Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Two illuminations'

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações<br>The ever growing energy consumption trends and its impact on the environment has triggered worldwide attention. This has motivated several measures, such as the Kyoto protocol, or the 20 20 20 European strategy, aiming at the reduction of energy consumption. Globally, these measures defend a better and efficient usage of the available energy. This in turn is strongly linked to public awareness and the introduction of efficient electronic equipment. Public street lighting is a good example of these trends, where both aspects are of the utmost importance. The introduction of power LEDs as future lighting devices has motivated several advances coping with these strategies. On one side, LEDs are able to deliver higher efficiency when compared to conventional lighting devices. This has triggered the replacement of old style luminaires by LED based ones. However, their high cost has prevented full adoption and at the present stage, is acting as a slowing down force against this replacement trend. Better solutions are under research on the framework of several European projects. Power LEDs are solid-state devices able to support fast switching, a feature which was not fully supported by conventional lighting devices. Combining this feature with environmental sensing and intelligent control may lead to better power savings. A simple approach would be to consider the that the actual lighting demands depend on the street usage and surrounding lighting levels. For this purpose, the combination of twilight sensors, motion detectors and intelligent control schemes may provide a suitable approach. This way, the real lighting demands can be effectively taken into consideration, providing luminaires able to consume the least possible energy. For this to become a reality several challenges have to be addressed. One of the most important challenges is the LED driver design. Modern lighting systems based on LEDs, replace the traditional ballasts by LED drivers. When efficiency is a major concern, such as in public street lighting, these drivers have to be designed in order to be the most robust and efficient as possible. Recurring solutions resort to switched mode power supplies, able to support light dimming. One of the major problems with these drivers is the fact that their efficiency decreases for lower dimming levels. This is of the utmost importance for public street lighting, as most of the time during night, the luminaires are on a low lighting level (as changes to high lighting conditions depend on street usage). Thus, in order to promote better power savings, the efficiency of the driver should be high for both lighting conditions. Commercially available drivers, exhibit efficiencies on the 90% range for the high lighting conditions, with only 40% to 60% under the low lighting. On the framework of this master dissertation it was investigated the problem of LED driver design aiming at the highest possible uniformity of the efficiency curve, under different loading and dimming conditions. The selected approach was based on quasi-resonant flyback converter, backed up by an active power factor correcting block. The designed driver supports remote configuration and monitoring as well as sensor integration. The archived results show that this driver achieves a peak efficiency of 93% under maximum load and 100% duty-cycle. The efficiency for low dimming conditions (10% duty-cycle) achieves 75%.<br>As tendências de consumo de energia cada vez maior e seu impacto sobre o meio ambiente tem captado a atenção a nível mundial. Isso tem motivado várias medidas, tais como o Protocolo de Quioto, ou a estratégia Europeia 20 20 20, visando a redução do consumo de energia. Globalmente, estas medidas defendem um uso melhor e eficiente da energia disponível. Este, por sua vez, está fortemente ligado à consciência pública e à introdução de equipamento eletrónico eficiente. A iluminação pública é um bom exemplo dessas tendências, em que ambos os aspetos são de extrema importância. A introdução de LEDs como dispositivos de iluminação tem motivado vários avanços que lidam com essas estratégias. De um lado, os LEDs são capazes de oferecer uma maior eficiência quando comparados com dispositivos de iluminação convencionais. Isso provocou a substituição de luminárias convencionais por luminárias baseadas em LED. No entanto, o custo elevado destes dispositivos tem impedido a adoção plena e na fase atual, está mesmo a atuar como uma força negativa contra esta tendência de substituição. Melhores soluções estão sob investigação no âmbito de vários projetos europeus. Os LEDs são dispositivos de estado sólido, capazes de suportar a comutação rápida, uma característica que não é totalmente suportada por dispositivos de iluminação convencionais. Combinando esta característica com sensores ambientais e controlo inteligente pode-se ambicionar melhores poupanças energéticas. Uma abordagem simples seria a de considerar o que as exigências de iluminação reais dependem do uso das ruas e os níveis de iluminação circundantes. Para este efeito, a combinação de sensores de crepúsculo, detetores de movimento e regimes de controlo inteligentes podem propiciar uma abordagem adequada. Desta forma, os requisitos reais de iluminação podem ser efetivamente considerados, fornecendo luminárias capazes de consumir apenas a energia necessária. Para que isto se torne uma realidade vários desafios têm de ser vencidos. Um dos desafios mais importantes é o projeto LED driver. Nos sistemas de iluminação modernos baseados em LEDs, substitui-se os balastros convencionais por LED drivers. Quando a eficiência é importante, como no caso da iluminação pública, O LED driver têm de ser concebido de forma a ser o mais robusto e eficiente possível. Soluções recorrentes usam a fontes de alimentação comutadas, capazes de suportar o escurecimento adaptativo do fluxo luminoso. Um dos problemas principais no projeto destes drivers é o facto de a sua eficiência diminuir para níveis de regulação mais baixos. Isto é de extrema importância para a iluminação pública, pois na maioria dos casos durante a noite, as luminárias estão num nível de iluminação de baixo. Assim, com a finalidade de promover uma melhor economia de energia, a eficiência do driver deve ser elevada para ambas as condições de iluminação. Drivers comercialmente disponíveis, exibem eficácias na gama de 90% com elevado fluxo luminoso, e apenas 40% a 60% na condição de baixo fluxo luminoso. No âmbito desta dissertação de mestrado foi investigado o problema do projeto de driver LED visando a maior uniformidade possível da curva de eficiência, sob diferentes condições de carga e de fluxo luminoso. A abordagem escolhida foi baseada no conversor flyback quasi-ressonante, apoiado por um bloco de correção de fator de potência ativa. O driver projetado suporta configuração e monitorização remota, bem como de integração de sensores. Os resultados alcançados mostram que este driver atinge um pico de eficiência de 93% na condição de carga máxima e máximo fluxo luminoso. A eficiência em condições de baixo fluxo luminoso é superior a 75%.

The objective of this thesis is the development of algorithms for the simulation of the light transport in general environments to render high quality still images. To this end, first we have analyzed the existing methods able to render participating media, more concretely those that account for multiple scattering within the media. Next, we have devised a couple of two pass methods for the computation of those images. For the first step we have proposed algorithms to cope with the scenes we want to deal with. The second step uses the coarse solution of the first step to obtain the final rendered image.<br/>The structure of the dissertation is briefly presented below.<br/>In the first chapter the motivation of the thesis and its objectives are discussed. It also summarizes the contributions of the thesis and its organization.<br/>In the second chapter the principles of global illumination for general environments are reviewed, with the most important equations---the rendering equation and the transport equation---whose solution constitutes the global illumination problem. In order to solve the global illumination problem, a certain number of multi-pass methods exist. Their objective is to be able to skip restrictions on the number of types of light paths that could be dealt with a single technique, or increase efficiency and/or accuracy. We have opted to follow this philosophy, and a pair of two pass methods have been developed for general environments.<br/>The third chapter includes the study of the methods that perform the single scattering approximation, and also the study of the ones that take into account multiple scattering.<br/>The fourth chapter is devoted to our first pass method, which computes a rough estimate of the global illumination. Knowing the benefits of hierarchical approaches, two concrete algorithms based on hierarchies have been extended to be more generic: Hierarchical Radiosity with Clustering and Hierarchical Monte Carlo Radiosity.<br/>Our second pass is considered in the next chapter. Using the coarse solution obtained by the first pass, our second pass computes a high quality solution from a given viewpoint. Radiances and source radiances are estimated using Monte Carlo processes in the context of path tracing acceleration and also for final gather. Probability density functions (PDFs) are created at ray intersection points. For such a task, we initially used constant basis functions for the directional domain. After realizing of their limitations we proposed the Link Probabilities (LPs), which are objects with adaptive PDFs in the links-space.<br/>In order to take advantage of the effort invested for the construction of the LPs, we have devised two closely related progressive sampling strategies. In the second pass, instead of sampling each pixel individually, only a subset of samples is progressively estimated across the image plane. Our algorithms are inspired by the work of Michael D. McCool on anisotropic diffusion using conductance maps.<br/>The final chapter presents the conclusions of the thesis. Also possible lines of further research are suggested.<br>El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de algoritmos para la simulación del transporte de la luz en los entornos genéricos para generar imágenes de la alta calidad. Con este fin, primero hemos analizado los métodos existentes capaces de visualizar medios participativos, más concretamente los que tienen en cuenta la dispersión múltiple en los medios. Después, hemos ideado un par de métodos de dos pasos para el cómputo de esas imágenes. Para el primer paso hemos propuesto algoritmos que hacen frente a las escenas que deseamos tratar. El segundo paso utiliza la solución aproximada del primer paso para obtener la imagen final. <br/>La estructura de la disertación se presenta brevemente en lo que sigue.<br/>En el primer capítulo se discuten la motivación de la tesis y sus objetivos. También se resumen las contribuciones de la tesis y su organización. <br/>En el segundo capítulo se repasan los principios de la iluminación global para los ambientes genéricos, con las ecuaciones-más importantes (la ecuación de rendering y la ecuación de transporte) cuya solución constituye el problema global de iluminación. Para solucionar el problema global de iluminación, cierto número de métodos de múltiples pasos existen. Su objetivo es poder eliminar restricciones en el número de tipos de caminos de luz que se podrían tratar con una sola técnica, o aumentar su eficacia y/o exactitud. Hemos optado seguir esta filosofía, desarrollando un par de métodos de dos pasos para entornos genéricos.<br/>El tercer capítulo incluye el estudio de los métodos que utilizan la aproximación de dispersión simple, y también el estudio de los que consideran la dispersión múltiple.<br/>El cuarto capítulo está dedicado a nuestro método de primer paso, que computa un cálculo aproximado de la iluminación global. Conociendo las ventajas de los métodos jerárquicos, dos algoritmos concretos basados en jerarquías se han ampliado para ser más genéricos: radiosidad jerárquica con clustering y radiosidad jerárquica usando Monte Carlo. Nuestro segundo paso se considera en el capítulo siguiente. Usando la solución aproximada obtenida por el primer paso, el segundo paso computa una solución de la alta calidad para un punto de vista dado. Se estiman las radiancias usando procesos de Monte Carlo en el contexto de la aceleración de trazadores de rayos y también para final gather. Las funciones de densidad de probabilidad (PDFs) se crean en los puntos de interacción de los rayos. Para tal tarea, utilizamos inicialmente funciones constantes como base para el dominio direccional. Después de comprender sus limitaciones, propusimos establecer probabilidades directamente sobre los enlaces (link probabilities, o LPs), usando objetos con PDFs adaptativos en el espacio de los enlaces.<br/>Para aprovechar el esfuerzo invertido en la construcción de los LPs, hemos ideado dos estrategias de muestreo progresivas. En el segundo paso, en vez de muestrear cada pixel individualmente, solamente se estima progresivamente un subconjunto de muestras a través del plano de imagen. Nuestros algoritmos han sido inspirados en el trabajo de Michael D. McCool en la difusión anisotrópica usando mapas de conductancia.<br/>El capítulo final presenta las conclusiones de la tesis, y también sugiere las líneas posibles de investigación futura.

On assiste à un essor spectaculaire des méthodes optiques pour suivre l’activité de populations neuronales in vivo. Ceci a permis de mettre en évidence des motifs remarquables d’organisation fonctionnelle à l’échelle mésoscopique impliqués dans de nombreuses fonctions cérébrales physiopathologiques. Cette thèse vise à mettre en place les outils permettant de disséquer les circuits sous-tendant ces motifs remarquables selon une approche expérimentale basée uniquement sur la microscopie optique. Plus particulièrement, ces outils ont été optimisés pour décrire la région CA1 de l’hippocampe adulte et le « barrel cortex » au cours du développement. En effet, deux motifs remarquables ont récemment été mis en évidence dans ces structures, les assemblées neuronales de CA1 adulte impliquées d’une part dans des processus de mémorisation et les neurones Hubs du cortex en développement et d’autre part participant au développement postnatal des circuits neuronaux. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un nouveau paradigme expérimental combinant imagerie calcique biphotonique in vivo, photostimulation par illumination holographique et analyse mathématique. Nous avons optimisé le choix et la co-expression de la sonde calcique et de l’opsine dans nos conditions expérimentales, et calibré leur utilisation dans les neurones de différentes structures cérébrales. De plus, nous avons conçu et assemblé un nouveau microscope à deux voies d’excitation, une pour l’imagerie calcique et l’autre pour la photostimulation holographique in vivo. Cette nouvelle approche expérimentale est en cours de validation sur les neurones Hubs à forte connectivité du « barrel cortex » en développement<br>Over The last five years we have observed a huge improvement of optical methods to monitor the activity of neuronal populations in vivo. With these new approaches, remarkable patterns of functional organization at the mesoscopic scale that are involved in many pathophysiological brain functions were highlighted. This thesis aims to develop tools allowing us to dissect the circuits underlying these remarkable patterns according to an experimental approach based on all optical microscopy. These tools have been optimized to describe the functional organization of CA1 neurons in the adult hippocampus as well as in the barrel cortex during development. Two remarkable patterns have recently been identified in these structures, first, adult CA1 neural assemblies involved in memory processes and second, Hub cortical neurons that shape neuronal circuit during development. We have developed a new experimental paradigm combining in vivo two photon calcium imaging, holography photostimulation and mathematical analysis. We optimized the choice and co-expression of calcium probe (GCaMP6s) and opsin (Chronos and ChR2H134R) in our experimental conditions and calibrated their use in neurons of different brain structures. In addition, we designed and assembled a new two-path excitation microscope, one for calcium imaging and the other for in vivo holography photostimulation. This new experimental approach is being validated on Hub neurons with high connectivity in the developing barrel cortex

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1992.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-49).<br>The use of a tracer aerosol with a bulk density close to that of air is a convenient way to study the dispersal of pollutants in ambient room air flow. Conventional point measurement techniques do not permit the rapid and accurate determination of the concentration fields produced by the injection of such a tracer into a volume of air. An instantaneous two dimensional distribution would aid in the characterization of flow and diffusion processes in the volume studied, and permit verification of theoretical models. A method is developed to measure such two dimensional concentration fields using a laser light sheet to illuminate the plane of interest, which is captured and processed using current microcomputer-based video image acquisition and analysis technology. Point concentrations, determined optically using extinction of monochromatic illumination projected through the aerosol onto a photo detector, are used to calibrate the captured video linages to detennine actual concentration values. Accuracy, reproducibility, and maximum rate of data acquisition are evaluated by means of theoretical models of ambient air flow in a sealed box with pointinjection of the tracer, and in a duct of circular cross section with constant air velocity under both constant and pulsed injection scenarios.<br>by Frank Revi.<br>M.S.

Contemporary art is seen as an effective way of communicating complicated science to a range of lay audiences, particularly in the context of medical research. This is the premise of ‘sciart’. However this rationale can limit the cultural significance of artworks by overstating their illustrative capacity, an outcome that severely reduces the creative endeavour of the artist. Based on the first-hand experience of an artist whose career has engaged with the opportunities afforded by ‘sciart’, this study seeks to address the illustration problem by exploring new methods of working across art and science that challenge representations of the inherited neuromuscular disorder myotonic dystrophy, a condition which affects one in 8000 adults in the UK. Hazel, a film made by the artist with the participation of eleven women affected by the condition, is placed at the centre of this as a case study. Pioneering work with the UK Myotonic Dystrophy Patient Registry facilitated recruitment, and it is this process that forms the unique contribution to knowledge of the research. By illuminating the multiple loss experienced by families struggling with physical and social decline, this research offers a practical and theoretical image of the capacity contemporary artists have to shape research into myotonic dystrophy. The study will argue that this capacity is more ambitious than illustration, more extensive than the communication of family insights. Thus it can embrace a much-needed form of research leadership that is built upon an artist’s scope to say powerful things by withholding information. In addition, the employment of feminist literature on ageing and appearance, and sociological research into the decline and isolation of affected families, helps define the particular form of leadership that can arise through extreme personal circumstances. As pressures on services increase, cross-sector influence becomes increasingly important and this thesis and body of practical work explores the future impact of contemporary artists taking a lead in shaping research agendas in the genetic sciences.

This study examines the illustrations that appear at the Office of the Dead in English Books of Hours, and seeks to understand how text and image work together in this thriving culture of commemoration to say something about how the English understood and thought about death in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Office of the Dead would have been one of the most familiar liturgical rituals in the medieval period, and was recited almost without ceasing at family funerals, gild commemorations, yearly minds, and chantry chapel services. The Placebo and Dirige were texts that many people knew through this constant exposure, and would have been more widely known than other 'death' texts such as the Ars Moriendi. The images that are found in these books reflect wider trends in the piety and devotional practice of the time. The first half of the study discusses the images that appear in these horae, and the relationship between the text and image is explored. The funeral or vigil scene, as the most commonly occurring, is discussed with reference to contemporary funeral practices, and ways of reading a Book of Hours. Other iconographic themes that appear in the Office of the Dead, such as the Roman de Renart, the Pety Job, the Legend of the Three Living and the Three Dead, the story of Lazarus, and the life of Job, are also discussed. The second part of the thesis investigates the musical elaborations of the Office of the Dead as found in English prayer books. The Office of the Dead had a close relationship with music, which is demonstrated through an examination of the popularity of musical funerals and obits, as well as in the occurrence of musical notation for the Office in a book often used by the musically illiterate. The development of the Office of the Dead in conjunction with the development of the Books of Hours is also considered, and places the traditions and ideas that were part of the funeral process in medieval England in a larger historical context.

There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

Dans la société d’Ancien Régime, les réjouissances monarchiques et les manifestations de joie publique avaient une fonction essentielle pour le pouvoir politique. Leur organisation, ainsi que leur déroulement, démontraient une attention soutenue aux manières d’émerveiller, d’amuser et de susciter des démonstrations de joie parmi la population parisienne. Privée de toute parole politique, celle-ci était néanmoins convoquée pour acclamer et approuver le pouvoir royal et le gouvernement. Toutefois, les réjouissances étaient avant tout un espace de dialogue entre les élites et la population de la capitale parce que cette dernière se réservait le droit de témoigner ou non sa joie, dans le but de critiquer ou d’interroger les vertus du pouvoir politique. Par l’étude des décisions, des modalités de l’organisation et de l’encadrement des réjouissances, il s’agit de comprendre dans quelle mesure le pouvoir monarchique avait besoin des réjouissances pour manifester sa puissance et ses vertus dans un espace public normalisé et contrôlé. Il apparaît alors que se réjouir était un devoir des sujets. L’analyse des moyens mis en œuvre pour réjouir la population permet de rendre compte des perceptions élitaires de la population, strictement réduite à ses capacités sensorielles. L’étude des feux d’artifice, des jets d’argent ou des gestes de charité du pouvoir royal révèle néanmoins un intérêt certain pour s’assurer des acclamations bien calculées. La dernière partie s’interroge sur les manières dont la population répondait aux sollicitations du pouvoir. L’analyse des expériences de la joie publique, des princes aux plus humbles Parisiens, permet de comprendre que l’obéissance n’excluait jamais une appropriation personnelle des événements. Les manifestations officielles de la joie étaient autant des objets de négociations que de détournement, à des fins contestataires ou plus transgressives, surtout dans le dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle. Ainsi, la culture de l’approbation, inculquée tout au long du siècle, servit paradoxalement une culture de la contestation puisque le devoir de se réjouir était devenu un droit à se réjouir<br>In the society of Ancient Regime, the monarchical festivities and public manifestations of joy had an essential function for political power. Their organization and their progress, demonstrated a sustained attention to ways to amaze, amuse and provoke demonstrations of joy among the Parisian population. Deprived of any political speech, this one was convened to applaud and approve the royal power and government. However, the celebrations were primarily a space for dialogue between the elites and the population of the capital because it reserved the right to show or not his joy, in order to criticize or question the virtues of political power. By studying the decisions, rules for the organization and supervision of the festivities, this is to understand how the monarchy needed the festivities to show his power and virtues in a public space under political and police control. It appears that rejoicing was a duty of the subjects. Analysis of the means used to delight the population can reveal the elite perceptions of the population, strictly reduced sensory abilities. The study of fireworks, throwing money or charitable gestures of royal power nevertheless throws new light on interests to ensure well-calculated cheers. The final part examines the ways in which people responded to the demands of power. The analysis of the experiences of the public joy, helps understand that obedience never excluded a personal appropriation of events, for princes to the humblest Parisians. As official events of joy were subjects of negotiations as they were diversion for protester or transgressive purposes, especially in the last third of the eighteenth century. Thus, the culture of assertion, instilled throughout the century, paradoxically served a culture of protest since the duty to cheer became a right to rejoice

In last years phenomena of wireless communication technologies became a primary interest of big development laboratories whole world. Domain of point to point links which are realized by laser technology with narrow beam divergence and very sensitive photo-detectors is ordinarily used these days. This trend of using light waves as carrier medium turned interests of scientist to the sphere of wide area networks which is domain of wi-fi radio technologies. One of new trends in this sphere is also in-door free space optics. With expansion which leads to using LED's in everyday applications and with technological progress of last years, also grows tendency of most effective utilization of LED systems. The result of this effort is thought which considerate LED as source of artificial lighting and source of carrier medium for modulated signal. This kind of device must fulfill hygienic standards for illumination and also must be able to work with high frequency by which is signal modulated. These systems can provide links with sufficient capacity in order of hundred megabits.

博士<br>國立中央大學<br>光電科學與工程學系<br>104<br>Compared with conventional wide-field microscopy, two-photon microscopy (TPM) has advantages of inherent axial resolution and high penetration. Therefore, TPM has been widely applied to bio-medical and clinical researches. However, the spatial resolution of TPM is restricted by the optical diffraction limit so structures smaller than the limit can’t be resolved. To improve the resolution of TPM image in depth tissue, this research will integrate the concept of structured illumination and TPM to develop an imaging system called two-photon scanning structured illumination microscopy (TPS-SIM). In this system, laser beam is tightly focused onto sample to excite two-photon fluorescence signals. The excited signals are imaged and integrated by 2D camera point by point to form an image. During the scanning procedure, the path of the excitation spot is modulated to form an effective structured illumination with a square-wave intensity distribution. Under this structure illumination, higher spatial frequency out of the reach of the conventional wide field microscopy can thus be obtained. An image with improved resolution can be reconstructed though multiple patterned images with different phases. In this research, the theory of the image formation and the image reconstruction algorithm will be clearly introduced. The effects that the period, duty cycle, effective modulation depth of pattern and SNR (signal and noise ratio) may have on the resolution improvement will be discussed. By measuring the fluorescence intensity distribution of the nanoparticles, the maximum resolution improvement ratio of TPS-SIM is around 1.42-fold. Combined the optical sectioning ability of two-photon excitation, 3D images can be obtained in H&E stained sectioned bio-tissues and fluorescence stained whole-mounted mouse skin. In addition to improvement in lateral resolution, the maximum improvement ratio in axial is around 1.67-fold.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>光電工程研究所<br>104<br>In this thesis, we proposed an innovative freeform design constructing a single reflector under a pre-defined illuminance distribution. Based on the energy conservation and ray tracing, the freeform surface can be modeled as a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) with small planar approximation. We developed a finite element method (FEM) to solve the PDE. In order to validate the proposed methodology, we implement an oval-shaped freeform. The simulation results shows we can achieve 4.5% RMS non-uniformity in close agreement with predefined illumination.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>102<br>Nowadays, global warming has become a major issue. Reducing the consumption of fossil fuel and saving energy were the top priorities. In response to the energy crisis, renewable energy has been widely taken as other energy options. Solar energy is one of the most essential and abundant energy. If we can collect and transmit natural light into buildings without opto-electronic conversion, that will save energy and provide healthier light into our daily life. Therefore, our team designed a series of products known as Natural Light Illumination System (NLIS). In developing the high-quality NLIS, our primary concern was to increase the efficiency of the system. When the concentrators in daylight system collects sunlight, the light transmits through light pipe or fiber to any room you want. However, the efficiency decreases dramatically as the number of concentrator increases, due to the interconnection parts which encounter huge loss. For high-efficiency light transmission, the paper presents a design of coupler which assembles concentrators in module. The coupler consists of two structures, convergent element and light guide. According to the candle power distribution curve of the concentrator, we created the convergent element with multi-stage curvature. The concept of the multi-stage curvature is similar to the spherical surface which can compress sunlight smaller. Furthermore, the light guide gathered all light from concentrators and guided to the single exit port, which reduced the number of transmitting component. The module with coupler improved 23.29 % in efficiency with the same collecting area, which was 2.68 times higher. Furthermore, the lower transmitting components were not only lower cost and area but also easy to set up in the building or any place you want.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>光電科學與工程學系<br>103<br>The aim of this study is to enhance the spatial resolution in two-photon microscopy (TPM) by applying a line-shaped structured illumination. Since structured illumination microscopy (SIM) expands the effective frequency spectrum space twice the size bigger of a traditional microscopy’s, its spatial resolution is therefore two times better. Combining it with TPM’s optical sectioning ability, which is due to the relation between the emission and excitation intensity, we can increase the vertical spatial resolution, and also raise the image’s spatial resolution up nearly three times better. Therefore, utilizing our system not only improves the lateral resolution, but also provides optical sectioning ability. This study is separated into simulation and experimental parts. In the simulation part, by using the parameters shown in the spec of the experiment setup, we simulate the whole process of a TPM image being excited by a structured line illumination, and then use the results to reconstruct the image via algorithm, in which, we were able to come up with a improve factor of 2.57. Later in the experimental part, by using quantum dot nanospheres as our samples for lateral resolution measurement purposes, and exciting two-photon fluorescence while applying structured line illumination, we successfully reconstructed the image via algorithm with a lateral resolution improve factor of 1.7. Finally, we compare the experiment results with the simulation, and discuss its advantages.

This thesis addresses the problem of detecting a common parasitic micro laria that causes loaisis, a major disease problem in Central and Western Africa. The dose of medicine to be administered to the patient is proportional to the estimated number of micro lariae in the patient's body. Therefore, proper estimation of the number of micro lariae is the key for conducting the right procedure. The clinical examination is necessary to estimate the micro lariae density in a blood sample drawn from the patient. Thereafter, visual inspection of the sample is performed. The main challenge in this work is, however, the development of an automatic detection system of micro lariae in 2-D images. Such problem is new in the image processing literature, and the development of such system is very important for performing better diagnosis and treatment of this disease and other similar diseases. A comprehensive review of, both generic and thin, object detectors in 2-D images is presented. A very robust method for microscopy image illumination correction is proposed, and a new powerful descriptor, the Hessian-Polar Context (HPC), for micro lariae is also introduced. These are then combined in a micro lariae detection system, where a simple, yet e cient, hypotheses generator is also presented. Additionally, several methods and applications for di erent image modalities are proposed. These involve a method and an application for the analysis of rice panicle in 2-D images. Additionally, an e cient method for artifact suppression in X-ray image is also proposed. The proposed methods are compared to a set of state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results show that the developed methods are great contributions to the microscopy and X-ray imaging elds.

碩士<br>聖約翰科技大學<br>電機工程系碩士班<br>105<br>With the rapid development of the economy, energy depletion and global warming are the well-known serious problems of the world today. Governments have been paying great attention to energy conservation for the sustainable development. In the light of this, this paper proposes a two-wire illumination and air-conditioning energy saving systems with fuzzy control to achieve the intelligent life of saving energy and comfortable space. The proposed system uses a programmable logic controller (PLC) as the core and a personal computer or smart handheld device as the wireless remote monitoring. The PLC is responsible for collecting the various types of sensing information including temperature, humidity and illumination, and then it automatically sent the control signals for regulating the electric curtain, lighting equipment and air conditioner to adapt to environmental change. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system are verified experimentally at the Electrical machinery laboratory of the St. John’s University in New Taipei City. A laboratory prototype has been successfully built and tested. The field tests indicated that nearly 48.5 % of energy consumption can be saved when the proposed energy saving system was installed.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>電機工程學系碩士在職專班<br>103<br>In this paper, we propose a design, using halftones, smartphones, acceleration sensors (Accelerometers) and Bluetooth technology (Bluetooth IEEE802.15.1 short distance wireless communication technology) to build an LED user of a smartphone which has adjustable lamp brightness LED arrays. We also design a digital LED desk lamp with LED brightness in the LED array that the user can adjust to obtain an uniform illuminated area whenever the user rotates the lamp shade. The system contains three parts: the LED light source, the tilted measurement unit and the control unit. When the user adjusts the position of the lamp shade, the system can change the halftone pattern by using the angle difference from the measurement of the two accelerometers to produce a uniform illuminated area.

Recently with the advancement of solid state lighting and the application thereof to Visible Light Communications (VLC), the concept of Visible Light Positioning (VLP) has been targeted as a very attractive indoor positioning system (IPS) due to its ubiquity, directionality, spatial reuse, and relatively high modulation bandwidth. IPSs, in general, have 4 major components (1) a modulation, (2) a multiple access scheme, (3) a channel measurement, and (4) a positioning algorithm. A number of VLP approaches have been proposed in the literature and primarily focus on a fixed combination of these elements and moreover evaluate the quality of the contribution often by accuracy or precision alone. In this dissertation, we provide a novel two-phase indoor positioning algorithmic framework that is able to increase robustness when subject to insufficient anchor luminaries and also incorporate any combination of the four major IPS components. The first phase provides robust and timely albeit less accurate positioning proximity estimates without requiring more than a single luminary anchor using time division access to On Off Keying (OOK) modulated signals while the second phase provides a more accurate, conventional, positioning estimate approach using a novel geometric constrained triangulation algorithm based on angle of arrival (AoA) measurements. However, this approach is still an application of a specific combination of IPS components. To achieve a broader impact, the framework is employed on a collection of IPS component combinations ranging from (1) pulsed modulations to multicarrier modulations, (2) time, frequency, and code division multiple access, (3) received signal strength (RSS), time of flight (ToF), and AoA, as well as (4) trilateration and triangulation positioning algorithms. Results illustrate full room positioning coverage ranging with median accuracies ranging from 3.09 cm to 12.07 cm at 50% duty cycle illumination levels. The framework further allows for duty cycle variation to include dimming modulations and results range from 3.62 cm to 13.15 cm at 20% duty cycle while 2.06 cm to 8.44 cm at a 78% duty cycle. Testbed results reinforce this frameworks applicability. Lastly, a novel latency constrained optimization algorithm can be overlaid on the two phase framework to decide when to simply use the coarse estimate or when to expend more computational resources on a potentially more accurate fine estimate. The creation of the two phase framework enables robust, illumination, latency sensitive positioning with the ability to be applied within a vast array of system deployment constraints.

碩士<br>吳鳳科技大學<br>光機電暨材料研究所<br>105<br>The main purpose of the present study are twofold: to apply the method of characteristics to the numerical simulation in two dimensions for the induced currents, under the illumination of electromagnetic (EM) pulse, on the surface of cylinders made of perfectly electric conducting material; to observe and compare the computational results and then to investigate the possibility of replacing circular cylinders with square ones for the former always take up more grid number, memory, and therefore computing power. There are two types of cylinders used in the simulation, namely circular and square. Each type of cylinder has three different sizes (radius and side lengths). And each size of cylinders has compatible cross-section area. There are three induced currents around cylinder are sampled. They are front, side, and hind sides with respect to the incident EM pulse. The computational results are demonstrated as follows:distribution of EM fields over the computational domain at several time instances and the sampled induced currents as functions of time in a side-by-side manner.

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>電機工程系博碩士班<br>101<br>The main theme of this thesis is to design the control modal for the operation lamp to improve the operator comfortable and reduce human cost.The proposed Back-Propogated Algorithm(BP),The Advanced Newton Method improve the accuracy of illumination .The control modal of the operation lamp is firsted examined using the measured outputs in data.The accuracy of the control modal is comfirmed by the experiment.In order to make a comparison,we also introduce the curve fitting method and the basic back propogation method.Two kinds of paper, a white paper and a gray paper are vindicated to test the proformance.All the computer simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control modal can provide the accuracy predictIon of illumination among all the operation room under all surgery.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>光電科學與工程學系<br>101<br>In this thesis, we demonstrate the use of two optical methods, the frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) system configured in the planar source illumination (PSI) geometry and diffusing probe with planar source (DPPS) geometry, to investigate physiological parameters of biological tissues. The system uses near-infrared laser light (808nm) as light source and work in conjunction with mathematical photon transport models to accurately determine optical absorption (µa) and reduced scattering (µs′) properties of tissues. In this study, we would like to understand the performance of the PSI and DPPS geometries using numerical and phantom methods. First, we employ the Monte Carlo method to evaluate the performance of diffusion equations in PSI and DPPS geometries. Second, we characterize the stability of the amplitude and phase of the FDPM system configured in PSI and DPPS geometries so that we can understand the limitations of our systems. Third, we carry out PSI and DPPS measurements on six liquid phantoms of various absorption and scattering properties, and discuss the performance of two detected geometries and analyze their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, it is verified that the FDPM configured in the PSI and DPPS geometry provide a fast and noninvasive way to quantify optical properties of tissue. In addition, the DPPS method is more suitable and accurate for the determination of the optical properties of samples than the PSI method, either in the theory or in the experiments.

The meaning of loss is love. I know this through attention to experience. Whether loss or love is experienced in abundance or in absence, the meaning is mystical with an opening of body, mind, heart and soul to spirit. And so, in the style of a memoir, in the way of contemplative prayer, I contemplate and share my soul as a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. With the first, initiating loss, the loss of my nine-year-old nephew, Caleb, I experience an epiphany that gives me spiritual instructions that will not be ignored. I experience loss as an abundance of meaning that comes to me as gnosis, as “knowledge of the heart” according to Elaine Pagels or divine revelation in what Evelyn Underhill calls mystical illumination in the experience of “losing-to-find” in union with the divine. Then, with gnostic import, in leaving the ordinary for the extraordinary, I enter the empty room in the painful yet liberating experience of the loss of my self. In the embrace of emptiness, I proceed to the first wall, the second wall, the third wall, the dark corner of denial, the return to centre, and, finally, to breaking the fourth wall in the empty room so as to keep my promise to you. Who are “you”? You are God. You are Caleb. You are spirit. You are my higher soul or self. And, you are the reader. You are my dear companion in silence. And then, through a series of broken promises and more loss, within what John of the Cross calls, “the dark night of the soul,” I am stopped by the ineffability of the dark corner of denial, the horror of separation and the absence of meaning, which is depicted as the grueling gap between the spiritual abyss and the breakthrough. What does it mean to keep going through a solemn succession of losses? I don’t know. In going into the empty room, I simply put pain to work in order to reach you. Through loss, though there are infinite manifestations, there is only one way: keep going. And so, in a triumph of the spirit, I keep going so as to be: a promise kept in the mystical reach through loss. As for you, through my illumined and dark experiences of loss, what is my promise to you? I keep going to reach the unreachable you. In the loss of self, with embodied emptiness, in going into the dark corner of denial, with a return to the divine centre of my emptied self, in an invitation to you, I give my soul to you in union with you.<br>Graduate<br>2020-06-25