including leucovorin in the growth medium. We conclude that the mechanism of action of epigallocatechin gallate on S. maltophilia is related to its antifolate activity.

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Santosa, Edi, Sofyan Zaman, Dwi Guntoro, and Anas Dinurrohman Susila. "Agroecology and Uses of Galinsoga parviflora as Indigenous Vegetable in Highland of Kuningan, Banjarnegara and Wonosobo, Indonesia." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 48, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v48i3.32800.

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Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) is a cosmopolitan weed and is traditionally used as a vegetable in Java highland. The study aimed to evaluate agroecology and uses of G. parviflora as an indigenous vegetable in Java. Researches were conducted in Kuningan, Banjarnegara, and Wonosobo districts from June 2015 to July 2017. The distribution map was drawn from field tracks, interviews, and literature studies. Results revealed two Galinsoga species based on leaf and stem shape, i.e., G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata. Only G. parviflora was selected as a vegetable in Banjarnegara and Wonosobo, but not in Kuningan district. It ranked seventh among 13 traditional vegetables; young shoot with inflorescences was consumed after cooking or boiling, and sometimes used as a diuretic. Although it contributed low to household diet, however, its position on the social relationship among neighbors was important. The wide distribution range of Galinsoga in Java is potential as a new vegetable. It is important to study the nutrient content of this vegetable to improve utilization. Keywords: Asteraceae, Dieng, gallant soldier, jukut saminggu, weed

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Peghaire, Elodie, Samar Hamdache, Antonin Galien, Mohamad Sleiman, Alexandra ter Halle, Hicham El Alaoui, Ayhan Kocer, Claire Richard, and Pascale Goupil. "Inducing Plant Defense Reactions in Tobacco Plants with Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Red Maple Leaves: A Characterization of Main Active Ingredients." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060705.

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Red maple leaf extracts (RME) were tested for their plant defense inducer (PDI) properties. Two extracts were obtained and compared by different approaches: RME1 using ethanol–water (30–70%, v/v, 0.5% HCl 1N) and RME2 using pure water. Both extracts titrated at 1.9 g L−1 in polyphenols and infiltrated into tobacco leaves efficiently induced hypersensitive reaction-like lesions with topical accumulation of auto-fluorescent compounds noted under UV and scopoletin titration assays. The antimicrobial marker PR1, β−1,3-glucanase PR2, chitinase PR3, and osmotin PR5 target genes were all upregulated in tobacco leaves following RME1 treatment. The alkaline hydrolysis of RME1 and RME2 combined with HPLC titration of gallic acid revealed that gallate functions were present in both extracts at levels comprised between 185 and 318 mg L−1. HPLC-HR-MS analyses and glucose assay identified four gallate derivatives consisting of a glucose core linked to 5, 6, 7, and 8 gallate groups. These four galloyl glucoses possessed around 46% of total gallate functions. Their higher concentration in RME suggested that they may contribute significantly to PDI activity. These findings define the friendly galloyl glucose as a PDI and highlight a relevant methodology for combining plant assays and chemistry process to their potential quantification in crude natural extracts.

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Pamudi, Berwi Fazri, Azizahwati Azizahwati, and Arry Yanuar. "IN-SILICO SCREENING AGAINST ANTIMALARIAL TARGET PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ENOYL-ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN REDUCTASE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 17 (October 1, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s5.23114.

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Objective: Malaria is a parasitic infection that causes worldwide health problems. The absence of an effective vaccine and Plasmodium strains that are resistant to antimalarial drugs emphasize the importance of developing new chemotherapeutic agents. The use of computers for in-silico screening, or virtual screening, is currently being developed as a method for discovering antimalarial drugs. One of the enzymes that can support the development of the malaria parasite is the Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR). Inhibition of these enzymes leads to Type II lipid biosynthesis inhibition on the parasite.Methods: This research investigates the use of virtual screening to find PfENR inhibitor candidates. A molecular docking method using GOLD software and the medicinal plants in Indonesia database will be used. This target has been optimized by the removal of residues and the addition of charge. Ligand is expected to be an inhibitor of PfENR.Results: In-silico screening, or virtual screening, found that the top five compounds with the highest GOLD score at trial are kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl- (1-3)-rhamnosyl-(1-6)-glucoside; cyanidin 3,5-di-(6-malonylglucoside); 8-hydroxyapigenin 8-(2’’, 4’’-disulfato glucuronide); epigallocatechin 3,5,-di- O-gallat; quercetin 3,4’-dimethyl ether 7-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-6)-glucoside. They had GOLD scores of 94.73, 95.90, 86.46, 85.39, and 84.40, respectively.Conclusions: There are two candidate inhibitor compounds from tea (Camellia sinensis), which have potential for development as an antimalarial drug, which are kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl-(1-3)-rhamnosyl-(1-6)-glucoside and epigallocatechin 3,5,-di-O-gallate, with a GOLD score of 94.73 and 85.39, respectively.

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Nakagawa, Hiroshi, Keiji Hasumi, Masamichi Takami, Sachiko Aida-Hyugaji, Je-Tae Woo, Kazuo Nagai, Toshihisa Ishikawa, and Masaaki Wachi. "Identification of two biologically crucial hydroxyl groups of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in osteoclast culture." Biochemical Pharmacology 73, no. 1 (January 2007): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.002.

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Kurdiukova, O., and O. Ivaschenko. "How to get rid of Gallant Soldier?" Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 11-12 (December 6, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.11-12.14-17.

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Goal. The goal of the research was to develop effective Galinsoga parviflora control techniques in crops of field and vegetable crops, taking into account its biological and environmental features. Methods. Studies were perform 2010—2018 in industrial crops of 6 farms of the Steppe- and Forest-Steppe zones of Ukraine on ordinary black soil. Establishment of experiments, observations and counts in them carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. The germination of G. parviflora seeds began when the soil was heated to 5°C. The number of seedlings increased until the end of May, reaching 56—149 pcs/m2, in the summer period it did not exceed 4.7—5.8 pcs/m2, and at the end of summer and early autumn it increased again to 96—322 pcs/m2, much of which had a dwarf form. The pre-sowing, post-sowing treatment and loosening of the soil or post-emergence herbicides during the period of planting, the second one — the main processing and mulching of the soil in the sowing were decisive in the control system of the first wave of the G. parviflora seedlings. Early autumn plowing (in August) with preliminary peeling, spring harrowing and leveling of the ЛК-2 soil reduced the potential debris by 58—63%, and the actual one by 1.1—1.6 times. Minimalization of the main tillage led to an increase in debris in crops twice. The efficiency of pre-emergence harrowing of crops in cloudy weather and with good soil moisture did not exceed 72%, and in warm sunny it was 93%. On irrigated lands and heavy soils, two loosening of the soil in between rows reduced the contamination of crops in comparison with the variant without loosening in 1.3—1.4, three — in 1.7—1.9, four–five — in 3.5—4.2 times. When mulching between crops 4—5 cm with a layer of straw at a height of cultivated plants of 8—15 cm, all the weeds died completely, 96% sawdust, 92% with agrofiber. In the years with cold spring, pre-emergence herbicides controlled 72—76%, and in warm years, 89—98% weeds. Post-harvest 3—4 spraying of crops of beets with Goltix herbicides (1.5—2.0 kg/ha) + Belvedere Forte (0.7—1.0 l/ha) starting from the seed of the cotyledon leaves at the weeds and every 7—14 days or 2 sprays in 10—15 days Betanal Progres (1.0—3.0 l/ha) + Caribou (0.03 kg/ ha) ensured their complete suppression. In onion crops, 90—95% of weeds were controlled by Galigan (0.75 l/ ha), carrots and green crops — Gezagard (2.5 l/ha), tomatoes and potatoes — Zenkor (0.5 l/ ha), corn sugar — Chaser-P (2.5 l/ ha) or Secateurs (0.15 kg/ha). Tape application of herbicides in combination with inter-row loosening ensured the destruction of 97—99% of weeds while reducing the costs of herbicides by 68—73%. Conclusions. The most effective control of G. parviflora is achieved by conducting double-peeling, early plowing, autumn cultivation, spring harrowing, leveling the soil and 3—4 times loosening the inter-row spacing of crops. The high control effect of G. parviflora in crops of beets is given by the use of post-harvest herbicides Holtix + Belvedere Forte, Betanal Progres + Caribou, onions — Galigan, carrots and green crops — Gezagard, tomatoes and potatoes — Zencore, sugar corn — Chaser-P or Secateurs. The total death of G. parviflora and other weeds is ensured by mulching of crops 4—5 cm with a layer of straw or sawdust.

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Umar, Kabir Mustapha, S. M. Abdulkarim, Son Radu, Azizah Abdul Hamid, and Nazamid Saari. "Engineering the Production of Major Catechins byEscherichia coliCarrying Metabolite Genes ofCamellia sinensis." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/529031.

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A mimicked biosynthetic pathway of catechin metabolite genes fromC. sinensis, consisting of flavanone 3 hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LCR), was designed and arranged in two sets of constructs: (a) single promoter in front of F3H and ribosome-binding sequences both in front of DFR and LCR; (b) three different promoters with each in the front of the three genes and ribosome-binding sequences at appropriate positions. RecombinantE. coliBL (DE3) harbouring the constructs were cultivated for 65 h at 26°C in M9 medium consisting of 40 g/L glucose, 1 mM IPTG, and 3 mM eriodictyol. Compounds produced were extracted in ethyl acetate in alkaline conditions after 1 h at room temperature and identified by HPLC. Two of the four major catechins, namely, (−)-epicatechin (0.01 ) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (0.36 mg/L), and two other types ((+)-catechin hydrate (0.13 mg/L) and (−)-catechin gallate (0.04 mg/L)) were successfully produced.

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Hepp, C., I. Valentine, J. Hodgson, A. G. Gillingham, and P. D. Kemp. "Effects of grass suppression on legume abundance during two contrasting seasons on a summer-dry hill country site." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3005.

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The low level of legumes in New Zealand hill pastoral systems is a recognized problem that is likely to affect sustainability. The relative importance of the factors that cause low legume abundance has not been sufficiently tested, especially on dry hill country. This paper reports the effects of grass suppression in two contrasting years in a summer-dry hill country site on the east coast of the North Island. Suppressing grass with haloxyfop herbicide (Gallant) in late autumn increased legume abundance by > 25% in both years, but the response patterns were strongly influenced by soil moisture status. Moist late spring and summer conditions produced 34% more legume growth in both Â± herbicide treatments. Residual effects of grass suppression favoured white clover over subterranean clover growth under moist seasonal conditions. The control of grass growth in these hill swards improved legume abundance, but the overriding factor affecting legume content in the pasture was the level of soil moisture. Key words: grass suppression, haloxyfop herbicide, hill country, legume abundance, soil moisture, subterranean clover, summer-dry, white clover

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Setyawan, Eka Indra, Erna Prawita Setyowati, Abdul Rohman, and Akhmad Kharis Nugroho. "CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN FOR OPTIMIZING EXTRACTION OF EGCG FROM GREEN TEA LEAF (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L.)." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.29245.

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Objective: This study was intended to optimize the extraction condition using central composite design.Methods: Central composite cesign with three independent variables, namely water temperature, brewing time, and brewing number were used to obtain the optimum extraction condition. Two dependent variables, namely yield of extraction and epigallocatechingallate level were used as a response parameter. Epigallocatechin gallate level was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography method.Results: Extraction yield was varied from 0.30 g to 0.72 g. All variables, namely water temperature, brewing time, and brewing number were able to increase the extraction yield. Epigallocatechingallate level was varied from 190.23 mg/g to 301.74 mg/g. Water temperature, brewing time, and both interaction were able to increase the epigallocatechin gallate level in green tea extract.Conclusion: Optimum extraction condition was shown using hot water at a temperature of 95 °C for 20 min and two-times infusions. The condition obtained extraction yield and epigallocatechingallate of 0.70 g and 286.87 mg/g dry weight, respectively.

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Ai, Zeyi, Shuyuan Liu, Fengfeng Qu, Haojie Zhang, Yuqiong Chen, and Dejiang Ni. "Effect of Stereochemical Configuration on the Transport and Metabolism of Catechins from Green Tea across Caco-2 Monolayers." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061185.

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The transcellular transport and metabolism of eight green tea catechins (GTCs) were studied in Caco-2 monolayers, with the aim of investigating the effect of cis–trans isomerism on the membrane permeability and biotransformation of GTCs. The results showed that the catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the efflux transport rather than the absorption transport in the Caco-2 monolayers. The trans catechins showed a better transcellular permeability than their corresponding cis (epi) catechins in the efflux transport, as the efflux amount of trans catechins were all significantly higher than that of the cis (epi) catechins at each concentration and each time point tested. Moreover, the relative contents of the (+)-catechin (C)-O-sulfate, (+)-gallocatechin (GC)-O-sulfate, (−)-catechin gallate (CG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG)-O-sulfate in the efflux transport were 2.67, 16.08, 50.48, and 31.54 times higher than that of the (−)-epicatechin (EC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-O-sulfate, respectively. It indicated that more metabolites were observed after the transcellular efflux of trans catechins. Furthermore, after two hours of incubation, the GTCs could significantly increase the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer-resistance protein (BCRP), and decrease the expression of P-glycoprotein in the Caco-2 cells. The regulation of GTCs on P-glycoprotein, MRP2, and BCRP could also be significantly influenced by the chemical and dimensional structure. In a conclusion, catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the transport and metabolism of GTCs when refluxed in the Caco-2 monolayers.

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Pedan, Vasilisa, Sascha Rohn, Mirjam Holinger, Tilo Hühn, and Irene Chetschik. "Bioactive Compound Fingerprint Analysis of Aged Raw Pu’er Tea and Young Ripened Pu’er Tea." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081931.

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Pu’er tea produced from Camellia sinensis var. assamica is a widely appreciated and consumed beverage that can be divided into two kinds of tea depending on the different fermentation processed used, the special sensory characteristics, and their chemical composition. However, authentication seems to be very important for such teas, as they are traded to comparatively high prices, especially in Europe. The results for selected biochemical markers showed that aged raw pu’er tea contained 210.2 mg GAE/g polyphenols, of which 2.2 mg/g were gallic acid, 16.1 mg/g theogallin, 35.1 mg/g (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and 40.1 mg/g (−)-epicatechin gallate, on average. Young ripened pu’er tea contained about 104.6 mg GAE/g polyphenols, of which 5.5 mg/g gallic acid, 0.9 mg/g theogallin, 0.7 mg/g (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and 1.8 mg/g (−)-epicatechin gallate, on average. An additional objective of the present study was to unravel the best brewing conditions for optimal extraction of the bioactive compounds. Infusions of nineteen commercial teas (from pu’er cakes) were obtained at different time-temperature ratios for studying the content of bioactive compounds (flavan-3-ols, flavonols, caffeoylquinic acids, methylxanthines). Brewing at 90 °C for 5 min was the best condition to obtain a high content of total polyphenols in ripened pu’er tea. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed, that young ripened and aged raw pu’er tea can be successfully differentiated by the analyzed chemical compounds. Principal component analysis results indicated that young ripened pu’er tea has higher contents of gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol than aged raw pu’er tea.

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Lustig, Christian, and Norbert W. Mitzel. "Crystal Structures of the Supramolecular Aggregates of the Methyl and Chloro Substituted Gallanes MexGaCl3-x." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2004-0204.

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The crystal structures of the complete series of compounds of the general formula MexGaCl3−x have been determined. New polymorphs of GaCl3 and MeGaCl2 were found. All chloro compounds MexGaCl3−x (x = 0, 1, 2) are dimers with Ga2Cl2 four-membered rings. (GaCl3)2 and (MeGaCl2)2 are aggregated into layers with the same aggregation motif (each molecule connected to four neighbouring molecules), (Me2GaCl)2 is associated in a ladder-like structure (each molecule connected to two neighbouring molecules), GaMe3 forms weakly Ga···C bound pseudo-tetramers aggregated into layers by further Ga···C contacts (each molecule has two shorter Ga···C’ and C···Ga’ and two weaker Ga···C’ and C···Ga’ contacts).

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Tanaka, Takashi, Yosuke Matsuo, and Isao Kouno. "A Novel Black Tea Pigment and Two New Oxidation Products of Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 19 (September 2005): 7571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0512656.

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Peek, James, Thomas Shi, and Dinesh Christendat. "Identification of Novel Polyphenolic Inhibitors of Shikimate Dehydrogenase (AroE)." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 7 (March 14, 2014): 1090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114527127.

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Shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents due to its conserved and essential nature in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Here, we have performed an in vitro screen using a collection of more than 5500 compounds and identified 24 novel inhibitors of AroE from Pseudomonas putida. The IC50 values for the two most potent inhibitors we identified, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), were 3.0 ± 0.2 µM and 3.7 ± 0.5 µM, respectively. Based on the high level of structural conservation between AroE orthologs, we predicted that the identified compounds would also inhibit AroE enzymes from other organisms. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that EGCG and ECG inhibit the AroE domain of the bifunctional dehydroquinate dehydratase-shikimate dehydrogenase (DHQ-SDH) from Arabidopsis thaliana with IC50 values of 2.1 ± 0.3 µM and 2.0 ± 0.2 µM, respectively.

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Costa, CAGA, NLG Albuquerque, JS Mendonça, AD Loguercio, VPA Saboia, and SL Santiago. "Catechin-based Dentin Pretreatment and the Clinical Performance of a Universal Adhesive: A Two-year Randomized Clinical Trial." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-088-c.

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Clinical Relevance At 24 months, the dentin pretreatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate did not impair the clinical performance of the adhesive Single Bond Universal regardless of the bonding strategy used. SUMMARY Purpose: To evaluate the two-year effect of dentin pretreatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the clinical performance of restorations of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) with Single Bond Universal, applied in two different modes (self-etch and etch-and-rinse). Methods and Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, 33 volunteers were selected, and 156 NCCLs were assigned to four groups: ER, etch-and-rinse; ER-EGCG, 0.1% EGCG dentin pretreatment + etch-and-rinse; SE, self-etch; and SE-EGCG, 0.1% EGCG dentin pretreatment + self-etch. The NCCLs were restored with a nanofilled resin composite and evaluated at baseline and at six, 12, 18, and 24 months using FDI criteria for retention, marginal staining, marginal adaptation, caries, and postoperative sensitivity. Two evaluators were blinded to the treatments performed, and impressions were taken for resin replicas to allow indirect observations. Statistical analyses were performed with Kruskal-Wallis and McNemar tests with a significance level of 5%. Results: Six restorations (one from ER, two from SE, one from ER-EGCG, and two from SEEGCG) were lost at 24 months with no significant differences (p>0.05). The retention rates were 97.0% (ER and ER-EGCG), 94.1% (SE), and 94.2% (SE-EGCG). For marginal adaptation, a significant difference was detected between the baseline and 24 months for the SE group (p=0.0313). There were no statistical differences among all other evaluated criteria at 24 months, neither for each group at baseline nor for 24-month comparisons (p>0.05). Conclusions: The pretreatment with EGCG provided no benefit in the clinical performance of the adhesive regardless of the bonding strategy used. In addition, it adds an additional required step to the restorative procedure.

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Kane, Cynthia J. M., Jay H. Menna, Ching-Ching Sung, and Yun-Chi Yeh. "Methyl gallate, methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of herpes simplex virus in vitro. II. Antiviral activity of methyl gallate and its derivatives." Bioscience Reports 8, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01128976.

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Methyl gallate (MG), methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, was highly active against herpes viruses as determined by plaque reduction assay. Herper simplex virus type 2, MS strain, was sensitive to MG at a mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.224 μg/ml in monkey kidney cells. MG was specific for herpes viruses with the relative sensitivity HSV-2>HSV-1>CMV. Two RNA viruses tested were significantly less sensitive to MG. The structural components of MG which modulate the anti-herpetic activity were identified by analysis of chemical analogues. Our structural analyses indicated that three hydroxyl groups were required but were not sufficient for the anti-herpetic action of MG. The presence and chain length of the alkyl ester were also important to the anti-herpetic activity of MG. Methyl gallate may interact with virus proteins and alter the adsorption and penetration of the virion.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Two Gallants'

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