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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Two-impurities

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Academic literature on the topic 'Two-impurities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Two-impurities"

1

Ferrero, Alejandro, and Gabriel Téllez. "Two-Dimensional Two-Component Plasma with Adsorbing Impurities." Journal of Statistical Physics 129, no. 4 (2007): 759–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-007-9401-2.

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Galkin, S., C. A. Balseiro, and M. Avignon. "Two Kondo impurities in nanoscopic systems." European Physical Journal B 38, no. 3 (2004): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2004-00147-4.

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Xiang, T., and J. M. Wheatley. "Nonmagnetic impurities in two-dimensional superconductors." Physical Review B 51, no. 17 (1995): 11721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.51.11721.

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4

Silva Elipe, Maria Victoria, Zhixin Jessica Tan, Michael Ronk, and Tracy Bostick. "A Multidisciplinary Investigation to Determine the Structure and Source of Dimeric Impurities in AMG 517 Drug Substance." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2009 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/768743.

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In the initial scale-up batches of the experimental drug substance AMG 517, a pair of unexpected impurities was observed by HPLC. Analysis of data from initial LC-MS experiments indicated the presence of two dimer-like molecules. One impurity had an additional sulfur atom incorporated into its structure relative to the other impurity. Isolation of the impurities was performed, and further structural elucidation experiments were conducted with high-resolution LC-MS and 2D NMR. The dimeric structures were confirmed, with one of the impurities having an unexpected C-S-C linkage. Based on the synthetic route of AMG 517, it was unlikely that these impurities were generated during the last two steps of the process. Stress studies on the enriched impurities were carried out to further confirm the existence of the C-S-C linkage in the benzothiazole portion of AMG 517. Further investigation revealed that these two dimeric impurities originated from existing impurities in the AMG 517 starting material, N-acetyl benzothiazole. The characterization of these two dimeric impurities allowed for better quality control of new batches of the N-acetyl benzothiazole starting material. As a result, subsequent batches of AMG 517 contained no reportable levels of these two impurities

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Lipiński, S., and D. Krychowski. "Two Kondo Impurities in Armchair Graphene Nanoribbon." Acta Physica Polonica A 121, no. 5-6 (2012): 1063–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.121.1063.

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Hu, Zhan-Ning, and Fu-Cho Pu. "Two magnetic impurities in a spin chain." Physical Review B 58, no. 6 (1998): R2925—R2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.r2925.

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Kumazaki, Hideki, and Dai S. Hirashima. "Effects of Impurities in Two-Dimensional Graphite." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 75, no. 5 (2006): 053707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.75.053707.

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8

Máthé, Levente, and Ioan Grosu. "Friedel Oscillations in a One-dimensional Non-interacting Electron Gas in the Presence of Two Impuritites." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Physica 68, no. 1-2 (2023): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphys.2023.05.

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Using the linear response theory, we analyze Friedel oscillations in a one-dimensional non-interacting electron gas in the presence of two impurities with different potential strengths. The impurities potentials are modeled using Dirac delta function, as well as Lorentzian and Gaussian distribution functions. Our findings show that density oscillations are strongly sensitive to both the distance between the impurities and their respective potential strengths. Keywords: one-dimensional electron gas, one impurity, two impurities, Friedel oscillations.

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Reddy, Nandyala Malyadri, K. R. S. Prasad, Ravi Sekhar Reddy Nandipati, et al. "Identification, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Palbociclib Impurities." Asian Journal of Chemistry 37, no. 3 (2025): 698–706. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.33265.

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Palbociclib is used for breast cancer treatment along with letrozole. Five major impurities were observed during the synthesis as well as in forced degradation studies, out of which, three impurities were identified during the penultimate step of palbociclib API synthesis. These three impurities were confirmed as palbociclib desacetyl impurity (PDA impurity), palbociclib desacetyl hydroxy impurity (PDH impurity) and palbociclib desacetyl hydroxyl methyl impurity (PDHM impurity). These impurities were formed due to the usage of palladium catalyst during the pre-final reaction between 1 and 2. The other two impurities were identified as N-oxides, which were formed due to the forced oxidative degradation studies of palbociclib. These two impurities were confirmed as palbociclib pyridine N-oxide and palbociclib piperazine N-oxide. All the five major impurities were identified, synthesized, characterized and confirmed by spectral analyses (1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra). These impurities were potentially important as reference standards for the R&D scientists working in process development and formulation development of palbociclib.

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SONG, YUN. "LOCAL MODES AROUND THE FERROMAGNETIC IMPURITIES IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNETS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 08 (2001): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901001720.

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The behaviors of the spin-wave excitations around the ferromagnetic impurities in the two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnets are investigated for the cases with one, two and four impurities respectively. By means of the double-time Green's function numerical procedure, it is found that, in the two impurity case, two ferromagnetic impurities prefer to form an effective singlet. While in the four impurity case we obtained that, two nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic domains with contrary spin directions are formed in the antiferromagnetic background, and thus the whole system has the lowest energy.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-impurities"

1

Nunner, Tamara S., N. A. Sinitsyn, Mario F. Borunda, et al. "Anomalous Hall effect in a two-dimensional electron gas." American Physical Society, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11243.

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Chudzinski, Piotr. "Ground state phase diagram and effects induced by non-magnetic impurities in doped two-leg Cu-O hubbard ladders." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112202.

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Thèse rédigée entièrement en anglais<br>Ce thèse est consacré à l’étude théorique des échelles Cu-O à deux montants dans le cadre du modèle de Hubbard. La problématique qui a été abordée ici est liée à la question de l’importance éventuelle, pour la physique des échelles, de prendre en compte le motif moléculaire que l’on trouve dans la cellule unité (concrètement, nous incluons explicitement les orbitales d'oxygène dans notre analyse). Le manuscrit est divisé en deux parties: dans la première, nous établissons le diagramme de phase du système pur; dans la deuxième nous étudions les états de l’échelle en présence d’impuretés à fort pouvoir diffusant. Au premier, à la limite d’un faible couplage, nous établissons le diagramme de phase d'une échelle Cu-O à deux montants en fonction du dopage. Nous développons une procédure, qui nous permet de traiter les nouveaux degrés de liberté. Des différences sont trouvées par rapport au cas d'une échelle Cu-Cu: pour une plage de dopages intermédiaires nous mettons en évidence l'existence d’une nouvelle phase critique. Au dessus d’une valeur seuil de l’intégrale de saut entre atomes d'oxygène, nous prédisons l’existence d’un état qui consiste en une structure incommensurable de courants orbitaux superposée à une onde de densité. Dans la deuxième partie, pour toutes les phases décrites ci-dessus, nous avons déterminé comment une impureté diffusant fortement affecte l'état du système dans son voisinage. Nous trouvons deux régimes distincts (Kondo et deux bandes) correspondant respectivement à un faible et à un fort dopage des échelles. Les prédictions ayant une signature expérimentale spécifique sont faites sur la base de nos résultats, notamment concernant des mesures de RMN et de STM<br>This thesis is devoted to the study of two leg Cu-O ladders in the theoretical framework of the Hubbard model. In particular it focuses on the important issue of the impact, if any, of including oxygen atoms in the elementary cell. The manuscript is divided into two parts: in the former, the aim is to establish the ground state phase diagram of the pure system; in the latter the physics around impurities is investigated. In the first part, working in the weak coupling limit, we establish the phase diagram of a two-leg ladder with a unit cell containing both Cu and O atoms, as a function of doping. Significant differences are found with the single orbital case; a completely massless quantum critical region is obtained at intermediate carrier concentrations (well inside the bands). For some finite value of direct hopping between oxygen atoms the ground state consists of an incommensurate pattern of orbital currents plus a spin or charge density wave structure. In the second part, we determined how a single, strong impurity affects the state of the system in its vicinity, for all of the above phases. We find two distinct regimes, one for low and one for high carrier dopings; in the former case, the physics appears to fall into the two-channel Kondo class, while in the latter it corresponds to a the generalization of single chain case. Experimentally testable predictions were made based on our findings and we discuss them (particularly the bulk and boundary NMR, and the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) boundary measurements)

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Greber, Thomas Josef. "Two aspects concerning 4f impurities on metals : on a new method to study hydrogen in a water splitting reaction and on the structure and valence of a submonolayer of ytterbium on aluminium /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1990. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9092.

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Pan, Cheng-Ta. "Electron energy loss spectroscopy of graphene and boron nitride with impurities or defects in the transmission electron microscope." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy-of-graphene-and-boron-nitride-with-impurities-or-defects-in-the-transmission-electron-microscope(c5e574fb-fca6-4ccb-9ebc-60a3ba5c345b).html.

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The two-dimensional material graphene possesses many impressive properties such asextraordinary carrier mobility, mechanical stiffness and optical transmittance. However,the properties of pristine graphene do not always complement the requirements of applications. Of particular interest, a band gap is needed for electronic logic devices. Recent research shows that using few-layer hexagonal boron nitride as a substrate for graphene-based electronic devices can open a band gap in graphene. Also, introducing impurities such as hydrogen atoms, transition metals or silicon atoms on or within graphene can control the electronic properties according to recent studies. Furthermore, ion irradiation is an alternative option to tailor the properties of graphene by introducing defects. In this thesis, pristine, impure or defective graphene and few-layer boron nitride were characterised by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy. Through STEM and EEL spectroscopy, lattice structures and electronic properties of these two-dimensional materials could be investigated at the atomic scale. This thesis focuses on the frontier studies of theoretical and experimental EEL spectroscopy of graphene and few-layer boron nitride with impurities. In the EEL spectra of pristine graphene and boron nitride two prominent peaks were observed, which are attributed to the plasmon excitations of π- and π+σ-electrons. By introducing impurities such as hydrogen adatoms on graphene and substitutional oxygen and carbon atoms within single-layer boron nitride, our experimental and simulated EEL spectra show that their π-plasmon peaks are modified. The concentrations of these impurities were then evaluated via EEL spectra and atomic-resolution images. If other impurities, such as various transition metals and silicon atoms, are introduced on or within single-layer graphene, our simulated EEL spectra demonstrate that the geometry of these impurity clusters affects the π-plasmon peak in graphene and some impurities even enhance it. Finally, experiments on in-situ transmission electron microscopy and ex-situ STEM and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to investigate ion irradiated graphene. Many topological defects were, for the first time, observed in atomic-resolution STEM images of ion irradiated graphene. Simulated EEL spectra of defective graphene are also reported, which suggests that corrugations and dangling bonds in defects can modify out-of-plane EEL spectra and introduce intraband transitions, respectively.

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Sin, Irina. "Modélisation numérique d’écoulement diphasique compressible et transport réactif en milieux poreux - Applications à l'étude de stockage de CO2 et de réservoir de gaz naturel." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0058/document.

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Les activités humaines dans la subsurface se développent rapidement (stockage de déchets,nouvelles techniques minières, stockage à haute fréquence de l’énergie), alors que dans le même temps les attentes du public et des autorités s’intensifient. L’évaluation de chaque étape de ces opérations souterraines repose sur des études détaillées de la sûreté et des impacts environnementaux.Elles reposent sur des simulateurs élaborés et sur de la modélisation multiphysique. Avec leur approche orientée processus, les simulations en transport réactifs proposent une méthode efficace pour comprendre et prévoir le comportement de ces systèmes complexes, à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace.Le but de ce travail est d’intégrer la résolution de l’écoulement diphasique compressible dans le cadre de codes de transport réactifs à l’aide d’une méthode de séparation d’opérateurs. Un module multiphasique a été créé dans le code de transport réactif HYTEC. Une nouvelle approche a ensuite été développée pour coupler écoulement multicomposant multiphasique compressible, description de propriétés thermo-dynamiques complexes pour les fluides, avec des codes de transport réactif. La méthode a été intégrée dans HYTEC. Des cas de validation sont proposés, puis des exemples d’application pour la simulation du stockage souterrain de CO2 et des impuretés associées<br>Human activity in the subsurface has rapidly been expanding and diversifying (waste disposal, new mining technologies, high-frequency storage of energy), while the public and regulatory expectations keep growing. The assessment of each step of underground operations requires careful safety and environmental impact evaluations. They rely on elaborate simulators and multiphysics modeling. With its process-based approach, reactive transport simulation provides an effective way to understand and predict the behavior of such complex systems at different time and spatial scale.This work aims at incorporating a compressible multiphase flow into conventional reactive transport framework by an operator splitting approach. A multiphase flow module is developed in the HYTEC reactive transport software. A new approach is then developed to fully couple multiphase multicomponent compressible flow, the complex thermodynamic description of the fluid properties, with existing reactive transport codes. The method is implemented in HYTEC. Some validation is provided, before application to the simulation of underground storage of CO2 and associated impurities

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Sin, Irina. "Modélisation numérique d’écoulement diphasique compressible et transport réactif en milieux poreux - Applications à l'étude de stockage de CO2 et de réservoir de gaz naturel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0058.

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Les activités humaines dans la subsurface se développent rapidement (stockage de déchets,nouvelles techniques minières, stockage à haute fréquence de l’énergie), alors que dans le même temps les attentes du public et des autorités s’intensifient. L’évaluation de chaque étape de ces opérations souterraines repose sur des études détaillées de la sûreté et des impacts environnementaux.Elles reposent sur des simulateurs élaborés et sur de la modélisation multiphysique. Avec leur approche orientée processus, les simulations en transport réactifs proposent une méthode efficace pour comprendre et prévoir le comportement de ces systèmes complexes, à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace.Le but de ce travail est d’intégrer la résolution de l’écoulement diphasique compressible dans le cadre de codes de transport réactifs à l’aide d’une méthode de séparation d’opérateurs. Un module multiphasique a été créé dans le code de transport réactif HYTEC. Une nouvelle approche a ensuite été développée pour coupler écoulement multicomposant multiphasique compressible, description de propriétés thermo-dynamiques complexes pour les fluides, avec des codes de transport réactif. La méthode a été intégrée dans HYTEC. Des cas de validation sont proposés, puis des exemples d’application pour la simulation du stockage souterrain de CO2 et des impuretés associées<br>Human activity in the subsurface has rapidly been expanding and diversifying (waste disposal, new mining technologies, high-frequency storage of energy), while the public and regulatory expectations keep growing. The assessment of each step of underground operations requires careful safety and environmental impact evaluations. They rely on elaborate simulators and multiphysics modeling. With its process-based approach, reactive transport simulation provides an effective way to understand and predict the behavior of such complex systems at different time and spatial scale.This work aims at incorporating a compressible multiphase flow into conventional reactive transport framework by an operator splitting approach. A multiphase flow module is developed in the HYTEC reactive transport software. A new approach is then developed to fully couple multiphase multicomponent compressible flow, the complex thermodynamic description of the fluid properties, with existing reactive transport codes. The method is implemented in HYTEC. Some validation is provided, before application to the simulation of underground storage of CO2 and associated impurities

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Gendron, François. "Étude spectroscopique de métaux de transition dans les semi-conducteurs." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066001.

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Étude par RPE, absorption optique et photoluminescence de ZnS : Ni, ZnTe : Ni et GaAs : Ni, effets du champ magnétique et d'une contrainte. Mise en évidence d'une raie à zéro phonon dans les processus d'absorption, interprétation par la transition interne **(2)T::(2) -> **(2)E de Ni**(+) isolé.

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Cheng, Ching-Lung, and 鄭清隆. "Method Development of Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography to Analyze Ingredients and Impurities in Top Medicated Oil." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09149108565305653460.

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碩士<br>大仁科技大學<br>製藥科技研究所<br>102<br>Drug quality is very important for pharmaceutical industry. Beside the drug formulation design and development, and drug efficiency research, drug impurity control is highlighted by modern countries to ensure the quality, stability and safety of drugs. The guidance or standard to determine the limitation of drug impurity is published and detail described by International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) in Impurity Q3A-Q3D paragraphs, in United State Pharmacopeia (USP) paragraph <1086>, and also in other national pharmacopeias. Pharmaceutical products do not want impurity existed or generated in the product beside active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The source of impurities in the pharmaceutics might be from unstable raw materials, incompatibility of API with excipients, or produced by the reaction with packaging materials. The safety of finished product might be affected by the impurity contamination in the drug products. Therefore, the identification, quantification, qualification, and limitation control of the impurities is the key point of drug development. This study is using Chinese herbal product “Top Medicated Oil” for external use liquid dosage form as study material which is containing volatile: methyl salicylate, menthol, and camphor as analgesic active ingredients. Using 2-Dimentional TLC method to analysis the impurity existing or is generated in the formulation. The long term and accelerated stability study is performed to research if any difference between the drug quality. Via multiple testing and modification of eluent solvent and coloring reagent used in 2-Dimentional TLC method can sufficient separate active ingredients and excipients on the TLC plate. Using three different detection methods to let methyl salicylate, menthol, and camphor spots coloring individually and get good spot characterization on the TLC plate. Through the comparison of stability study outcome from 3 lots product analyzed by 2-Dimentional TLC method, the each spot relative fraction (Rf) and total amount of spots are identical to the outcome from the original fresh made product. This is meaning that there is no impurity occurred or generated in the product due to storage extention period. It is a stable product and can be store stably to ensure drug quality. 2-Dimentional TLC used in this study is a rapid, stable, less solvent usage, simple sample preparation, and accurate analytical method. This developed impurity analysis method can be a pioneer application on containing volatile analgesic ingredient in herbal external use liquid product and reference method for drug quality analysis.

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Prüser, Henning. "Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of magnetic bulk impurities: From a single Kondo atom towards a coupled system." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000E-0B5C-8.

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Books on the topic "Two-impurities"

1

Koenraad, Paulus Maria. The influence of ionized impurities on the transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas. [s.n.], 1990.

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2

Greber, Thomas Josef. Two aspects concerning 4f impurities on metals: On a new method to study hydrogen in a water splitting reaction and on the structure and valence of a submonolayer of ytterbium on aluminium. 1990.

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3

Chung, Yip-Wah. Crystalline Imperfections: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.9781627083898.

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Crystalline Imperfections: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering deals with the practical aspects of compositional and structural imperfections, how they are controlled, and how they influence material properties and behaviors. The book is organized into two sections, the first of which is a tutorial on compositional impurities and different types of crystal lattice defects. The section that follows, the focal point of the book, furthers the learning process by guiding readers through a series of real-world problems and their respective solutions. The content of this book and its presentation format are particularly well suited for early-career engineers who would like to sharpen their understanding of physical metallurgy and its application in design and manufacturing.

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Amjad, Zahid, and Tao Chen, eds. Industrial Water Treatment: New Trends, Challenges & Solutions. NACE International, The Worldwide Corrosion Authority15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/37628.

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This book documents the proceedings of the Industrial Water Treatment: Trends, Challenges, and Solutions symposium, which was sponsored by NACE International Committee STG 11 and held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from March 6 to 10, 2016, as part of CORROSION 2016. This book also includes papers presented at the Underdeposit Corrosion symposium, sponsored by NACE Committee TEG 092X. Recognized experts in their respective fields were invited to speak at the symposium, and there was particularly strong participation from representatives of academia, government, and industrial research. The symposia had two main objectives: (1) to provide a platform from which local and international participants could share the state of the art of their recent developments in water treatment chemicals, applications, challenges, and technologies, as well as to promote the exchange of information and knowledge between experts (industry and academic) and end users, and (2) to provide young researchers with professional guidance on the industrial trends, challenges, and focal areas for research in the water treatment industry and to encourage methodological rigor in research. This book covers the scientific and technological perspectives of industrial water treatment. The book’s 27 chapters are divided into three sections. Section A (Chapters 1 through 12) deals with the formation and inhibition of scale-forming salts—including calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium oxalate, silica, and calcium phosphate—as well as the removal of impurities and the dispersion and stabilization of suspended matter in cooling and desalination systems. Section B consists of four chapters and focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and its control in industrial water systems. Section C comprises 11 chapters (Chapters 17 through 27) and deals with scale formation, inhibition, challenges, and limitation in the oil and gas industry. The discussions cover conventional scale to exotic scale (e.g., iron sulfide) from conventional and unconventional resources, such as scaling in shale gas field. This book is intended primarily for scientists, researchers, technologists, and engineers working in the water treatment and water purification industries around the globe. Researchers in other industries—such as pharmaceutical, medical, and food—who are involved in the use of high-purity water, as well as those in academia, will also find useful information here.

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Book chapters on the topic "Two-impurities"

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Zaránd, Gergely. "Two-Channel Kondo Effect from Tunneling Impurities." In Kondo Effect and Dephasing in Low-Dimensional Metallic Systems. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0427-5_10.

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Sellier, Gabriel, Stefan Kirchner, and Johann Kroha. "Pair Breaking in s-Wave Superconductors by Two-Channel Kondo Impurities." In Kondo Effect and Dephasing in Low-Dimensional Metallic Systems. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0427-5_33.

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Bernardet, Karim, G. George Batrouni, Matthias Troyer, and Ansgar Dorneich. "Destruction of Superfluid and Long Range Order by Impurities in Two Dimensional Systems." In High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ’01. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56034-7_11.

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Richter, J., H. Sigg, K. von Klitzing, and K. Ploog. "Magneto-Capacitance in Two-Dimensional Electronic Systems in AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs Heterostructures Under the Influence of Ionized Impurities." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84408-9_5.

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Rathore, Anurag S., and R. Bhambure. "Aqueous Two-Phase-Assisted Precipitation of Proteins: A Platform for Isolation of Process-Related Impurities from Therapeutic Proteins." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_8.

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Rathore, Anurag S., and Rahul Bhambure. "Aqueous Two-Phase-Assisted Precipitation of Proteins: A Platform for Isolation of Process-Related Impurities from Therapeutic Proteins." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_10.

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Chernyaev, A., J. Partinen, and M. Lundström. "The Effect of Cu, Al and Fe Impurities on Leaching Efficiency of Two Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Fractions." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65647-8_11.

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Kumar, Sanjay, K. V. Sripathy, K. Udaya Bhaskar, and Banoth Vinesh. "Principles of Quality Seed Production." In Seed Science and Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_6.

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AbstractPlant breeding and seed technology are the two arms of crop improvement programmes. The ultimate goal of any plant breeding programme is to make available quality seeds of new improved varieties in adequate quantity to farmers. Modern plant breeding techniques have enabled the development of crop varieties with desired traits at a much higher pace than ever before, addressing the challenges of food and nutritional security. A large number of new crop varieties are being bred continuously to address specific needs viz. productivity, quality, tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses, cropping intensity, etc. However, to the farmers, all these scientific achievements would be of little use unless they have access to seeds of these varieties, which are genetically pure, physiologically sound (germination, vigour), free from physical impurities and seed-borne diseases. The pace of progress in food production largely depends upon the speed with which a country is able to multiply quality seeds of high-yielding varieties. Hence, the quality seed supply chain must be supported by desired policy and technically sound systems both in national and international domains. In order to achieve this, every country needs a well-established infrastructure for seed production, quality assurance, storage and marketing. Similarly, the regulatory framework for the variety testing, release and notification, and regulation of the seed market are also important to preserve the interests of the farming community. Successful seed production requires establishing variety identity, adherence to maintaining variety purity, and the application of good farming practices along with careful management of crops, following widely accepted production technologies, and quality standards.

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Wolter, J., F. A. P. Blom, P. Koenraad, P. F. Fontein, and G. Weimann. "The Influence of Impurities on the Shubnikov-De Haas and Hall Resistance of Two-Dimensional Electron Gases in GaAs/AlxGa1-xas Heterostructures Investigated by Back-Gating and Persistent Photoconductivity." In Properties of Impurity States in Superlattice Semiconductors. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5553-3_23.

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"Two or More Impurities; Disordered Systems." In Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28841-4_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Two-impurities"

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Abubakar, Yakubu Khartum, Binfa Bongfa, Elijah Binfa Bongfa, Muhammed Shaibu, and Ahmad Muhammad Zumami. "A Two-Parameter Computational Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen-Impurity Mixtures in a Repurposed Pipeline." In Africa International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Storage. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-u2mfmn.

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In this study, a two-parameter computational thermodynamic analysis of a hydrogen-impurity mixture in a repurposed pipeline was performed. The hydrogen purity is a vital aspect of the hydrogen value chain, and it is essential to constantly monitor its purity. We anticipate that refineries will use repurposed pipelines for bulk hydrogen transportation to consumers; however, these pipelines are known to contain impurities. Therefore, there is a need for such an analysis. This study considered two basic thermodynamic parameters: the pressure and gas molar concentration. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used for the analysis. We implemented octave programming for the Newton-Raphson numerical scheme to obtain the molar volume of the pure hydrogen. Four scenarios were considered: scenario 1 (only hydrogen), scenario 2 (hydrogen mix with H2S), and scenario 3 (hydrogen mix with H2S, and pentane), and scenario 4 (hydrogen mix with H2S, pentane, and propane). We studied the variation in gas pressure with molar concentration. The results showed that, as the number of impurities considered in the analysis increased, the pressure decreased. The pressure of scenario 1 and 2 is approximately Pa, scenario 3 is around Pa, and scenario 4 is around Pa. We can develop a non-destructive acoustic emission hydrogen quality monitoring system by considering how impurities in hydrogen moving through a repurposed pipeline might affect the pressure of the gas moving through the pipeline.

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Dugstad, Arne, Malgorzata Halseid, Bjørn Morland, and Anne Olaug Sivertsen. "Dense Phase CO2 Corrosion and the Impact of Depressurization and Accumulation of Impurities." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02785.

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Abstract When dense phase CO2 is depressurized and forms a two phase gas/liquid system, impurities will partition between the two phases and go preferentially to the phase where their solubility is highest. Partitioning and depressurization experiments run at 4 and 25 °C showed that water, H2S and SO2 accumulated while O2 was depleted in the remaining liquid CO2 phase when the system was depressurized via the gas phase. The experiments also showed that a separate aqueous phase could form in addition to the gaseous and liquid CO2 phases. The accumulation of impurities increased the corrosivity of the remaining liquid CO2 phase and carbon steel specimens exposed in the autoclaves were corroded after 3 days exposure. Lowest corrosion rates (&lt; 0.1 mm/year) were measured in a system with CO2 and water (489 and 1222 ppmv) only. The corrosion rate is reasonably low because the water phase quickly becomes saturated with corrosion products that reduce the corrosivity. The situation was different when the CO2 contained SO2 (138 ppmv) and NO2 (191ppmv) as these gases accumulate in the water phase, reduce the pH and increase the reactivity of the aqueous phase. The specimens in the SO2 experiments got covered with a black film and the corrosion rates were about 0.1 mm/year while the specimens in the NO2 experiment developed a brown rusty layer of corrosion products and the corrosion rate was about 1 mm/year. These high corrosion rates only last until the impurities are consumed, the replenishment and availability of impurities becomes therefore an important issue. The accumulation of impurities (including water) was maximum 5-10 times the original concentration in the experiments where the liquid phase was reduced to 10-20 % of the original volume. The ratio of the remaining to the original liquid phase volume can be much lower in a long pipeline and a much larger accumulation can be foreseen. If the corrosion rate consumes most of the available impurities in the pipeline, the corrosion rate can be much higher than the corrosion rate measured in the present experiments.

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Gui, Feng, Narasi Sridhar, John Beavers, Elizabeth Trillo, and Preet M. Singh. "Effect of Ethanol Composition on the SCC Susceptibility of Carbon Steel." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10075.

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Abstract Carbon steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in fuel grade ethanol (FGE). The present study aimed at understanding if the SCC susceptibility of carbon steel was related to the impurities or minor constituents in FGE. SCC was noted in all six FGE samples tested in two laboratories. The characterization results gained thus suggest that the composition of the FGE varies depending on the biomass and/or production methods. However, it is not clear yet whether the SCC could be associated to one or several impurities or minor constituents. More efforts are needed to obtain a definite answer.

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Dugstad, Arne, Bjørn H. Morland, Louis Doyle, William Durnie, Roberto Morana, and Charlotte Vie. "CO2 Transport - Corrosion of Carbon Steel Exposed to Inhibited Water Pools Present after Commissioning." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00407.

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Abstract Water pools might remain in CO2 transport pipelines after installation and commissioning or be present due to accidental ingress of water. The pipelines are normally made of carbon steel and the corrosion rate of the exposed steel will depend on a number of parameters including CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), flow velocity, temperature, water volume to steel surface ratio (Vaq/S ratio), water composition, presence of impurities (SOx, NOx, H2S, O2) in the CO2 stream, and corrosion and hydrate inhibiting chemicals. A corrosion inhibitor testing program was performed under simulated commissioning and start-up conditions. Two inhibitors were tested. The experiments were performed in static autoclaves and transparent test cells at CO2 pressures up to 100 MPa. Impurities (SOx, NOx, H2S, O2) and reaction products (H2SO4, HNO3) were injected/present at various concentrations.

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Chen, Larry, Nihal Obeyesekere, and Jonathan Wylde. "Effectiveness Testing on Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage Autoclave and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Methods." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11262.

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Abstract This paper discusses the product design philosophy for corrosion inhibitors used for CCTS (Carbon Capture, Transportation and Storage), which have to work in both vapor phase and liquid phase at the same time. To evaluate these corrosion inhibitors for CCTS application, two phase testing using RCA (Rotating Cage Autoclave) and EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) methods were performed under CO2 supercritical conditions with and without water and SO2 as the major impurities in the system.

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Yevtushenko, Oleksandra, Ralph Bäßler, and Irene Carrillo-Salgado. "Corrosion Stability of Piping Steels in a Circulating Supercritical Impure CO2 Environment." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02372.

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Abstract Within the project COORAL (German acronym for “CO2 purity for capture and storage”) studies on pipeline steels exposed to circulating supercritical impure CO2 have been carried out. For this purpose, a loop consisting of compressors, flow meter and two autoclaves was constructed. In order to simulate the real conditions in pipelines, impurities such as H2O, CO, SO2, NO2 and O2 were added to the CO2 stream before compression. Exposure experiments were carried out with steel specimens placed in the autoclaves. Carbon steel L360NB, pure iron X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X2CrMnNiN22-5-2 and alloy 31 have been exposed to circulating (flow rate 4 L/min) supercritical impure CO2 for one week at 60 °C and 10 MPa Surface analysis and weight loss experiments in order to determine the corrosion products and the corrosion rates showed that the impurities cause corrosion problems. Slight general corrosion by L360NB and soft iron was observed. The initiation of pitting corrosion was observed at the surfaces of the materials X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X2CrMnNiN22-5-2. No visible signs of corrosion have been observed on alloy 31.

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Tjelta, Morten, Bjørn Helge Morland, Arne Dugstad, and Gaute Svenningsen. "Corrosion Reactions in Simulated CO2 Ship Transport Conditions." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14572.

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Abstract For certain CCS (carbon capture and storage) projects, ship transport of captured CO2 to the storage site may prove more optimal than pipeline transport. The CO2 will be transported under two-phase conditions at low temperature (-10 to -25 °C) and moderate pressure (1.7 – 2.7 MPa), which are quite different from the typical pipeline transport conditions (5 – 60 °C and 7 – 12 MPa). Corrosion under pipeline conditions has been relatively well studied, and several conditions (impurity mixtures) that results in formation of corrosive acids have been identified. In contrast, almost no research exists on corrosion under ship transport conditions when the CO2 contains impurities. The present work tested corrosion of carbon steel at -25°C in CO2 with different concentrations of H2O, H2S, O2, NO2 and SO2. The experiments demonstrated that certain combinations of impurities gave no chemical reactions and no corrosion, while other combinations resulted in formation of solids and corrosive components that attacked carbon steel. The mass loss corrosion rate was around 0.1 mm/y.

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Pint, Bruce A., Rishi Pillai, and James R. Keiser. "Summary of Structural Alloy Compatibility in Supercritical CO2 at 450°-800°C." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0885.

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Abstract Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) is of interest as a working fluid for several concepts including the direct- fired Allam cycle as a low-emission fossil energy power cycle. Over the past 10 years, laboratory exposures at 300 bar sCO2 have found reasonably good compatibility for Ni-based alloys at &lt;800°C, including an assessment of the sCO2 impact on room temperature mechanical properties after 750°C exposures. However, initial screening tests at 1 and 20 bar CO2 at 900°-1100°C showed poor compatibility for Ni-based alloys. In an open cycle, the introduction of 1%O2 and 0.1- 0.25%H2O impurities at 300 bar increased the reaction rates ≥2X at 750°C. At lower temperatures, steels are susceptible to C ingress and embrittlement. Creep-strength enhanced ferritic steels may be limited to &lt;550°C and conventional stainless steels to &lt;600°C. Two strategies to increase those temperatures are higher Ni and Cr alloying additions and Al- or Cr-rich coatings. Alloy 709 (Fe- 20Cr-25Ni) shows some promising results at 650°C in sCO2 but reaction rates were accelerated with the addition of O2 and H2O impurities. Pack aluminized and chromized Gr.91 (Fe-9Cr-1Mo) and type 316H stainless steel show some promise at 600°-650°C but further coating optimization is needed.

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Kirkham, Kenneth K. "The Importance of Ethanol Purity in Controlling Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11136.

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Abstract Concern for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has limited the introduction of fuel-grade ethanol (FGE) into US pipelines. Past laboratory testing has shown that several common impurities are known to enhance SCC potency. FGE specifications from two different countries are compared. Notched slow strain rate test results from the current work and previous studies representing different impurity levels allowed by the various specifications will be compared. Although the focus is on specification differences, test results will include FGE manufactured from different organic material, principally corn and sugar cane. The case for considering electrical conductivity as a possible indicator of SCC potency will be made.

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Paul, Larry. "Summary of Some Nickel Alloys Used in Chemical Production Involving Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acids." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01443.

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Abstract Sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are among the most common chemicals produced and used in the further production of other chemicals in the process industry. By themselves these acids are very corrosive but also the presence of impurities can further complicate corrosion reactions. There are a number of nickel alloys that have been traditionally used as a material of choice for handling these corrosive acids. Since the corrosive nature of service environments vary with specific applications, the selection of an alloy with sufficient corrosion resistance and at the lowest cost is always the goal of equipment design. This paper focuses on two alloys that are commonly used and are available for use in handling acids as well as identifying the temperature limits and other conditions that should be considered when using these alloys.

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Reports on the topic "Two-impurities"

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Tossey, Brett, and Ramgopal Thodla. PR-180-094506-R01 Challenges for Safe and Reliable On-Shore Pipeline Transport of Supercritical CO2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010712.

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There is interest within the pipeline industry in transporting supercritical CO2 in pipelines. A significant issue is the lack of an independent industry standard for supercritical CO2 pipelines. Existing industry standard for liquid and gas transmission are used for mechanical design requirements, but selected properties of supercritical CO2 make it a unique product. Impurities in the gas steam, materials selection, and leak detection in supercritical CO2 require special consideration. The objective of this project is to engage the supercritical CO2 industry in a workshop and use their knowledge to complete a gap analysis. The project is divided into two main thrusts; survey of knowledge and gaps by conducting an industry workshop (Thrust 1) and to outline what efforts and work is needed to close these gaps in a limited way (Thrust 2). This report summarizes the results of both thrusts. This report summarizes the results of the gaps analysis. The primary finding is that the supercritical CO2 pipeline operators in the United States are confident that the designs of their transmission systems are safe and adequate. Another important finding was the need for improvement in the equation of state (EOS). Currently, most models fail to accurately predict the affects of coal combustion impurities on the phase behavior of supercritical CO2. Improvements in metering technology, materials selection criteria, and leak detection were also identified as gaps. The final gap that was identified was the need for a standardized �blow-down� procedure during system startup and shutdown. An industry standard specific to supercritical CO2 transportation should include sound engineering guidance covering each of these gaps. See the associated linked documents for appendices to this report.

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Patchett, B. M., and A. C. Bicknell. L51706 Higher-Strength SMAW Filler Metals. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010418.

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The welding of high strength steels in general, and for pipeline fabrication in particular, has shown that cracking due to hydrogen absorption during welding is more complex in these steels than in older, lower strength steels. In older steels, primary strengthening was accomplished with carbon, which caused hydrogen cracking in the base metal HAZ under reasonably predictable conditions involving microstructure, residual stress and hydrogen level. Pipeline steels were and are in the vanguard of change in strengthening philosophy. The change involves two areas of steel making, chemical composition and deformation processing. Pipeline steels now contain low carbon levels, in many cases less than 0.10%, and the resulting lack of strength is reclaimed by adding higher alloy levels to promote solution hardening (e.g. Mn), precipitation hardening (e.g. Cb, Cu) or transformation hardening (e.g. MO). In addition, alloy elements are added to improve toughness at high strength levels (e.g. Ni). At the same time, improvements have been made in reducing impurity and residual element levels, notably for S, P and O and N. Limitations on the effects of alloying additions on strength and toughness encouraged the use of deformation processing, primarily during rolling, to promote fine-grained microstructures to increase strength andtoughness simultaneously. Electrodes for the SMAW process have been developed for welding high-strength pipeline steels by using core wires made from high-strength microalloyed skelp extruded with cellulosic (Exx10) and low hydrogen (Exx16) flux coatings. The required alloy elements for high-strength deposits were therefore obtained from the core wire and not ferroalloy powders added to the flux, as is standard industrial practice. The idea behind this change was two fold: to avoid the possibility of introducing impurities from the varying sources of ferro alloy powders, including oxygen from the oxidized powder surfaces, and also to provide a closer match of the microalloy level to modern pipeline steel chemistries. The unknowns in this work were the effects of lower impurities/similar alloy content on the mechanical properties in the cast microstructure of a weld, compared to a pipe, and of the effect on electrode welding behaviour of a flux containing no ferro powders other than FeSi.

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Olsen and Wilson. L52145 Geomechanical Analysis and Design Considerations for Thin-Bedded Salt Caverns. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011349.

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he bedded salt formations located throughout the United States are layered and interspersed with non-salt materials such as anhydrite, shale, dolomite and limestone. The salt layers often contain significant impurities. GRI and DOE have initialized this research proposal in order to increase the gas storage capabilities by providing operators with improved geotechnical design and operating guidelines for thin bedded salt caverns. Terralog has summarized the geologic conditions, pressure conditions and critical design factors that may lead to: Fracture in heterogeneous materials; Differential deformation and bedding plane slip; Propagation of damage around single and multiple cavern; Improved design recommendations for single and multiple cavern configurations in various bedded salt environments. The existing caverns within both the Permian Basin Complex and the Michigan and Appalachian Basins are normally found between 300 m to 1,000 m (1,000 ft to 3,300 ft) depth depending on local geology and salt dissolution depth. Currently, active cavern operations are found in the Midland and Anadarko Basins within the Permian Basin Complex and in the Appalachian and Michigan Basins. The Palo Duro and Delaware Basins within the Permian Basin Complex also offer salt cavern development potential. Terralog developed a number of numerical models for caverns located in thin bedded salt. A modified creep viscoplastic model has been developed and implemented in Flac3D to simulate the response of salt at the Permian, Michigan and Appalachian Basins. The formulation of the viscoplastic salt model, which is based on an empirical creep law developed for Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Program, is combined with the Drucker-Prager model to include the formation of damage and failure. The Permian salt lab test data provided by Pfeifle et al. 1983, are used to validate the assumptions made in the material model development. For the actual cavern simulations two baseline models are developed for single and multiple caverns, respectively. Different parameters that affect damage propagation and deformation of salt cavern, such as cavern pressure, operating conditions, cavern height/diameter ratio, overburden stiffness and roof thickness are analyzed and the respective results summarized. For multiple horizontal caverns numerical models are developed to determine the cavern interaction and the minimum safe center to center distance. A step by step methodology for operators to assess critical cavern design parameters for thin bedded salt formations is also presented.

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