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Hirsch, Joy. "The Emerging Theoretical Framework of Two-Person Neuroscience." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S79—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.247.
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Syal, Supriya, and Adam K. Anderson. "It takes two to talk: A second-person neuroscience approach to language learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 4 (2013): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12002130.
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AbstractLanguage is a social act. We have previously argued that language remains embedded in sociality because the motivation to communicate exists only within a social context. Schilbach et al. underscore the importance of studying linguistic behavior from within the motivated, socially interactive frame in which it is learnt and used, as well as provide testable hypotheses for a participatory, second-person neuroscience approach to language learning.
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McCabe, Kevin, Giorgio Coricelli, Daniel Houser, Lee Ryan, Vernon Smith, and Theodore Trouard. "Frontal lobe function in two person exchange." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (2000): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91034-6.
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Zhao, Yang, Rui-Na Dai, Xiang Xiao, et al. "Independent component analysis-based source-level hyperlink analysis for two-person neuroscience studies." Journal of Biomedical Optics 22, no. 2 (2017): 027004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.027004.
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Leong, Victoria, and Leonhard Schilbach. "The promise of two-person neuroscience for developmental psychiatry: using interaction-based sociometrics to identify disorders of social interaction." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 5 (2019): 636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.73.
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SummarySocial interactions are fundamental for human development, and disordered social interactions are pervasive in many psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in ‘two-person neuroscience’ have provided new tools for characterising social interactions. Accordingly, interaction-based ‘sociometrics’ hold great promise for developmental psychology and psychiatry, particularly in the early identification of social disorders.Declaration of interestNone.
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Darabus, Carmen. "The Dance – tension of communication in literature." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 2 (August 14, 2023): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.2.2022.365.
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The aim of investigation: is the role of dance as social coagulation and background for intense feelings, in connection with the new branch of neuroscience. The method of research: is a comparative one, choosing writer from different cultural spaces and epochs: Gustave Flaubert, Henrik Ibsen, Nikos Kazantzakis, Liviu Rebreanu, L. N. Tolstoi. Conclusion: neurosciences analyze the intersection of corporal contact with the control of movements, learning by imitation, emotional expression and the psycho-dynamic of subliminal. The article analyzes the function of emotional communication by dance, with reference to Dionysian manifestation of art, and to neuroscience. The authors and the works to which it refers are: Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert, A doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Anna Karenina by L. N. Tolstoy, Ciuleandra by Liviu Rebreanu and Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis - three female characters and two male character. Their common element it is the feeling of an internal liberation and the communication of an erotic tension, the fusion with the person you love and with the universe
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Takeuchi, Naoyuki. "A dual-brain therapeutic approach using noninvasive brain stimulation based on two-person neuroscience: A perspective review." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 21, no. 4 (2024): 5118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2024226.
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<abstract> <p>Our actions and decisions in everyday life are heavily influenced by social interactions, which are dynamic feedback loops involving actions, reactions, and internal cognitive processes between individual agents. Social interactions induce interpersonal synchrony, which occurs at different biobehavioral levels and comprises behavioral, physiological, and neurological activities. Hyperscanning—a neuroimaging technique that simultaneously measures the activity of multiple brain regions—has provided a powerful second-person neuroscience tool for investigating the phase alignment of neural processes during interactive social behavior. Neural synchronization, revealed by hyperscanning, is a phenomenon called inter-brain synchrony- a process that purportedly facilitates social interactions by prompting appropriate anticipation of and responses to each other's social behaviors during ongoing shared interactions. In this review, I explored the therapeutic dual-brain approach using noninvasive brain stimulation to target inter-brain synchrony based on second-person neuroscience to modulate social interaction. Artificially inducing synchrony between the brains is a potential adjunct technique to physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and pain treatment- which are strongly influenced by the social interaction between the therapist and patient. Dual-brain approaches to personalize stimulation parameters must consider temporal, spatial, and oscillatory factors. Multiple data fusion analysis, the assessment of inter-brain plasticity, a closed-loop system, and a brain-to-brain interface can support personalized stimulation.</p> </abstract>
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Churchhouse, Gabrielle, Lindsey Sinclair, and Simon George Morris. "SW Neuronet – neuroscience for psychiatrists update day." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (2021): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.375.
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AimsThe Royal College of Psychiatrists Neuroscience Project was established to promote greater integration of modern neuroscience into psychiatric training and practice. Regional “Neuronets” are being established to develop local learning opportunities. As the Southwest Neuronet, we sought to establish a high quality and sustainable regional educational event promoting modern neuroscience in psychiatry.MethodWe developed and ran two events in collaboration with the Neuroscience Project, a whole day in-person event in September 2019 and a half day online event in January 2021. Attendees were invited from the Southwest with the latter event being shared more widely through other “Neuronets”. Both featured talks by leading experts in the neuroscience of psychiatry. The first was themed around “Neuroscience from the lab to the clinic”, building on basic research methodologies to their applications in clinical psychiatry. Our pandemic era online event, “Neuroscience of psychosis”, was structured around an evolving clinical case. Both featured interactive elements using audience polling technology to gather views and collate questions. Feedback was gathered through an online survey with individual session ratings and event ratings.Result154 people attended the in-person event from across the South West Division. This included psychiatry trainees, consultants and a small number of other mental health professionals. 382 people signed up to our online event with 262 attending live and others watching recorded sessions. Feedback response rates were 42% and 33% respectively. Feedback on the practical arrangements was highly positive, particularly highlighting pre-event communication. Attendees valued the high calibre of speakers and particularly rated topics of psychiatric genetics, novel antidepressants, and autoimmune psychosis. Environmental sustainability was a prominent theme in our first event with support for our paperless approach but highlighted further potential to reduce waste associated with catering. Overall, attendees valued the opportunity to build on knowledge of basic research techniques but also wished to see greater focus on clinical applications of neuroscience, which we had responded to with the inclusion of a clinical case to frame our online event.ConclusionThese events provide a prototype for low-cost regional neuroscience in psychiatry education events, in-person or online. Sustainability in terms of cost, human resources for organisation, and environmental impact are all important considerations for such events. We plan to continue to run these annually, forming part of the legacy of the Neuroscience Project. In line with feedback received, we seek to maximise the clinical relevance but also share novel research techniques encountered in the literature.
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Goldman, Alvin I. "Epistemology, two types of functionalism, and first-person authority." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 2 (1995): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0003911x.
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AbstractMy target article did not attribute a pervasive ontological significance to phenomenology, so it escapes Bogdan's “epistemological illusion.” Pust correctly pinpoints an ambiguity between contentinclusive and content-exclusive forms of folk functionalism. Contrary to Fodor, however, only the former is plausible, and hence my third argument against functionalism remains a threat. Van Brakel's charity approach to first-person authority cannot deal with authority vis-a-vis sensations, and it has some extremely odd consequences.
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Delgado, Sergio V. "Two-Person Relational Psychotherapy of a High School-Age Adolescent: Integrating Intersubjectivity and Neuroscience in Clinical Work." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (2016): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.482.
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Zhu, Suguo, Xiaowei Gong, Zhenzhong Kuang, and Junping Du. "Partial person re-identification with two-stream network and reconstruction." Neurocomputing 398 (July 2020): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2019.04.098.
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Rapoport, Amnon, and David V. Budescu. "Generation of random series in two-person strictly competitive games." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121, no. 3 (1992): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.121.3.352.
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Balconi, Michela, and Laura Angioletti. "Unravelling competitors’ brain-andbody correlates. The two-persons social neuroscience approach to study competition." Neuropsychological Trends, no. 29 (April 2021): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/neur-2021-029-bal2.
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Competition refers to a condition for which an individual or a group strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others. It follows that, unlike cooperation, the gain of one foresees the loss of the other. Most accounts have focused on the individual and social cognitive mechanisms featuring cooperative/competitive behavior, however, a fascinating question regards the neurophysiological correlates of competitive social phenomenon. What happens at a neural and peripheral level in the brain-and-body system of two people engaged in a competitive dynamic? The combination of multiple neuroscientific techniques adopted to unveil the individual and social complexity of competition leads us discussing a more recent and promising paradigm in neuroscience, the hyperscanning. In the social neuroscience field, hyperscanning allowed shifting from a single-person to a two-persons perspective and can open new opportunities to study interpersonal brain-and-body connectivity during competitive social interactions in increasingly ecological contexts.
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Shamay-Tsoory, Simone G., and Avi Mendelsohn. "Real-Life Neuroscience: An Ecological Approach to Brain and Behavior Research." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 5 (2019): 841–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619856350.
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Owing to advances in neuroimaging technology, the past couple of decades have witnessed a surge of research on brain mechanisms that underlie human cognition. Despite the immense development in cognitive neuroscience, the vast majority of neuroimaging experiments examine isolated agents carrying out artificial tasks in sensory and socially deprived environments. Thus, the understanding of the mechanisms of various domains in cognitive neuroscience, including social cognition and episodic memory, is sorely lacking. Here we focus on social and memory research as representatives of cognitive functions and propose that mainstream, lab-based experimental designs in these fields suffer from two fundamental limitations, pertaining to person-dependent and situation-dependent factors. The person-dependent factor addresses the issue of limiting the active role of the participants in lab-based paradigms that may interfere with their sense of agency and embodiment. The situation-dependent factor addresses the issue of the artificial decontextualized environment in most available paradigms. Building on recent findings showing that real-life as opposed to controlled experimental paradigms involve different mechanisms, we argue that adopting a real-life approach may radically change our understanding of brain and behavior. Therefore, we advocate in favor of a paradigm shift toward a nonreductionist approach, exploiting portable technology in semicontrolled environments, to explore behavior in real life.
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Mellers, Barbara. "A reconsideration of two-person inequity judgments: A reply to Anderson." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114, no. 4 (1985): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.4.514.
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Oosterhof, Nikolaas N., Steven P. Tipper, and Paul E. Downing. "Viewpoint (In)dependence of Action Representations: An MVPA Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (2012): 975–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00195.
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The discovery of mirror neurons—neurons that code specific actions both when executed and observed—in area F5 of the macaque provides a potential neural mechanism underlying action understanding. To date, neuroimaging evidence for similar coding of specific actions across the visual and motor modalities in human ventral premotor cortex (PMv)—the putative homologue of macaque F5—is limited to the case of actions observed from a first-person perspective. However, it is the third-person perspective that figures centrally in our understanding of the actions and intentions of others. To address this gap in the literature, we scanned participants with fMRI while they viewed two actions from either a first- or third-person perspective during some trials and executed the same actions during other trials. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, we found action-specific cross-modal visual–motor representations in PMv for the first-person but not for the third-person perspective. Additional analyses showed no evidence for spatial or attentional differences across the two perspective conditions. In contrast, more posterior areas in the parietal and occipitotemporal cortex did show cross-modal coding regardless of perspective. These findings point to a stronger role for these latter regions, relative to PMv, in supporting the understanding of others' actions with reference to one's own actions.
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Lu, Lihua, Huijun Di, Yao Lu, Lin Zhang, and Shunzhou Wang. "A two-level attention-based interaction model for multi-person activity recognition." Neurocomputing 322 (December 2018): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.09.060.
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Hari, Riitta, and Miiamaaria V. Kujala. "Brain Basis of Human Social Interaction: From Concepts to Brain Imaging." Physiological Reviews 89, no. 2 (2009): 453–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2007.
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Modern neuroimaging provides a common platform for neuroscience and related disciplines to explore the human brain, mind, and behavior. We base our review on the social shaping of the human mind and discuss various aspects of brain function related to social interaction. Despite private mental contents, people can share their understanding of the world using, beyond verbal communication, nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and postures. The understanding of nonverbal messages is supported by the brain's mirroring systems that are shaped by individual experience. Within the organism-environment system, tight links exist between action and perception, both within an individual and between several individuals. Therefore, any comprehensive brain imaging study of the neuronal basis of social cognition requires appreciation of the situated and embodied nature of human cognition, motivating simultaneous monitoring of brain and bodily functions within a socially relevant environment. Because single-person studies alone cannot unravel the dynamic aspects of interpersonal interactions, it seems both necessary and beneficial to move towards “two-person neuroscience”; technological shortcomings and a limited conceptual framework have so far hampered such a leap. We conclude by discussing some major disorders of social interaction.
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Nichols, Linda, and Jane Alty. "Identifying and Managing Drug Induced Parkinsonism: The Role of Neuroscience Nurses." Australasian Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 1 (2024): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.21307/ajon-2024-006.
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Abstract Drug induced parkinsonism (DIP) is one of the most frequently occurring side effects of dopamine-receptor blocking agents such as antipsychotic (neuroleptic) and antiemetic drugs. It typically presents with extrapyramidal signs, such as slowed movements, reduced facial expression and muscle stiffness. In contrast to Parkinson’s disease, which is caused by a progressive degeneration of pre-synaptic dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra in the brainstem, DIP is thought to usually occur due to the post-synaptic antagonism of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, the two conditions can sometimes be clinically indistinguishable, and may even occur together, and thus it can be challenging to make an accurate diagnosis of DIP. It is important to consider DIP in the differential diagnosis of any person with extrapyramidal signs within the context of recent medication changes as the condition is reversible when the offending drug is withdrawn and, without early identification, there is substantial risk of increased morbidity, complications such as falls, and poor quality of life. Recent advancements in cerebral imaging have improved diagnostic accuracy but this technology is costly and not widely available. There is a dearth of literature pertaining to the role of neuroscience nurses and DIP. This is concerning as the potential for DIP presentations to occur within the neuroscience setting is high. Neuroscience nurses, particularly those working within the movement disorder speciality areas, need the skills to advocate and pursue further investigation for patients who present with extrapyramidal signs, especially if these begin in the context of the prescription of dopamine-blocking drugs. This review is written primarily for neurosciences nurses but will be applicable to a wide range of healthcare workers; it aims to outline potential causative drugs, risk factors and the key clinical characteristics of DIP. It also highlights useful features that help distinguish DIP from Parkinson’s disease, summarises investigations and discusses management and care.
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud, Perrine Ruby, Fabienne Collette, et al. "Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-referential Processing and Perspective Taking." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (2007): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.935.
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The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) appears to play a prominent role in two fundamental aspects of social cognition, that is, self-referential processing and perspective taking. However, it is currently unclear whether the same or different regions of the MPFC mediate these two interdependent processes. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study sought to clarify the issue by manipulating both dimensions in a factorial design. Participants judged the extent to which trait adjectives described their own personality (e.g., “Are you sociable?”) or the personality of a close friend (e.g., “Is Caroline sociable?”) and were also asked to put themselves in the place of their friend (i.e., to take a third-person perspective) and estimate how this person would judge the adjectives, with the target of the judgments again being either the self (e.g., “According to Caroline, are you sociable?”) or the other person (e.g., “According to Caroline, is she sociable?”). We found that self-referential processing (i.e., judgments targeting the self vs. the other person) yielded activation in the ventral and dorsal anterior MPFC, whereas perspective taking (i.e., adopting the other person's perspective, rather than one's own, when making judgments) resulted in activation in the posterior dorsal MPFC; the interaction between the two dimensions yielded activation in the left dorsal MPFC. These findings show that self-referential processing and perspective taking recruit distinct regions of the MPFC and suggest that the left dorsal MPFC may be involved in decoupling one's own from other people's perspectives on the self.
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de Almeida, Cristina Vaz de Almeida. "Be positive! The Neurosciences and Desirable Positive Behaviors." International Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56769/ijpn08302.
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It takes two to tango. A "dance" condition, the therapeutic relationship can also swing better or worse depending on its rich message content. In the therapeutic relationship, the intervention of one of its components, professional or patient, has effects on each other's sphere. Charles et al. (1997) reported the effects of shared decision-making in the medical encounter. We know that emotions have been considered predictors of health behaviors.The aim of this study is to make a narrative review of the literature, looking for credible international sources such as WHO, OECD, UNESCO, and others of a national nature, carried by Portuguese health authorities to be able to show: 1) the importance of positivity in behavior changes and how humor can work for a brain with an increase well-being; 2) the importance of eudaimonic and hedonic experiences in human development; 3) an association between neurosciences and the importance of positive behaviors to live a more pleasant, fulfilled and well-being life with self-efficacy; 4) the importance of well-being for the person, even when he/she is ill. Keywords: Neuroscience, Health Literacy, Positivity, Communication, Health, Well-being.
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Silfee, Valerie J., Andrea Lopez-Cepero, Stephenie C. Lemon, Barbara Estabrook, Oanh Nguyen, and Milagros C. Rosal. "Recruiting low-income postpartum women into two weight loss interventions: in-person versus Facebook delivery." Translational Behavioral Medicine 9, no. 1 (2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby013.
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Tsukiura, Takashi, Yoko Mano, Atsushi Sekiguchi, et al. "Dissociable Roles of the Anterior Temporal Regions in Successful Encoding of Memory for Person Identity Information." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 10 (2010): 2226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21349.
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Memory for person identity information consists of three main components: face-related information, name-related information, and person-related semantic information, such as the person's job title. Although previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in the retrieval of associations between these kinds of information, there is no evidence concerning whether the ATL region contributes to the encoding of this memory, and whether ATL roles are dissociable between different levels of association in this memory. Using fMRI, we investigated dissociable roles within the ATL during successful encoding of this memory. During encoding, participants viewed unfamiliar faces, each paired with a job title and name. During retrieval, each learned face was presented with two job titles or two names, and participants were required to choose the correct job title or name. Successful encoding conditions were categorized by subsequent retrieval conditions: successful encoding of names and job titles (HNJ), names (HN), and job titles (HJ). The study yielded three main findings. First, the dorsal ATL showed greater activations in HNJ than in HN or HJ. Second, ventral ATL activity was greater in HNJ and HJ than in HN. Third, functional connectivity between these regions was significant during successful encoding. The results are the first to demonstrate that the dorsal and ventral ATL roles are dissociable between two steps of association, associations of person-related semantics with name and with face, and a dorsal–ventral ATL interaction predicts subsequent retrieval success of memory for person identity information.
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Bernstein, Michal, Jonathan Oron, Boaz Sadeh, and Galit Yovel. "An Integrated Face–Body Representation in the Fusiform Gyrus but Not the Lateral Occipital Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (2014): 2469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00639.
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Faces and bodies are processed by distinct category-selective brain areas. Neuroimaging studies have so far presented isolated faces and headless bodies, and therefore little is known on whether and where faces and headless bodies are grouped together to one object, as they appear in the real world. The current study examined whether a face presented above a body are represented as two separate images or as an integrated face–body representation in face and body-selective brain areas by employing a fMRI competition paradigm. This paradigm has been shown to reveal higher fMRI response to sequential than simultaneous presentation of multiple stimuli (i.e., the competition effect), indicating competitive interactions among simultaneously presented multiple stimuli. We therefore hypothesized that if a face above a body is integrated to an image of a person whereas a body above a face is represented as two separate objects, the competition effect will be larger for the latter than the former. Consistent with our hypothesis, our findings reveal a competition effect when a body is presented above a face, but not when a face is presented above a body, suggesting that a body above a face is represented as two separate objects whereas a face above a body is represented as an integrated image of a person. Interestingly, this integration of a face and a body to an image of a person was found in the fusiform, but not the lateral-occipital face and body areas. We conclude that faces and bodies are processed separately at early stages and are integrated to a unified image of a person at mid-level stages of object processing.
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Trung, Đỗ Kiên. "The Experiential Self Re-Creates Itself in Others via the Enlargement of the Self’s Space-Control Ability: Dan Zahavi's Arguments for the Existence of the Self." Labyrinth 21, no. 1 (2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v21i1.174.
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The diversity and complexity of the arguments and criticisms among philosophers on the question of the actual existence of the self can be condensed into two contrasting issues: The self is an experienced phenomenon that is generalized into a concept to assign to the cognitive subject as a tool for identification, or the self has its own existence as a transcendental entity that is activated and developed through interactions between the cognitive subject and the environment. Dan Zahavi summed up the endless controversy over the formation of the self in phenomenology, existentialism, and new insights in neuroscience to conclude that the existence of the self is only meaningful when it is "the experiential self." My article will focus on two issues: firstly, the self is formed by the interaction between the subject and the object in which the object is actively engaged in the control space of the subject; secondly, the understanding of the subject’s self-perception process, through the perspective of neuroscience, is triggered by the subject seeing itself in the other person.
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Raykov, Petar P., James L. Keidel, Jane Oakhill, and Chris M. Bird. "Activation of Person Knowledge in Medial Prefrontal Cortex during the Encoding of New Lifelike Events." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 7 (2021): 3494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab027.
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Abstract Our knowledge about people can help us predict how they will behave in particular situations and interpret their actions. In this study, we investigated the cognitive and neural effects of person knowledge on the encoding and retrieval of novel life-like events. Healthy human participants learnt about two characters over a week by watching 6 episodes of one of two situation comedies, which were both centered on a young couple. In the scanner, they watched and then silently recalled 20 new scenes from both shows that were all set in unfamiliar locations: 10 from their trained show and 10 from the untrained show. After scanning, participants’ recognition memory was better for scenes from the trained show. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) patterns of brain activity when watching the videos were reinstated during recall, but this effect was not modulated by training. However, person knowledge boosted the similarity in fMRI patterns of activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) when watching the new events involving familiar characters. Our findings identify a role for the MPFC in the representation of schematic person knowledge during the encoding of novel, lifelike events.
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Dai, Wenwu, Zhaolan Li, and Ning Jia. "Cue Sources and Cue Utilization Patterns of Social Mentalizing during Two-Person Interactions." Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 9 (2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11090173.
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Social mentalizing plays a crucial role in two-person interactions. Depending on the target of inference and the content being inferred, social mentalizing primarily exists in two forms: first-order mentalizing and second-order mentalizing. Our research aims to investigate the cue sources and cue utilization patterns of social mentalizing during two-person interactions. Our study created an experimental situation of a two-person interaction and used the “Spot the difference” game to reveal our research question with multi-stage tasks. Our study was divided into two experiments, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, which examined the cue sources and cue utilization patterns of first- and second-order mentalizing, respectively. The results of the experiments showed that (1) self-performance and other performance are significant cues utilized by individuals during social mentalizing. (2) Individuals employ discrepancies to modulate the relationship between self-performance and first-order mentalizing as well as to adjust the relationship between otherperformance and second-order mentalizing. The results of this study further complement the dual-processing model of mindreading and the anchoring and adjustment hypothesis during social inference.
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Shehzad, Zarrar, and Gregory McCarthy. "Perceptual and Semantic Phases of Face Identification Processing: A Multivariate Electroencephalography Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 12 (2019): 1827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01453.
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Rapid identification of a familiar face requires an image-invariant representation of person identity. A varying sample of familiar faces is necessary to disentangle image-level from person-level processing. We investigated the time course of face identity processing using a multivariate electroencephalography analysis. Participants saw ambient exemplars of celebrity faces that differed in pose, lighting, hairstyle, and so forth. A name prime preceded a face on half of the trials to preactivate person-specific information, whereas a neutral prime was used on the remaining half. This manipulation helped dissociate perceptual- and semantic-based identification. Two time intervals within the post-face onset electroencephalography epoch were sensitive to person identity. The early perceptual phase spanned 110–228 msec and was not modulated by the name prime. The late semantic phase spanned 252–1000 msec and was sensitive to person knowledge activated by the name prime. Within this late phase, the identity response occurred earlier in time (300–600 msec) for the name prime with a scalp topography similar to the FN400 ERP. This may reflect a matching of the person primed in memory with the face on the screen. Following a neutral prime, the identity response occurred later in time (500–800 msec) with a scalp topography similar to the P600f ERP. This may reflect activation of semantic knowledge associated with the identity. Our results suggest that processing of identity begins early (110 msec), with some tolerance to image-level variations, and then progresses in stages sensitive to perceptual and then to semantic features.
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Song, Chunfeng, Caifeng Shan, Yan Huang, and Liang Wang. "Mask-guided contrastive attention and two-stream metric co-learning for person Re-identification." Neurocomputing 465 (November 2021): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.09.038.
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Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Abraham Kuot, Jennene Greenhill, Edward Strivens, Daya Ram Parajuli, and Vivian Isaac. "Person-Centred, Culturally Appropriate Music Intervention to Improve Psychological Wellbeing of Residents with Advanced Dementia Living in Australian Rural Residential Aged Care Homes." Brain Sciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071103.
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This quasi-experimental, nonrandomized intervention study reports the effect of person-centred, culturally appropriate music on psychological wellbeing of residents with advanced dementia in five rural residential aged care homes in Australia. Seventy-four residents attended in person-centred music sessions and culturally appropriate group sessions. Interest, response, initiation, involvement, enjoyment, and general reactions of the residents were assessed using the Music in Dementia Assessment Scale (MiDAS), and interviews and focus groups were conducted with aged care staff and musicians. The overall effect of person-centred sessions at two-time points were: during the intervention—351.2 (SD 93.5); and two-hours post intervention—315.1 (SD 98.5). The residents presented a moderate to high level of interest, response, initiation, involvement, and enjoyment during the session and at post-intervention. However, the MiDAS sub-categories’ mean scores differed between the time-points: interest (t59 = 2.8, p = 0.001); response (t59 = 2.9, p = 0.005); initiation (t59 = 2.4, p = 0.019); and involvement (t59 = 2.8, p = 0.007), indicating a significant decline in the effect of person-centred music over time. Interestingly, during the period of time, most of the residents were observed with no exhibitions of agitation (87.5%), low in mood (87.5%), and anxiousness (70.3%), and with a presentation of relaxation (75.5%), attentiveness (56.5%), and smiling (56.9%). Themes from qualitative data collected regarding culturally appropriate group music sessions were behavioural change, meaningful interaction, being initiative, increased participation, and contentment. The findings suggest that the integration of music into care plans may reduce the residents’ agitation and improve their emotional wellbeing in rural aged care homes.
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Daumit, Gail L., Ellen M. Janssen, Gerald J. Jerome, et al. "Cost of behavioral weight loss programs implemented in clinical practice: The POWER trial at Johns Hopkins." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 1 (2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby120.
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Abstract Obesity presents an important public health problem that affects more than a third of the U.S. adult population and that is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and costs. Previously, we documented that two primary care-based weight loss interventions were clinically effective. To encourage the implementation of and reimbursement for these interventions, we evaluated their relative cost-effectiveness. We performed a cost analysis of the Practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction (POWER) trial, a three-arm trial that enrolled 415 patients with obesity from six primary care practices. Trial participants were randomized to a control arm, an in-person support intervention, or a remote support intervention; in the two intervention arms, behavioral interventions were delivered over 24 months, in two phases. Weight loss was measured at 6, 12, and 24 months. Using timesheets and empirical data, we evaluated the cost of the in-person and remote support interventions from the perspective of a health care system delivering the interventions. A univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate uncertainty around model assumptions. All comparisons were tested using independent t-tests. Cost of the in-person intervention was higher at 6 months ($113 per participant per month and $117 per kg lost) than the remote support intervention ($101 per participant per month and $99 per kg lost; p &lt; .001). Costs were also higher for the in-person support intervention at 24 months ($73 per participant per month and $342 per kg lost) than for the remote support intervention ($53 per participant per month and $275 per kg lost; p &lt; .001). In the sensitivity analyses, cost ranged from $274/kg lost to $456/kg lost for the in-person support intervention and from $218/kg to $367/kg lost for the remote support intervention. A primary care weight loss intervention administered remotely was relatively more cost-effective than an in-person intervention. Expanding the scope of reimbursable programs to include other cost-effective interventions could help ensure that a broader range of patients receive the type of support needed.
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Wu, Zongzong, Xiangchun Yu, Donglin Zhu, et al. "SR-DSFF and FENet-ReID: A Two-Stage Approach for Cross Resolution Person Re-Identification." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4398727.
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In real-life scenarios, the accuracy of person re-identification (Re-ID) is subject to the limitation of camera hardware conditions and the change of image resolution caused by factors such as camera focusing errors. People call this problem cross-resolution person Re-ID. In this paper, we improve the recognition accuracy of cross-resolution person Re-ID by enhancing the image enhancement network and feature extraction network. Specifically, we treat cross-resolution person Re-ID as a two-stage task: the first stage is the image enhancement stage, and we propose a Super-Resolution Dual-Stream Feature Fusion sub-network, named SR-DSFF, which contains SR module and DSFF module. The SR-DSFF utilizes the SR module recovers the resolution of the low-resolution (LR) images and then obtains the feature maps of the LR images and super-resolution (SR) images, respectively, through the dual-stream feature fusion with learned weights extracts and fuses feature maps from LR and SR images in the DSFF module. At the end of SR-DSFF, we set a transposed convolution to visualize the feature maps into images. The second stage is the feature acquisition stage. We design a global-local feature extraction network guided by human pose estimation, named FENet-ReID. The FENet-ReID obtains the final features through multistage feature extraction and multiscale feature fusion for the Re-ID task. The two stages complement each other, making the final pedestrian feature representation has the advantage of accurate identification compared with other methods. Experimental results show that our method improves significantly compared with some state-of-the-art methods.
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Prinsen, Jellina, and Kaat Alaerts. "Eye contact enhances interpersonal motor resonance: comparing video stimuli to a live two-person action context." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 9 (2019): 967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz064.
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Abstract Previous research has shown a link between eye contact and interpersonal motor resonance, indicating that the mirroring of observed movements is enhanced when accompanied with mutual eye contact between actor and observer. Here, we further explored the role of eye contact within a naturalistic two-person action context. Twenty-two participants observed simple hand movements combined with direct or averted gaze presented via a live model in a two-person setting or via video recordings, while transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) to measure changes in M1 excitability. Skin conductance responses and gaze behavior were also measured to investigate the role of arousal and visual attention herein. Eye contact significantly enhanced excitability of the observer’s M1 during movement observation within a two-person setting. Notably, participants with higher social responsiveness (Social Communication subscale of the Social Responsiveness Scale) displayed a more pronounced modulation of M1 excitability by eye gaze. Gaze-related modulations in M1 excitability were, however, not associated with differences in visual attention or autonomic arousal. In summary, the current study highlights the effectiveness and feasibility of adopting paradigms with high ecological validity for studying the modulation of mirror system processes by subtle social cues, such as eye gaze.
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Hari, Riitta, Mikko Sams, and Lauri Nummenmaa. "Attending to and neglecting people: bridging neuroscience, psychology and sociology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1693 (2016): 20150365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0365.
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Human behaviour is context-dependent—based on predictions and influenced by the environment and other people. We live in a dynamic world where both the social stimuli and their context are constantly changing. Similar dynamic, natural stimuli should, in the future, be increasingly used to study social brain functions, with parallel development of appropriate signal-analysis methods. Understanding dynamic neural processes also requires accurate time-sensitive characterization of the behaviour. To go beyond the traditional stimulus–response approaches, brain activity should be recorded simultaneously from two interacting subjects to reveal why human social interaction is critically different from just reacting to each other. This theme issue on Attending to and neglecting people contains original work and review papers on person perception and social interaction. The articles cover research from neuroscience, psychology, robotics, animal interaction research and microsociology. Some of the papers are co-authored by scientists who presented their own, independent views in the recent Attention and Performance XXVI conference but were brave enough to join forces with a colleague having a different background and views. In the future, information needs to converge across disciplines to provide us a more holistic view of human behaviour, its interactive nature, as well as the temporal dynamics of our social world.
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Velmans, Max. "How to investigate perceptual projection: a commentary on Pereira Jr., “The projective theory of consciousness: from neuroscience to philosophical psychology”." Trans/Form/Ação 41, spe (2018): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-3173.2018.v41esp.12.p233.
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Abstract: This commentary focuses on the scientific status of perceptual projection-a central feature of Pereira’s projective theory of consciousness. In his target article, he draws on my own earlier work to develop an explanatory framework for integrating first-person viewable conscious experience with the third-person viewable neural correlates and antecedent causes that form conscious experience into a bipolar structure that contains both a sense of self (created by interoceptive projective processes) and a sense of the world (created by exteroceptive projective processes). I stress that perceptual projection is a psychological effect (not an explanation for that effect) and list many of the ways it has been studied within experimental psychology, for example in studies of depth perception in vision and audition and experiences of depth arising from cues arranged on two-dimensional surfaces in stereoscopic pictures, 3D cinemas, holograms, and virtual realities. I then juxtapose Pereira’s explanatory model with two other models that have similar aims and background assumptions but different orientations, Trehub’s Retinoid model, which focuses largely on the neural functioning of the visual system, and Rudrauf et al’s Projective Consciousness Model, which draws largely on projective geometries to specify the requirements of organisms that need to navigate a three-dimensional world, and how these might be implemented in human information processing. Together, these models illustrate both converging and diverging approaches to understanding the role of projective processes in human consciousness.
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Zeman, Adam, Marcus Byruck, Peter Tallis, Keith Vossel, and Daniel Tranel. "Touching the void – First and third person perspectives in two cases of autobiographical amnesia linked to temporal lobe epilepsy." Neuropsychologia 110 (February 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.007.
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Hammer, Anke, Bernadette M. Jansma, Monique Lamers, and Thomas F. Münte. "Pronominal Reference in Sentences about Persons or Things: An Electrophysiological Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (2005): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124947.
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German pronouns (erMALE/masculine, sieFEMALE/feminine) that refer to a person are determined by the biological gender (MALE/FEMALE) and/or syntactic gender (masculine/feminine) of the person. Pronouns (ermasculine, siefeminine) that refer to a thing are determined by the syntactic gender of this thing (Garten [garden]masculine, Tasche [hand-bag]feminine). The study aimed to investigate whether semantic integration, syntactic integration, or both are involved in establishing co-reference between pronoun and subject/antecedent in sentences. Here we focused on two event-related potential components: the SPS/P600, related to syntactic violation and reanalysis, and the N400 component, related to semantic integration problems. In one condition, a person was introduced as antecedent and later referred to by a pronoun, which either agreed in biological/syntactic gender or not (biological/syntactic gender violation). In a second condition, a thing was introduced as antecedent and the corresponding pronoun either agreed in syntactic gender or not (syntactic gender violation). Results at critical pronouns showed a P600 effect for incongruent compared with congruent pronouns in both conditions with a centro-parietal maximum. This effect was larger for the person compared to the thing condition. We interpreted this finding as reflecting a syntactic integration process that can be influenced by conceptual/semantic and syntactic information of the antecedent type. Furthermore, at the word following the pronoun, we observed an N400 for the thing but not for the person condition. We suggest, supported by the results of a control experiment, that this effect reflects continuous integration processes for things, whereas for persons the integration seems to be finished at pronoun position.
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Mason, Malia F., and C. Neil Macrae. "Categorizing and Individuating Others: The Neural Substrates of Person Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 10 (2004): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042947801.
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People are remarkably adroit at understanding other social agents. Quite how these information-processing abilities are realized, however, remains open to debate and empirical scrutiny. In particular, little is known about basic aspects of person perception, such as the operations that support people's ability to categorize (i.e., assign persons to groups) and individuate (i.e., discriminate among group members) others. In an attempt to rectify this situation, the current research focused on the initial perceptual stages of person construal and considered: (i) hemispheric differences in the efficiency of categorization and individuation; and (ii) the neural activity that supports these social-cognitive operations. Noting the greater role played by configural processing in individuation than categorization, it was expected that performance on the former task would be enhanced when stimuli (i.e., faces) were presented to the right rather than to the left cerebral hemisphere. The results of two experiments (Experiment 1—healthy individuals; Experiment 2—split-brain patient) confirmed this prediction. Extending these findings, a final neuroimaging investigation revealed that individuation is accompanied by neural activity in regions of the temporal and prefrontal cortices, especially in the right hemisphere. We consider the implications of these findings for contemporary treatments of person perception.
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Mudrik, Liad, and Uri Maoz. "“Me & My Brain”: Exposing Neuroscience's Closet Dualism." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 2 (2015): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00723.
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Our intuitive concept of the relations between brain and mind is increasingly challenged by the scientific world view. Yet, although few neuroscientists openly endorse Cartesian dualism, careful reading reveals dualistic intuitions in prominent neuroscientific texts. Here, we present the “double-subject fallacy”: treating the brain and the entire person as two independent subjects who can simultaneously occupy divergent psychological states and even have complex interactions with each other—as in “my brain knew before I did.” Although at first, such writing may appear like harmless, or even cute, shorthand, a closer look suggests that it can be seriously misleading. Surprisingly, this confused writing appears in various cognitive-neuroscience texts, from prominent peer-reviewed articles to books intended for lay audience. Far from being merely metaphorical or figurative, this type of writing demonstrates that dualistic intuitions are still deeply rooted in contemporary thought, affecting even the most rigorous practitioners of the neuroscientific method. We discuss the origins of such writing and its effects on the scientific arena as well as demonstrate its relevance to the debate on legal and moral responsibility.
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Zhao, Cairong, Yipeng Chen, Zhihua Wei, Duoqian Miao, and Xinjian Gu. "QRKISS: A Two-Stage Metric Learning via QR-Decomposition and KISS for Person Re-Identification." Neural Processing Letters 49, no. 3 (2018): 899–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11063-018-9820-x.
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Arenova, L. K. "Neurolaw: trends and perspectives in crime investigation." Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Law Series” 106, no. 2 (2022): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022l2/59-63.
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The article discusses new achievements of neuroscience in legal relations in general and in particular in the practice of investigating certain types of crimes, the possibility of using such scientific knowledge as an interdisciplinary field. In modern society, there is an active surge of research in psychology, medicine, biology, physiology, physics, and other sciences of the natural and exact cycle, which has formed a direction defined as neuroscience. Neuroscience provides scientific ideas about the brain and about the functioning of the brain, the mechanisms of mental activity, reaction of the brain to phenomena, events, and actions. The indications allow us to assert that the implementation of a public interdisciplinary approach is carried out both in the actual research and practical activities, the particular relevance of which is observed precisely in the field of rights and legal relations. The leading approach to the study of issues related to the trends and prospects of neurolaw is the system-activity approach and the method of analyzing state legislation in this area. As a result, the article presents reasonable provisions that allow to use the interaction of two spheres – neuroscience and law – and offers a more accurate, comprehensive approach to legal analysis and the establishment of legal norms and standards. Consideration of neuroscience research as a new scientific approach, and their integration into the field of law and legal relations, allows us to solve a number of basic legal problems, which include formation in modern Kazakhstani legal science of such a scientific and practical direction as neurolaw, which is in line with modern international scientific interests; the possibility of using such an interdisciplinary area as neurolaw in lawmaking, as well as in the practice of effective investigation of certain types and groups of crimes and judicial activities, to achieve judicial truth; ethical aspects of legitimate extraction of information from the brain of the examined person.
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Tanskanen, Antti O., Mirkka Danielsbacka, David A. Coall, and Markus Jokela. "Transition to Grandparenthood and Subjective Well-Being in Older Europeans: A Within-Person Investigation Using Longitudinal Data." Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 3 (2019): 147470491987594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919875948.
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The transition to grandparenthood, that is the birth of the first grandchild, is often assumed to increase the subjective well-being of older adults; however, prior studies are scarce and have provided mixed results. Investigation of the associations between grandparenthood and subjective well-being, measured by self-rated life satisfaction, quality of life scores, and depressive symptoms, used the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe from 13 countries, including follow-up waves between 2006 and 2015 ( n = 64,940 person-observations from 38,456 unique persons of whom 18,207 had two or more measurement times). Both between-person and within-person (or fixed-effect) regression models were executed, where between-person associations represent results across individuals, that is, between grandparents and non-grandparents; within-person associations represent an individual’s variation over time, that is, they consider whether the transition to grandparenthood increases or decreases subjective well-being. According to the between-person models, both grandmothers and grandfathers reported higher rate of life satisfaction and quality of life than non-grandparents. Moreover, grandmothers reported fewer depressive symptoms than women without grandchildren. The within-person models indicated that entry into grandmotherhood was associated with both improved quality of life scores and improved life satisfaction. These findings are discussed with reference to inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and the grandmother hypothesis.
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Lombrozo, Tania, and Kevin Uttich. "Putting normativity in its proper place." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 4 (2010): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001810.
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AbstractKnobe considers two explanations for the influence of moral considerations on “non-moral” cognitive systems: the “person as moralist” position, and the “person as [biased] scientist” position. We suggest that this dichotomy conflates questions at computational and algorithmic levels, and suggest that distinguishing the issues at these levels reveals a third, viable option, which we call the “rational scientist” position.
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Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Thalia Gigerenzer. "Is the Ultimatum Game a three-body affair?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 6 (2005): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05300148.
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The Ultimatum Game is commonly interpreted as a two-person bargaining game. The third person who donates and may withdraw the money is not included in the theoretical equations, but treated like a neutral measurement instrument. Yet in a cross-cultural analysis it seems necessary to consider the possibility that the thoughts of a player – strategic, altruistic, selfish, or concerned about reputation – are influenced by both an anonymous second player and the non-anonymous experimenter.
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Wynn, Thomas, Frederick Coolidge, and Martha Bright. "Hohlenstein-Stadel and the Evolution of Human Conceptual Thought." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19, no. 1 (2009): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774309000043.
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Cognitive neuroscience provides a powerful perspective on the brain and cognition from which archaeologists can begin to document the evolution of the human mind. The following essay uses the Hohlenstein-Stadel figurine as a starting point to demonstrate the two kinds of conclusion open to an evolutionary cognitive archaeology: first, describing features of the cognitive life-world at specific points in human evolution, in this case central Europe 32,000 years ago, and second identifying the evolutionary timing and contexts for specific cognitive abilities, in this case various components of concept formation. We argue that the abstract concept underpinning the Hohlenstein-Stadel figurine resulted initially from an effortful (attentive) linking of ‘animal’ and ‘person’ concepts via the working memory network of the frontal and parietal lobes. These ‘animal’ and ‘person’ concepts themselves were largely unconscious folk biological categories generated by a parietal network that had evolved earlier, probably by the time of the earliest Homo sapiens. These in turn rest on even older, basic ontological categories of ‘animate’ and ‘manipulable’ objects that are temporal lobe networks, and which evolved much earlier still, perhaps with the advent of Homo erectus.
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Wang, Yin, Thomas W. Schubert, and Susanne Quadflieg. "Behavioral and neural evidence for an evaluative bias against other people’s mundane interracial encounters." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 12 (2019): 1329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa005.
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Abstract Evaluating other people’s social encounters from a third-person perspective is an ubiquitous activity of daily life. Yet little is known about how these evaluations are affected by racial bias. To overcome this empirical lacuna, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment used evaluative priming to show that both Black (n = 44) and White Americans (n = 44) assess the same mundane encounters (e.g. two people chatting) less favorably when they involve a Black and a White individual rather than two Black or two White individuals. The second experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that both Black (n = 46) and White Americans (n = 42) respond with reduced social reward processing (i.e. lower activity in the ventral striatum) and enhanced mentalizing (e.g. higher activity in the bilateral temporal–parietal junction) toward so-called cross-race relative to same-race encounters. By combining unobtrusive measures from social psychology and social neuroscience, this work demonstrates that racial bias can affect impression formation even at the level of the dyad.
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David, Nicole, Bettina H. Bewernick, Michael X. Cohen, et al. "Neural Representations of Self versus Other: Visual-Spatial Perspective Taking and Agency in a Virtual Ball-tossing Game." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 6 (2006): 898–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.898.
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Human self-consciousness relies on the ability to distinguish between oneself and others. We sought to explore the neural correlates involved in self-other representations by investigating two critical processes: perspective taking and agency. Although recent research has shed light on the neural processes underlying these phenomena, little is known about how they overlap or interact at the neural level. In a two-factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, participants played a ball-tossing game with two virtual characters (“avatars”). During an active/agency (ACT) task, subjects threw a ball to one of the avatars by pressing a button. During a passive/nonagency (PAS) task, they indicated which of the other avatars threw the ball. Both tasks were performed from a first-person perspective (1PP), in which subjects interacted from their own perspective, and a third-person perspective (3PP), in which subjects interacted from the perspective of an avatar with another location in space. fMRI analyses revealed overlapping activity in medial prefrontal regions associated with representations of one's own perspective and actions (1PP and ACT), and overlapping activity in temporal-occipital, premotor, and inferior frontal, as well as posterior parietal regions associated with representation of others' perspectives and actions (3PP and PAS). These findings provide evidence for distinct neural substrates underlying representations of the self and others and provide support for the idea that the medial prefrontal cortex crucially contributes to a neural basis of the self. The lack of a statistically significant interaction suggests that perspective taking and agency represent independent constituents of self-consciousness.
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Huang, Jie. "The Commonality and Individuality of Human Brains When Performing Tasks." Brain Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020125.
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It is imperative to study individual brain functioning toward understanding the neural bases responsible for individual behavioral and clinical traits. The complex and dynamic brain activity varies from area to area and from time to time across the entire brain, and BOLD-fMRI measures this spatiotemporal activity at large-scale systems level. We present a novel method to investigate task-evoked whole brain activity that varies not only from person to person but also from task trial to trial within each task type, offering a means of characterizing the individuality of human brains when performing tasks. For each task trial, the temporal correlation of task-evoked ideal time signal with the time signal of every point in the brain yields a full spatial map that characterizes the whole brain’s functional co-activity (FC) relative to the task-evoked ideal response. For any two task trials, regardless of whether they are the same task or not, the spatial correlation of their corresponding two FC maps over the entire brain quantifies the similarity between these two maps, offering a means of investigating the variation in the whole brain activity trial to trial. The results demonstrated a substantially varied whole brain activity from trial to trial for each task category. The degree of this variation was task type-dependent and varied from subject to subject, showing a remarkable individuality of human brains when performing tasks. It demonstrates the potential of using the presented method to investigate the relationship of the whole brain activity with individual behavioral and clinical traits.
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Baron-Cohen, Simon. "Can children with autism integrate first and third person representations?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 1 (1996): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00041819.
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AbstractBarresi & Moore contrast two theories of autism: (1) in autism there is a general inability to integrate first and third person information (of any kind), and (2) in autism there is a specific inability to represent an agent's perceptual or volitional mental state being about another agents mental state. Two lines of experimental evidence suggest that the first of these is too broad, favoring instead the more specific “theory of mind” account.
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Anderson, Robin, Jo Boaler, and Jack Dieckmann. "Achieving Elusive Teacher Change through Challenging Myths about Learning: A Blended Approach." Education Sciences 8, no. 3 (2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8030098.
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The idea that success in mathematics is only available to those born as “mathematics people” has been challenged in recent years by neuroscience, showing that mathematics pathways develop in the brain through learning and practice. This paper reports on a blended professional learning model of online and in-person meetings during which 40 teachers in 8 school districts in the US learned about the new brain science, challenging the “math person” myth, as well as effective mathematics teaching methods. We refer to the combination as a Mathematical Mindset Approach. Using mixed methods, we conducted a one-year study to investigate teacher and student learning in a Mathematical Mindset network. We collected data on teacher and student beliefs, teacher instructional practice, and student learning gains on state achievement tests. The results from our quantitative analyses found statistically significant positive improvements in student beliefs, teacher’s instructional practice, and on students’ math test scores. The mindset approach particularly raised the achievement of girls, English learners, and economically disadvantaged students. Based on our qualitative analysis, we propose that the success of the intervention rests upon two central factors: (1) The different forms of PD served to eradicate the learning myths that had held up teachers and learners; and that (2) Teachers had space for identity work as mathematical learners.