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1
Juraitis, Sigitas. "MODEL OF TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 1 (2010): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.019.
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The computer model of electromechanical system with elasticity and clearance is elaborated. Model of induction motor is developed in stationary reference frame. Results of simulation are presented and discussed. Conclusions about influence of finite stiffness and clearance on the system dynamics are made.
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Naydenko, Elena, and Dmytro Zahumennov. "MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL OF TWO MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 34, no. 110 (2021): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.34.110.2021.9.
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Naydenko, Elena V. "START A TWO–MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH BACKLASH." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 21, no. 97 (2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.21.97.2016.05.
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Naydenko, E., and D. Zahumennov. "CONTROL SYSTEM OF TWO MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM BASED ON INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLER." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 33, no. 109 (2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.33.109.2020.5.
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It is possible to create a control program for a two-mass system based on an industrial micro- controller. The software implements various control methods to reduce the dynamic loads in the kinematic elements during the transients. The methods of simulating the behavior of the mechanism in different condi- tions and time intervals is described, as well as demonstration of the system operation and registration of relevant data. Numerous studies have shown that mechanical vibrations in most cases adversely affect the operation of the electric drive, causing an increase in dynamic loads, which reduces the accuracy of the mechanism, the occurrence of mechanical vibrations that create a dangerous situation. In the transients, when the suspension point of the load moves with acceleration, there is a swing of the load relative to its equilibrium position. The aim of the work is to control the mechanism of horizontal movement by an indus- trial controller, which implements the reduction of loads in the kinematic transmissions during the transi- ents, increases the speed and dampens the oscillations of the suspended load. The task is to develop a control algorithm and demonstrate the possibility of implementing the necessary control laws of the industrial con- troller. The possibility of realization of a microcontroller control of the asynchronous electric drive of the translational movement mechanism with the suspended load is shown, the control algorithm providing re- duction of the dynamic loadings in the kinematic elements is developed, and at small values of a backlash it provides speed and damping of the fluctuations suspended on a flexible thread. The management program is implemented on the basis of the industrial controller. It is possible to demonstrate the operation of the sys- tem in real time, as well as, changing the scale of time, to investigate the dynamic loads arising in the kine- matic elements of the mechanism under different conditions and control methods.
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Busher, Victor V., and Elena V. Naydenko. "EDUCATIONAL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE LAYOUT FOR TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM RESEARCH." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 20, no. 96 (2015): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.20.96.2015.02.
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Borodin, A. M. "Synthesis of a two-dimensional, two-mass electromechanical system of a modeling test bench." Russian Electrical Engineering 85, no. 12 (2014): 718–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371214120049.
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Gerasymiak, Rostislav P. ,., and Elena V. Naydenko. "THE KINEMATIC TRANSMISSION LOADS OF TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH GEAR DURING BRAKING." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 19, no. 95 (2015): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.19.95.2015.16.
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Волянский, Роман Сергеевич, and Александр Валентинович Садовой. "Synthesis of active compensation system of spring oscillation in two–mass electromechanical object." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 7(76) (2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2015.47178.
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Wang, Hong Ying. "Study on Electromechanical Coupling Vibration of Simulation Technology Based on the Drive System." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.289.
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Study the mechanical and electrical system,according to the mechanical system of the coupling mechanics principle, the AC drive system is simplified as many degrees of freedom "spring - mass - damper" system,the quality of construction of three two-axis system,established the two shafts electromechanical coupling vibration mathematical model; Using the electromechanical coupling vibration simulation model, the parameters of the current regulator, damping, harmonic disturbances, gap and load disturbance of electromechanical coupling factors such as vibrations caused by dynamic process.Improve the dynamic performance of the system is significant, have the great value for the parameters of the system design and fault diagnosis on this study.
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Kriaučiūnas, Jonas, and Sigitas Juraitis. "TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH A FUZZY REGULATOR / DVIMASĖ ELEKTROMECHANINĖ SISTEMA SU NERAIŠKIOSIOS LOGIKOS REGULIATORIUMI." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 4, no. 1 (2012): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.10.
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The paper presents a two-mass system with a finite stiffness and fuzzy logic controller with feedback signals proportional to speed error and its derivative. Solutions to improve the dynamics of the two-mass system were considered. The paper deals with some essential benefits of a fuzzy logic controller to control the drive speed of the induction motor of the two-mass system. A computer model of the two-mass system with Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy type controller is presented. The simulation model and results of the controlled two-mass system are discussed. The transients of the system with different reference speed are introduced. Santrauka Nagrinėjama dvimasė elektromechaninė sistema, kurioje yra galinčių deformuotis grandžių. Dalys, turinčios standumo, sukelia nepageidaujamus virpesius ir švytavimus, todėl būtina ieškoti sprendimų, kaip sumažinti jų įtaką sistemai. Sudarytas uždarosios dvimasės sistemos su neraiškiosios logikos reguliatoriumi Simulink modelis. Variklio modelis sudarytas sinchroniniu greičiu besisukančioje koordinačių sistemoje. Atliktas dvimasės elektromechaninės sistemos imitavimas esant skirtingoms greičio nuostatoms. Pateikti sistemos paleidimo proceso imitacijos rezultatai rodo, kad neraiškiosios logikos reguliatorius sumažina tiek variklio, tiek antrosios masės greičio švytavimus.
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Malev, N. A., and O. V. Pogoditsky. "RESEARCH AND SYNTHESIS OF THE MODAL REGULATOR OF THE TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM OF THE CRANE LIFTING MECHANISM." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 20, no. 7-8 (2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2018-20-7-8-99-106.
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Research of operation electromechanical system with considering resilient liaison is an actual task. Resilient interactions between the engine and the mechanism increase the load on the mechanical transmission and working equipment and accelerate their wear, increasing degrees of freedom of the system and exciting resonance oscillations. The synthesis of a modal regulator shown that provides an aperiodic transient process. The advantages and disadvantages of this analyzed method.
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Bondar, R. P., and G. M. Golenkov. "MODELING OF ELECTROMECHANICAL PROCESSES OF THE LINEAR PERMANENT MAGNET ACTUATOR FOR TWO MASS VIBRO-IMPACT SYSTEM." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2019, no. 6 (2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2019.06.043.
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Orlovskiy, I. A., and I. V. Blokhin. "Synthesis of mathematical model of two-mass electromechanical system with backlash in the form of modified recurrent neural network." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 2 (December 22, 2011): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2011-2-1.
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Escudero, A. Z., Ja Alvarez, and L. Leija. "Development and characterisation of electromechanical muscles for driving trans-humeral myoelectric prostheses." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 26, no. 3 (2002): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640208726652.
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Recently, attempts have been made to construct actuators with similar behaviour to natural muscles. However the results have been inadequate for application to practical prostheses. For example, muscle wire, which has too low an efficiency to be powered by batteries and McKibben muscles which require two power supplies, one electric and one pneumatic. Electrochemical muscles are still in the development stage and cannot yet be used for prostheses. In this paper, a new electromechanical actuator is presented, which provides rectilinear movement and linear characteristics. This electromechanical actuator is based on a ball screw and rare earth magnet coreless motors. The system has been characterised and some of the most important results are that it produces a force of 167N while developing a velocity of 7×10-3m/s. The force developed is proportional to the current drained. Its efficiency is about 32%, its total mass 0.19kg and it is light and compact enough to be used in practical clinical prosthesis.
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Шевченко, І. С., Є. С. Руднєв, and Ю. А. Романченко. "Modeling of the electric drive of the main motion of the rolling cage as a multi-mass electromechanical system." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 4(268) (June 10, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2021-268-4-30-34.
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The model of rolling stand of a thick-plate rolling mill 3000 has been designed in the work in order to determine the oscillations frequencies that occur during operation, the effect of their amplitude on the dynamic deviations of the speed of the working body from the specified one.Presented results of the research dynamic to rolling cage 3000 at presentation her as seven masses electromechanic system. Shown influence clearance in mechanical issue on dynamic of the mechanism.The research by the method of mathematical modeling in the design and operation of mechanical equipment is substantiated.The design diagram of mechanical part of the electromechanical system is presented.Using the simulation results it was confirmed that the influence of internal viscous friction in shafting on the oscillation damping is not significant in relation to the damping properties of electric drive.Therefore, in the first approximation, it can be ignored. The electric drive of the rolling stand was considered as a TP-D system with speed and current regulators at their standard settings to the modular optimum. To reduce the magnitude of the elastic moments in the kinematic chain of the stand the armature current intensity generator in the electric drive is used.Simulation of the processes was carried out in Simulink of the MATLAB package.Thestand model is designed according to design scheme and reflects the branching into two channels with their combination through an elastic element – the material that is rolled.Based on real geometry and taking into account the properties of material the stiffness of shafts of mechanical transmissions were calculated.The model was set to a rolling program with a variable speed – in order to compensate the thickness difference, which corresponds to modern technological trends.Comparing the simulation results, it was found that the presence of a gap provokes the appearance of self-oscillations, the damping of which in a real mechanical system will occur due to damping properties of the shafts.The damping of oscillations takes place due to the damping properties of the electric drive. The appearance of a gap in the spindles leads to an increase in the system vibration frequency (70-80 Hz).
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Prydalnyi, Borys, and Heorhiy Sulym. "Identification of Analytical Dependencies of the Operational Characteristics of the Workpiece Clamping Mechanisms with the Rotary Movement of the Input Link." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 15, no. 1 (2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2021-0007.
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Abstract The research is devoted to the problem of determining the efficiency of the workpiece fixing mechanism operation. Improving characteristics of workpiece fixing is one of the required conditions to increase the cutting modes, which may help to enhance the machining productivity. The study investigates the main characteristics and general features of a new structure of clamping mechanisms with electromechanical actuators for fixation of rotation bodies. The main advantages of using electromechanical clamping actuators with self-braking gear are presented. Two simplified dynamical models for the description of different stages of the clamping process are developed. The calculation scheme was formulated to find out how the mass-geometric parameters of mechanism elements should influence the main characteristics of the clamping mechanisms of this type.
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Rekatsinas, Christoforos S., and Dimitris A. Saravanos. "A time domain spectral layerwise finite element for wave structural health monitoring in composite strips with physically modeled active piezoelectric actuators and sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 4 (2016): 488–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16649700.
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A new explicit, two-dimensional plane strain, time domain spectral finite element is developed to enhance the simulation of guided waves generated by active piezoelectric sensors in laminated composite strips. A new multi-field layerwise theory is formulated for composite laminates with piezoelectric actuators and sensors which captures straight-crested symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb waves. Third-order Hermite polynomial splines are employed for the approximation of displacements and electric potential through the thickness, and the piezoelectric actuators and sensors are physically modeled through coupled electromechanical governing equations. A multi-node finite element formulation is presented entailing displacement and electric degrees of freedom at nodes collocated with Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre integration points. Stiffness, diagonal mass, piezoelectric, and electric permittivity matrices are described, and the coupled transient electromechanical response is predicted by a properly formulated explicit time integration scheme. The numerical results of a nine-node time domain spectral finite element are correlated with the reported numerical results and with measured Lamb wave data generated by piezoceramic active sensor pairs in carbon/epoxy plate strips. Important effects introduced by the stiffness and mass of the active actuator/sensor system on Lamb wave propagation are captured by the developed finite element and quantified.
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Friswell, Michael I., S. Faruque Ali, Onur Bilgen, Sondipon Adhikari, Arthur W. Lees, and Grzegorz Litak. "Non-linear piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting from a vertical cantilever beam with tip mass." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 23, no. 13 (2012): 1505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12455722.
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A common energy harvesting device uses a piezoelectric patch on a cantilever beam with a tip mass. The usual configuration exploits the linear resonance of the system; this works well for harmonic excitation and when the natural frequency is accurately tuned to the excitation frequency. A new configuration is proposed, consisting of a cantilever beam with a tip mass that is mounted vertically and excited in the transverse direction at its base. This device is highly non-linear with two potential wells for large tip masses, when the beam is buckled. The system dynamics may include multiple solutions and jumps between the potential wells, and these are exploited in the harvesting device. The electromechanical equations of motion for this system are developed, and its response for a range of parameters is investigated using phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams. The model is validated using an experimental device with three different tip masses, representing three interesting cases: a linear system; a low natural frequency, non-buckled beam; and a buckled beam. The most practical configuration seems to be the pre-buckled case, where the proposed system has a low natural frequency, a high level of harvested power and an increased bandwidth over a linear harvester.
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Zhang, Y., and L. Huang. "Realization of Resonance of a Diaphragm at Any Desired Frequency." Journal of Mechanics 34, no. 1 (2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2015.105.
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AbstractIn noise control, the reactance of a mechanical system needs to be minimized while the resistance is chosen suitably. This work illustrates the possibility of and the ease at which such design tasks may be accomplished by utilizing strong electromechanical coupling. Moving-coil loudspeaker is chosen as the vehicle of illustration and it is considered as a simple spring-mass system when operated below its first diaphragm mode. It is shown that the system mechanical property may be tuned easily by a simple R-LC circuit. In addition to the assigned resonance frequency, there can be a maximum of two other resonances. It is argued that the ability to tune the system mechanical resonance to any frequency, such as the ones at very low frequencies, can be very useful for noise and vibration control applications.
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Zhao, X., EC Yang, YH Li, and W. Crossley. "Closed-form solutions for forced vibrations of piezoelectric energy harvesters by means of Green’s functions." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 17 (2017): 2372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17689927.
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In this article, the closed-form solutions are obtained for the forced vibrations of cantilevered unimorph piezoelectric energy harvesters. A tip mass is attached at the free end, and the moment of its inertia to the fixed end is considered. Timoshenko beam assumptions are used to establish a coupled electromechanical model for the harvester. Two damping effects, transverse and rotational damping effects, are taken into account. Green’s function method and Laplace transform technique are used to solve the coupled electromechanical vibration system. The conventional case of a harmonic base excitation is considered, and numerical calculations are performed. The present model is validated by comparing its predictions with the existing data, the experimental results, and the finite element method solutions. The influences of shear deformation and rotational inertia on the predictions are discussed. The effect of load resistance on the electrical power is studied, and the optimal load resistances are obtained. Ultimately, the optimal schemes are proposed to improve electricity generation performance for the soft piezoelectric materials: PZT-5A/5H.
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Horowitz, S. B., T. Nishida, L. N. Cattafesta, and M. Sheplak. "Characterization of a Compliant-Backplate Helmholtz Resonator for An Electromechanical Acoustic Liner." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 1, no. 2 (2002): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/147547202760236969.
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Passive acoustic liners are currently used to reduce the noise radiated from aircraft engine nacelles. This study is the first phase in the development of an actively-tuned electromechanical acoustic liner that potentially offers improved noise suppression over conventional multi-layer liners. The underlying technical concept is based on the idea that the fundamental frequency of a Helmholtz resonator may be adjusted by adding degrees of freedom (DOF) via substitution of a rigid wall with a piezoelectric composite diaphragm coupled to a passive electrical shunt network. In this paper, a Helmholtz resonator containing a compliant aluminum diaphragm is investigated to provide a fundamental understanding of this two DOF system, before adding complexity via the piezoelectric composite material. Using lumped elements, an equivalent circuit model is derived, from which the transfer function and acoustic impedance are obtained. Additionally, a mass ratio is introduced that quantifies the amount of coupling between the elements of the system. The theory is then compared to experiment in a normal-incidence impedance tube. The experimental results confirm the additional DOF and overall acoustic behavior but also suggest the need for a more comprehensive analytical model to accurately predict the acoustic impedance. Nevertheless, the experiments demonstrate the potential benefits of this approach for the reduction of aircraft engine noise.
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Gozum, Mehmet Murat, Amirreza Aghakhani, Gokhan Serhat, and Ipek Basdogan. "Electroelastic modeling of thin-laminated composite plates with surface-bonded piezo-patches using Rayleigh–Ritz method." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 10 (2018): 2192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18758189.
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Laminated composite panels are extensively used in various engineering applications. Piezoelectric transducers can be integrated into such composite structures for a variety of vibration control and energy harvesting applications. Analyzing the structural dynamics of such electromechanical systems requires precise modeling tools which properly consider the coupling between the piezoelectric elements and the laminates. Although previous analytical models in the literature cover vibration analysis of laminated composite plates with fully covered piezoelectric layers, they do not provide a formulation for modeling the piezoelectric patches that partially cover the plate surface. In this study, a methodology for vibration analysis of laminated composite plates with surface-bonded piezo-patches is developed. Rayleigh–Ritz method is used for solving the modal analysis and obtaining the frequency response functions. The developed model includes mass and stiffness contribution of the piezo-patches as well as the two-way electromechanical coupling effect. Moreover, an accelerated method is developed for reducing the computation time of the modal analysis solution. For validations, system-level finite element simulations are performed in ANSYS software. The results show that the developed analytical model can be utilized for accurate and efficient analysis and design of laminated composite plates with surface-bonded piezo-patches.
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Elvira-Hernández, Ernesto A., Juan C. Anaya-Zavaleta, Eustaquio Martínez-Cisneros, Francisco López-Huerta, Luz Antonio Aguilera-Cortés, and Agustín L. Herrera-May. "Electromechanical Modeling of Vibration-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator with Multilayered Cross-Section for Low-Power Consumption Devices." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (2020): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090860.
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Piezoelectric nanogenerators can convert energy from ambient vibrations into electrical energy. In the future, these nanogenerators could substitute conventional electrochemical batteries to supply electrical energy to consumer electronics. The optimal design of nanogenerators is fundamental in order to achieve their best electromechanical behavior. We present the analytical electromechanical modeling of a vibration-based piezoelectric nanogenerator composed of a double-clamped beam with five multilayered cross-sections. This nanogenerator design has a central seismic mass (910 μm thickness) and substrate (125 μm thickness) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as well as a zinc oxide film (100 nm thickness) at the bottom of each end. The zinc oxide (ZnO) films have two aluminum electrodes (100 nm thickness) through which the generated electrical energy is extracted. The analytical electromechanical modeling is based on the Rayleigh method, Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Macaulay method. In addition, finite element method (FEM) models are developed to estimate the electromechanical behavior of the nanogenerator. These FEM models consider air damping at atmospheric pressure and optimum load resistance. The analytical modeling results agree well with respect to those of FEM models. For applications under accelerations in y-direction of 2.50 m/s2 and an optimal load resistance of 32,458 Ω, the maximum output power and output power density of the nanogenerator at resonance (119.9 Hz) are 50.44 μW and 82.36 W/m3, respectively. This nanogenerator could be used to convert the ambient mechanical vibrations into electrical energy and supply low-power consumption devices.
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Antipov, A. S., and S. A. Krasnova. "Stabilization System of Convey-Crane Position Via Sigmoidal Function." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 20, no. 10 (2019): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.20.609-614.
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In this paper, we consider the convey-crane system, which can transport loads for industrial purposes. The mathematical model, describing the motion of convey-crane, is presented by a Lagrangian mechanical system of nonlinear equations with two degrees of freedom and one control action. It is supposed that the rope has no mass, its stiffness is not taken into account, and there is no friction in the joints. The stabilization problem of the desired convey-crane position is posed underuncertain mass inertia characteristics, an action of non-smooth bounded disturbances and incomplete measurements. Based on the passivity property, the control law with linear and sigmoidal parts is constructed for the solution of the problem. The only measurement of the convey-crane position is available without a noise in the measurements. We use the low order observer with sigmoidal corrective action to obtain the needed velocity estimates for the control law. It is shown that the using of sigmoidal function as a prelimit realization of sign-function provides disturbances invariance with the given accuracy. With respect to the smoothness and boundness, sigmoidal function helps to avoid overshoot in the transient responses and excessive consumption of control resources. Moreover, unlike the sign-function, a sigmoidal function is realized in the electromechanical systems with actuator dynamics, in which the physical restrictions on the forces and general moments are posed. The constructed control law with linear and sigmoidal parts is simulated for the convey-crane system in MATLAB- Simulink. The classical PD-controller is simulated too for the purpos e of comparison. The results of modeling are proved the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Peruzzi, NJ, FR Chavarette, JM Balthazar, AM Tusset, ALPM Perticarrari, and RMFL Brasil. "The dynamic behavior of a parametrically excited time-periodic MEMS taking into account parametric errors." Journal of Vibration and Control 22, no. 20 (2016): 4101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315573913.
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Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are micro scale devices that are able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. In this paper, the mathematical model of an electronic circuit of a resonant MEMS mass sensor, with time-periodic parametric excitation, was analyzed and controlled by Chebyshev polynomial expansion of the Picard interaction and Lyapunov-Floquet transformation, and by Optimal Linear Feedback Control (OLFC). Both controls consider the union of feedback and feedforward controls. The feedback control obtained by Picard interaction and Lyapunov-Floquet transformation is the first strategy and the optimal control theory the second strategy. Numerical simulations show the efficiency of the two control methods, as well as the sensitivity of each control strategy to parametric errors. Without parametric errors, both control strategies were effective in maintaining the system in the desired orbit. On the other hand, in the presence of parametric errors, the OLFC technique was more robust.
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Zhu, Jiang, and Karim Khayati. "Application of adaptive sliding mode control for nonlinear systems with unknown polynomial bounded uncertainties." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (2017): 3721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217731616.
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In this paper, we discuss the application of a novel switching integral-exponential-adaptation-law-based adaptive sliding mode control design for a wide class of nonlinear systems with unknown polynomial bounds on the uncertainty norm. A robust finite time convergence, i.e. finite stability, is obtained with low chatter on control actions and a fast-transient performance for adaptive sliding mode control handling the multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems with uncertainties of amplitudes bounded within unknown polynomials in the state vector norm. The exponential term of the proposed adaptation law targets the reduction of the chatter levels of the sliding mode by significantly reducing the gain overestimation while simultaneously suppressing the overshoot by speeding up the system response to the uncertainties. It also prevents the instability issues which encounters the classic integral-gain-law-based adaptive sliding mode control when underestimating its initial gain or gain rate parameter. A simple example illustrates the motivation and feasibility of the proposed adaptive sliding mode control. The applications on a nonlinear mass–spring system and on a two degree of freedom electromechanical rotative plant demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.
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Martínez-Cisneros, Eustaquio, Luis A. Velosa-Moncada, Jesús A. Del Angel-Arroyo, Luz Antonio Aguilera-Cortés, Carlos Arturo Cerón-Álvarez, and Agustín L. Herrera-May. "Electromechanical Modeling of MEMS-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Applications in Domestic Washing Machines." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030617.
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Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) devices can convert the mechanical vibrations of their surrounding environment into electrical energy for low-power sensors. This electrical energy is amplified when the operation resonant frequency of the PEH device matches with the vibration frequency of its surrounding environment. We present the electromechanical modeling of two MEMS-based PEH devices to transform the mechanical vibrations of domestic washing machines into electrical energy. These devices have resonant structures with a T shape, which are formed by an array of multilayer beams and a ultraviolet (UV)-resin seismic mass. The first layer is a substrate of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the second and fourth layers are Al and Pt electrodes, and the third layer is piezoelectric material. Two different types of piezoelectric materials (ZnO and PZT-5A) are considered in the designs of PEH devices. The mechanical behavior of each PEH device is obtained using analytical models based on the Rayleigh–Ritz and Macaulay methods, as well as the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. In addition, finite element method (FEM) models are developed to predict the electromechanical response of the PEH devices. The results of the mechanical behavior of these devices obtained with the analytical models agree well with those of the FEM models. The PEH devices of ZnO and PZT-5A can generate up to 1.97 and 1.35 µW with voltages of 545.32 and 45.10 mV, and load resistances of 151.12 and 1.5 kΩ, respectively. These PEH devices could supply power to internet of things (IoT) sensors of domestic washing machines.
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Lu, Qingqing, Fabrizio Scarpa, Liwu Liu, Jinsong Leng, and Yanju Liu. "An E-shape broadband piezoelectric energy harvester induced by magnets." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 11 (2018): 2477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18770871.
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We describe in this work a broadband magnetic E-shape piezoelectric energy harvester with wide frequency bandwidth. We develop first a nonlinear electromechanical model of the harvester based on the Hamilton variation principle that simulates the effect of the nonlinear magnetic restoring force at different spacing distances. The model is used to identify the distances existing between two different magnets that enable the system to perform with a specific nonlinearity. The performance of the E-shape piezoelectric energy harvester is also investigated through experiments, with E-shape energy harvesters at different spacing distances tested under several base acceleration excitations. We observe that the frequency domain output voltage of the system shows a general excellent controllable performance, with a widening of the frequency bandwidth. The half-power bandwidth of the linear energy harvester for a distance of 25 mm is 0.8 Hz only, which can be expanded to 2.67 Hz for the larger distance of 11 mm between magnets. The energy harvester presented in this work shows promising performances for broad-spectrum vibration excitations compared to conventional cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester systems with a tip mass.
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Liu, Haiping, and Dongmei Zhu. "Dynamics of a three-parameter electromagnetic vibration energy harvester considering electromechanical coupling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 7 (2019): 1323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219893386.
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The paper concerns the dynamic responses and vibration energy harvesting characteristics in an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester comprising three-parameter mechanical vibration subsystem. For completeness and comparison, a two-parameter vibration energy harvester is also presented. The analytical expressions of the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the inertial mass and the current in the electrical circuit are respectively derived by applying dimensionless method to the studied two- and three-parameter dynamic systems. Considering the effects of different types of ambient excitation, a single-frequency harmonic load and a periodic load are introduced into the analytical expressions on the dynamic performance of the vibration energy harvester. First of all, the influences of the designing parameters from the mechanical vibration subsystem and the electrical circuit subsystem on the vibration energy harvester are investigated. For evaluating the effects due to introducing the three-parameter mechanical vibration component, comparisons are made between two- and three-parameter vibration energy harvesters to convert the ambient excitations into electrical energy. And then, the expressions of the dimensionless average power which delivered into an electrical load under a single-frequency harmonic excitation or a periodic excitation are derived. The calculating results show that the energy conversion efficiency is enhanced significantly by changing the mechanical damping efficiency and the stiffness ratio for the three-parameter mechanical component of the energy harvester. At the same time, the average power of the three-parameter vibration energy harvester, which delivered into the electrical load, is also improved. However, the influences of the electrical circuit component on the ambient energy harvesting can be omitted when keeping the designing parameters of the mechanical part constant.
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Shprekher, Dmitry, Gennady Babokin, Alexandr Zelenkov, and Dmitry Ovsyannikov. "Universal Computer Model for Studying the Dynamics of a Two-Motor Scraper Conveyor." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 64, no. 2 (2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2021-2-56-64.
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The article proposes to study the dynamics of the scraper conveyor (SC), which is one of the main components of the mechanized complex of the coal face, to use a universal computer model in which the multi-mass system of the traction body (TB) with concentrated parameters is replaced by a script in the form of a MATLAB function, the code for modeling the system of equations of the TB in which is developed using the Matlab pro-gramming language. With the help of Simulink blocks, models of electric motors, transmissions, drive sprockets, as well as the elementary masses of TB are created. This solution made it possible to change the number of elementary masses in a wide range, and to ensure the study of dynamic processes in the electromechanical system of the SC with a predetermined accuracy. The most common type of multi-motor conveyor is considered: two-drive, with head and end drives connected through transmissions and sprockets by an infinite chain with scrapers. The simulation of the direct start modes at full load and empty load was carried out. The results showed that the proposed model provided 2 times faster simulation of the developed model compared to the model of a conveyor made up of the same number of individual elementary masses, while the accuracy of the simulation in terms of the speed of movement of the chain is 5% in the interval with the real conveyor. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop an effective method of controlling the head and tail drives of the scraper conveyor in order to equal their load. The results of the simulation can be used to predict the fatigue life and determine the optimal pretensioning force at an early design stage, when only a few design parameters are known.
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Ma, Hua An, Jing Quan Liu, Gang Tang, Chun Sheng Yang, Yi Gui Li, and Dan Nong He. "A Broadband Frequency Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.626.
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As the low-power wireless sensor components and the development of micro electromechanical systems, long-term supply of components is a major obstacle of their development. One of solutions to this problem is based on the environmental energy collection of piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting. Currently, frequency band of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is narrow and the frequency is high, which is not fit for the vibration energy acquisition in the natural environment. A piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with lower working frequency and broader band is designed and a test system to analyze the harvester is presented in this paper. The traditional mass is replaced by a permanent magnet in this paper, While other two permanent magnets are also placed on the upper and above of the piezoelectric cantilever. Experiments showed, under the 0.5g acceleration, compared with the traditional non-magnetic piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting, a piezoelectric cantilever (length 40mm, width 8mm, thickness 0.8mm) has a peak-peak voltage of 32.4V, effectively enlarges working frequency band from 67HZ-105HZ to 63HZ-108HZ.
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Elvira-Hernández, Ernesto, Luis Uscanga-González, Arxel de León, Francisco López-Huerta, and Agustín Herrera-May. "Electromechanical Modeling of a Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesting Microdevice Based on Multilayer Resonator for Air Conditioning Vents at Office Buildings." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030211.
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Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting (pVEH) microdevices can convert the mechanical vibrations to electrical voltages. In the future, these microdevices can provide an alternative to replace the electrochemical batteries, which cause contamination due to their toxic materials. We present the electromechanical modeling of a pVEH microdevice with a novel resonant structure for air conditioning vents at office buildings. This electromechanical modeling includes different multilayers and cross-sections of the microdevice resonator as well as the air damping. This microdevice uses a flexible substrate and it does not include toxics materials. The microdevice has a resonant structure formed by multilayer beams and U-shape proof mass of UV-resin (730 μm thickness). The multilayer beams contain flexible substrates (160 μm thickness) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), two aluminum electrodes (100 nm thickness), and a ZnO layer (2 μm thickness). An analytical model is developed to predict the first bending resonant frequency and deflections of the microdevice. This model considers the Rayleigh and Macaulay methods, and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In addition, the electromechanical behavior of the microdevice is determined through the finite element method (FEM) models. In these FEM models, the output power of the microdevice is obtained using different sinusoidal accelerations. The microdevice has a resonant frequency of 60.3 Hz, a maximum deflection of 2.485 mm considering an acceleration of 1.5 m/s2, an output voltage of 2.854 V and generated power of 37.45 μW with a load resistance of 217.5 kΩ. An array of pVEH microdevices connected in series could be used to convert the displacements of air conditioning vents at office buildings into voltages for electronic devices and sensors.
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Stevens, Colin, Robert Dean, and Chris Wilson. "Micromachined Snap-In Resonators." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (2012): 001920–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-wp31.
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MEMS resonators have many applications, including micromachined gyroscopes, resonating pressure sensors and RF devices. Typically, MEMS resonators consist of a proof mass and suspension system that allows the proof mass motion in one or two directions. Micromachined actuators provide kinetic energy to the proof mass, usually at its resonant frequency. In the simplest resonators, the actuators are driven with an AC signal at or near the resonant frequency. In more complex resonators, the actuator-proof mass system is placed in an amplifier feedback circuit so that the electromechanical system self-resonates. MEMS parallel plate actuators (PPAs) are simple to realize, yet complex nonlinear variable capacitors. If a DC voltage is applied in attempt to move the proof mass greater than 1/3 of the electrode rest gap distance, the device becomes unstable and the electrodes snap into contact. A current limiting resistor is often placed in series with the PPA to limit short circuit current due to a snap-in event. Consider the effect of placing a large resistor, on the order on 10 meg-Ohms, in series with the PPA. Then apply a DC voltage across the resistor-PPA pair of sufficient voltage to cause snap-in. Once the electrostatic force (ES) exceeds the spring force (SF), the electrodes will accelerate toward each other. The capacitance between the electrodes swells as the separation distance shrinks. Since the large resistor limits the charging rate of the capacitor, the voltage across it drops. Once the SF exceeds the EF, the momentum of the movable electrode brings it into contact with the fixed electrode, discharging the capacitor. The movable electrode then accelerates away from the fixed electrode while the resistor slowly allows recharging. After recharging, the cycle repeats resulting in stable oscillation. This resonator requires only a DC power supply, a resistor and a MEMS PPA.
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Wojtkowiak, Dominik, Krzysztof Talaśka, Dominik Wilczyński, Jan Górecki, and Krzysztof Wałęsa. "Determining the Power Consumption of the Automatic Device for Belt Perforation Based on the Dynamic Model." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020317.
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The subject of the dynamic analysis presented in the article is the linear drive system with a timing belt utilized in the automatic device for polymer composite belt perforation. The analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the timing belt was modeled with all the relevant dynamic phenomena; subsequently, the tension force of the belt required for the correct operation of the belt transmission was determined. The necessary parameters for belt elasticity, vibration damping, and inertia are based exclusively on the catalog data provided by the manufacturer. During the second stage, equations of motion were derived for the designed drive system with a timing belt, and characteristics were identified to facilitate the optimal selection of electromechanical drives for the construction solution under analysis. The presented methodology allows for designing an effective solution that may be adapted for other constructions. The obtained results showed the influence of the kinematic parameters on the motor torque and proved the importance of reducing the mass of the components in machines that perform high-speed processes.
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Wojtkowiak, Dominik, Krzysztof Talaśka, Dominik Wilczyński, Jan Górecki, and Krzysztof Wałęsa. "Determining the Power Consumption of the Automatic Device for Belt Perforation Based on the Dynamic Model." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020317.
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The subject of the dynamic analysis presented in the article is the linear drive system with a timing belt utilized in the automatic device for polymer composite belt perforation. The analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the timing belt was modeled with all the relevant dynamic phenomena; subsequently, the tension force of the belt required for the correct operation of the belt transmission was determined. The necessary parameters for belt elasticity, vibration damping, and inertia are based exclusively on the catalog data provided by the manufacturer. During the second stage, equations of motion were derived for the designed drive system with a timing belt, and characteristics were identified to facilitate the optimal selection of electromechanical drives for the construction solution under analysis. The presented methodology allows for designing an effective solution that may be adapted for other constructions. The obtained results showed the influence of the kinematic parameters on the motor torque and proved the importance of reducing the mass of the components in machines that perform high-speed processes.
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Jatsun, S. F., V. V. Bartenev, E. N. Politov, and D. V. Afonin. "MODELING THE MOTION OF THE ROBOT-TRACTOR FOR TRANSPORTING AIRCRAFT ON THE AIRFIELD." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-34-43.
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Towing aircraft ensures the effective functioning of the modern airport, including the military. In military aviation at alarm efficiency and coherence of work of tow trucks is the extremely important task. The article is devoted to solving the actual problem of automation of the process of towing aircraft on the territory of airfields. The paper describes the design of a three-wheeled mobile robot with two independent driving wheels, designed for the transportation of aircraft at airports. The driving wheels are located behind the center of mass, which ensures stable straight-line movement of the robot at all velocities. Robot moves along the horizontal plane along the contrast strip applied to it. Sensory system of the robot is represented by the opto-matrix that includes two opto lines. The criteria of design parameters of the robot, ensuring its stability when moving along a given trajectory are defined. The computing scheme of a three-wheeled robot as a system of three absolutely solid bodies, one of which is the platform together with the optometric matrix of electric drives, the other two-driving wheels is given. In the mathematical model of the robot, the following assumptions are made: the robot is considered as a system of absolutely solid bodies, the motion is carried out without slipping, the driven wheel moves forward. Robot has four degrees of freedom. The equations of the dynamics of the robot with two independent driving wheels on a horizontal rough plane, using the form of Maggi’s equations for electromechanical systems with non-holonomic links are given. A Coulomb model of dry friction is assumed. The conditions of steady motion of a wheeled robot without transverse sliding of driving wheels are also determined.
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Kalybek, Maksat, Mateusz Bocian, Wojciech Pakos, Jacek Grosel, and Nikolaos Nikitas. "Performance of Camera-Based Vibration Monitoring Systems in Input-Output Modal Identification Using Shaker Excitation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (2021): 3471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173471.
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Despite significant advances in the development of high-resolution digital cameras in the last couple of decades, their potential remains largely unexplored in the context of input-output modal identification. However, these remote sensors could greatly improve the efficacy of experimental dynamic characterisation of civil engineering structures. To this end, this study provides early evidence of the applicability of camera-based vibration monitoring systems in classical experimental modal analysis using an electromechanical shaker. A pseudo-random and sine chirp excitation is applied to a scaled model of a cable-stayed bridge at varying levels of intensity. The performance of vibration monitoring systems, consisting of a consumer-grade digital camera and two image processing algorithms, is analysed relative to that of a system based on accelerometry. A full set of modal parameters is considered in this process, including modal frequency, damping, mass and mode shapes. It is shown that the camera-based vibration monitoring systems can provide high accuracy results, although their effective application requires consideration of a number of issues related to the sensitivity, nature of the excitation force, and signal and image processing. Based on these findings, suggestions for best practice are provided to aid in the implementation of camera-based vibration monitoring systems in experimental modal analysis.
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Kunze, Julian, Johannes Prechtl, Daniel Bruch, et al. "Design, Manufacturing, and Characterization of Thin, Core-Free, Rolled Dielectric Elastomer Actuators." Actuators 10, no. 4 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10040069.
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In this work, we develop a coreless rolled dielectric elastomer actuator (CORDEA) to be used as artificial muscles in soft robotic structures. The new CORDEA concept is based on a 50 µm silicone film with screen-printed electrodes made of carbon black suspended in polydimethylsiloxane. Two printed silicone films are stacked together and then tightly rolled in a spiral-like structure. Readily available off-the-shelf components are used to implement both electrical and mechanical contacts. A novel manufacturing process is developed to enable the production of rolled actuators without a hollow core, with a focus on simplicity and reliability. In this way, actuator systems with high energy density can be effectively achieved. After presenting the design, an experimental evaluation of the CORDEA electromechanical behavior is performed. Finally, actuator experiments in which the CORDEA is pre-loaded with a mass load and subsequently subject to cycling voltage are illustrated, and the resulting performance is discussed.
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Li, Cheng, Bo Yang, Xin Guo, and Xinru Chen. "Design, Analysis and Simulation of a MEMS-Based Gyroscope with Differential Tunneling Magnetoresistance Sensing Structure." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174919.
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The design, analysis, and simulation of a new Micro-electromechanical System (MEMS) gyroscope based on differential tunneling magnetoresistance sensing are presented in this paper. The device is driven by electrostatic force, whereas the Coriolis displacements are transferred to intensity variations of magnetic fields, further detected by the Tunneling Magnetoresistance units. The magnetic fields are generated by a pair of two-layer planar multi-turn copper coils that are coated on the backs of the inner masses. Together with the dual-mass structure of proposed tuning fork gyroscope, a two-stage differential detection is formed, thereby enabling rejection of mechanical and magnetic common-mode errors concurrently. The overall conception is described followed by detailed analyses of proposed micro-gyroscope and rectangle coil. Subsequently, the FEM simulations are implemented to determine the mechanical and magnetic characteristics of the device separately. The results demonstrate that the micro-gyroscope has a mechanical sensitivity of 1.754 nm/°/s, and the micro-coil has a maximum sensitivity of 41.38 mOe/µm. When the detection height of Tunneling Magnetoresistance unit is set as 60 µm, the proposed device exhibits a voltage-angular velocity sensitivity of 0.131 mV/°/s with a noise floor of 7.713 × 10−6°/s/Hz in the absence of any external amplification.
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Popļausks, Raimonds, Pāvels Birjukovs, Juris Prikulis, Rünno Lõhmus, and Donats Erts. "Dynamic Force Sensor for In Situ Studies of Nanometer Size Contacts with Controllable Gap Potential." Advanced Materials Research 222 (April 2011): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.222.166.
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Nanometer size mechanical devices, which utilize dynamic force interaction, such as friction, may provide basis for new generation of electromechanical applications with superior speed and energy effectiveness compared to conventional semiconductor electronics. Experimental verification of theoretical model systems for friction force on nanoscale is difficult since the interaction is sensitive to exact chemical composition of interacting materials as well as precise definition of the contact geometry. In this work we address the geometrical and electrostatic aspect of dynamic shear force interaction between two nanometer size objects. An atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is attached to a quartz tuning fork (TF) in a way, which minimizes the added mass to the TF prongs and allows accurate control of the contact potential. The nanogap to the mating electrode is established by in-situ piezoelectric manipulator in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The TF oscillation signal recorded at various gap distances shows distinct dependency on applied electrostatic potential.
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Dbibih, Fatima-Ezzahraa, Meddy Vanotti, Valerie Soumann, Jean-Marc Cote, Lyes Djoumi, and Virginie Blondeau-Patissier. "Measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 Using SAW Sensors-Based Rayleigh Wave and Love Wave." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10129.
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Particulate matter (PM) is reported to be dangerous and can cause respiratory and health issues. Regulations, based on PM concentration, have been implemented to limit human exposition to air pollution. An innovative system with surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors combined with a 3 Lpm cascade impactor was developed by our team for real time mass concentration measurements. In this study, we compare the PM sensitivity of two types of SAW sensors. The first one consists of delay lines based on Rayleigh waves propagating on a Lithium Niobate Y-X 128° substrate. The second one is a based-on Love waves on AT-Quartz. Aerosols were generated from NaCl for PM2.5 and from Silicon carbide for PM10. The sensors’ responses was compared to a reference sensor based on optical measurements. The sensitivity of the Rayleigh wave-based sensor is clearly lower than the Love wave sensor for both PMs. Although less sensitive, Rayleigh wave sensors remain very promising for the development of self-cleaning sensors using RF power due to their high electromechanical factor. To check the performance of our system in real conditions, we tested the sensitivity to PM from cigarette smoke using Rayleigh SAW. The PM2.5 stage showed a phase shift while the PM10 did not respond. This result agrees with previous studies which reported that the size of particles from cigarette smoke varies between 0.1 to 1.5 µm. A good correlation between the reference sensor’s response and the phase variation of SAW sensors was obtained.
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Li, Chong, Yixuan Wu, Haoyue Yang, Luke L. Jenkins, Robert N. Dean, and George T. Flowers. "A Microcontroller Approach to Measuring Transmissibility of MEMS Devices." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (2015): 001564–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-wp31.
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The transmissibility reveals two very useful characteristics of a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device, the resonant frequency and the mechanical quality factor. Real time knowledge on these two important factors can enhance application performance or avoid potential problems from environmental disturbances due to fabrication tolerances and the resulting operational differences in otherwise identical devices. Expensive laboratory equipment is typically used to measure the transmissibility. However, these test systems are not readily adaptable to field use. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure the transmissibility using a real time technique with a simplified test setup. This study proposes a technique that can compute the transmissibility in real time using a low cost microcontroller. This technique utilizes two laser vibrometers to detect the input and output motions of the proof mass in a MEMS device, which are fed to high speed 500 KHz analog to digital converters (ADC) in the microcontroller. A filtering step is performed to decrease noise. After the sampling and pre-filtering, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed to convert the time-domain signals to frequency domain signals. The amplitude of the output signal at each frequency is divided by the amplitude of the corresponding input signal at each frequency to obtain the transmissibility. To overcome the difficulties resulting from measurement and quantization noise, a recursive calculating algorithm and a de-quantization filter are introduced. The recursive calculating process guarantees that the system updates the results continually, which results in a transmissibility plot covering the entire bandwidth. The de-quantization filter considers the validity of the data and performs the transmissibility division step accordingly. A cantilevered structure was chosen as the device-under-test to verify and evaluate this technique. The cantilevered device was attached to an electromechanical shaker system for vibratory stimulation. Two laser vibrometers were used to detect the input and output motion and this data was fed into a microcontroller. The microcontroller was STM32F407, which is 32-bit and 168 MHz controller. The tests demonstrated that this technique can measure the transmissibility and therefore the resonant frequency and mechanical quality factor accurately compared to a professional signal analyzer.
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Shults, R. "SIMULATION OF INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM ERRORS AT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FROM UAV." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 31, 2017): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-345-2017.
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The problem of accuracy determination of the UAV position using INS at aerial photography can be resolved in two different ways: modelling of measurement errors or in-field calibration for INS. The paper presents the results of INS errors research by mathematical modelling. In paper were considered the following steps: developing of INS computer model; carrying out INS simulation; using reference data without errors, estimation of errors and their influence on maps creation accuracy by UAV data. It must be remembered that the values of orientation angles and the coordinates of the projection centre may change abruptly due to the influence of the atmosphere (different air density, wind, etc.). Therefore, the mathematical model of the INS was constructed taking into account the use of different models of wind gusts. For simulation were used typical characteristics of micro electromechanical (MEMS) INS and parameters of standard atmosphere. According to the simulation established domination of INS systematic errors that accumulate during the execution of photographing and require compensation mechanism, especially for orientation angles. MEMS INS have a high level of noise at the system input. Thanks to the developed model, we are able to investigate separately the impact of noise in the absence of systematic errors. According to the research was found that on the interval of observations in 5 seconds the impact of random and systematic component is almost the same. The developed model of INS errors studies was implemented in Matlab software environment and without problems can be improved and enhanced with new blocks.
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Pardo, Miguel Ángel, Ricardo Cobacho, and Luis Bañón. "Standalone Photovoltaic Direct Pumping in Urban Water Pressurized Networks with Energy Storage in Tanks or Batteries." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020738.
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Photovoltaic energy production is nowadays one of the hottest topics in the water industry as this green energy source is becoming more and more workable in countries like Spain, with high values of irradiance. In water pressurized systems supplying urban areas, they distribute energy consumption in pumps throughout the day, and it is not possible to supply electromechanical devices without energy storages such as batteries. Additionally, it is not possible to manage energy demand for water consumption. Researchers and practitioners have proven batteries to be reliable energy storage systems, and are undertaking many efforts to increase their performance, capacity, and useful life. Water pressurized networks incorporate tanks as devices used for accumulating water during low consumption hours while releasing it in peak hours. The compensation tanks work here as a mass and energy source in water pressurized networks supplied with photovoltaic arrays (not electricity grids). This work intends to compare which of these two energy storage systems are better and how to choose between them considering that these two systems involve running the network as a standalone pumping system without being connected to electricity grids. This work also calculates the intermediate results, considering both photovoltaic arrays and electricity grids for supplying electricity to pumping systems. We then analyzed these three cases in a synthetic network (used in earlier research) considering the effect of irradiation and water consumption, as we did not state which should be the most unfavorable month given that higher irradiance coincides with higher water consumption (i.e., during summer). Results show that there is no universal solution as energy consumption depends on the network features and that energy production depends very much on latitude. We based the portfolio of alternatives on investments for purchasing different equipment at present (batteries, pipelines, etc.) based on economic criteria so that the payback period is the indicator used for finding the best alternative, which is the one with the lowest value.
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Wang, Ying, Xiaofeng Zhao, and Dianzhong Wen. "Fabrication and Characteristics of a Three-Axis Accelerometer with Double L-Shaped Beams." Sensors 20, no. 6 (2020): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061780.
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A three-axis accelerometer with a double L-shaped beams structure was designed and fabricated in this paper, consisting of a supporting body, four double L-shaped beams and intermediate double beams connected to two mass blocks. When applying acceleration to the accelerometer chip, according to the output voltage changes of three Wheatstone bridges constituted by twelve piezoresistors on the roots of the beams, the corresponding acceleration along three axes can be measured based on the elastic force theory and piezoresistive effect. To improve the characteristics of the three-axis accelerometer, we simulated how the width of the intermediate double beams affected the characteristics. Through optimizing the structure size, six chips with different widths of intermediate double beams were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and were packaged on printed circuit boards (PCB) by using an electrostatic bonding process and inner lead bonding technology. At room temperature and VDD = 5.0 V, the resulting accelerometer with an optimized size (w = 500 μm) realized sensitivities of 0.302 mV/g, 0.235 mV/g and 0.347 mV/g along three axes, with a low cross-axis sensitivity. This result provides a new strategy to further improve the characteristics of the three-axis accelerometer.
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Erturk, Alper, Jamil M. Renno, and Daniel J. Inman. "Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from an L-shaped Beam-mass Structure with an Application to UAVs." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 20, no. 5 (2008): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x08098096.
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Cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters have been extensively investigated in the literature of energy harvesting. As an alternative to conventional cantilevered beams, this article presents the L-shaped beam-mass structure as a new piezoelectric energy harvester configuration. This structure can be tuned to have the first two natural frequencies relatively close to each other, resulting in the possibility of a broader band energy harvesting system. This article describes the important features of the L-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester configuration and develops a linear distributed parameter model for predicting the electromechanically coupled voltage response and displacement response of the harvester structure. After deriving the coupled distributed parameter model, a case study is presented to investigate the electrical power generation performance of the L-shaped energy harvester. A direct application of the L-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester configuration is proposed for use as landing gears in unmanned air vehicle applications and a case study is presented where the results of the L-shaped — energy harvester — landing gear are favorably compared against the published experimental results of a curved beam configuration used for the same purpose.
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Körner, Julia. "Effective sensor properties and sensitivity considerations of a dynamic co-resonantly coupled cantilever sensor." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (September 25, 2018): 2546–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.237.
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Background: Co-resonant coupling of a micro- and a nanocantilever can be introduced to significantly enhance the sensitivity of dynamic-mode cantilever sensors while maintaining the ease of detection. Experimentally, a low-stiffness nanocantilever is coupled to an easy to read out microcantilever and the eigenfrequencies of both beams are brought close to one another. This results in a strong interplay between both beams and, hence, any interaction applied at the nanocantilever alters the oscillatory state of the coupled system as a whole and can be detected at the microcantilever. The amplitude response curve of the microcantilever exhibits two resonance peaks and their response to an interaction applied to the sensor depends on the properties of the individual beams and the degree of frequency matching. Consequently, while an individual cantilever is characterized by its eigenfrequency, spring constant, effective mass and quality factor, the resonance peaks of the co-resonantly coupled system can be described by effective properties which are a mixture of both subsystem’s characteristics. These effective properties give insight into the amount of sensitivity of the nanocantilever that can be accessed and, consequently, into the sensitivity gain associated with the co-resonance. In order to design sensors based on the co-resonant principle and predict their behaviour it is crucial to derive a description for these effective sensor properties. Results: By modeling the co-resonantly coupled system as a coupled harmonic oscillator and using electromechanical analogies, analytical expressions for the effective sensor properties have been derived and discussed. To illustrate the findings, numerical values for an exemplary system based on experimental sensor realizations have been employed. The results give insight into the complex interplay between the individual subsystem’s properties and the frequency matching, leading to a rather large parameter space for the co-resonant system’s effective properties. While the effective spring constant and effective mass mainly define the sensitivity of the coupled cantilever sensor, the effective quality factor primarily influences the detectability. Hence, a balance has to be found in optimizing both parameters in sensor design which becomes possible with the derived analytic expressions. Besides the description of effective sensor properties, it was studied how the thermal noise and, consequently, minimal detectable frequency shift for the co-resonantly coupled sensor represented by a coupled harmonic oscillator could be derived. Due to the complex nature of the coupled system’s transfer function and the required analysis, it is beyond the scope of this publication to present a full solution. Instead, a simplified approach to estimate the minimal detectable frequency shift for the co-resonant system based on the effective sensor properties is given. Conclusion: By establishing a theoretical description for the effective sensor properties of a co-resonantly coupled system, the design of such systems is facilitated as sensor parameters can easily be predicted and adapted for a desired use case. It allows to study the potential sensitivity (gain) and detectability capabilities before sensor fabrication in a fast and easy way, even for large parameter spaces. So far, such an analysis of a co-resonantly coupled sensor was only possible with numerical methods and even then only with very limited capability to include and understand the complex interplay between all contributions. The outlined calculation steps regarding the noise considerations in a coupled harmonic oscillator system can provide the basis for a thorough study of that question. Furthermore, in a broader scope, the investigations presented within this work contribute towards extending and completing the already established theoretical basics of this novel co-resonant sensor concept and open up new ways of studying the coupled system’s behaviour.
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Abdulin, R. R., D. S. Timofeev, A. A. Kravchenko, et al. "Design and Research of a Model of a Pair Active Aircraft Control Sidesticks Operation in MATLAB." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 21, no. 3 (2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.21.184-192.
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Development of an aircraft active sidestick control is an actual direction in modern flight control systems which allows to increase safety, to improve cabin ergonomics and to reduce the mass and weight of control levers. The article devoted to simulation modeling of a pair active sidesticks based on electromechanical actuators coupled by a frameless kinematic scheme, providing identical dynamic characteristics for the pitch and roll channels. MATLAB, Simulink, Simscape, with SimMechanics and SimPowerSystems libraries was used to create the mathematical model. Parameters such as moments of inertia was count based on the 3D model of the active sidestick. The complex model includes two active sidesticks units, three blocks as the input source ("Autopilot", blocks of the 1st and 2nd pilots), a block that compute a loading characteristic for the manual control mode and a block with logic for switching from automatic to manual mode. The model of each active sidestick unit consists of three main blocks: a regulator, an electric motor with a control system, and a block of mechanics. The regulator block includes a PID regulator and a PWM modulator. The electric motor unit includes a power source, a three-phase bridge inverter, a model of a brushless three-phase electric motor from the SimPowerSystems library and a power switch control unit. The mechanics block includes a planetary gearbox, hinge mechanism, handle, moments of inertia, a position sensor, a torsion rod equal to tension springs which are used in device, a nonlinear speed damper and a torque source unit, depending on the force applied by the pilot. Developed model makes it possible to get static and dynamic characteristics of the actuators, to check control algorithms to simulate operating modes in automatic and manual control, including piloting by both pilots at the same time and the interruption in automatic control mode. Including in model a " hold position block" allowed to simulate situation when in manual control mode the 1st pilot tries to hold the handle in a position that he considers correct, despite the intervention of the 2nd pilot. The simulation results showed that developed device meets specified requirements for the aircraft active sidesticks.
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Jiang, Cheng, Bin Chen, Jin-Jin Li, and Ka-Di Zhu. "Mass sensing based on a circuit cavity electromechanical system." Journal of Applied Physics 110, no. 8 (2011): 083107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3654023.
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Podgornovs, Andrejs, and Anton Sipovics. "Electromechanical Battery, Electrical Machines Mass Functions Analysis." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 28, no. 1 (2011): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-011-0009-7.
Full textAbstract:
Electromechanical Battery, Electrical Machines Mass Functions AnalysisIn this paper different types of electrical machines in electromechanical battery, were described. The most known manufactured battery data is composed. Three types of machines: synchronous machine with salient poles and electromagnetic excitation, with permanent magnets on rotor and reluctance synchronous machine were analyzed. For all types of machines, mass is function of general geometrical size of magnetic system and machines electrical power.