Relevant bibliographies by topics / Two infrared light sources

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Academic literature on the topic 'Two infrared light sources'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Rocher, Javier, Jose M. Jimenez, Jesus Tomas, and Jaime Lloret. "Low-Cost Turbidity Sensor to Determine Eutrophication in Water Bodies." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083913.

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Eutrophication is the excessive growth of algae in water bodies that causes biodiversity loss, reducing water quality and attractiveness to people. This is an important problem in water bodies. In this paper, we propose a low-cost sensor to monitor eutrophication in concentrations between 0 to 200 mg/L and in different mixtures of sediment and algae (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% algae, the rest are sediment). We use two light sources (infrared and RGB LED) and two photoreceptors at 90° and 180° of the light sources. The system has a microcontroller (M5stacks) that powers the light sources and obtains the signal received by the photoreceptors. In addition, the microcontroller is responsible for sending information and generating alerts. Our results show that the use of infrared light at 90° can determine the turbidity with an error of 7.45% in NTU readings higher than 2.73 NTUs, and the use of infrared light at 180° can measure the solid concentration with an error of 11.40%. According to the determination of the % of algae, the use of a neural network has a precision of 89.3% in the classification, and the determination of the mg/L of algae in water has an error of 17.95%.
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Lerch, Ph, P. Dumas, T. Schilcher, et al. "Assessing noise sources at synchrotron infrared ports." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 19, no. 1 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049511041884.

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Today, the vast majority of electron storage rings delivering synchrotron radiation for general user operation offer a dedicated infrared port. There is growing interest expressed by various scientific communities to exploit the mid-IR emission in microspectroscopy, as well as the far infrared (also called THz) range for spectroscopy. Compared with a thermal (laboratory-based source), IR synchrotron radiation sources offer enhanced brilliance of about two to three orders of magnitude in the mid-IR energy range, and enhanced flux and brilliance in the far-IR energy range. Synchrotron radiation also has a unique combination of a broad wavelength band together with a well defined time structure. Thermal sources (globar, mercury filament) have excellent stability. Because the sampling rate of a typical IR Fourier-transform spectroscopy experiment is in the kHz range (depending on the bandwidth of the detector), instabilities of various origins present in synchrotron radiation sources play a crucial role. Noise recordings at two different IR ports located at the Swiss Light Source and SOLEIL (France), under conditions relevant to real experiments, are discussed. The lowest electron beam fluctuations detectable in IR spectra have been quantified and are shown to be much smaller than what is routinely recorded by beam-position monitors.
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Niu, Jin Xing, and Heng Can Li. "Principal-Component Calculation of Stray Light for Infrared Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.387.

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Analysis and calculation of stray light is important to improve the performance of infrared detection system. In this article, we mainly discussed two sources: earth and atmosphere emission and thermal stray radiation. A method based on Monte Carlo ray-tracing in TracePro is proposed to calculate the irradiance of detector arisen from earth and atmosphere emission. The thermal stray light irradiance on detector can also be obtained by simulation in TracePro.
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Tolvaj, László, and Dénes Varga. "Photodegradation of Timber of Three Hardwood Species Caused by Different Light Sources." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 8, no. 1 (2012): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10303-012-0012-5.

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Abstract - In this study, resistance of black locust, beech and poplar wood to photodegradation was tested, applying sunlight, a xenon lamp and a mercury vapour lamp. The irradiation time was 200 hours for sunlight and the xenon light and 20 hours for the mercury light. The changes were monitored by colour measurements and infrared spectroscopy. The colour change of black locust was more intensive at the beginning of the irradiation than that of the beech and poplar. The degradation of aromatic structure of lignin (absorbing at 1510 and 1596 cm-1) in black locust was minor compared to the same changes of beech and poplar during the first 10 hours. The mercury lamp induced more intensive changes both in colour and in infrared spectrum than the other two light sources. The results show that the high extractive content of black locust absorbs a considerable amount of light radiation protecting the main chemical components of wood.
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Cao, Tun, Meng Lian, Kuan Liu, Xianchao Lou, Yaoming Guo, and Dongming Guo. "Wideband mid-infrared thermal emitter based on stacked nanocavity metasurfaces." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (2021): 015402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac3bb1.

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Abstract Efficient thermal radiation in the mid-infrared (M-IR) region is of supreme importance for many applications including thermal imaging and sensing, thermal infrared light sources, infrared spectroscopy, emissivity coatings, and camouflage. The ability to control light makes metasurfaces an attractive platform for infrared applications. Recently, different metamaterials have been proposed to achieve high thermal radiation. To date, broadening the radiation bandwidth of a metasurface emitter (meta-emitter) has become a key goal to enable extensive applications. We experimentally demonstrate a broadband M-IR thermal emitter using stacked nanocavity metasurface consisting of two pairs of circular-shaped dielectric (Si3N4)–metal (Au) stacks. A high thermal radiation can be obtained by engineering the geometry of nanocavity metasurfaces. Such a meta-emitter provides wideband and broad angular absorptance of both p- and s-polarized light, offering a wideband thermal radiation with an average emissivity of more than 80% in the M-IR atmospheric window of 8–14 μm. The experimental illustration together with the theoretical framework establishes a basis for designing broadband thermal emitters, which, as anticipated, will initiate a promising avenue to M-IR sources.
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Murakawa, Shion, Kishalay De, Michael C. B. Ashley, et al. "The First Palomar Gattini-IR Catalog of J-band Light Curves: Construction and Public Data Release." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 136, no. 10 (2024): 104501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ad7db1.

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Abstract Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR) is a wide-field, synoptic infrared time domain survey covering ≈15,000 sq. deg. of the accessible sky at ≈1–3 night cadence to a depth of J ≈ 13.0 and ≈14.9 Vega mag in and outside the Galactic plane, respectively. Here, we present the first data release of J-band light curves of Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) sources within the survey footprint covering approximately the first four years of operations. We describe the construction of the source catalog based on 2MASS point sources, followed by exposure filtering criteria and forced PSF photometry. The catalog contains light curves of ≈286 million unique sources with 2MASS magnitudes of J < 15.5 mag, with a total of ≈50 billion photometric measurements and ≈20 billion individual source detections at signal-to-noise-ratio > 3. We demonstrate the photometric fidelity of the catalog by (i) quantifying the magnitude-dependent accuracy and uncertainty of the photometry with respect to 2MASS and (ii) comparing against forced PGIR aperture photometry for known variable sources. We present simple filtering criteria for selecting reliable photometric measurements as well as example Python notebooks for users. This catalog is one of the largest compilation of nightly cadence, synoptic infrared light curves to date, comparable to those in the largest optical surveys, providing a stepping stone to upcoming infrared surveys in the coming decade.
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Kourkoumelis, Nikolaos, and Margaret Tzaphlidou. "Eye Safety Related to Near Infrared Radiation Exposure to Biometric Devices." Scientific World JOURNAL 11 (2011): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2011.52.

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Biometrics has become an emerging field of technology due to its intrinsic security features concerning the identification of individuals by means of measurable biological characteristics. Two of the most promising biometric modalities are iris and retina recognition, which primarily use nonionizing radiation in the infrared region. Illumination of the eye is achieved by infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs). Even if few LED sources are capable of causing direct eye damage as they emit incoherent light, there is a growing concern about the possible use of LED arrays that might pose a potential threat. Exposure to intense coherent infrared radiation has been proven to have significant effects on living tissues. The purpose of this study is to explore the biological effects arising from exposing the eye to near infrared radiation with reference to international legislation.
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Tyler, David W., and Gary C. Loos. "Simulation Study of a Low-Light-Level Wavefront Sensor Driving a Low-Order, Near-IR Adaptive Optics System." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090010779x.

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Two high-fidelity computer simulations are used to study low-order adaptive optics systems operating in the near-infrared. We study obtainable system performance using very dim reference sources at three IR wavelengths.
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Jiang, Ning, Ziying Zhou, Jiazheng Zhu, Yibo Wang, and Tinggui Wang. "Two Candidate Obscured Tidal Disruption Events Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos." Astrophysical Journal Letters 953, no. 1 (2023): L12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acebe3.

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Abstract Recently, three optical tidal disruption event (TDE) candidates discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) have been suggested to be coincident with high-energy neutrinos. They all exhibit unusually strong dust infrared echoes, with their peak times matching the neutrino arrival time even better than the optical peaks. We hereby report on two new TDE candidates that are spatially and temporally coincident with neutrinos by matching our sample of mid-infrared outbursts in nearby galaxies (MIRONG) with Gold alerts of IceCube high-energy neutrino events up to 2022 June. The two candidates show negligible optical variability according to their ZTF light curves and can therefore be classified as part of the growing population of obscured TDE candidates. The chance probability of finding two such candidates is about ∼3% by redistributing the MIRONG sources randomly in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint, which will be as low as ∼0.1% (or ∼0.2%) if we limit to sources with increased fluxes (or variability amplitudes) comparable with the two matched sources. Our findings further support the potential connection between high-energy neutrinos and TDEs in dusty environments by increasing the total number of neutrino-associated TDE and TDE candidates to five, although the underlying physics remains poorly understood.
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Randriamampandry, S. M., S. M. Crawford, C. M. Cress, K. M. Hess, E. Giovannoli, and M. Vaccari. "Multi-wavelength Studies of Cluster Star Forming Galaxies at z∼0.54." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S292 (2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313001634.

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AbstractWe carry out a multi-wavelength analysis of star forming galaxies in the massive cluster MS0451.6-0305 at z∼0.54 to shed light on the evolution of the far-infrared-radio relationship in rich clusters. We have performed Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting of IRAC 3.6μ, IRAC 4.5μ and MIPS 24μ photometry from Spitzer to derive the total infrared bolometric luminosity of spectroscopically confirmed cluster members with radio counterparts. The radio flux densities were measured from deep Very Large Array (VLA) radio continuum observations. The relationship between the infrared and radio luminosities for our sources show the strong correlation found between these two parameters for star forming galaxies. The far-infrared to radio luminosity ratio (qIR) values measured for these sources are comparable to those measured in low redshift clusters and indicative of an excess of radio emission.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Nshii, Chidi Christopher. "Tunable mid-infrared light sources based on intersubband transitions." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2603/.

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This thesis describes how for the first time, unidirectional operation and coupled ring tuning were realised on a quantum cascade laser material; specifically on a new strain compensated In0.7Ga0.3As/AlAs0.6Sb0.4 grown on InP substrate and operates in pulsed mode in the 3-4 micron hydrocarbon absorption region. Unidirectional ring lasers have the advantages that, in the favoured emission direction, they can have up to double the quantum efficiency of bidirectional lasers and do not suffer from spatial hole burning. In this work, this operation was realised by incorporating an "S"-crossover waveguide into the ring cavity in a manner that it introduces non reciprocal loss and gain in the counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) directions respectively. The measured result showed higher quantum efficiency in the CW. In fact at 1.5 times the threshold current, 90 % of the light was emitted in the favoured CW. On the other hand, the coupled ring quantum cascade laser showed nearly single mode operation, with side mode suppression ratio ~22 dB. Continuous wavelength tuning of about 13 nm was observed from one of these devices, at a tuning rate of approximately 0.4 nm/mA.
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Roques-Carmes, Charles. "Towards broadly-tunable CMOS-compatible silicon light sources in the near-infrared." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118049.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-52).<br>The efficient extraction of light from silicon is one of the longstanding challenges of modem engineering and physics. The difficulty mainly arises from silicon's indirect bandgap and the short lifetime of non-radiative processes such as Auger recombination. Nonetheless, the realization of an energy efficient silicon-based photon source could find broad applicability in areas such as ultra-large scale integration (ULSI), optoelectronic displays and lighting. Every practical solution proposed thus far to this fundamental, yet technologically critical problem, relies on the physical patterning or chemical modification of silicon substrates, most of these transformations requiring high annealing temperatures or fabrication steps that are not compatible with conventional ULSI processes. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of tunable radiation in the near-infrared (800 to 1600 nm) from a simple periodic silicon grating. The light emission is generated by spontaneous emission from these gratings interacting with low-energy free electrons (as low as 2 keV) and is recorded in the silicon transparency window. We develop time-domain numerics that confirms our experimental results and our evaluation of the output radiation power. In addition, we theoretically investigate the feasibility of an allsilicon compact tunable radiation source at telecommunication wavelengths comprised of a silicon Field Emitter Array (FEA) integrated with a silicon periodic structure. Our results pave the way towards the realization of a CMOS-compatible electrically-pumped silicon light source.<br>by Charles Roques-Carmes.<br>S.M.
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Woo, Hin-Koon. "Two-color photoionization-photoelectron spectroscopy using tunable vacuum ultraviolet and infrared laser sources /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Krier, Susan Elaine. "Light sources for the mid-infrared spectral region based on narrow gap III-V alloys." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404257.

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KAWABATA, RUDY MASSAMI SAKAMOTO. "PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS BASED ON QUANTUM WELLS WITH TWO DISTINCT GEOMETRIES FOR LIGHT COUPLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35038@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>Detectores de infravermelho possuem larga gama de aplicações em diversos setores, desde militares (visão noturna, mísseis) até civis (aparelhos eletrônicos). Nesta dissertação estivemos interessados nas absorções intrabanda de heteroestruturas multiepitaxiais com intuito de absorver infravermelho em 4,1 micra onde se localiza a primeira janela de transmissão atmosférica. Baseamos nossas heteroestruturas de poços quânticos em semicondutores da família III-V. Discorremos quanto a produção do dispositivo de forma detalhada, juntamente com todos os processos de calibração de cada etapa. O crescimento se dá pela técnica de MOVPE que possui alta precisão em termos da espessura e composição da camada depositada. Em seguida discutimos sobre o processamento da amostra crescida para expor os contatos elétricos. E finalizamos descrevendo o processo de integração do dispositivo sobre um suporte para leitura do sinal. Finalizada a etapa de produção, fizemos um estudo quanto às características da amostra tanto qualitativamente quanto quantitativamente. Este estudo objetivou a obtenção de duas informações: comparação direta entre as geometrias de acoplamento luminoso; e medição da eficiência dos detectores produzidos. Ao fim do trabalho obtivemos um fotodetector produzido desde seu crescimento até sua montagem final. Assim como os resultados da eficiência dos mesmos que já indicaram melhorias possíveis para trabalhos futuros. Visando a formação de um mercado de produção em larga escala de fotodetectores, este trabalho identificou áreas com carência de técnicas disponíveis e que necessitam de investimento.<br>Infrared detectors have a wide range of applications in various industries, from military (night vision, missile) to civil (electronics). In this dissertation we were interested in the intraband absorption of multiepitaxial heterostructures with aim at absorption of 4.1 microns infrared where there s located the first atmospheric transmission window. We based our quantum well heterostructures in semiconductor from the III-V family. We discourse about the production of the device in detail, along with all the calibration procedures for each step. The growth is done by MOVPE technique that has high accuracy in terms of thickness and composition of the deposited layer. We then discuss about the processing of the grown sample to expose the electrical contacts. And finally we describe the process of integration of the device over a base for reading the signal. Completed the production stage, we studied the characteristics of the sample both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study aimed to obtain two pieces of information: a direct comparison between the methods for light coupling, and measuring the efficiency of the detectors produced. At the end of the work we obtained a photodetector produced from its growth till its final assembly. Also we obtained the results of the efficiency of the sample that already indicated possible improvements for future works. If the aim is at the formation of a large-scale production of photodetectors, this study identified areas with a shortage of available techniques and in need of investment.
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Folpini, Giulia. "Exploring Nonresonant Interactions in Condensed Matter by Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18860.

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Zur Untersuchung nichtlinearer Reaktionen von kondensierten Materie-Systemen wird die multidimensionale Terahertz-Spektroskopie genutzt. Ein mehrere Oktaven umfassende THz-Quelle, die auf der Frequenzmischung in organischen Kristallen basiert, wird entwickelt und zur Erforschung der Librationsbande von Wasser-Nanotröpfchen in DOPC-Micellen verwendet. Die nichtresonante THz-Strahlung wird genutzt, um die Emission im mittleren Infrarotbereich eines Intersubband-Übergangs von GaAs-Quantentöpfen kohärent zu steuern. Schließlich wird die 2D-THz-Spektroskopie verwendet, um die nichtlineare Antwort einer "soft-mode" in einem Aspirin-Molekül-Kristall zu studieren.<br>Multidimensional Terahertz spectroscopy is used to investigate the nonlinear response of condensed matter systems. A multioctave-spanning THz source based on frequency mixing in organic crystals is developed and used to study the libration band of water nanodroplets confined in DOPC micelles. Nonresonant THz radiation is used to coherently control the mid-infrared emission of an intersubband transition of GaAs quantum wells. Finally, 2D THz spectroscopy is used to study the nonlinear response of a soft mode in an aspirin molecular crystal.
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Wheatley, Robert Alistair. "Growth and characterisation of strained InGaAsN and InAsN type 1 multi quantum wells for mid infrared light sources based on InP." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742533.

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In this work, novel quantum well structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Samples have been designed in order to allow access to light sources from InP based type I interband devices, for the technologically important mid-infrared (Mid-IR) (2-5 um) spectral range. Investigations of dilute nitride InGaAsN and InAsN were performed with the intent to highlight the potential availability of type-I MQW structures grown onto InP substrates emitting Mid-IR radiation. This thesis describes the successful attempt to overcome restrictions imposed by lattice mismatch and resultant critical thickness limitations as described by past experiments with these materials, where conventional III-V alloy materials are restricted to 2.3pm and dilute nitride materials have been previously reported as emitting up to 2.6pm within this strained MQW regime.
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Chaitanya, Kumar Suddapalli. "High-power, fiber-laser-pumped optical parametric oscillators from the visible to mid-infrared." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83528.

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High-power, continuous-wave (cw), mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser sources are of interest for variety of applications such as trace gas detection and remote sensing, which require broad spectral coverage to address the most prominent absorption features of a wide range of molecular species particularly in the mid-IR fingerprint region. On the other hand, surgical applications require high energy sources with unique pulse structure at specific wavelength in the mid-IR ranging from 6-6.5 m. Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) offer potential sources for all the above applications. The output wavelengths of a singly-resonant oscillator (SRO) can be coarsely tuned over wide ranges through the adjustment of the nonlinear crystal temperature, phase-matching angle or, in the case of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) the first time. The high-energy CSP OPO marked the first demonstration of a compact, high-repetition-rate OPO synchronously pumped by a master oscillator power amplifier system at 1064 nm, generating an milli-joule pulses in the 6-6.5 m spectral range, which is technologically important for surgical applications. Additionally, we also demonstrated a fiber-based-green source at 532 nm, based on single-pass second harmonic generation (SHG) in MgO:sPPLT, as an alternative pump source for Ti:sapphire laser, pointing towards the future, compact fiber-laser pumped Ti:sapphire lasers. Further efforts to improve the SHG efficiency led to the development of a novel multi-crystal scheme, enabling single-pass SHG efficiency as high as 56%. This generic technique is simple and can be implemented at any wavelength. materials, the QPM grating period. The combination of SRO with a tunable pump laser allows the development of uniquely flexible and rapidly tunable class of mid-IR sources. In this thesis we have demonstrated several mid-IR OPOs in the cw as well as ultrafast picosecond regime pumped by fiber-lasers making them compact and robust. In the cw regime, we developed a high-power, Yb-fiber-laser pumped mid-IR OPO based on MgO:PPLN spanning 1506-1945 nm in the near-IR and 2304-3615 nm wavelength range in the mid-IR, efficiently addressing the thermal effects by implementing the optimum signal output coupling. Novel materials such a MgO:sPPLT, with better optical and thermal properties for cw mid-IR generation are explored. High-power broadband, cw mid-IR generation is also demonstrated by using the extended phase-matching properties of MgO:PPLN. Further, we also demonstrated a simple, inexpensive and novel interferometric technique for absolute optimization of output power from a ring optical oscillator. We deployed a picosecond Yb-fiber-laser pumped mid-IR OPO based on MgO:PPLN in ring cavity configuration to demonstrate this proof-of-principle experiment for<br>Fuentes coherentes de luz continua y de alta potencia en el infrarrojo-medio (mid-IR) son de gran interés por su aplicación en la detección de gases, detección remota y la observación de imágenes. Estas aplicaciones requieren un ancho de banda amplio para evidenciar las características que ofrece la absorción de una gran variedad de especies moleculares, particularmente en la región “finger print” del mid-IR. Por otra parte, fuentes altamente energéticas con pulsos que posean estructuras peculiares en rangos específicos de longitud de onda en el mid-IR, entre 6-6.5 m. , prometen características únicas para nuevas aplicaciones en cirugía. Osciladores ópticos paramétricos (OPOs) constituyen fuentes de luz versátiles y apropiadas para todas las aplicaciones mencionadas anteriormente. La longitud de En el régimen ultrarápido, hemos demostrado una nueva técnica de interferometría para la optimización absoluta de la potencia de salida de un oscilador óptico con una cavidad de anillo. Como demostración de principio, implementamos, por primera vez, un OPO de picosegundos en el mid-IR basado en MgO:PPLN con una cavidad de anillo bombeado por un láser de fibra de Yb. Además, hemos desarrollado un nuevo OPO de alta energía en el mid-IR basado en el material nolineal CSP. Esto representa la primera demostración de un OPO compacto de alta repetición sincrónicamente bombeado por un láser de estado sólido a 1064 nm generando pulsos de milijulios en el rango espectral 6-6.5 m. Esta radiación es importante para aplicaciones en cirugía. Adicionalmente, hemos demostrado una fuente verde, 532 nm, basada en láseres de fibra. Esta radiación se obtiene por medio de la generación de segundo harmónico (SHG) en un paso individual en MgO:sPPLT. Esto representa una nueva alternativa de bombeo para los láseres de Ti:sapphire que los harán compactos en el futuro. Los esfuerzos para mejorar la eficiencia de segundo harmónico resultaron en el desarrollo de un novedoso esquema que utiliza múltiples cristales y permite eficiencias de SHG de paso individual del 56%. Este esquema es general y simple y puede ser implementado para cualquier longitud de onda. onda de un OPO puede ser sintonizada en regiones amplias del espectro cambiando la temperatura del cristal no-lineal, el ángulo de ajuste de fase o, al considerar materiales cuasi ajuste de fase (QPM), cambiando el periodo de red. En esta tesis, hemos demostrado una gran variedad de OPOs en el mid-IR en régimen continuo y de pulsos de picosegundo. Estos OPOs han sido bombeados por láseres de fibra permitiendo un diseño compacto y resistente. En el régimen de emisión continua, hemos implementado un OPO de alta potencia basado en MgO:PPLN bombeado por un láser de fibra. Este OPO es sintonízable en el rango 1506-1945 nm correspondiente al infrarrojo-cercano y en el rango 2304-3615 nm correspondiente al mid-IR. Esta capacidad de sintonización se logra al sobrepasar eficientemente los efectos térmicos optimizando el acoplamiento de salida. Materiales nuevos como el MgO:sPPLT, con propiedades ópticas y térmicas mejoradas para la generación de radiación continua en el mid-IR han sido estudiados. Utilizando las propiedades ajuste de la fase extendió del MgO:sPPLT, fuentes continuas de alta potencia con un gran ancho de banda en el infrarrojo-medio también han sido implementadas.
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Benselfelt, Tobias. "Flow Cytometry Sensor System Targeting Escherichia Coli as an Indicator of Faecal Contamination of Water Sources." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108004.

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Poor water quality is a global health concern affecting one billion people around the world. It is important to monitor water sources in order to maintain the quality of our drinking water and to avoid disease outbreaks. Targeting Escherichia coli as a faecal indicator is a widely used procedure, but the current methods are time consuming and not adequate to prevent spreading of faecal influence.   This Master thesis demonstrates the development of a near infrared fluorescence flow cytometer sensor system targeting Escherichia coli, using fluorescently labeled chicken IgY antibodies. The near infrared light was chosen to avoid fluorescence from blue-green algae that are present in the water source.   The hardware was developed with a 785  nm laser line to detect Alexa Fluor 790 labeled antibodies, using a photomultiplier tube or two different CMOS cameras. The antibodies were labeled using a commercial labeling kit, and evaluated using antibody binding assays and the developed hardware.   The IgY antibodies were successfully labeled with Alexa Fluor 790 and the function was maintained after the labeling process. The result demonstrates the principles of the sensor system and how it solved to the problem with fluorescence from blue-green algae. An aperture was used to overcome the suboptimal laser and filter setup, and to increase the sensitivity of the system. However, only a small fraction of the cells could be detected, due to challenges with the focal depth and loss of sensitivity in the photomultiplier tube at near infrared wavelengths. Further development is required to create a working product.
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Fujdiak, Radek. "Analýza a optimalizace datové komunikace pro telemetrické systémy v energetice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358408.

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Telemetry system, Optimisation, Sensoric networks, Smart Grid, Internet of Things, Sensors, Information security, Cryptography, Cryptography algorithms, Cryptosystem, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Data freshness, Non-Repudiation.
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Books on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Shim, Euijae. Integrated Photonics for Chip-scale Mid-Infrared Sources and Strain Modulation of Two-dimensional Materials. [publisher not identified], 2022.

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Manfred, Helm, ed. Long wavelength infrared emitters based on quantum wells and superlattices. Gordon & Breach, 2000.

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France. Convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital: Message from the President of the United States transmitting convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital, signed at Paris on August 31, 1994, together with two related exchanges of notes. U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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France. Convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital: Message from the President of the United States transmitting convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital, signed at Paris on August 31, 1994, together with two related exchanges of notes. U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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France. Convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital: Message from the President of the United States transmitting convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the French Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital, signed at Paris on August 31, 1994, together with two related exchanges of notes. U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Rogers, Hiromi T. Anjin - The Life and Times of Samurai William Adams, 1564-1620. Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823858.

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The year is 1600. It is April and Japan’s iconic cherry trees are in full flower. A battered ship drifts on the tide into Usuki Bay in southern Japan. On board, barely able to stand, are twenty-three Dutchmen and one Englishman, the remnants of a fleet of five ships and 500 men that had set out from Rotterdam in 1598. The Englishman was William Adams, later to be known as Anjin Miura by the Japanese, whose subsequent transformation from wretched prisoner to one of the Shogun’s closest advisers is the centrepiece of this book. As a native of Japan, and a scholar of seventeenth-century Japanese history, the author delves deep into the cultural context facing Adams in what is one of the great examples of assimilation into the highest reaches of a foreign culture. Her access to Japanese sources, including contemporary accounts – some not previously seen by Western scholars researching the subject – offers us a fuller understanding of the life lived by William Adams as a high-ranking samurai and his grandstand view of the collision of cultures that led to Japan’s self-imposed isolation, lasting over two centuries. This is a highly readable account of Adams’ voyage to and twenty years in Japan and that is supported by detailed observations of Japanese culture and society at this time. New light is shed on Adams’ relations with the Dutch and his countrymen, including the disastrous relationship with Captain John Saris, the key role likely to have been played by the munitions, including cannon, removed from Adams’ ship De Liefde in the great battle of Sekigahara (September 1600), the shipbuilding skills that enabled Japan to advance its international maritime ambitions, as well as the scientific and technical support Adams was able to provide in the refining process of Japan’s gold and silver.
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Martin, Francis L., and Hubert M. Pollock. Microspectroscopy as a tool to discriminate nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.8.

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This article considers the use of microspectroscopy for discriminating nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research. It begins with an overview of some existing mid-infrared microspectroscopy techniques, including FTIR microspectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. It then discusses near-field techniques such as scanning near-field optical microscopy, near-field Raman microscopy, and photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS). It also examines promising alternative sources of IR light, possible advantages of using normal atomic force microscopy probes, experimental procedures for PTMS, and prospects for high spatial resolution in near-field FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, it describes the spectroscopic detection of small particles, along with the use of the analysis paradigm to discriminate nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research.
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Wright, A. G. Photocathodes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0002.

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Optical properties of photocathodes and their characterization in terms of absorptance, transparency, and reflectance in mixed dielectric media are presented. Photometric units and international standards are based on a specified white light source. The electromagnetic spectrum covers about a decade in wavelength and there is a relationship between photon energy and wavelength. Spectral responsivity can be specified in milliamps per watt or as quantum efficiency, η‎(λ‎), in terms of photoelectrons per incident photon. Empirical specifications, based on filtered light from a standard white light source give a measure of the photocathode response to blue, red, and infrared light. Bialkali photocathodes laid on a conducting substrate can operate at ultra-low temperatures approaching absolute zero, while others can survive operation at 200 °C. End window and side window photomultipliers are available in a range of diameters and photocathode types.
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Helm, Manfred. Long Wavelength Infrared Emitters Based on Quantum Wells and Superlattices. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Vurgaftman, Igor, Matthew P. Lumb, and Jerry R. Meyer. Bands and Photons in III-V Semiconductor Quantum Structures. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767275.001.0001.

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Semiconductor quantum structures are at the core of many photonic devices such as lasers, photodetectors, solar cells etc. To appreciate why they are such a good fit to these devices, we must understand the basic features of their band structure and how they interact with incident light. This book takes the reader from the very basics of III-V semiconductors (some preparation in quantum mechanics and electromagnetism is helpful) and shows how seemingly obscure results such as detailed forms of the Hamiltonian, optical transition strengths, and recombination mechanisms follow. The reader does not need to consult other references to fully understand the material, although a few handpicked sources are listed for those who would like to deepen their knowledge further. Connections to the properties of novel materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides are pointed out, to help prepare the reader for contributing at the forefront of research. The book also supplies a complete, up-to-date database of the band parameters that enter into the calculations, along with tables of optical constants and interpolation schemes for alloys. From these foundations, the book goes on to derive the characteristics of photonic semiconductor devices (with a focus on the mid-infrared) using the same principles of building all concepts from the ground up, explaining all derivations in detail, giving quantitative examples, and laying out dimensional arguments whenever they can help the reader’s understanding. A substantial fraction of the material in this book has not appeared in print anywhere else, including journal publications.
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Book chapters on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Martin, Michael C., and Paul Dumas. "Materials sciences using synchrotron infrared light sources." In Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849734899-00141.

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Islam, Mohammed N. "Infrared Super-continuum Light Sources and Their Applications." In Raman Fiber Lasers. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65277-1_4.

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Beck, Sara C. "Mid-infrared Lines as Astrophysical Diagnostics: Two Decades of Problems and Promise." In Amazing Light. Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2378-8_3.

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Seidel, Marcus. "From the Near- to the Mid-Infrared." In A New Generation of High-Power, Waveform Controlled, Few-Cycle Light Sources. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10791-8_4.

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Cheng, Fa-Yen, Terry Yuan-Fang Chen, Chia-Cheng Lee, and Ming-Tzer Lin. "Real-Time Shadow Moiré Measurement by Two Light Sources." In Advancements in Optical Methods & Digital Image Correlation in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30009-8_15.

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Gensch, Michael. "Brilliant Infrared Light Sources for Micro-Ellipsometric Studies of Organic Thin Films." In Ellipsometry of Functional Organic Surfaces and Films. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40128-2_16.

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Gensch, Michael. "Brilliant Infrared Light Sources for Micro-ellipsometric Studies of Organic Thin Films." In Ellipsometry of Functional Organic Surfaces and Films. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75895-4_22.

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Jung, C. G., and R. F. C. Hull. "The Two Sources of Knowledge: The Light of Nature And The Light of Revelation." In Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032652047-299.

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Luo, Xiao, Qing Liu, Huidong Yin, and Fucai Liu. "Emerging Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Applications in Detection of Polarized Light." In Emergent Micro- and Nanomaterials for Optical, Infrared, and Terahertz Applications. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003202608-8.

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Wszołek, Bogdan, Konrad Rudnicki, Paolo de Bernardis, and Silvia Masi. "Visual light and infrared observations as complementary sources of data on intergalactic dust." In Large-Scale Structures in the Universe Observational and Analytical Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-50135-5_73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Kubota, Kousuke, Ryusei Uchiyama, Wataru Kokuyama, Peter G. Schunemann, and Yoshiaki Nakajima. "Generation of Frequency Comb Spanning 5.0-12.0 µm Based on a Bidirectional Dual-comb Fiber Laser." In JSAP-Optica Joint Symposia. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/jsapo.2024.17p_a31_9.

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Long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectroscopy has relied on Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) with incoherent thermal light sources. The thermal sources with low-brightness limit focusing ability, long-distance propagation, and spectroscopic sensitivity. Moreover, the FTS systems use mechanical moving stages, leading to a trade-off between spectral resolution and acquisition time. On the contrary, dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) [1] surpasses conventional FTS in terms of bandwidth coverage, resolution, acquisition time, and sensitivity. However, DCS necessitates a complex laser source system to generate two optical combs with high relative frequency stability. To address this challenge, we have developed a bidirectional dual-comb fiber laser [2] capable of generating dual optical frequency combs from a single laser source.
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Helmy, Amr S. "Practical nonclassical sources of infrared light for quantum enhanced sensing." In Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XXI, edited by Manijeh Razeghi, Giti A. Khodaparast, and Miriam S. Vitiello. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3044296.

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Schossig, Marco. "Miniaturized, powerful and broadband radiation sources for near-infrared spectroscopy." In Applied Industrial Spectroscopy. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/ais.2024.atu3a.2.

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New developments towards miniaturized, powerful and broadband near-infrared (NIR) radiation sources are presented and compared to the most commonly used light source in near-infrared spectroscopy, the tungsten incandescent light bulb.
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Flender, Roland, Adam Borzsonyi, Balint Kiss, and Viktor Chikan. "Comparative study of terahertz pulse generation from one- and two-color laser pulses in the mid-infrared spectral range." In Compact EUV & X-ray Light Sources. OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/euvxray.2020.jw1a.32.

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Perestjuk, Marko, Adam Biegański, Anas Chalak, et al. "Comparison of GST and Sb2S3 Phase Change Materials for Reconfigurable Integrated Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Sources." In Mid-Infrared Coherent Sources. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/mics.2024.mtu5c.4.

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We characterize the properties of two phase change materials, Ge2Sb2Te5 and Sb2S3, for integrated mid-infrared photonics. Further, we demonstrate that Sb2S3 is suitable for reconfigurable supercontinuum generation as a broadband, coherent and intense light source.
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Sheehy, B., M. Widmer, R. Lafon, A. Gambhir, and L. F. DiMauro. "Tunable, Ultrashort, High-Intensity Kilohertz Mid-Infrared Laser System." In Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength Sources. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hfsw.1997.the2.

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We have developed a high intensity, ultra-short kilohertz laser system operating in the mid infrared, between 3 and 4.5 μm. The output of an ultrashort pulse oscillator (sync-pumped dye laser or mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser), which is tunable about 800 nm, is amplified in a Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier, using chirped pulse amplification. Another pulse at λ=1053 nm, synchronized with the tunable pulse, is amplified in a cw pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier. Mixing the two pulses in a nonlinear crystal, we obtain the difference frequency in the mid-infrared. A schematic of one configuration is shown in the figure below. The 800 nm oscillator in this case is a dye laser synchronously pumped by a mode-locked Nd:YLF laser, which also acts as the seed source for the 1053 nm light, thus providing optical synchronization between the two pulses at the mixing crystal. This configuration yields 1 psec pulses in the mid-infrared with an energy of 70 microjoules, which may be focussed, using f/4 optics, to peak intensities above 1012 W/cm2. The 1053 nm seed source may also be electronically synchronized with a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire oscillator in place of the dye laser, reducing the pulsewidth and increasing the peak intensity by an order of magnitude.
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Isroilov, Fakhriddin, and Orif Qosimov. "AN OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE THAT NONINVASIVELY MEASURES BLOOD OXYGEN SATURATION." In Status and development trends of standardization and technical regulation in the world. Tashkent state technical university, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-conf.22.1-77-0060.

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It is known that the photometric method of determining blood oxygen saturation requires the use of light sources with two different wavelengths. This is due to the fact that hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in the blood have different absorption coefficients for different wavelengths of light. So, at a wavelength of 660 nm (the red part of the spectrum), hemoglobin has 10 times more light absorption than oxyhemoglobin. At the wavelength of 940 nm (infrared rays), the opposite happens, that is, oxyhemoglobin absorbs more light than hemoglobin. Because of this, it is possible to obtain information about the relative value of hemoglobin using two different light sources.
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Spölera, Felix, Stefan Kray, Patrik Grychtol, et al. "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography at two infrared wavelength regions using a single light source." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2007.6627_3.

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Spöler, Felix, Stefan Kray, Patrik Grychtol, et al. "Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography at two infrared wavelength regions using a single light source." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics, edited by Peter E. Andersen and Zhongping Chen. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.728494.

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Ding, Yan, Yi Cui, Qing Qing Xin, Yong Gang Xie, Re Yu Gao, and Fei Zhao. "Automated Identification of Lithology from Drilling Cuttings Based on Deep Residual Network." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214565-ms.

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Abstract Identification of lithology from drilling cuttings is a key step for reservoir characterization. At present, the traditional method is to collect and analyze the cuttings by manual interpretation, which is subjective and time-consuming. In order to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and automation of identification of cuttings lithology, this paper completed lithology identification and classification through batch iterative training based on Resnet-34 network. Automated rock type identification from cuttings images captured by a given camera is the goal of this work. The main challenge in cuttings recognition is the similarity of color and grain size in two or different cuttings. Another important factor is that the light source of the camera. In order to capture the images of cuttings more comprehensively for identification, a single light source with 8 channels (ultraviolet, blue, green, yellow, red, infrared, far infrared, and white light) was used to irradiate the cuttings during the imaging process, and the imaging information of cuttings in the full spectral segment can be obtained as the input of the deep learning network. In order to solve the overfitting problem caused by data duplication under different light sources, the input images are first preprocessed by brightness equalization and random cropping, so that each grayscale image can have the same brightness and do not have too much repetition under different light sources. In terms of the efficiency and accuracy, Resnet-34 is selected as the model framework of cuttings recognition and classification. The overall accuracy of the model is increased to 98.6% combined with the actual hardware support in the field, which promotes the more efficient identification of logging cuttings and provides a theoretical basis for improving the online logging of logging in the field.
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Reports on the topic "Two infrared light sources"

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Albrecht-Buehler, Guenter, and Robert L. Rea. The Role of Mitochondria in the Detection of Infrared Light Sources by Mammalian Cells. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada439696.

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Albrecht-Buehler, Guenter, and Robert L. Rea. The Role of Mitochondria in the Detection of Infrared Light Sources by Mammalian Cells. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403584.

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Albrecht-Buehler, Guenter, and Robert L. Rea. The Role of Mitochondria in the detection of Infrared Light Sources by Mammalian Cells. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376002.

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Ling Hsiao, Ray, Yu Wei Lin, and Chiang Yun Chen. Supplementary Information of Innovative Observation of a 266-nm Laser Inhibiting Egg Laying in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science Repository, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.acr.2022.02.04.sup.

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Infrared laser as a heat source could induce gene expression by activating heat promoter genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, as previously reported. In this study, we innovatively used a 266-nm laser to irradiate C. elegans for only one second and observed a significant inhibition of the overall number of eggs laid (P &lt; 0.0001) and the first day egg laying (P=0.005). This is the first study to establish how light with a wavelength of 266-nm can influence a life activity such as laying eggs in C. elegans.
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Saveleva, Viktoria. The use of a phosphor in light sources in a photo cabinet. Light sources with a phosphor in a photo cabinet using laser diodes. Intellectual Archive, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2903.

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Non-thermal luminescence of a substance is called luminescence. This process occurs by absorbing excitation energy. The substance itself is called a phosphor. In chemical nature, the phosphor is divided into two groups: organic and non-organic. In fluorescent lamps and other light sources, a non-organic phosphor is used. The main purpose of using phosphor in lighting fixtures is to save energy. Another significant factor is the availability and low cost in the market. And also, the variety of colors available on the market. The use of phosphors with laser diodes is a new direction in lighting devices. It represents a huge potential for the development of innovative space lighting technologies.
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Lam, Yee-Loy. Speckle Free, Low Coherency, High Brightness, and High Pulse Speed Infrared Collimated Light Sources for Mid-IR Target Designator and Hyperspectral Imaging. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada482581.

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Lever, James, Susan Taylor, Garrett Hoch, and Charles Daghlian. Evidence that abrasion can govern snow kinetic friction. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42646.

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The long-accepted theory to explain why snow is slippery postulates self-lubrication: frictional heat from sliding melts and thereby lubricates the contacting snow grains. We recently published micro-scale interface observations that contradicted this explanation: contacting snow grains abraded and did not melt under a polyethylene slider, despite low friction values. Here we provide additional observational and theoretical evidence that abrasion can govern snow kinetic friction. We obtained coordinated infrared, visible-light and scanning-electron micrographs that confirm that the evolving shapes observed during our tribometer tests are contacting snow grains polished by abrasion, and that the wear particles can sinter together and fill the adjacent pore spaces. Furthermore, dry-contact abrasive wear reasonably predicts the evolution of snow-slider contact area and sliding-heat-source theory confirms that contact temperatures would not reach 0°C during our tribometer tests. Importantly, published measurements of interface temperatures also indicate that melting did not occur during field tests on sleds and skis. Although prevailing theory anticipates a transition from dry to lubricated contact along a slider, we suggest that dry-contact abrasion and heat flow can prevent this transition from occurring for snow-friction scenarios of practical interest.
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Vuksanović, Vuk. Between Emotions and Realism: Two Faces of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55042/wzvw6831.

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Turkey’s more assertive posture towards the Balkans is neglected compared to the commentariat that deals with Russia and China. To fill this policy gap, the research team of the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) has conducted research based on the analysis of secondary source material and, even more importantly, on fieldwork interviews that involved 16 sources, academics and think tank researchers based in Istanbul and Ankara. Although the consulted sources have different backgrounds and political sympathies, the research established a presence of common themes. Namely, Turkish foreign policy in the Balkans has two aspects. The first is based on emotions, where Turkish foreign policy towards the region is framed by Turkey’s special ties with the region based on shared history, social connections, identity factors and the legacy of the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan country that is most frequently mentioned in the context of special ties with Turkey is Bosnia and Herzegovina, in light of socio-cultural ties and the fact that it is a country in which the Ottoman legacy is felt most strongly. The second approach is rooted in traditional foreign policy realism derived from an objective and calculated assessment of the regional balance of power and one’s own interests. Within this approach, Turkey is trying, for security and strategic reasons, to act pragmatically and be effective in the Balkans without entangling itself in crises that could impede its regional influence. This approach leads Turkey towards engaging Serbia, the region’s strategically consequential country, because Ankara is deeply convinced that if it wishes to be effective in the Balkans, it needs to have a partnership with Belgrade. In doing so, it must strike a balance between emotions and realism. It needs to walk the fine line between nurturing ties with communities with which it has cultural and religious ties, like Bosniaks and Albanians, while avoiding alienating countries whose partnership Ankara needs to be able to succeed in the Balkans, such as Serbia.
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Porcel Magnusson, Cristina. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021002.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm, to calculate object distance and position. Exterior automotive paint covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with vehicle coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Sensing technologies and materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, multidisciplinary approaches need to be taken to ensure reliability and safety in the future. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles provides a transversal view of different industry segments, from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR components and vehicle system development and integration. The report includes a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved.
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Pound, B. G. GRI-99-0000 Gap Analysis of the GRI Research Program on Internal Corrosion. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010720.

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Extensive information on the corrosion of steel in aqueous CO2 systems is now available from this program and numerous other sources. This information was reviewed to identify what research has been performed and what research remains to be undertaken to develop a expert system/risk management program. Four areas were examined: corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, monitoring techniques, and models/risk assessment. There were five gaps in mechanisms (two for bacteria and one each for flow rate/chloride concentration, hydrocarbons, and organic acids) and four gaps in mitigation (antibiofilm additives, antibacterial corrosion inhibitors, antibiofilm coatings, and UV light). Monitoring techniques have one principal gap, which is the lack of a single sensor that can indicate the type of corrosion and whether bacteria are involved. Various gaps were found in the approaches used for modeling and risk assessment: semiempirical and mechanistic models (deficient in their ability to treat films, H2S, and bacteria); thermodynamic models (incomplete range of key chemical species); statistical models (limited testing); probabilistic risk assessment (lack of usable data); and ranking risk assessment (lack of appropriate algorithms for internal corrosion).
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